Forces and Newton's Laws of Motion

Chapter 4
Forces and Newtons

Laws of Motion
4.1 The Concepts of Force and Mass
A force is a push or a pull.
Contact forces arise from physical
contact .Ex. A basketball player-launches a shot by
pushing on the ball

Action-at-a-distance forces do not
require contact and include gravity
and electrical forces.Ex. A diver is pulled toward
the earth because of the force of gravity.
Arrows are used to represent forces. The length of the arrow
is proportional to the strength or magnitude of the force.
15 N
5 N
Mass is a measure of the amount
of stuff contained in an object.
4.2 Newtons First Law of Motion
An object continues in a state of rest
or in a state of motion at a constant
speed along a straight line, unless
compelled to change that state by a
net force.
The net force is the vector sum of all
of the forces acting on an object.
Newtons First Law
The net force on an object is the vector sum of
all forces acting on that object.

The SI unit of force is the Newton (N).
Individual Forces Net Force
10 N 4 N
6 N
Individual Forces
Net Force
3 N
4 N
5 N
64
Inertia is the natural tendency of an
object to remain at rest or in motion at
a constant speed along a straight line.

The mass of an object is a quantitative
measure of inertia.

SI Unit of Mass: kilogram (kg)

The Physics of seat belt- a useful application of inertia;
it unwinds freely when pulled gently, so they can be buckled.
But, in an accident, they hold you safely in place; it is consists of a
ratchet wheel, a locking bar, and a pendulum. The belt is wound
around a spool mounted on the ratchet wheel. While the car is at rest or
moving at a constant velocity, the pendulum hangs straight down, and
the locking bar rests horizontally.
Consequently, nothing prevents the ratchel wheel from turning, and the
seat belt can be pulled out easily.When the car suddenly slows down in
an accident, the relatively massive lower part of the pendulumkeeps
moving forward because of its inertia.The pendulum swings on its pivot
into the position and causes the locking bar to block the rotation of the
rachet wheel, thus preventing the seat belt from unwinding.

An inertial reference frame is one in
which Newtons law of inertia is valid.

All accelerating reference frames are
noninertial.

4.3 Newtons Second Law of Motion
Mathematically, the net force is

written as
where the Greek letter sigma
denotes the vector sum.
Newtons Second Law
When a net external force acts on an object
of mass m, the acceleration that results is
directly proportional to the net force and has
a magnitude that is inversely proportional to
the mass. The direction of the acceleration is
the same as the direction of the net force.
m
=
F
a
= a F

m
SI Unit for Force
( )
2 2
s
m kg
s
m
kg

=
|
.
|
\
|
This combination of units is called a newton (N).
A free-body-diagram is a diagram that
represents the object and the forces that
act on it.
The net force in this case is:

275 N + 395 N 560 N = +110 N

and is directed along the + x axis of the coordinate system.
If the mass of the car is 1850 kg then, by
Newtons second law, the acceleration is
2
s m 059 . 0
kg 1850
N 110
+ =
+
= =

m
F
a
4.4 The Vector Nature of Newtons Second Law
=
x x
ma F
y y
ma F =
The direction of force and acceleration vectors

can be taken into account by using x and y
components.
= a F

m
is equivalent to
Force x component y component
+17 N

+(15 N) cos67
0 N

+(15 N) sin67
+23 N +14 N
The net force on the raft can be calculated
in the following way:
P

2
s m 018 . 0
kg 1300
N 23
+ =
+
= =

m
F
a
x
x
2
s m 011 . 0
kg 1300
N 14
+ =
+
= =

m
F
a
y
y
4.5 Newtons Third Law of Motion
Newtons Third Law of Motion
Whenever one body exerts a force on a
second body, the second body exerts an
oppositely directed force of equal
magnitude on the first body.
Suppose that the magnitude of the force is 36 N. If the mass
of the spacecraft is 11,000 kg and the mass of the astronaut
is 92 kg, what are the accelerations?
. astronaut On the
. spacecraft On the
P F
P F

=
=
2
s m 0033 . 0
kg 11,000
N 36
+ =
+
= =
s
s
m
P
a
2
s m 39 . 0
kg 92
N 36
=
=
A
A
m
P
a
4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview

In nature there are two general types of forces,
fundamental and nonfundamental.
Fundamental Forces

1. Gravitational force

2. Strong Nuclear force

3. Electroweak force
4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview
Examples of nonfundamental forces:

friction

tension in a rope

normal or support forces

4.7 The Gravitational Force
Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation
Every particle in the universe exerts an attractive force on every
other particle.

A particle is a piece of matter, small enough in size to be
regarded as a mathematical point.

The force that each exerts on the other is directed along the line
joining the particles.
For two particles that have masses m
1
and m
2
and are
separated by a distance r, the force has a magnitude
given by
2
2 1
r
m m
G F =
2 2 11
kg m N 10 673 . 6 =

G
( )
( )( )
( )
N 10 4 . 1
m 1.2
kg 25 kg 12
kg m N 10 67 . 6
8
2
2 2 11
2
2 1
=
=
=
r
m m
G F
Definition of Weight

The weight of an object on or above the earth is the
gravitational force that the earth exerts on the object.
The weight always acts downwards, toward the center
of the earth.

