Anthurium Breeding

Introduction Anthuriums are tropical plants of great beauty and grown either for the showy cut flowers or for their unusually attractive foliage. They are very popular cut flowers because of the bold effect and lasting qualities. The name anthurium is derived from Greek anthos-flower, and oura-tail, referring to the spadix.

These evergreen plants are native to Colombia, Peru, Central and South
America, Brazil and Venezuela . Anthurium is one of the Hawaii's principal cut flower for export.

commercial cultivation- Philippines, Poland, Mexico, Taiwan, Jamaica,

Costa Rica, Trinidad and Dominican Republic. Germany is the highest consumer in European market.

World production of anthurium cut flower*

Country
Hawaii Mauritius

Area (ha)
Netherlands 70 100 50

Number of stems (million)

30 12 5

Carribean

40

World trade in anthurium is second only to orchids among tropical flowers.

ORIGIN AND HISTORY

A. andreanum is native of Columbia A. scherzerianum comes from Costa Rica and Guatemala From Europe, the species spread to Brazil and Hawaii

Anthurium was introduced in India via England by coffee and

tea planters who wanted showy, exotic plants for their big
bungalows Even now some of the old tea and coffee plantations in Assam, Darjeeling and Coorg are having beautiful Anthurium specimens.

Morphology and classification

Anthurium - Araceae Anthuriums - perennial plants with creeping, climbing, assurgent or arborescent stems. Leaves variable, evergreen, net-veined, with a prominent mid-nerve and lateral nerves, and a well-defined nerve at or near the margin. The hermaphrodite flowers which are small and insignificant are densely packed on a cylindrical spadix subtended in large heart-shaped spathe. The spathe may either be flat or slightly undulated ending with a pointed tip.

Spathe and in many cases spadix are brilliantly colored ranging form scarlet, red, salmaon, orange, pink to white.
Ovary 2 celled with 1-2 ovules.

Fruit is berry.
Two sections or groups, viz., foliage and flowering.

FLOWER BIOLOGY
The Anthurium andreanum flowers throughout the year. One flower emerges from each leaf axil. The sequence of leaf, flower and new leaf is maintained -entire life

The structure which is commonly called the

Anthurium flower is combination of colourful modified leaf (spathe)

The spadix or inflorescence spike- cylindrical in

shape -300 inconspicuous bisexual flowers arranged in a series of spirals .

The species is protogynous, with the gynosium maturing first, from the base to the top in an

acropetal succession.
Anthesis and anther dehiscence occurred between 08.00 and 10.00 h.

The plant produces a large number of pollen

grains per anther which are more or less uniform in size, round in shape with a single germ pore. Pollen fertility was low, possibly reflecting the hybrid nature of the species. In vitro pollen germination, was ranged from 9.7 to 17.9% in cultivars Lady Jane Pink and Pink, respectively.

Flower has 4 parianth segments (Petals) arranged in a 4 sided

configuration which envelops 4 stamens with 4 loculed anthers, pistill is cylindrical, 2 carpelled.

As the pistil develops, a stout style exerts to expose a receptive stigma.

A. andreanum -out breeding species with protogynous This mechanism of protogyny prevents self fertilization, as the

stigmatic surface becomes receptive about 7-10 days before the pollen
is shed. The time required from pollination to the maturity of seeds is about

180-200 days
Seeds lose their viability very fast and cannot be stored. They should be hand pulped and sown immediately

Species
The genus Anthurium consists of some 500-600 known species, though there are probably not more than fifty in cultivation and perhaps not more than ten or fifteen known to the trade . Flowering group A. andreanum, A. bakeri, A. brownie, A, ferrierense, A. ornatum, A. regale, A. Regnellianum,A. robustum, scherzerianum Foliage group A. clarinervium, A. corrugatum, A. crystallinum, A. holtonianum, A. leuconerum, A. magnificum. A. panduratum, A. papilionensis, A. splendidum, A. veitchii A. warocqueaman. Among the various species, A. andreanum and A. scherzerianum are cultivated

Anthurium andreanum
CN: Oil cloth flower, Tail flower, Painter's palette An erect plant. Leaves oblong, heart-shaped, 20-35 cm long, 15-20 cm wide; spathe heart-shaped, lacquered reddish orange or scarlet, 10-15 cm long; spadix yellow and white. It is suitable for greenhouse and is widely grown for its handsome foliage and colored spathe.

A. scherzerianum
CN: Flamingo flower, Flame plant The plant is better known for compactness Leaves narrow, 15-20 cm long, 4.6- 6.6 cm wide: spathe ovate, brilliant scarlet spadix spirally twisted, golden-yellow

Flowers from February to July and needs keeping moist. This is a popular house plant .

Some other species

A. acutangulum spathe green tinged with red-violet in colour and spadix yellow
green in colour. A. bakeri spathe is pale yellow- green and spadix cream white in colour A. brownie spathe is greenish rose tinted and spadix purple. A. crystallinum spathe green heavily tinged red violet and spadix green turning to yellow

A. digitatum spathe is green to red purple and spadix purple. A. spectabile spathe is green and spadix yellow green in colour.

