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Review of Electric Fields

1) Gauss's law relates electric flux to the enclosed charge within a closed surface, where electric flux density is equal to the total charge enclosed divided by the permittivity and area. 2) As an example, Gauss's law can be used to calculate the electric flux density around an infinitely long wire with a uniform charge density. 3) The electric field is related to the electric flux density by the permittivity of the material. The permittivity depends on both the permittivity of free space and the relative permittivity of the material.

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15 views

Review of Electric Fields

1) Gauss's law relates electric flux to the enclosed charge within a closed surface, where electric flux density is equal to the total charge enclosed divided by the permittivity and area. 2) As an example, Gauss's law can be used to calculate the electric flux density around an infinitely long wire with a uniform charge density. 3) The electric field is related to the electric flux density by the permittivity of the material. The permittivity depends on both the permittivity of free space and the relative permittivity of the material.

Uploaded by

supriyapaul
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Review of Electric Fields

A
To develop a model for transmission line capacitance
we first need to review some electric field concepts.
Gauss's law relating electric flux to enclosed charge):
d = (integrate over closed surface)
e
q
}
D a
2
where
= electric flux density, coulombs/m
d = differential area da, with normal to surface
A = total closed surface,
= total charge in coulombs enclosed
e
q
D
a
1
Gausss Law Example
Similar to Amperes Circuital law, Gausss Law is
most useful for cases with symmetry.
Example: Calculate D about an infinitely long
wire that has a charge density of q
coulombs/meter.



Since D comes
radially out,
integrate over the
cylinder bounding
the wire.
D is perpendicular
to ends of cylinder.
A
d 2
where radially directed unit vector
2
e
D Rh q qh
q
R
t
t
= = =
=
}
r r
D a
D a a
2
Electric Fields
The electric field, E, is related to the electric flux
density, D, by
D = c E
where
E = electric field (volts/m)
c = permittivity in farads/m (F/m)
c = c
o
c
r


c
o
= permittivity of free space (8.85410
-12
F/m)
c
r
= relative permittivity or the dielectric
constant
(~1 for dry air, 2 to 6 for most dielectrics)


3
Voltage Difference
P
P
The voltage difference between any two
points P and P is defined as an integral
V ,
where the integral is along any path
from point P to point P .
d
|
o
o |
|o
o |

}




E l
4
Voltage Difference
In previous example, , with radial.
2
Consider points P and P , located radial distance and
from the wire and collinear with the wire.
Define to be the radial distance from the wir
o
q
R
R R
R
o | o |
tc
=
r r

E a a
e
on the path from points P to P , so
2
Voltage difference between P and P (assuming = ) :
V ln
2 2
o
o
R
R
o o
q
d dR
R
R q q
dR
R R
|
o
o |
o |
o
|o
|
tc
c c
tc tc
=
= =
}




E l
5
Voltage Difference, contd
V ln
2 2
So, if is positive then those points closer to the
charge have a higher voltage.
The voltage between two points (in volts)
is equal to the amount of ene
Repeating:
rg
R
R
o o
R q q
dR
R R
q
|
o
o
|o
|
tc tc
= =
}


y (in joules)
required to move a 1 coulomb charge
against the electric field between the two points.
Voltage is infinite if we pick one of the points to be
infinitely far away.
6

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