Lecture Notes

Sanitary Drainage systems

Table of Contents

Chapter -1 Chapter -2 Chapter -3 Chapter -4 Chapter -5 Chapter -6 Chapter -7 Chapter -8 References

Sanitary Drainage Fixture Units Vent system Storm water & drainage systems Sizing the Underground Sewage Network for Buildings Septic tank capacity General example problem Sanitary Appliances & Arrangements Applications

Page 1-21 1Page 22- 39 22Page 40-51 40Page 52-74 52Page 75-87 75Page 88-96 88Page 97-103 97Page 104 Page 122

Chap-1 Chap-

Sanitary Drainage Fixture Units

The suggested values of DFU ( table 1 & 2) were designed for application in conjunction with the probability of simultaneous use of fixtures so as to establish maximum permissible drainage loads, in terms of fixture units rather than in numbers of specific types of fixtures or gallons per minute of drainage flow, for each of the various parts of sanitary drainage systems. In general, the sanitary drainage fixture unit value assigned to a particular fixture is based on the average volume discharged and the average rate of discharge for the fixture. This value is determined from the fixtures total discharge flow, in gallons per minute, divided by 7.5, or, in other words, its total discharge flow in cubic feet per minute.

Table 1

Table 1

Ref [2]

Table 2
Ref [2]

By Size of trap

Is used for fixture not listed in the previous table. For example example the floor drain with 2 pipe diameter ,the corresponding DFU is 3

Ref [1]

Junction Box System Bidet W.C. Bidet

Bath

4UT

Numbe r 1 1 1 1 1 Total DFU

Fixtures Lavatory Bidet Floor drain * Bathtub W.C.s (flash Tank),

DFU 1 1 3 2 4 8 F.U

Diamet er 1.1/22 1.1/22 3 1.1/22 4

Number 1 1 1 1 1 Total DFU

Fixtures Lavatory Bidet Floor drain * Bathtub W.C.s (flash Tank),

DFU 1 1 3 2 4

Diameter

1.1/2- 2 1.1/2- 2 3 1.1/2- 2 4

8 F.U

* Some references does not include F.D. in the calculation. A shower head over a bathtub does not increase the F.U.

10

Numbe r

Fixtures Lavatory Bidet Floor drain * Bathtub W.C.s (flash Tank),

DFU 1 1 3 2*2 4 10 F.U

Diamet er 1.1/22 1.1/22 3 1.1/22 4

Shower

1 1 1 2 1 Total DFU

11

Number

Fixtures

FU

Diameter

1 1 2 1

Lavatory Floor drain * Bathtub W.C.s (flash Tank),

1 3 2 4

1.1/2- 2 3 1.1/2- 2 4

Clean out System

Total DFU

7 F.U

Drainage Stacks and Branches 12

Based on the computed drainage stack flow capacity for stacks flowing 7/24 full at terminal velocity, the velocity, corresponding number of fixture units may be determined from design load charts or tables (1,2 &3) so as to establish the total load which may be placed on a tall drainage stack. For example, the computed flow capacity for a 4-in (10 cm) 4stack flowing at 7/24 full is 143 gpm (9.02 L/s). From design load charts or tables, it may be found that this rate of flow is equivalent to 500 fixture units. This is the total load that may be received from all branches on a 4-in (10 cm) tall stack. 4However, to avoid excessive interference between flow entering the stack and that coming down the stack, it is necessary to limit the amount of flow, which may be, allowed to enter the stack at each of the branches. Thus, in a building of just a few stories in height, the amount of flow entering the stack through a branch may be greater than what would be permissible in a building of many stories.

Table 3 for sizing drainage stacks provides different permissible loading for stack of more than 3 stories in height. height. Included in the table ,the maximum loads permitted on any horizontal fixture branch of a short stack. stack.

13

Table 3

14

Horizontal per floor

Vertical for each floor

15

As a sample example : Calculate the total number of DFU , and size the horizontal branch connecting the two adjacent bathrooms , knowing that, The total fixture unit of each bathroom consists of (water closet, bidet, lavatory and bathtub or shower) = 8 FUs FU Total fixture unit of two adjacent bath rooms connected to the same horizontal branch pipe is : 8 x 2 = 16 FUs. FU As can be seen from table (3 ) for any horizontal branches , the 3 can handle up to 20DFU but , due to the presence of 3 the W.C.s the 4 pipe diameter is selected which can handle W.C. up to 160 DFU.