Cultivars
A good anthurium variety
Compact plants, producing suckers profusely bright clear colored showy, heart- shaped spathe, with plenty of blisters and symmetrical overlapping of basal lobes.

Spadix reclining to the spathe

shorter in length than the spathe oriented at an angle of 300 - 45 an erect, long flower stem, above five times the length of the spathe, resistance to common diseases.

 The cultivars based on spathe color are

Red: Altiplano, Avo-Claudia, Cancan, Kaumana, Ozaki, Quito, Tropical

Orange: Casino, Nitta, Sun Burst White: Acropolis, Angel, Chameleon, Cotopaxi, Lambada, Manova Mist, Trinidad

Pink: Abe, Avo-Anneke, Fair Lady, Marian Seefurth, Rosa, Sonata

Green; Midori Obake Cultivars with bi-coloured spathe. They are extremely variable in size and shape and contain some development of chlorophyll in the spathe The important ones are : Avenue, Chameleon, Cardinal, Paradiso

Novelties: Tulip-type, miniatures. Spathe cupped, tulip-type; spadix straight, erect and not reclining as in other varieties. The important varieties are Calypso and Trinidad Exclusive; Cascade - White, green spadix

Cheers - Light pink, green spadix

Choco - Dark brown-green spadix Jumbo - Obake-cream Safari - Brown-red white veins Taquila - Cream-green red veins Double; The double, flowering anthurium plants produce one small and one large spathe on the same stem with a single spadix. Red, pink, and orange doubles are reported.

Commercial Varieties:
1.Temptation: This variety has a peculiar blood red coloured spathe with

yellow spadix. The spadix is inclined at an angle of 50O to the spathe. Flower stalk is straight.

2. Leema white
3. Honduras: This variety has maroon red spathe with greenish yellow spadix, inclined at 40OC to the spathe. Flower stalk is straight and spadix inclined at 450. 5. Agnihotri: It has a spathe with attractive pink colour and a yellow spadix. The angle of inclination is 60O. 6. Candy queen: The spathe colour is peach with yellow spadix. The spadix inclines at an angle of 40O to the spathe. The stalk of the flower is weak and drooping. 7. Nitta: This exhibits bright yellow cup shaped spathe with yellow spadix. The spadix is inclined at an angle of 45O

Common Varieties based on colour of spathe

Red : Osaki, Kaumana, Kosohara, Hawaiian Red, Mickey mouse. Orange : Nitta, Sunburst, Sunset orange, Diamond Jubilee, Mauritius orange. White : Manoa mist, Uniwai, Hidden Treasure, Morocco, Trinadad, Uranus, Lima white.

Pink : Marian, Candy Queen, Abe pink, Surprise, Spirit, Cheers, Sonata, Magic pink, Agnihotri, Lady Jane, Paradise pink.

 The present-day flowering anthuriums are mostly hybrids of different species,

involving mainly A. andraeanum and A. scherzerianum.

The popular cultivars grown throughout the world both for cut flower and in pots are Abe (bright pink), Aneunue (green and coral-pink), Avo-Anneke (pink), Avo-Jose (white), AvoClaudia (red), Chameleon (white), Favoriet (orange), Haga White, Horning Orange, Horning Rubin, Jamaica (white), Katimana (red), Kozohara (red), Kansako No. 1 (red), Mauna Kea (white with green border), Marian Seefurth (rose pink), Mirjam (red), Manova Mist (white), Nitta (orange), Nova Aurora (red), Ozaki (red), Red Elf Rico (rose), Sun Burst (bright orange), Sarina

(white and rose) and Uniwai (white).

Cultivars like Calypso (dark pink on inner surface and light pink on outer side), Trinidad (off white), Blush (red veins on spathe) and Double (different

colours) are the novelties

 Ruth Morat syn. Lady Ruth- Cross of Anthurium antioquiense x Rotolante Spathes are red larger than those of Lady Jane, with a mean width and length of 50.1 and 76.8 mm, respectively. Anthurium Var. Red Hot- cross between cv. Southern Blush (an F1 hybrid of A. andreanum and A. amnicola) and cv. Lady Jane.
leaves dark green, lanceolate, 18- 20 cm long, base 11-12 cm wide; peduncle grey-orange, 20-28 cm above soil surface when the spathe is fully open; spathes 6-7 cm long, 4-5 cm wide and medium red at anthesis, gradually changing to a lighter red prior to senescence;

spadix orange-red apically, blending to red at base, 3-4 cm long and 5-6 mm wide

Genetics and breeding

Genetics
The basic chromosome numbers of anthurium are n = 15, 16 and 22.
The species like A. andraeanum (2n = 45), A. hookeri (2n = 30) and A. magnificum (2n = 32) are diploid, A. scandens (2n = 30) is triploid A. digitatum and A. wallisii (4n = 60) are tetraploid

The chromosome number of A. warocqueanum was found to be 2n =

30+3 B chromosomes. Paleoneuploidy, polyploidv and B chromosomes have been the basic features of the genus but aneuploidy has not been found.

