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SQL Group Functions

This document discusses SQL group functions including SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and statistical functions. It covers how group functions operate on groups of rows rather than single rows and ignore NULLs. The GROUP BY clause is used to group data and HAVING filters grouped data.

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ckarthimba
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26 views20 pages

SQL Group Functions

This document discusses SQL group functions including SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and statistical functions. It covers how group functions operate on groups of rows rather than single rows and ignore NULLs. The GROUP BY clause is used to group data and HAVING filters grouped data.

Uploaded by

ckarthimba
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Group Functions

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

Chapter Objectives
Differentiate between single-row and multiple-row functions Use the SUM and AVG functions for numeric calculations Use the COUNT function to return the number of records containing non-NULL values Use COUNT(*) to include records containing NULL values
Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 2

Chapter Objectives
Use the MIN and MAX functions with nonnumeric fields Determine when to use the GROUP BY clause to group data Identify when the HAVING clause should be used List the order of precedence for evaluating WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses
Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 3

Chapter Objectives
State the maximum depth for nesting group functions Nest a group function inside a single-row function Calculate the standard deviation and variance of a set of data, using the STDDEV and VARIANCE functions
Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 4

Group Functions
Return one result per group of rows processed Also called multiple-row and aggregate functions All group functions ignore NULL values except COUNT(*) Use DISTINCT to suppress duplicate values
Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL 5

SUM Function
Calculates total amount stored in a numeric column for a group of rows

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

AVG Function
Calculates average of numeric values in a specified column

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

COUNT Function
Two purposes:
Count non-NULL values Count total records, including those with NULL values

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

COUNT Function Non-NULL Values


Include column name in argument to count number of occurrences

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

COUNT Function NULL Values


Include asterisk in argument to count number of rows

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

10

MAX Function
Returns largest value

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

11

MIN Function
Returns smallest value

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

12

GROUP BY Clause
Used to group data Must be used for individual column in the SELECT clause with a group function Cannot reference column alias

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

13

GROUP BY Example

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

14

HAVING Clause//
Serves as the WHERE clause for grouped data

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

15

Order of Clause Evaluation


When included in the same SELECT statement, evaluated in order of:
WHERE GROUP BY HAVING

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

16

Nesting Functions
Inner function resolved first Maximum nesting depth: 2

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

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Statistical Group Functions


Based on normal distribution Includes:
STDDEV VARIANCE

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

18

STDDEV Function
Calculates standard deviation for grouped data

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

19

VARIANCE Function
Determines data dispersion within a group

Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL

20

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