Coverage of Taxation Law Review: Basic Principles including Constitutional Provisions Income Tax Estate Tax Donors Tax

Remedies Local Tax Real Property Tax Tariff and Customs Code Court of Tax Appeals VAT (although not part of the coverage of the Bar Exams, questions have been ask ed since 1999) Title 5,6 and 7 are always included in the coverage No computations in the bar There are only 1 or 2 questions in the Bar about Basic Principles What are the favorite topics in the Bar? 12 questions on Income Tax 8-10 questions on remedies 8-10 questions allocated to the 7 topics Rules in the Classroom: Do NOT dare miss the first day of class >write down what will be written on the class card and follow instructions >when HOMETOWN is asked it means the province of your parents, if they came from separate provinces write both. Those who live in the city take note if CITY is placed before or after the prov ince or locality Example: LAOAG CITY or CITY of MANILA Do NOT be absent after the first day if you are absent, you have to transcribe what happened in class when you were o ut. The next meeting you attend class, consider yourself a resident of balic-balic, babalikbalikan ka sa recit No other excuse will be accepted: *head ache, fever and flu = REXIDOL *dysmenorrhea and cleansing = GOLDEN 8 herbal tea *If you happen to be attending a sem, usually on 2nd sem, ask ahead for routes o n which you can take coming from your province/home town in order to make it to the first class after holidays. Exception: if you, as his student is the one getting married. Read and understand the assignment following the flow in this material. Wag ZAPO TE ang aral na naintindihan pero di naunawaan For holidays make up class probably on a Sunday or the class will be held on tha t day as well (no sanction can be imposed if classes will be held) EXCEPTION: HOLY DAY/FEAST and upon order of our dear OARs Bawal ang tatayo at ngingiti, magpapapicture o magsosorry (except if you are tha t puny girl last seen at the palace) Allowed to glance at your notes, wag lang pahalata/garapal

MATERIALS: National Internal Revenue Code (big one where you can write notes) commentaries (any author will do) magic notes (Sababan Lecture and Q&A) Order: READ the codal provisions following the outline UNDERSTAND the provisions with the help of the Magic Notes Read the cases, Special laws, Revenue regulations(if stated Do not forget to compare if there are sections to be compared

Note: This material was printed and was made to be read from the left side for p urposes of convenience in taking down notes on the other side.

Basic Principles of Constitutional Limitations Due process clause which could be either substantive due process and procedural

due process clause Equal protection clause Read: Ormoc Sugar Central vs. City Treasurer 22 SCRA 603 Tiu vs. CA 301 SCRA 178 Article III sec. 1 of the 1987 Constitution non-impairment clause Article III sec. 5 freedom of religion Article III sec. 20 non-payment of poll tax Article VI sec. 28 par. 2 flexible tariff clause Article VI sec. 28 par. 3 exemption from real property tax Read: Herrera vs. Quezon City 3 SCRA 186 Abra vs. Hernando 107 SCRA 104 Abra Valley vs. Aquino 52 SCRA 106 Philippine Lung Center vs. Quezon City 433 SCRA 119 Article VI sec. 28 par. 4 qualified majority in tax exemption International double taxation CIR vs. Johnson 309 SCRA 87 Doctrine of equitable recoupment Doctrine of Set-off or compensation in taxation Republic vs. Mambulao 4 SCRA 622 Domingo vs. Garlitos 8 SCRA 443 Francia vs. IAC 162 SCRA 753 Caltex vs. COA 208 SCRA 726 Philex vs. CIR 294 SCRA 687