 Cytological analysis of Anthurium andraeanum revealed 2n = 30 as the number of chromosomes with 4 fairly large, 22 medium and 4 small chromsomes Somatic chromosome number for Anthurium andraeanum was 2n = 30 + 2B, irrespective of the varietal type. A high percentage of meiotic abnormalities and karyotype differences within the species indicated a hybrid origin for the species. A. andraeanum is a secondary polyploid with a probable basic chromosome number of x = 6.

Breeding methods and objectives

Anthurium breeding programme is generally limited to crossing between different
selected cultivars. Hybridization and selection are the most common methods

Objectives:
Flower colour, shape and texture A desirable Anthurium plant should have short internodes and grow vigorously and produce more number of flowers, spathe should be heart shaped with symmetrical lobes, spadix should be reclining to facilitate packing. Dark colour with puckered surface is preferred in International market. Introductions: While the first Anthurium andreanum introductions were colored flower (pink, salmon etc.) selections for different colours.

Hybridisation

A. andreanurn is an out breeding species with protogynous flowers.

Protogyny prevents self-fertilisation, as the stigmatic surface becomes receptive 7-10 days before the pollen is shed (Singh 1992).

Cross- pollination among selected plants is preferred

The time required from pollination to the maturity of the seeds is 180- 200 days Seeds lose their viability very fast and cannot be stored. Seeds should be hand pulped and sown immediately either in vivo or in vitro Kamemoto and Sheffer (1978) made successful crosses between A.

scherzerianum and A. wendlingerii to produce a hybrid with greyish orange spathe.

 Hybridization indicated that neither white nor red flower colour

was dominant and pink was an intermediate heterozygous condition

Anthocyanins in the spathes of various A. andreanum cultivars were

identified as cyanidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside and pelargonidin 3rhamnosylglucoside. Both pigments were presents in the red cvs. Ozaki, Kaumana, Kozohara, Kansako No. I and Nakazawa and in pink cultivar Marian Seefurth.

 The orange cv. Nitta and the coral coloured cv. Teteishi Coral

contained only pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside.

spathe colour in these species was determined by the relative concentrations of the anthocyanins : a predominance of cyanidin 3rhamnosylglucoside which results in pink to dark red colours whereas a predominance of pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside

resulted in coral to orange.

Maurer (1979) -techniques of cross pollinating A. scherzerianum and discussed the presence of recessive characters (A = with anthocyanin, a = without anthocyanin, B = whole spathe coloured and b = spotted spathe).

Preliminary breeding results at IIHR, Bangalore have shown that

basically there are only two genes involved, M and 0. The gene M controls production of cyanidin 3 rutinoside and the

gene 0 controls the production of pelargonian 3 rutinoside. It was also observed that red and pink spathe result when both

M and 0 are present

and orange and coral result when only 0 is present, both orange

and white (homozygous recessive) breed true.

The inheritance pattern of different colours is as follows. Red x Red : The progenies are all red or segregate into red and orange

with red dominant over orange.

Red x Pink : The progenies are all red or segregate into red, orange and pink. Red x Orange : The progenies are all red or segregate into 1:1 ratio of red

and orange.
Pink x Pink : The progenies produce 3 type segregations, red, orange and white (di-hybrid ratio) indicating that multiple allele system does not work

here.
Pink x Orange : The progenies show 1:1 ratio of red and orange groups, the red groups includes red and pink and orange includes orange and coral.

Few hybrids have been evolved. IIHR 26 (1990):

The hybrid is attractive with orange coloured spathe and reclining spadix
The yield is 8.3 flowers per year. The plant is erect with short stem and internodes. IIHR 139 (1991) : This is a very floriferous hybrid

spathe is white heart shaped with reclining yellow orange spadix

the yield is 7.2 flowers per year, sucker production is poor.

IIHR 243 (1992) :

A very floriferous hybrid, flowers are bright red with puckered, heart shaped spathe and slightly overlapping basal lobes the spadix is yellow reclining and very ideal for packing IIHR 51 (1992) :

The hybrid is with white spathe and pink spadix .

The flowers are highly fragrant in the morning and spread a pleasant chocolate fragrance in the glass house.

The plant is very vigorous and short noded, 11-12 flowers are produced every year.
The hybrid is ti,ighly resistant to Anthracnose disease.

Biotechnology
Kuehnle and Nan (1991) isolated protoplasts capable of first

division from A. andreanum.

Two cultivars Rudolph and UH1060 were transformed with vectors containing antibacterial genes and synthetic derivatives from Hyalophora cecropia and bacteriophages (Kuehnle et al. 1995). Regenerated plants showed delay in disease symptom development

compared with non-transformed controls