On or above another astronomical body, the weight is the
gravitational force exerted on the object by that body.

SI Unit of Weight: newton (N)
Relation Between Mass and Weight
2
r
m M
G W
E
=
mg W =
2
r
M
G g
E
=
( )
( )
( )
2
2
6
24
2 2 11
2
s m 80 . 9
m 10 6.38
kg 10 98 . 5
kg m N 10 67 . 6
=

=
=
E
E
R
M
G g
On the earths surface:
4.8 The Normal Force
Definition of the Normal Force
The normal force is one component of the force that a surface
exerts on an object with which it is in contact namely, the
component that is perpendicular
to the surface.
N 26
0 N 15 N 11
=
=
N
N
F
F
N 4
0 N 15 N 11
=
= +
N
N
F
F
Apparent Weight
The apparent weight of an object is the reading of the scale.

It is equal to the normal force the man exerts on the scale.
ma mg F F
N y
= + =
ma mg F
N
+ =
apparent
weight
true
weight
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
When an object is in contact with a surface there is a force
acting on that object. The component of this force that is
parallel to the surface is called the
frictional force.
When the two surfaces are
not sliding across one another
the friction is called
static friction.
The magnitude of the static frictional force can have any value
from zero up to a maximum value.
MAX
s s
f f s
N s
MAX
s
F f =
1 0 < <
s
is called the coefficient of static friction.

Note that the magnitude of the frictional force does
not depend on the contact area of the surfaces.
Static friction opposes the impending relative motion between
two objects.

Kinetic friction opposes the relative sliding motion motions that
actually does occur.
N k k
F f =
1 0 < <
s
is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.

The sled comes to a halt because the kinetic frictional force
opposes its motion and causes the sled to slow down.
Suppose the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.05 and the total
mass is 40kg. What is the kinetic frictional force?
( )( ) kg 20 s m 80 . 9 kg 40 05 . 0
2
=
= = = mg F f
k N k k

4.10 The Tension Force
Cables and ropes transmit
forces through tension.
4.10 The Tension Force
A massless rope will transmit
tension undiminished from one
end to the other.

If the rope passes around a
massless, frictionless pulley, the
tension will be transmitted to
the other end of the rope
undiminished.
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newtons Laws of Motion
Definition of Equilibrium

An object is in equilibrium when it has zero acceleration.
= 0
x
F
= 0
y
F
Reasoning Strategy

Select an object(s) to which the equations of equilibrium are
to be applied.

Draw a free-body diagram for each object chosen above.
Include only forces acting on the object, not forces the object
exerts on its environment.

Choose a set of x, y axes for each object and resolve all forces
in the free-body diagram into components that point along these
axes.

Apply the equations and solve for the unknown quantities.

0 35 sin 35 sin
2 1
= +

T T
0 35 cos 35 cos
2 1
= + + F T T

N 3150 = W
1
T
2
T
0 . 10 sin
1
T
0 . 80 sin
2
T +
0
0 . 10 cos
1
T +
0 . 80 cos
2
T
W
0 0 . 80 sin 0 . 10 sin
2 1
= + =

T T F
x
0 0 . 80 cos 0 . 10 cos
2 1
= + =
W T T F
y

The first equation gives
2 1
0 . 10 sin
0 . 80 sin
T T
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

Substitution into the second gives

0 0 . 80 cos 0 . 10 cos
0 . 10 sin
0 . 80 sin
2 2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
W T T


0 . 80 cos 0 . 10 cos
0 . 10 sin
0 . 80 sin
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
W
T
N 582
2
= T
N 10 30 . 3
3
1
= T
4.12 Nonequilibrium Application of Newtons Laws of Motion
=
x x
ma F
=
y y
ma F
When an object is accelerating, it is not in equilibrium.
The acceleration is along the x axis so
0 =
y
a
1
T
2
T
0 . 30 cos
1
T +
0 . 30 cos
2
T +
0
0
D +
R
0 . 30 sin
1
T +
0 . 30 sin
2
T
0 0 . 30 sin 0 . 30 sin
2 1
= + =
T T F
y
2 1
T T =
x
x
ma
R D T T F
=
+ + + =
0 . 30 cos 0 . 30 cos
2 1

T T T = =
2 1
N 10 53 . 1
0 . 30 cos 2
5
=
+
=

D R ma
T
x

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Chapter 4

Forces and Newtons

Mathematically, the net force is

The direction of force and acceleration vectors

4.4 The Vector Nature of Newtons Second Law

4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview

is called the coefficient of static friction.

is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Substitution into the second gives

4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newtons Laws of Motion

4.12 Nonequilibrium Application of Newtons Laws of Motion

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