Section 2

Multiphase Flow, Flowing Well Performance

Multiphase Vertical Flow

When producing an oil or gas well the flow of the fluids up the tubing while in
most cases be 2 phase, liquid and gas. The pressure at any point in the tubing string
is influenced by many factors. Such as type of flow at that point, the viscositys of
the oil and gas, the PVT characteristics of the fluid which are pressure and
temperature dependent, the bottom hole and tubing pressures. In the tubing there is
a pressure drop and a temperature variation which causes several of the fluid
properties to vary along with the pressure drop that allows the solution gas to come
out of the oil at different rates in various parts of the tubing, causing holdup
behavior. The drag of the flowing fluids (friction) also plays a part along with
gravity in resisting the flow.

Flow Regimes

As the oil travels up the tubing different types of flow can occur as the gas is
liberated from the liquid phase.

If the well is producing above the bubble point pressure the flow is single phase
but as it rises up the tubing the pressure will drop below this pressure and the
multiphase regimes will start to form.

Bubble Flow
The gas starts to come out of solution and form in the liquid medium in an
even dispersion.



Slug or Plug Flow
As the fluid moves upward the gas bubbles move faster than the liquid,
because of the buoyancy effect, and collect in large bubbles. These bubbles grow
to a size where extend across the diameter of the tubing separating slugs of liquid
containing the smaller bubbles





Churn Flow
With increasing gas velocity, the larger bubbles become unstable and
collapse, resulting in a highly turbulent flow pattern. Churn flow is characterized
by oscillatory, up and down motions of the liquid.


Annular Flow
As the pressure is lowered these large pockets of case break through the
slugs and form a continuos phase in the center of the tubing carrying droplets of
the liquid with a film of oil flowing along the walls of the tubing.






Mist Flow
Eventually the gas volume is so large that the film of liquid on the wall of
the tubing disappears and the only liquid moving is the droplets or mist in the gas
phase.







Not all of these regimes are necessarily present in a well but usually more than one
is present.

As can be seen the flow of oil and gas up a string of tubing has many
complex components that must be considered in designing a flowing well. For a
given bottom hole pressure there is a certain amount of reservoir fluids that will
enter the well bore, what is needed to be known is whether the pressure drop in the
tubing will allow flow to the surface. Several methods have been developed to
describe this flow so pressure curves of the tubing can be drawn to use in the
planning of the well and its equipment.










Poettmann & Carpenter Method

Based on the energy equation with the assumptions that the difference in the
kinetic energy at the top and bottom is negligible and that external work done by
the flowing fluid is also negligible. The energy loss W
f
is caused by the slippage
and frictional effects.


gD
h
fu W
f
2
4
2
A
= (2-1)

where u is the average mixture velocity over Ah and D is the inside diameter
of the tubing, g is gravity constant and f is found empirically.

With the given assumptions and field units equation 2-1 can be reduced to

144
A
A
p
h
K
= +

_
_
(2-2)

where Ap = pressure drop over Ah, psi
= average density of the fluid, lb/cu ft

K
fq M
x D
_
( . )
=
2 2
10 5
7 413 10
(2-3)

q = liquid production rate, STB/day
M = Total mass of gas and liquid associated with 1 STB, lb
D = ID of tubing, ft
f = energy loss factor defined by equation 2-1


The way that this is used is to start at the bottom of the tubing with the known p
wf

which can produce a certain production of reservoir fluids that is known from the
productivity index of the well. All the PVT and reservoir parameters such as FVF,
water-cut, gas solubility are known or can be estimated. Divide the tubing into
equal parts, H
1
, H
2
, H
3
, H
4
, each a length of Ah and let the pressures, p
1
, p
2
, p
3
, p
4
,
at the H
n
points. At H
1
the pressure is p
wf
, so this pressure can be used for H
1
H
2
for
the first approximation for the factors needed for equation 2-2, such as the density
and Mass. If a better approximation is needed use the average between of p
wf
and
the first approximation for the next calculations. This process is repeated for all
the intervals in the tubing, to the surface or till a negative pressure is calculated.
Doing this for several starting p
wf
a plot can be generated for any size tubing.




Figure 2-1

This graph can be used to find the bottom hole pressure and production rates for
any producing tubing head pressure. The maximum rate that the well can flow is
indicated by point E on the graph, this point must always be lower than q since
there is a positive pressure loss in the tubing.