BASIC PRINCIPLES: Taxation is an inherent power of the State. Q:What do you mean by INHERENT? A:The power to tax is not provided for in the law, statute or Constitution; it d epends on the existence of the state. No law or legislation for the exercise of the power to tax by the national government. The power to tax DEPENDS on the existence of the State, the moment the State Exi sts, AUTOMATICALLY, the power to tax also exists. Q:Do local governments exercise this inherent power? A: No. Only the National Government exercises the inherent power to impose taxes . Q:The taxing power of local governments is a DELAGATED power. Delegated by whom? A:Delegated by Congress through law in case of autonomous regions, and delegated by the Constitution in case of LGUs not considered an autonomous region. Cities, provinces and municipalities power granted under Art. X Sec. 5&6 of the C onstitution Autonomous Regions power conferred by Congress through law. Art. X Sec. 20 #2 of the Constitution is a non-self-executing provision. Thus the power is granted b y Congress because said provision requires an enabling law.

Article X, Section 5 is self-executing thus the power is granted by the Constitut ion. INHERENT LIMITATIONS of TAXATION Q: What are the inherent limitations of taxation on the part of the national gov ernment? A: 1. It should be for PUBLIC PURPOSE 2. it is inherently LEGISLATIVE 3. Government is tax EXEMPT 4. Territoriality 5. International comity Q: What if the congress appropriate money for the development of a property belo nging to a private person, is the appropriation valid? A: Pascual vs. Secretary of Public Works (GR No. L-10405, 12/29/1960) It is a general rule that the legislature is without power to appropriate f or anything BUT public purpose. It is the essential character of the direct object of expenditure, which must de termine its validity as justifying a tax, and not the magnitude of the interest to be affected nor the degree to which the general advantage of the community, a nd thus, the public welfare, may be ultimately benefited by their promotion, Inc idental to the public or the State, which results from the promotion of public i nterest and the prosperity of private enterprise or business, does not justify t heir aid by the use of public money. Lutz vs. Araneta (98 Phil 148) Congress enacted a law imposing a tax on SUGAR INDUSTRY. It was contended that t he proceeds of the tax shall only benefit a particular industry. However, it was ruled that the tax remains valid since the protection and the promotion of the sugar industry is a matter of public concern. Hence, the legislature may determi ne within reasonable bounds what is necessary for its protection and expedient f or the promotion of public interest. Legislative discretion, according to the court, should be allowed full play, sub ject only to the test of reasonableness. If objectives and methods are alike and Constitutionally valid, there can be no reason why the State should not be allo wed to levy taxes to raise funds for their prosecution and attainment. TAXATION MAY BE USED TO IMPLEMENT THE STATES POLICE POWER Q: May the govt tax itself? A: Determine first who the taxing authority. Taxing Authority Levying from

<Sec. 133 LGC-power to tax Shall not extend to taxes, fees, charges of any kind on the natl govt, agencies an d instrumentalities EXCEPT income from public utility under their jurisdiction Local Government

National Government NO National Government Local Government YES ^ Sec 27 C provides national govt can levy tax, agencies and instrumentalities alrhough derive income by the govt form the utility and income derived from the exercise of essential government functions are exempt(Sec 32B7b NIRC) Q: What is the source of power to tax of LGUs outside the Autonomous Region and those within the Autonomous Region? A: Sec. 5, Art X of the 1987 Constitution (self-executing) Each LGU shall have the power to create its own sources of revenue and levy taxe s, fees and charges subject to such guidelines and limitations as the congress m ay provide, consistent with the basic policy of local autonomy. Such taxes, fees and charges shall accrue exclusively to the local governments. Q: What is the source of power to tax within the Autonomous Region? A: Section 20 number 2 of ArticleX of the 1987 Constitution (non self executory) Within its territorial jurisdiction and subject to provisions of this Constituti on and national laws, the organic act of the autonomous regions shall provide fo r legislative powers over: (1) Administrative organization; (2) Creation of sources of revenues; (3) Ancestra l domain and natural resources; (4) Personal, family, and property relations; (5) Regional urban and rural planning development; (6) Economic, social, and tourism development; (7) Educational policies; (8) Preservation and development of the cul tural heritage; and (9) Such other matters as may be authorized by law for the pr omotion of the general welfare of the people of the region. ^ This merely authorizes the Congress to pass an Organic Act of the Autonomous Region, which shall provide for legislative powers to levy taxes over their inha bitants. NOTE: It is the Constitution that gave LGUs the power to tax but subject to such guidelines and limitation as the congress may provide. The Congress derives thi s power from the Constitution as well. TERRITORIALITY Taxation is territorial in such a manner that the taxing authority cannot impose taxes oon subject beyond its territorial jurisdiction. However, taxing authorit y may determin the tax SITUS. Philippine Match Co. vs. City of Cebu (GR No. L-30745 1/18/1978) The sales in the instant case were in the City of Cebu and the matches were stor ed in the city. The fact that the matches were delivered to customers, whose pla ces of business were outside the city, would not place those sales beyond the ci tys taxing power. Those sales formed part of the merchandising business being ass

