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Kinds of Syllogisms

There are two main types of syllogisms: 1) Categorical syllogisms which contain three terms (major, minor, middle) and consist of two premises and a conclusion. 2) Hypothetical syllogisms which do not identify terms as major, minor, middle and consist of hypothetical propositions. Categorical syllogisms have five general laws governing them including dictum de omni and dictum de nullo. There are also eight specific laws/rules categorical syllogisms must follow including only having three terms, terms cannot have a greater extension in the conclusion, and the conclusion must follow logically from the premises. Hypothetical syllogisms consist of a

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3K views4 pages

Kinds of Syllogisms

There are two main types of syllogisms: 1) Categorical syllogisms which contain three terms (major, minor, middle) and consist of two premises and a conclusion. 2) Hypothetical syllogisms which do not identify terms as major, minor, middle and consist of hypothetical propositions. Categorical syllogisms have five general laws governing them including dictum de omni and dictum de nullo. There are also eight specific laws/rules categorical syllogisms must follow including only having three terms, terms cannot have a greater extension in the conclusion, and the conclusion must follow logically from the premises. Hypothetical syllogisms consist of a

Uploaded by

inah_30
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Kinds of Syllogisms 1.

Categorical Syllogism - is composed of Categorical propositions - consist of 2 premises and conclusion - contains 3 terms : Major, Minor, and Middle term Ex. All inventors are scientist Some inventors are well-known worldwide Hence, some people who are well-known worldwide are scientist 2. Hypothetical Syllogism - is composed of Hypothetical propositions - the terms are not identified as Major, Minor, and Middle Ex. If the suspect is found guilty he will serve time in prison But he will not serve time in prison Ergo, he was not found guilty

Categorical Syllogism
The General Laws Governing Categorical Syllogism 1. Dictum de Omni - Whatever is + u, in a formal manner, should also be + of its logical parts Ex. If all X are Y, and some Z are X then some Z are Y 2. Dictum de Nullo - Whatever is - u, in a formal manner, should also be - of its logical parts Ex. If all X are not Y, and some Z are X then some Z are not Y 3. If each of 2 concepts agrees w/ the same 3rd concept, then they also agrees w/ each other - If A agrees w/ C & B agrees w/ A, then B & C agrees w/ each other. A=C B=A B=C 4. If one concept agrees w/a 3rd term and other disagrees w/ the same term, then they disagrees w/ each other - If A agrees w/ B, but C dont agree w/ A, then B & C dont agree w/ each other. A=B C A B C 5. If each of 2 concepts disagrees w/ the same 3rd concept, then theres no conclusion. - If A disagrees w/ B & C disagrees w/ A, then nothing follows. A B C A No conclusion

8 Laws of Categorical Syllogism Rule # 1 Only 3 terms in the syllogism Fallacy of 4-term construction Fallacy of Equivocation 1 term express 2 diff. meaning Rule # 2 No term may have a greater extension in the conclusion than the premise Fallacy of Illicit Major Term when major term is p and conclusion is u Fallacy of Illicit Minor Term when minor term is p and conclusion is u Rule # 3 The middle term must not appear in the conclusion. Misplaced Middle Term when middle term appears in the conclusion Rule # 4 The middle term must be taken as u in the premise at least once. Undistributed Middle Term - when middle term is taken twice as p Rule #5 If both premises are +, the conclusion must be + Fallacy of a negative conclusion Rule # 6 No conclusion can be drawn from 2 negative premises. Fallacy of 2 negative premises Rule # 7 No valid conclusion can be derived from 2 p premises. Fallacy of Double Particular Premises Rule # 8 The conclusion always follows the weaker side. Fallacy of a Stronger Conclusion than the Premises.

Hypothetical Syllogism

1. Conditional Syllogism - composed of: Condition Proposition Major Premise Categorical Proposition Minor Premise and Conclusion

Ex.

If it rains, then the ground is wet It Rained Ergo, the ground is wet

p p q

Laws of Condition 1. If p is accepted, then q must be accepted R

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