Table 4 for sizing drainage stacks provides different permissible loading for stack of 3 stories or less in height and for stacks more than 3 stories in height. height. Included in the table are the maximum loads permitted on any horizontal fixture branch of a short stack and at any 1 story of stack more than 3 stories in height. height.

16

Table 4

Ref [2]

17

Slopes for horizontal drains are shown in (Table 5) , Which are applicable for building underground sewers and drains as well as those running at the level of the ceiling of basements, service tunnels, etc. Readers should note that the carrying capacity of horizontal drains is substantially lower than that for vertical pipes. Diameter of a vertical stack may have to be increased when it runs horizontally due to its reduced capacity in that position.

Table 5

18

For 4 Pipe diameter , having a slope of 1.04% , the Max. DFU is 180 , However if the slope is 4.2% , the DFU becomes 250

Connections to Sanitary Building Drains

19

Sanitary building drains are designed to flow half full at peak load. To load. avoid backup of flow from the building drain into branches, each branch connection to the building drain should be made to its upper half upper or its air-space portion. This may be achieved for 90 degrees branch airconnections by means of a one-sixth bend and a 45 degrees Y branch or onea long-sweep one-quarter bend and a Y branch. The Y-branch fitting longoneYmay be rotated so that the branch is at 45 degrees angle above the the horizontal when the one-sixth bend is to be used and at a vertical angle onewhen the long-sweep one-quarter bend is to be used. Less invert longoneelevation is lost with the one-sixth bend and Y combination (see Fig ). one-

Two pipe system S.S.

Vent pipe

20

Vent pipe

Vent pipe

Figure 4

One pipe system S.S.

(Most popular )

21

Vent pipe

Ref [2]

Chap-2 Chap-

22

Vent System

23

Introduction Sanitary drainage system of a building should be provided with an attendant system of vent piping designed so as to permit gases and odors in all parts of the drainage piping to circulate up through the system and escape into the atmosphere above the building and to permit the admission and emission of air in all parts of the system so that siphonage, aspiration, or back-pressure conditions will not backcause an excessive loss of trap seal under ordinary under conditions of use. The sizing, arrangement, and installation of attendant vent piping should be designed so as to limit air-pressure variations in all fixture drains to a differential airnot exceeding 1 in (2.5 cm) of water column above or below atmospheric pressure.

24

A vent system is a pipe in a drainage system used : To provide a flow of air to and from a drainage system so as to ventilate it. 2. To provide a circulation of air within such a system to eliminate trap siphonage and reduce back pressure and vacuum surge . 3. To insure the rapid and silent flow of waste 1.

Table 5 is used in sizing vents in accordance with drainage capacity loads. Permissible loads. lengths of vents are less than those computed by formulas (in which additional allowance need to be made for the equivalent length of pipe fittings) that the stated length may be applied directly as permissible developed length of pipe . This table is applied for vent stacks and branch vent sizing.
Developed length of pipe = straight length of pipe + equivalent length of fittings

25

26

Ref [1]

27

Ref [1]

28

29

Ref [1]

30

31

32

Traps. A fixture trap, illustrated in Fig. , is a U-shaped section of pipe Uof the necessary depth to retain sufficient liquid required by code. All fixtures and equipment directly connected to the sanitary drainage system are required to have traps. All traps must be vented in an approved manner, except for specific conditions waived by local code requirements or authorities.
Ref [3]

33

Ref [3]

34

Ref [3]

35

Ref [2]

36

Ref [2]

37

Ref [2]

38

Ref [2]

39

Ref [1]

Chap-3 Chap-

40

Storm water drainage system & Rain Water pipes

Roof drainage systems

41

A roof drainage system is composed of storm-water collection devices stormlocated in the roof and piping , connected to the collection devices, devices, which transforms the runoff out of the building to the ground. Spacing and location of the roof drains are dependent on a number of local local conditions and building characteristics. Consideration should be given to such criteria as the local climatic conditions, type of roof, slope of roof, location of pipe chases, and available ceiling space to install install piping.