igned on by the company in the city. In ESSENCE, they are the same as sales of m atches fully consummated in the city. Further, because the sellers place of business is in Cebu City, it cannot be sens ibly argued that such sales should be considered as transactions subject to the taxing power of the political subdivisions where the customers reside and accep ted delivery of the matches. INTERNATIONAL COMITY States MUST recognize the generally accepted principles/tenets of international law Lednicky vs. CIR (GR nos. L-18169, L-18262 & L-21434 7/31/1964) To allow an alien resident to deduct from his gross income whatever taxes he pay s to his own government amounts to conferring on the latter the power to reduce the tax income of the Philippine government, his deduction from Philippine taxes would correspondingly increase, and the proceeds for the Philippines diminished , thereby subordinating our own taxes to those levied by a foreign government. S uch a result is incompatible with the status of the Philippines as an independen t and sovereign state. Basco vs. PAGCOR (197 SCRA 52) The city of Manila, being a mere municipal Corporation, has no inherent power to tax. LGUs have no power to tax instrumentalities of the national government. PA GCOR being an instrumentality of the national government, is therefore exempt fr om local taxes, otherwise, its operation might be burdened, impeded, or subjecte d to control by a mere LGU. Mactan Cebu Intl Airport vs. Marcos (261 SCRA 667) Mactan cannot invoke Sec 133 of LGC. It refers to local taxation. And since the llast par of sec 234 unequivocally withdrew upon effectivity of the LGC, exempti on from payment of real property taxes granted to natural person including GOCCs except as provided in the said section, and the petitioner is, undoubtedly, a GO CC. It is necessarily follows that its exemption from tax granted under Sec 14 o f its charter, RA 6958, has been withdrawn. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS Q: Is the Constitution the source of the taxing power of the State? A: NO. The power to tax exist prior to and independently on the Constitution. Th e Constitution simply defines and delimits this power to strike balance between the power of the government and the freedom of the governed, and to safeguard th e latter from the abuse of the former. Due Process Clause Section 1, Article III of the 1987 Constitution No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due proce ss of law xxx This clause guarantees the protection of personal and property rights. Pursuant

