SQL

Sr No. Topic Page No.

1 Introduction To sql 2 Sql Queries 3 SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) 4 SQL Data Definition Language (DDL) 5 SQL SELECT Statement 6 Select All Columns 7 View All Tables 8 The SELECT DISTINCT Statement 9 SQL WHERE Clause 10 The LIKE Condition 11 SQL INSERT INTO Statement 12 Insert Data in Specified Columns 13 SQL UPDATE Statement 14 SQL DELETE Statement 15 SQL ORDER BY 16 SQL AND & OR 17 SQL IN 18 SQL BETWEEN 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 SQL is a standard computer language for accessing and manipulating databases.

1. What is SQL?
SQL SQL SQL SQL SQL SQL SQL SQL SQL

stands for Structured Query Language allows you to access a database is an ANSI standard computer language can execute queries against a database can retrieve data from a database can insert new records in a database can delete records from a database can update records in a database is easy to learn

SQL is a Standard - BUT....

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SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard computer language for accessing and manipulating database systems. SQL statements are used to retrieve and update data in a database. SQL works with database programs like MS Access, DB2, Informix, MS SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, etc. Unfortunately, there are many different versions of the SQL language, but to be in compliance with the ANSI standard; they must support the same major keywords in a similar manner (such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE, and others).
Note: Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary extensions in addition to the SQL standard!

SQL Database Tables A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data. Below is an example of a table called "Persons":
LastName Patel Shah Mehta Salvi FirstName Himanshu Vinod Shruti Namrata Address Paldi Satellite Sanskar Thane City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Bhavnagar Mumbai

The table above contains three records (one for each person) and four columns (LastName, FirstName, Address, and City).

2. SQL Queries
A query like this:

With SQL, we can query a database and have a result set returned.

SELECT LastName FROM Persons Gives a result set like this:

LastName Patel Shah Mehta Salvi Note: Some database systems require a semicolon at the end of the SQL statement. We don't use the semicolon in our tutorials.
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3. SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)

SQL (Structured Query Language) is syntax for executing queries. But the SQL language also includes syntax to update, insert, and delete records. These query and update commands together form the Data Manipulation Language (DML) part of SQL: SELECT - extracts data from a database table UPDATE - updates data in a database table DELETE - deletes data from a database table INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database table

4. SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)

The Data Definition Language (DDL) part of SQL permits database tables to be created or deleted. We can also define indexes (keys), specify links between tables, and impose constraints between database tables. The most important DDL statements in SQL are: CREATE TABLE - creates a new database table ALTER TABLE - alters (changes) a database table DROP TABLE - deletes a database table CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key) DROP INDEX - deletes an index

5. SQL SELECT Statement

The SQL SELECT Statement The SELECT statement is used to select data from a table. The tabular result is stored in a result table (called the result-set). Syntax SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
Note: SQL statements are not case sensitive. SELECT is the same as select.

SQL SELECT Example To select the content of columns named "LastName" and "FirstName", from the database table called "Persons", use a SELECT statement like this:
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SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons

The database table "Persons":

LastName Patel Shah Mehta Salvi FirstName Himanshu Vinod Shruti Namrata Address Paldi Satellite Sanskar Thane City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Bhavnagar Mumbai

The result
LastName Patel Shah Mehta Salvi FirstName Himanshu Vinod Shruti Namrata

6.0 Select All Columns

To select all columns from the "Persons" table, use a * symbol instead of column names, like this: SELECT * FROM Persons
LastName Patel Shah Mehta Salvi FirstName Himanshu Vinod Shruti Namrata Address Paldi Satellite Sanskar Thane City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Bhavnagar Mumbai

The Result Set The result from a SQL query is stored in a result-set. Most database software systems allow navigation of the result set with programming functions, like: MoveTo-First-Record, Get-Record-Content, Move-To-Next-Record, etc. Programming functions like these are not a part of this tutorial. To learn about accessing data with function calls, please visit our ADO tutorial. Semicolon after SQL Statements? Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in database systems that allow more than one SQL statement to be executed in the same call to the server. Some SQL tutorials end each SQL statement with a semicolon. Is this necessary? We are using MS Access and SQL Server 2000 and we do not have to put a semicolon after each SQL statement, but some database programs force you to use it.
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7. View All Tables

Describe Syntax: Describe

8. The SELECT DISTINCT Statement

The DISTINCT keyword is used to return only distinct (different) values. The SELECT statement returns information from table columns. But what if we only want to select distinct elements? With SQL, all we need to do is to add a DISTINCT keyword to the SELECT statement: Syntax SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)FROM table_name Using the DISTINCT keyword To select ALL values from the column named "Company" we use a SELECT statement like this: SELECT Company FROM Orders "Orders" table
Company Sega W3Schools Trio W3Schools OrderNumber 3412 2312 4678 6798

Result
Company Sega W3Schools Trio W3Schools

Note that "W3Schools" is listed twice in the result-set. To select only DIFFERENT values from the column named "Company" we use a SELECT DISTINCT statement like this:
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SELECT DISTINCT Company FROM Orders Result:

Company Sega W3Schools Trio

Now "W3Schools" is listed only once in the result-set.