42 It has been found that a storm producing a rainfall intensity of 75 mm/hr may occur for 5 minutes once in 4 years, Can cause a serious damage .The rate of run-from roof +balconies .The runis calculated as follows: A P R Q= [ m 3 / s] 3600 1000

Where Q = The rate of run-off from roof and balconies. runA = effective area m2. P = impermeability factor which is 0.9 (concrete) For asphalt in good order is (0.875). R = Rainfall intensity mm/hr, ( 75-100 mm/h ) 75For example: Calculate the flow rate from a concrete roof having an effective area of 50 m when the rainfall intensity is 75 mm/hr.
Q= 50 0.9 75 = 0.001 [ m 3 / s ] that is 1 liter / sec . 3600 1000

Roof Drainage Design Procedure

43

The following procedure should be used in designing a roof drainage drainage system: (1) Lay out the position of the roof drains, deck drains and rainwater rainwater leaders. Consideration should be given to placing an overflow drain drain adjacent to each roof drain. (2) Determine the tributary area to each roof drain, deck drain, scupper, scupper, gutter, or rainwater leader. The tributary area is the surface area of roof that drains towards a specific drain. This tributary area should include the effects of runoff from adjacent walls which drain onto the walls, fig walls, (R-1) indicates the wall area that should be added to roof area to (R determine the total tributary area for each drain. (3) Determine the routing and slope of the storm-water conductors. First, stormdetermine the points from which, and to which, the conductors must be must installed. Then determine the space available for installing the stormstormwater conductors. Finally, the routing and slope of the storm-water stormconductors.

44

Fig (R-1) (R-

Ref [2]

45 (4) Determine the rainfall rate to be used in sizing of the roof drainage drainage system. The rainfall rate (also known as the rainfall intensity) is a term that relates the quantity of rainfall to a unit of time. Such rainfall rates rainfall are usually expressed in inches per hour or centimeters per hour. hour. (5) Determine the flow rate (volume per unit time) of equipment such as pumps, ejectors, air-conditioning equipment, and similar equipment airwhich discharge into the roof drainage piping. Then convert these flow these rates into equivalent roof area. Flow rate is a term expressing a volume of water over a period of time such as cubic feet per second (cubic (cubic meters per hour), and gallons per minute (liters per second). The The following equations determine the roof area which will produce runoff at runoff a flow rate equal to the flow rate of the equipment: Equivalent roof area = 96/R * flow rate of the equipment ft equipment Equivalent roof area = 359/R * flow rate of the equipment m equipment where R is the rainfall rate used in the design of the roof drainage drainage system in inches per hour (centimeters per hour). The flow rate of the equipment is expressed in gallons per minute (liters per second). second).

46

(6) Calculate the total roof area drained by each segment of the roof roof drainage system. This calculation should include all roof areas calculated in step (2) and the equivalent roof area calculated in step (5). in Express the total area in square feet (square meters). (7) Determine the size of the roof drains and storm-water conductors or stormthe gutters and rainwater leaders. Sizes can be determined using table 1 through table 2. These tables list the maximum roof area in square feet (square meters) which can be handled by storm-water drainage piping of different sizes and slopes stormfor various rainfall rates. An example of Roof rain water distribution is shown in figure (R-2) (RArea supplied by a drain pipe = = (Area of the balcony) +(area of the adjacent wall) + Part of the roof area.

47

Size of drain pipe or leader (inch)

2 Rain fall rate (inch/h) 3 4 5 6

Maximum tributary area (ft ) (ft

1 2 3 (4) 5 6

2,880 1,440 960 720 575 480

8,800 4,400 2,930 2,200 1,760 1,470

18,400 9,200 6,130 4,600 3,680 3,070

34,600 17,300 11,530 8,650 6,920 5,765

54,000 27,000 17,995 13,500 10,800 9000

Table (R-1), is used to size, roof drains, vertical rainwater leaders or storm water conductors.
Ref [2]

48

Rainfall rate (in/hr)

2 3 (4 ) 5 6

Pipe sizing (inch)

Maximum tributary area (ft )