thereto, enforced contribution from the people cannot be made without a law aut horizing the same. Q: What are the two aspects of due process? A Substantive and Procedural due process Q: What do they require in order for them to be a limitation to the power to ta x? A:Substantive due process requires that a tax statute must be within the Constit utional authority of Congress to pass and that it be reasonable, fair and just. Procedural due process, on the other hand, requires notice and hearing or at lea st the opportunity to be heard. Q: Suppose the congress passed a law exempting the 13th month pay from tax with the concurrence of the majority of the quorum. Is this valid? A: Section 28(4), Article IV of the 1987 Constitution No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of the majority of all the members of Congress Note: No less than the Constitution requires the Majority (qualified majority). Anything less, such as the majority of the quorum (simple majority), Therefore such tax exempting statue would be unconstitutiona l and violative of substantive due process. Q: In procedural due process, as a limitation on the power to tax, without not ice and opportunity to be heard, limited to the prosecution stage alone? A: In the prosecution stage, without due process, proceedings will be null and v oid, hence ineffective against the taxpayer. RR 12-99 requires that as early as assessment stage until extra judicial settlem ent of a taxpayers criminal violation is reached procedural due process should ex ist Section 20[B][2] where compromise is not allowed due to or involves fraud or the case was filed in court already. Sec 208 of RA 8424 if the delinquent taxpayer is subsequently found guilty as ch arged by the proper court of law, it is further required that he should still be properly notified Q: Does this apply to the National legislature? A: this applies to legislative bodies of the LGUs which are the local sanggunian . Q:Does it follow that the adverse party must always be notified? A:No. As a rule, notice and hearing or the opportunity to be heard is necessary only when expressly required by law. Where there is no such requirement, notice and the opportunity to be heard are dispensable. Example: Before Oct. 1, 1995, you can secure a TRO without notifying the adverse party. If you are a suspect in a criminal case, you have the right to have an opportuni ty to be heard (if there is a law). Before July 1, 1998, no notice need be given to a party declared in default. Aft er the amendment, the party declared in default has to be notified of subsequent proceedings albeit without the right to participate therein.

In the case of a search warrant, the person to be searched was not notified. Th e person searched cannot claim that there was a violation of due process because there is no law requiring that the person to be searched should be notified. Regarding delinquent tax payers, before levy, there must be notice. REASON: No provision of law requires notice to the adverse party. If the adverse party i s notified, he may abscond. Thus, in adversarial proceedings, in connection with procedural due process, the adverse party need not be notified all the time. Q: Imposition on tax on cellular phones. Is it fair, just and reasonable? A: The elements of prohibited double taxation should be considered in order to d etermine if this will be valid. Equal Protection Clause Section 1, Article III of the 1987 Constitution xxx. Nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of laws. As a rule, taxpayers of the same footing are treated alike, both as to privileges conferred and liabilities imposed. Difference in treatment is allowed only whe n based on substantial distinction. Difference in treatment not based on substa ntial distinction is frowned upon as class legislation. Q: How can is this violated? A: This is violated when taxpayers belonging: to the same classification are treated differently from one another When no classification does not rest upon substantial distinctions that make for real differences to different classifications are treated alike When no classification is called for, substantial distinctions exist but no corr esponding distinction is made on the basis thereof. (Villegas v. Hsiu Chiong Tsa i Pai) Ex: In one case, a tax ordinance was assailed on the ground that the ordinance failed to distinguish a worker form casual, permanent or temporary. The SC sai d that the ordinance was invalid because of the failure to state the said classi fication. In PEOPLE v. CAYAT the Supreme Court mandated the requisites for a valid classif ication. Requirements of Reasonable Classification: There must be substantial distinctions that make a real difference. It must be germane or relevant to the purpose of the law. The distinction or classification must apply not only to the present but also to future situations. The distinction must apply to persons, things and transactions belonging to the same class. TIU v. COURT OF APPEALS (301 SCRA 278) Q: what happened in the city of Olongapo? A: The Congress, with the approval of the President, passed RA 7227, an act crea ting the conversion of the military bases into other productive uses. Q: Who was the President at that time? A: President Ramos