SQL WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause is used to specify a selection criterion. The WHERE Clause To conditionally select data from a table, a WHERE clause can be added to the SELECT statement. Syntax SELECT column FROM table WHERE column operator value With the WHERE clause, the following operators can be used:
Operator = <> > < >= <= BETWEEN LIKE Description Equal Not equal Greater than Less than Greater than or equal Less than or equal Between an inclusive range Search for a pattern

Note: In some versions of SQL the <> operator may be written as !=

Using the WHERE Clause To select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes", we add a WHERE clause to the SELECT statement: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City='Ahmedabad' "Persons" table
LastName
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FirstName

Address

City

Year
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Patel Shah Mehta Salvi

Himanshu Vinod Shruti Namrata

Paldi Satellite Sanskar Thane

Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Bhavnagar Mumbai

1951 1978 1980 1960

Result
LastName Patel Shah FirstName Himanshu Vinod Address Paldi Satellite City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Year 1951 1978

Using Quotes Note that we have used single quotes around the conditional values in the examples. SQL uses single quotes around text values (most database systems will also accept double quotes). Numeric values should not be enclosed in quotes. For text values: This is correct: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Vinod' This is wrong: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Vinod For numeric values: This is correct: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year>1965 This is wrong: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year>'1965'

The LIKE Condition

The LIKE condition is used to specify a search for a pattern in a column. Syntax SELECT column FROM table WHERE column LIKE pattern A "%" sign can be used to define wildcards (missing letters in the pattern) both before and after the pattern.
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Using LIKE The following SQL statement will return persons with first names that start with an 'O': SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName LIKE 'O%' The following SQL statement will return persons with first names that end with an 'a': SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName LIKE '%a' The following SQL statement will return persons with first names that contain the pattern 'la': SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName LIKE '%la%'

SQL INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO Statement The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new rows into a table. Syntax INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2,....)
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You can also specify the columns for which you want to insert data: INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...) VALUES (value1, value2,....) Insert a New Row This "Persons" table:
LastName Patel FirstName Himanshu Address Paldi City Ahmedabad

And this SQL statement: INSERT INTO Persons VALUES ('Shah', 'Vinod', 'Satellite', 'Ahmedabad) Will give this result:
LastName Patel Shah FirstName Himanshu Vinod Address Paldi Satellite City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad

Insert Data in Specified Columns This "Persons" table:

LastName Patel Shah FirstName Himanshu Vinod Address Paldi Satellite City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad

And This SQL statement: INSERT INTO Persons (LastName, Address) VALUES ('Modi', 'Sector-25')
LastName Patel Shah Modi FirstName Himanshu Vinod Address Paldi Satellite Sector-25 City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad

SQL UPDATE Statement

The Update Statement The UPDATE statement is used to modify the data in a table. Syntax UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_value
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WHERE column_name = some_value Person:

LastName Patel Shah Modi FirstName Himanshu Vinod Address Paldi Satellite Sector-25 City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad

Update one Column in a Row We want to add a first name to the person with a last name of Shah": UPDATE Person SET FirstName = 'Nina' WHERE LastName = 'Modi'
LastName Patel Shah Modi FirstName Himanshu Vinod Nina Address Paldi Satellite Sector-25 City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad

Update several Columns in a Row We want to change the address and add the name of the city: UPDATE Person SET Address = 'Sector-2', City = 'Gandhinagar' WHERE LastName = 'Modi'
LastName Patel Shah Modi FirstName Himanshu Vinod Nina Address Paldi Satellite Sector-2 City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Gandhinagar

SQL DELETE Statement

The DELETE Statement The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table. Syntax DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column_name = some_value
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Person:
LastName Patel Shah Modi FirstName Himanshu Vinod Nina Address Paldi Satellite Sector-2 City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Gandhinagar

Delete a Row "Vinod Shah" is going to be deleted: DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName = 'Shah'
LastName Patel Modi FirstName Himanshu Nina Address Paldi Sector-2 City Ahmedabad Gandhinagar

Delete All Rows It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This means that the table structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact: DELETE FROM table_name or DELETE * FROM table_name