1,644 3,760 6,680 10,700 23,000 41,400 66,600 109,000 1,096 2,506 4,453 7,133 15,330 27,600 44,400 72,800 822 1,880 3,340 5,350 11,500 20,700 33,300 59,500 657 1,504 2,675 4,280 9,200 16,580 26,650 47,600 548 1,256 2,227 3,566 7,600 13,800 22,200 39,650

3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15

Table (R-2),is used to size conductors or rain water leader installed at a slope 1/8 in/ft (1cm/m)

Roof Rain water Drain

49

Figure ( R-2) R-

Example : Sizing Rain water pipe

50

Suppose we decide to size the rain water pipe ( shown in figure R-3) for a 5 floors building having the following data : 1- One pipe is used to collect the rain water from two adjacent balconies and part of the roof . This part of roof has a 65 m2 area ( refer to figure R-3) R2- The balcony area is 10 m2 each. 3- The adjacent balcony wall area is 15 m2 each ( refer figure R-1) Solution:
Area supplied by the drain pipe = = (Area of the balcony) +(area of the adjacent wall) + Part of the roof area = [(2 x 10) x 5] + [(15x 2)/ 2 x 5) +65 = 195 m2 , that is (2166.6 ft2) [(15x From Table (R-2) a D= 4 in at 4 in/ hr Rain water intensity can handle flow from (Rfrom 2500 ft2 are . The 4 inch pipe is selected for this example.

51

Roof Drain
AREA OF ROOF PART = 65 M2

WALL AREA = 15 M2 BALCON OF AREA = 10 m2

WALL AREA = 15 M2 BALCON OF AREA = 10 m2

Figure ( R-3) R-

Chap-4 Chap-

52

Sizing the Underground Sewage Network for Buildings

53

Type of underground Drainage For buildings

Separated Sewer & rain water system Fig (U-1) (U-

Combined Sewer + Rain water Fig( U-2) U-

Drainage below ground connection

54

Fig ( U-1) Separate System of drainage URef [3]

55

Fig ( U-2) Combined Rain + Sewer drain U-

Ref [3]

Connections of the rain water Drain In the case of combined system ( Sewer +Rain water), rainwater water), must be connected to the foul water drain through a back inlet gully, to prevent the smell as shown in Fig. (U-3). In the case (Uof separate system ( Rain water only), it is not only), necessary to provide a trap before the rainwater pipe .It is connected to the surface water drain, and therefore a rainwater shoe, as shown in Fig. (U-4), may be used. (U-

56

Fig. (U-3). (U-

Fig. (U-4). (U-

The public Health Act 1936 section 34 defines certain prohibited discharges into drains or sewers as 1. anything that may injure a drain or sewer or interfere with the free flow or treatment and disposal processes, 2. hot liquids with a temperature exceeding 43.3 C, 3. petroleum spirit and calcium carbide. This means that the floor washings of large garages, petrol stations and indeed small garages should be provided with some means of intercepting petrol before it enters the drain or sewer. For the floor washings of a small garage, it is sufficient to provide a garage gully as shown in Fig. (U-5). (U-

Garage Drainage

57

Garage Gully trap Fig ( U-5) U-

Ref [3]

Special gullies for the collection of grease are not required for houses, but for canteen kitchens where the waste water from the sinks and dishwashers contains a considerable amount of grease they are essential. When grease is hot or contained in hot water, it is in the form of an emulsion, and if it is allowed to flow into the drain it will cool and adhere to the sides of the pipes. The principle of operation of the grease trap is that of cooling down the grease in a large volume of water, which will generally be cool, so that the grease is solidified and floats on the surface. At periodic intervals, the tray is lifted out of the trap, which at the same time collects the grease.