Q: What were signed? A: RA 7227, EO 97 and EO 97-A The first led to the creation of the Subic Special Economic Zone (SSEZ). The lat ter set the limitations and boundaries of the application of the incentives (no taxes, local and national, shall be imposed within SSEZ. In lieu thereof, 3% of the Gross Income shall be remitted to the national govt) to those operating their businesses within the said area. Q:Who are the petitioners and what was their contention? A: The petitioners are Filipino businessmen who are operating their busine ss outside the secured area. The petitioners contended that the law in question was violative of their right to equal protection of laws since they are also Fil ipino businessmen. H:The Supreme Court ruled that there was no violation since the classification w as based on a substantial distinction. The element invoked here is element #1 that there must be substantial distinctio n in the classification of taxpayers on whom the tax will be imposed. The Court observed that those foreign businessmen operating within the secured a rea have to give a larger capital to operate in the secured area (to spur econom ic growth and guarantee employment). ORMOC SUGAR CENTRAL vs. CIR Q:What did the municipality of Ormoc do? A:The City Council of Ormoc passed a Municipal Ordinance No.4 imposing upon any and all centrifugal sugar milled at the Ormoc Sugar Central a municipal tax on t he net sale of the same to the United States and other foreign countries. Q:Did the owner accept this imposition? A:No. the tax due was paid under protest, then filed a complaint against the Cit y of Ormoc. H:The Supreme Court said there was a violation of the equal protection clause. T he element invoked here was element #3, that it must be applicable to both prese nt and future circumstances. The Supreme Court said that one must go to the prov ision itself, in the case at bar, there was a violation of element #3 because th e law was worded in such a way that it only applies to Ormoc Sugar Central alone and to the exclusion of all other sugar centrals to be established in the futur e. TAKE NOTE: People vs. Cayat Freedom of Religion Section 5, Article III, 1987 Contstitution This contain two clauses: The non-establishment clause Basis of tax exemption Free exercise clause Prohibition to establish a national religion It Involves 3 Things: freedom to choose religion freedom to exercise ones religion prohibition upon the national government to establish a national religion Q:Which one limits the power to A:Prohibition upon the national use this will require a special treasury which is funded by the tax? government to establish a national religion beca appropriation of money coming from the national taxes paid by the people.

Non-impairment Clause Section 10, Article III, 1987 constitution Section 11, Article XII, 1987 constitution Q: What does the non-impairment clause uphold? A: The peoples right and freedom to contract as well as the sanctity of contracts . Note: does not apply to franchise Applies to taxation but not to Police power and Eminent domain Q:What are the sources of obligation in the Civil Code? A:Law, Contracts, Quasi-Contracts, Delict, Quasi-Delict. Q:What is the obligation contemplated in this limitation? A:Those obligations arising from contracts. General Rule:The power to tax is pursuant to law, therefore, the obligation to p ay taxes is imposed by law, thus the non-impairment clause does not apply. You have to determine first the source of obligation: If the law merely provides for the fulfillment of the obligation then the law is not the source of the obligation. When the law merely recognizes or acknowledges the existence of an obligation cr eated by an act which may constitute a contract, quasi-contract, delict, and qua si-delict, and its only purpose is to regulate such obligation, then the act its elf is the source of the obligation, not the law. When the law establishes the obligation and also provides for its fulfillment, t hen the law itself is the source of the obligation Q:So, in what instance does the non-impairment of contracts clause becomes a lim itation to the power to tax? A: it is when the taxpayer enters into a compromise agreement with the governmen t. In this instance, the obligation to pay the tax is now based on the contract between the taxpayer and the government pursuant to their compromise agreement. Take Note: the requirement for its application: the parties are the government a nd private individual. Poll Tax Q:What is a poll tax? A: It is a tax of a fixed amount on individuals residing within a particular ter ritory, whether citizens or not, without regard to their property or to the occu pation in which they may be engaged. It is a tax imposed on persons without any qualifications. Persons may be allowe d to pay even if they are not qualified as to age or property ownership. Example of Poll Tax: Community Tax Certificate under Section 162 of the Local Go vernment Code. Q:Why is it a limitation to the power to tax? A: It is a limitation to the power to tax because Congress is prohibited from pa ssing a law penalizing with imprisonment a person who does not pay poll tax. (Fu nds for sending a person to jail is taken from the national treasury which is fu nded by the taxes paid by the people)