Figure 2-2

Plotting the tubing head pressures for several sizes of tubing is used to find the
optimal tubing size for different flow rates. In this case at 200 psi THP the 2
tubing is better but at 100 psi the 3 tubing produces at a higher rate.

The only factor in equation 2-3 that is not easily found is the energy loss factor f.
In an effort to establish values for f as a function of the variables involved in the
flow of oil wells a reverse calculation was made. This involved taking field data in
the form of production, PVT data, and pressure and temperature transverses. It was
found that f correlated best as a function of tubing ID and mass velocity of the
fluid in the tubing. In terms of field units


D
Mq
x D
v
) 10 4737 . 1 (
5
=

(2-4)

From this the following plot is used to find f for different flow rates and tubing
sizes.



Figure 2-3

It is noted here that this plotted on log-log paper and that the scatter of the points is
greater that its appears on this graph. Also Baxendell extended this work to in
include flow in an annulus, and with Thomas plotted f over higher flow rates.

The weakness of this approach is the inaccuracy of finding f. Work by others have
been to overcome this problem.











Using the Poettman & Carpenter Method

Calculating M, mass of the fluid in STB

M = wt of Oil + wt of Water + wt of Gas in lb
m
/STB

wt of Oil = Oil cut x
o
x 350 lb/bbl

wt of Water = Water cut x
w
x 350 lb/bbl

wt of gas = GLR cf/bbl x
g
x .0764 lb/cf

w = Mass flow rate, = Mq, lb
m
/ day

Note:
o
o
API +
=
5 . 131
5 . 141

w
and
g
and GOR should be given & the oil
and water cut calculated from the WOR.

Calculating ave. Density, , lb
m
/cf

= M/volume

Volume = vol of oil + vol of water + vol of free gas in cf

Using the pressure of interval being calculated, lab or correlations of PVT
data needed. |
o
, |
g
, R
s


Volume bbls = Oil cut x |
o
+ Water cut +

|
g
{ GLR Oil cut x R
s
}

Volume cf = Volume bbls x 5.614 cf/bbl

= M/5.614[oil cut x |
o
+ water cut + |
g
{GLR Oil cut x R
s
}




With values of M and the Ap/Ah can be calculated using equations 2-2 and 2-3
by finding f from figure 2-3. By dividing the pressure increment by this pressure
gradient gives the length of tubing over which the increment occurs. This way a
plot of the pressure can be obtained.

Example:
Given
Tubing 2 q
o
. = 400 bpd
22
o
API oil q
w
.= 600 bpd

w
= 1.07 GLR = 500 cf/bbl

g
= .65

o
= 141.5/131.5 + 22 = .922

M = .4*.922*350 + .6*1.07*350 + 500*.65*.0764 = 378.6 lb/bbl

w = M*q = 378.6*1000 = 378610 lb/day

D
v
= 1.4737E-5 x w/D = 1.4737E-5 * 378610/1.995/12 = 33.56

Form fig. 2-3 f = .008

K = f w
2
/(7.413E 10 D
5
) = .008*378610^2 / (7.413E+10*.166^5) = 122.7

For pressure point 1, 500 psi
|o = 1.043 Rs = 59 scf/bbl z = .93

= M/5.614[oil cut x |
o
+ water cut + |
g
{GLR Oil cut x R
s
}]
378/5.614[.4*1.043 + .6 + .0298{500 - .4*59}] = 4.4 lb/cf

For pressure point 2, 1000 psi
|o = 1.083 Rs = 120 scf/bbl z = .9

= 378.6/5.614[.4*1.083 + .6 + .0153{500 - .4*120}] = 8.4 lb/cf

ave =
1
+
2
/ 2 = 6.4 lb/cf

Use this average density to find Ap/Ah in equation 2-2

Ap/Ah = [ + K/]/144 = [6.4 + 122.7/6.4]/144 = .178

Now solve for /Ah for the Ap

Ah = 1000 500 / .178 = 2816 ft.

Plot this point, say THP is 500 psi then it 1000 psi at a depth of 2816.
Then repeat the process for the next interval.


A large interval was used here in the example, the interval used when doing a
pressure profile of a well the pressure intervals will be much smaller, like about 25
psi.