Grease Traps (Fig,U-6) (Fig,U-

58

Grease Traps Fig ( U-6) URef [3]

Flow under gravity conditions ( Manning Formula )

59

Manning , after carrying out a series of experiments , deduced the following equation which is the most commonly used for open channel flow and for water, sewer flows freely in pipes and conduits when both ends are open to atmospheric pressure . Calculations :

V =

1.486 2 1 R 3 . S 2 (U .S units ) n

Q = A

Where Q= flow rate ft3/sec. A = Wetted area ft2, (half pipe cross sectional area) N= roughness of surface from table( ). R = Hydraulics radius (Area/wetted perimeter). S= Slope 0.5 -1 % from Chezy formula

1.486 R2 / 3 S 1/ 2 n

The determination of the hydraulics radius R for flow not running full 60 was explained before (chap-10 Dr. Hammoud lecture notes). (chapIn an open channel , the slope S can be determined as follows : Since the flow velocity is the same and the depth pressure does not change , the general energy equation becomes :

P1 V12 P V2 + + Z1 hL = 2 + 2 + Z 2 2. g 2. g

Z1 Z 2 = hL

We can express this equation on a unit of length basis by dividing both dividing sides by the length of the channel under consideration . Change in elevation divided by change in distance yields the slope : dimensionless S = ( Z1 Z2 ) / L = ( hL / L ) ( ft / ft ) or dimensionless From the above formula , it is clear that the flow down is caused by caused the difference in potential energy or gravity . On the other hand the hand variable n known as Manning s , is a measure of the roughness of the channel . Table (U-1) lists the values of n for some of the more common (Umaterials .

61

The following procedure should be used in designing a the underground sewer pipe system: (1) Lay out should be drawn (2) The total DFU connected to the sewer pipe should be calculate. (3) From load tables convert the DFU to gpm or L/s, (4) Select the value n based on the pipe material. n (5) Select a value of S , recommended underground slope S S=0.5-1 % . S=0.5(6) Use Manning formula to determine the pipe diameter. Note : PVC pipe is used where n = 0.01 , flow Running half full & recommended slope is 1% .

62

Values of Mannings n

Table (U-1) (U-

Example

63

Water at the rate of 0.1 m3 /s flows through a 1 m pipe diameter vitrified sewer when the sewer pipe is half- full . Find the slope of the water , if halfMannings n is 0.013 .

Q = 0.1 m3 /s Diameter of pipe D = 1 m Area of flow , A = ( 3.14/8) (0.5)2 =0.2777 m2 Wet Perimeter Hydraulic radius Manning s constant Find the slope S: P = 3.14 D/2 = 3.14/2= 1.57m
RH = A 0. 393 D = = = 0. 25 m P 1. 57 4

Given discharge ,

Solution :

n = 0.013

2 2 1 1 1 0.2777 A.R 3 . S 2 = (0.25) 3 . S 2 = 0.1 n 0.013 S = ( 0.1 / 8.477 )2 = 1 /7186

Q=

S.I. unit

64

65

66

Manholes Usually constructed of brickwork, precast concrete or plastic. Shallow manholes, which sometimes called inspection chamber built in 113 mm of brickwork, providing that they are not in a road or waterlogged ground. Fig. (U-7) shows a detail of brick (Umanhole whereas Fig. (U-8) (Ushows A detail of a precast concrete manhole.

67

Fig. (U-7) (U-

Ref [3]

68

Fig. (U-8) (U-

69

Dimensions of Brick Manholes Cover sizes for depths up to 2.7 m are 600 mm. x 600 mm, and for depths up to 3.3 m are 900 mm x 600 mm. For depths above 3.3 man access shaft may be constructed above the main chamber.

Precast Concrete Manhole

70

71

Sitting of Access Points

The Building Regulations 1992 require access to drains at the following points: 1. at a bend or change of direction; 2. at a junction, unless each run can be cleared from an access point. 3. On or near the head of each drain run; 4. on long runs; 5. at a change of pipe size. Figs (U-9), and (U-11) show the positions of access points. (U(UThe distances marked A depend on the type of access, see Table R-. R-

72

Fig ( U-9) U-

Ref [3]

73

Fig ( U-10) U-

Figure (R ) Junctions between drains and sewers. Note: 1,2,3 and 4 are alternative positions of the inspection chambers.

74

Ref [1]

Chap-5 Chap-

75

Septic Tank calculation

The Septic tank capacity is calculated as follows:

76

The type of building & the number of persons is first calculated and then multiply by the average waste-water( table wasteS-1& S-2) per person a day . {Rain water is not included} Rain S { For example : Suppose we decide to determine the septic tank capacity for a luxury home having 10 persons . From table (S-1) the daily (Swaste water per person is between 75-150 gpm /person/day . 75 If we select 110 gpm as an average value Then the daily waste water flow is: 110 gpm x 10= 1100 gpm /day . The volume of the septic tank should be sized for at least 10-15 days (if no city 10sewer net work is available ) & for 2 days [if a city sewer net work is available + pump (electricity cut -off)]. The vent pipe size for the septic tank is shown in table (S-3) (SPractically for ordinary buildings a value of 200L-250 200LL/Person/day is satisfactory.