Exemption from payment of Real Estate Tax

Q:What is the requirement for exemption from payment of real property tax under the 1935, 1973 and 1987 Constitution? A:Art. 6, Sec 22 (3), 1935 Constitution Cemeteries, churches and parsonages or c onvents appurtenant thereto, and all lands, buildings and improvements used EXCL USIVELY for RELIGIOUS, CHARITABLE or EDUCATIONAL purposes shall be exempt for ta xation. Art. 8, Sec. 17 (3), 1973 Constitution charitable institutions, churches, parson ages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosque, and non-profit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements ACTUALLY, DIRECTLY, and EXCLUSIVELY used for RELIGIOUS and CHARITABLE purposes shall be exempt from taxation. Art. 6, Sec. 28 (3), 1987 Constitution charitable institutions, churches, and pa rsonages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosque, non-profit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements ACTUALLY, DIRECTLY and EXCLUSIVELY used for RELIGIOUS, EDUCATIONAL and CHARITABLE purposes shall be exempt from taxation. HERRERA v. QC-BOARD OF ASSESSMENT (1935 Constitution) Q:What is involved in this case? A:A charitable institution, St. Catherines Hospital. The hospital was previously exempt from taxation until it was reclassified and subsequently assessed for the payment of real property tax. The contention of the respondent is that the hospital was no longer a charitable institution because it accepts pay-patients, it also operates a school for midw ifery and nursing, and a dormitory. Since it is not exclusively used for charita ble purposes it is not exempt from taxation. H:The Court ruled that petitioner is not liable for the payment of real estate t axes. It is a charitable institution, thus exempt from the payment of such tax. The hospital, schools and dormitory are all exempt fro taxation because they are incidental to the primary purpose of the hospital. NOTE: this arose during the 1935 Constitution. Exempted by virtue of incidental purpose was merely coined by the Supreme Court. T hus, it does not apply to other taxes except Real Estate Tax. PROVINCE OF ABRA v. HERNANDO Q: What is involved in this case? AA religious institution was involved in this case, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Bangued, Inc. (bishop filed declaratory relief after assessed for payment of ta x). The respondent judge granted the exemption from taxes of said church based o nly on the allegations of the complaint without conducting a hearing/trial. The assistant prosecutor filed a complaint contending that petitioner was deprived o f its right to due process. SC: the Court ordered that the case be remanded to the lower court for further p roceedings. The Court observed that the cause action arose under the 1973 Consti tution, not under the 1935 Constitution (note the difference). Tax exemption is not presumed. It must be strictly construed against the taxpayer and liberally c onstrued in favor of the government. ABRA VALLEY COLLEGE INC. v. AQUINO Q:What is involved in this case? A: An educational institution is involved in this case. The ground floor of the school was leased to Northern Marketing Corp., a domestic corporation. The 2nd f loor thereof was used as the residence of the school director and his family. The Province of Abra now contends that since the school is not exclusively used for educational purposes, the school is now liable to pay real estate tax. H:The Court held that the school is PARTIALLY liable for real estate tax.

Residence exempt by virtue of incidental purpose; justified because it is necess ary. Commercial not exempt because it is not pursuant to the primary purpose; not for educational purposes. Q: is the A: NO. in hospital, tion. The doctrine in the case of Herrera the same with this case? the Herrera case, the exemption was granted to all the real property ( school and dorm). But in this case, the Supreme Court made a qualifica Supreme Court said it depends.