SQL ORDER BY
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result. Sort the Rows The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the rows. Orders:
Company
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OrderNumber
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Sega ABC Shop W3Schools W3Schools

3412 5678 2312 6798

Example To display the companies in alphabetical order: SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDER BY Company Result
Company ABC Shop Sega W3Schools W3Schools OrderNumber 5678 3412 6798 2312

Example To display the companies in alphabetical order AND the ordernumbers in numerical order: SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDER BY Company, OrderNumber Result
Company ABC Shop Sega W3Schools W3Schools OrderNumber 5678 3412 2312 6798

Example To display the companies in reverse alphabetical order: SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDER BY Company DESC Result:
Company W3Schools W3Schools Sega ABC Shop OrderNumber 6798 2312 3412 5678

Example
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To display the companies in reverse alphabetical order AND the ordernumbers in numerical order: SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDER BY Company DESC, OrderNumber ASC Result:
Company W3Schools W3Schools Sega ABC Shop OrderNumber 2312 6798 3412 5678

SQL AND & OR

AND & OR AND and OR join two or more conditions in a WHERE clause. The AND operator displays a row if ALL conditions listed are true. The OR operator displays a row if ANY of the conditions listed are true.
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Original Table (used in the examples)

LastName Patel Shah Mehta Salvi Modi Shah FirstName Himanshu Vinod Shruti Namrata Nina Purvi Address Paldi Satellite Sanskar Thane Sector-2 Gurukul City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Bhavnagar Mumbai Gandhinagar Ahmedabad

Example Use AND to display each person with the first name equal to "Vinod", and the last name equal to "Shah": SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Vinod' AND LastName='Shah'
LastName Shah FirstName Vinod Address Satellite City Ahmedabad

Example Use OR to display each person with the first name equal to "Vinod", or the last name equal to "shah": SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE firstname='Vinod OR lastname='Shah' Result:
LastName Shah Shah FirstName Vinod Purvi Address Satellite Gurukul City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad

Example You can also combine AND and OR (use parentheses to form complex expressions): SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE (FirstName='Vinod' OR FirstName='Purvi') AND LastName='Shah' Result:
LastName Shah Shah
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FirstName Vinod Purvi

Address Satellite Gurukul

City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad

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SQL IN
IN The IN operator may be used if you know the exact value you want to return for at least one of the columns. SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,..) Original Table (used in the examples)
LastName Patel Shah Mehta Salvi Modi Shah FirstName Himanshu Vinod Shruti Namrata Nina Purvi Address Paldi Satellite Sanskar Thane Sector-2 Gurukul City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Bhavnagar Mumbai Gandhinagar Ahmedabad

Example 1 To display the persons with LastName equal to "Salvi" or "Modi", use the following SQL: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName IN ('Salvi','Modi') Result
LastName Salvi Modi FirstName Namrata Nina Address Thane Sector-2 City Mumbai Gandhinagar

SQL BETWEEN BETWEEN ... AND

The BETWEEN ... AND operator selects a range of data between two values. These values can be numbers, text, or dates. SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2 Original Table (used in the examples)
LastName Patel Shah Mehta
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FirstName Himanshu Vinod Shruti

Address Paldi Satellite Sanskar

City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Bhavnagar

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Salvi Modi Shah

Namrata Nina Purvi

Thane Sector-2 Gurukul

Mumbai Gandhinagar Ahmedabad

Example 1 To display the persons alphabetically between (and including) "Hansen" and exclusive "Pettersen", use the following SQL: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName BETWEEN 'Salvi' AND 'Modi' Result:
LastName Salvi Modi FirstName Namrata Nina Address Thane Sector-2 City Mumbai Gandhinagar

IMPORTANT! The BETWEEN...AND operator is treated differently in different databases. With some databases a person with the LastName of "Salvi" or "Modi" will not be listed (BETWEEN..AND only selects fields that are between and excluding the test values). With some databases a person with the last name of "Salvi" or "Modi" will be listed (BETWEEN..AND selects fields that are between and including the test values). With other databases a person with the last name of "Salvi" will be listed, but "Modi" will not be listed (BETWEEN..AND selects fields between the test values, including the first test value and excluding the last test value). Therefore: Check how your database treats the BETWEEN....AND operator!

Example 2 To display the persons outside the range used in the previous example, use the NOT operator: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName NOT BETWEEN 'Salvi' AND 'Modi' Result
LastName Patel Shah Mehta Shah FirstName Himanshu Vinod Shruti Purvi Address Paldi Satellite Sanskar Gurukul City Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Bhavnagar Ahmedabad

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