S-1

77

78

S-2

S-3

79

80

1/3 L

2/3 L

S-4

Length and structure of a septic tank

Ref [1]

S-5

Septic Tank Capacity

81

Ref [1]

82

S-6

Ref [1]

83

Water -Drainage Pumping (Fig.)

Wherever possible, drains should be laid so that the liquid flows by gravity to the sewer, or other point of disposal. In some cases, however, the water pipe or point of disposal is above the drain, and pumping is therefore required. For the pumping of surface water, a pumping installation as shown in Fig. ( S-7) may be used. SFor larger installations, two pumps should be installed, so that one of the pumps may be used for Stand by purposes. This type of installation is used for basements and boiler rooms to deal with seepage of water, floor washing or the draining down of the boilers and heating pipe work,

84

Fig. ( S-7) S-

Ref [3]

Sump pumps (For waste water drainage):

The sewer pipes are located below the city network; in this case, a submersible pump will be used where the motor and the pump section are submersed in the liquid. Usually, two parallel sump pumps accompanied with automatic switches are used. Figure (S-8) shows the operation (Sprinciple of the pumps set .When the liquid reaches a certain level, pump (No 1) will start first, next to the second level, pump (No 2) starts according to the position of the level switches. For further safety, the system is accompanied with an alarm signal.

85

Fig. ( S-8) S-

86

Fig. ( S-9) S-

87 Example: Estimate the sump pump power required to evacuate a tank of 10 m3 in 30 minutes to the city network pipe. The height is 8 m and the total effective length L = 20 m. the material is smooth pipe type L. Take the unit head loss for 6 ft/100ft. Assuming an overall pump efficiency =52% Solution: 10 m3 /30 min.= 333 L/min= 88 gpm Select the pipe size that can transfer 88 gpm at the recommended pressure drop. From the pipe flow chart of smooth pipe, the diameter is about 2.5 and corresponding 2.5 flow velocity is about 6.2 ft/s. From the general energy equation we get: hL = h1x L = (6/100) x20 = 1.2 m hA = Z1 Z2 + hL hA = 8 + 1.2 9.2 m Pout = x QV x hA = 9.2 x 9.81x 0.00555 = 0.5 Kw 0.68 hp 9.81x Pelec = 0.68/ = 0.68/0.52 = 1.3 hp. 0.68/

Chap-6 Chap-

88

General Example problem

89

Example 3. Determine the diameter of the main waste and soil stack for a five-storey Motel, having 6 W.C.s (flash valve), 8 bathtub, 3 urinals wall lip and 2 Lavatories (1.1/2)on each floor connected to one single S.S. riser. From Table 1 ,2 & 3 Each floor 6 W.c.s, 6 = 36 DFU , 8 Bathtub 3 = 24 DFU 3 urinals 4= 12 DFU , 2 Lav 2 = 4 DFU Total = 76 DFU in each floor . From table (4) horizontal fixture branch for the 76 DFU ,the 4 is selected because it can handle up to 160 DFU. The same table shows that the vertical S.S diameter can be 4 since it can handle up to 90DFU per floor which is sufficient for the 76 DFU that connected in at each T-Y connection.

Number Fixtures 8 3 2 6 Bathtub urinals wall lip Lavatory W.C.s (flash valve),

DFU 3 4 2 6

DFU

Total 24 12 4 36

Diamet er 2 2.1/2 1.1/2 4

90

76 DFU

Per floor

The Total for five floors =76x 5= 380 DFU =76x

91

Horizontal per floor

Vertical for each floor

At Basement floor connection

Table 4

92 The total DFU for the whole Motel is 380 DFU: 30 W.c.s, 6 = 180 DFU , 40 Bathtub 3 = 120 DFU W.c.s, 15 urinals 4= 60 DFU , 10 sinks 2 = 20 DFU The Total for five floors = 380 DFU

According to table (4) the horizontal branch connection at in 1 inch ft ( basement connection at high level) should be 5 .Since the 4 branch pipe can only handle 216 @ in per 1 ft whereas our requirement is 380 DFU @ in per 1 ft slope. The slope. 5 branch pipe can handle 480 DFU @ in per ft which is enough. As a Summary: The horizontal branch in each floor is 4 inch The vertical riser for the whole Motel pipe is 4 inch. The horizontal connection at the ground floor or basement is 5 inch.