NOTE: both cases arose under the 1935 Constitution despite having been decided i n 1988. Q:At present, do we still apply the exemption from tax by virtue of the Doctrine of Incidental Purpose? A:Not anymore. The cause of action in said case arose under the 1935 Constitutio n and it does not apply to the provisions of the 1987 Constitution. PHILIPPINE LUNG CENTER v. QUEZON CITY Q:What is involved in this case? A:A charitable institution, a hospital. It is provided in the charter of the Lun g Center of the Philippines is a charitable institution. However, part of its bu ilding was leased to private individuals and the vacant portion of its lot was r ented out to Elliptical Orchids. Respondent contends that since the hospital is not used actually, directly, an d exclusively for charitable purposes, it is lia ble to pay real estate taxes. H: The Supreme Court held that the petitioner is liable to pay tax for those pa rts leased to private individuals for commercial purposes. For the part of the h ospital used for charitable purposes (whether for pay or non-pay patients), peti tioner is exempt from payment of real estate tax. NOTE: petitioner contended that the profits derived from the lease of its premis es were used for the operation of the hospital. The Court held that the use of t he profits does not determine exemption, rather it is the use of the property th at determines exemption. The case of Herrera does not apply because said case arose under the 1935 Consti tution and the present case arose under the 1987 Constitution. The requirements for exemption are different. In the 1935 Constitution, the property must be EXCL USIVELY used for religious, educational or charitable purposes. Under the 1987 C onstitution, the property must be used ACTUALLY, DIRECTLY, and EXCLUSIVELY for r eligious, educational and charitable purposes. Q:Was the doctrine laid down in Abra Valley affirmed in the Lung Center case? A:Yes. The Supreme Court unconsciously applied a doctrine laid down by the 1935 Constitution. The Supreme Court reiterated the ruling in the Abra Valley case wh ich arose under the 1935 Constitution. The Supreme Court made a qualification, i t held that it depends on whether or not the use is incidental to the primary pu rpose of the institution. NOTE: at present, exemption from tax by virtue of incidental purpose is not applic able to all taxes including real estate tax. COMM v. SC JOHNSON and SONS, INC. Important : international double taxation importance of international tax treaty implication of most favored nation clause Q:What is the corporation involved in this case? A:A domestic corporation (DC). SC Johnson and Sons, Inc. entered into a license agreement with SC Johnson and S

ons U.S.A (Non-Resident Foreign Corp, NRFC) whereby the former was allowed to us e the latters trademark and facilities to manufacture its products. In return, th e DC will pay the NRFC royalties as well as payment of withholding tax. A case for refund of overpaid withholding tax was filed. Apparently, the DC shou ld have paid only 10% under the most favored nation clause. H:The Supreme Court coined the term International Double Taxation or Internation al Juridical Double Taxation. Q: What prompted the SC to coin such term? A: Because a single income (tax royalties paid by a DC) was subjected to tax by two countries, the Philippines income tax and the U.S. tax. International Juridical Double Taxation applies only to countries where the tax liabilities of its nationals are imposed on income derived from sources coming f rom within and without. Q: Is there an instance where international double taxation does not apply? A: Yes. If it involves nationals of countries wherein the tax liability is impos ed only from income derive from sources within and not including those derived f rom sources without. (Ex: Switzerland) The controversy in the case at bar involves the income tax paid in the Philippin es. After paying 25%, the US firm discovered that they are entitled to 10% under the most favored nation clause. The question is: was the tax paid under similar cir cumstances with that of the RP-West Germany Treaty? The CTA and Court of Appeals ruled that it was paid under similar circumstances. The phrase referred to the royalties in payment of income tax. The Supreme Cour t ruled that the lower courts interpretation of the phrase was erroneous. Rather, the phrase applies to the application of matching credit. Q: What is matching tax credit? A: RP-Germany Treaty provides for that 20% of the tax paid in the Philippines sh all be credited to their tax due to be paid in Germany. The 10% does not apply because there is no matching credit. Thus, there is no si milarity in the circumstances.