Size the vent pipe From table(5) four values of DFU is available for the 4 S.S 4 that is, 43, 140, 320 & 540 DFU . Our values is 380 which is between 320 & 540 DFU The higher value is selected (540 DFU ). The pipe diameter of the vent pipe handling 540 DFU at a 5050150 ft effective height is between 2.1/2 & 3. The 2.1/2 3 higher value is selected (3inch) Refer to the following schematic drawing Table 5

93

94

For 4 S.S. pipe the max. FU 2" V.pipe is 500

Roof 76 DFU each floor 5 x76 =380 DFU less than 500 D Vertical 4" S.S. is enough 3" V.S. 4" SS.
Total @ 1 story or 1 branch interval For 4" pipe ( maximum) 90 DFU

2" V.pipe
Any Horizontal short fixture branch For 4" pipe ( maximum) 160 DFU

4" SS.

5" SS.
Building drain or sewer connection pipe For 5" pipe ( maximum) 480 DFU @1/4 in per ft

Now it is required to size the underground pipe diameter, S=1% ,flow half full, L= 100 m . As mentioned previously the total DFU = 380 ,the corresponding flow rate is 105 gpm = 6.63 L/s (from load table for flash tank) = 0.01 m3/s . The value of n =0.01
Q=
2
2 1 1 A. R 3 . S 2 = 0.01 n

95

A R 3 =

n Q 0.01 0.01 = = 0.001 S 1/ 2 (0.01) 0.5

D= 0.15 m (6) This is the minimum diameter for the out flow of the building.

96

Chap-7 Chap-

97

Sanitary Appliances & Arrangements

Types of Sanitary Appliance WC

98

Two-trap Siphonic WC Twopan Single Siphonic WC (most popular)

Ref [3]

99

Urinals-types

Ref [3]

100

101

Baths

There is a large variety of bath shapes

Ref [3]

Kitchen sink

102

There is a large variety of kitchen shapes

Ref [3]

Kitchen sink

103

Ref [3]

Chap-8 Chap-

104

Applications
Fixture Connection & Pipe sizing
From Reference [4]

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

Ref [4]

112

Ref [4]

113

114

Ref [4]

115

116

117

Ref [4]

118

2 2

119

H.W.
n 875

120

1425

950

Draw & size the drain pipes The location of the Sewer Stack are shown

575

25

dish washer fridge dish washer

338 1175 500

fridge

338

121

H.W.
an eight-storey office, having five WC.s, and five basins on eightWC.s, each floor, assuming public use of fittings.
Example 1. Find the internal diameters of the soil stack for 1.

Example 2 Find the internal diameter (If the soil and waste stack for a four storey office having four W.c.s, and four W.c.s, basins on each floor, assuming public use of fittings.

riser pipe serving eight-balconies 10 m2 each . eight-

Example 3. Find the internal diameters of the Rain water 3.

122

Example 4. Find the septic tank capacity for Motel serving 4. 100 persons ( no sewer net work). Size the pump , and the corresponding vent pipe. Knowing that the septic tank must be recovered weekly.

building . It required to: 1) Draw & size sewerage layout for each bathroom include the location and the size of the vent pipe. 2) Draw & size the drainage riser . 3) Draw & size the rain water pipes
4) Draw and size the underground septic tank

Project. The drawing entitled taher consist of 7 floors Project. taher

123

References
1- Mechanical & electrical equipment for buildings by Stein/Reynolds, Ninth edition ,John Wiley, 2000. 2-Practical Plumbing Engineering , Cyril M.Harris,ASPE,1998. 3- Building Services & equipment , F. Hall, Third edition, 1994. 4- Upland engineering , Mechanical consulting office, Dr. Ali hammoud.