EQUITABLE RECOUPMENT AND DOCTRINE OF SET-OFF Equitable Recoupment This doctrine provides that a claim for refund barred by prescription may be all owed to offset unsettled tax liabilities by crediting such refund to his existin g tax liability. This is not allowed in this jurisdiction, because of common law origin. If allowed, both the collecting agency and the taxpayer might be tempted to dela y and neglect the pursuit of their respective claims within the period prescribe d by law. Q:What is the doctrine of Equitable Recoupment? A:When the claim for refund is barred by prescription, the same is allowed to be credited to unsettled tax liabilities. (Sir gives an illustration found in page 3 of magic notes) Q:Is the rule absolute? Reason A:Yes, the rule is absolute. The rationale behind this is to prevent the taxpaye r and government official from being negligent in the payment and collection of taxes. (furthermore, you have to be honest for this to work, hence, the government is p reventing corruption) There is no exception at all otherwise; the BIR would be flooded with so many cl

aims. Set-off Presupposes mutual obligation between the parties. In taxation, the concept of set-off arises where a taxpayer is liable to pay tax but the government, for one reason or another, is indebted to the said taxpayer. Q:What do you mean by SET-OFF? A:This presupposes mutual obligations between the parties, and that they are mut ual creditors and debtors of each other. In taxation, the concept of taxation ar ises where a taxpayer is liable to pay taxes but the government, for one reason or another, is INDEBTED to said taxpayer. REPUBLIC v. MAMBULAO LUMBER CO. Q:What is the liability of Mambulao? A:They are liable to pay forest charges (under the old tax code). NOTE:under our present tax code, the NIRC, we do not have forest charges as the same was abolished by President Aquino. Q:What did the lumber company do? A:The lumber company claimed that since the government did not use the reforesta tion charges it paid for reforestation of the denuded land covered by its licens e, the amount paid should be reimbursed to them or at least compensated or appli ed to their liability to pay forest charges. H:The Court ruled that the reforestation charges paid is in the nature of taxes. The principle of compensation does not apply in this case because the parties ar e not mutually creditors and debtors of each other. A claim for taxes is not a d ebt, demand, contract or judgment as is allowed to be set-off under the statute of set-off which is construed uniformly, in the light of public policy, to exclu de the remedy in connection or any indebtedness of the State or any municipality to one who is liable for taxes. Neither are they a proper subject for recoupmen t since they do not arise out of contract or the same transaction sued on. General Rule: no set-off is admissible against demands for taxes levied in gener al or local governmental purposes. Reason: Taxes are not in the nature of contracts or debts between the taxpayer a nd the government, but arises out of a duty to, and are positive acts of the gov ernment to the making and enforcing of which, the consent of the individual is n ot required. Taxes cannot be the subject matter of compensation. Q: What do we mean by the word mutual? A: Mutual means that the cause of action must arouse from the same source. Conside ring the causes of action of the parties in this case came from different source s, it is not a proper subject matter of set off. Moreover, tax is not a debt, therefore, set off or compensation was not allowed in the case. DOMINGO v. GARLITOS GRN L-18994 6/29/1963 Q:What is being collected in this case? A:Estate and inheritance taxes. NOTE: we do not have inheritance taxes anymore because the same was abolished by

Lolo Macoy. Q:Who is the administratrix? A:The surviving spouse. Q:What did the surviving spouse do? A: The surviving spouse suggested that the compensation to which the decedent wa s entitled to as an employee of the Bureau of Lands be set-off from the estate a nd inheritance taxes imposed upon the estate of the deceased. H: Both the claim of the government for estate and inheritance taxes and the cl aim of the (intestate) for the services rendered have already become overdue hen ce demandable as well as fully liquidated, compensation therefore takes place by operation of law, in accordance with Art. 1279 and 1290 of the Civil Code and b oth debts are extinguished to the concurrent amount. Compelling Reason: Congress has enacted RA 2700, allocating a certain sum of mon ey to the estate of the deceased. BAR QUESTION 1996: FRANCIA v. IAC GRN L-67649 6/28/1988 Q:This happened in what city? A: Pasay City Q: What is the tax being collected? Who is collecting the same? A: Payment for real estate taxes for the property of Francia. It appears that pe titioner was delinquent in the payment of his real estate tax liability. The sam e is being collected by the Treasurer of Pasay. Q: What is the suggestion of petitioner? A: Suggested that the just compensation for the payment of his expropriated prop erty be set-off from his unpaid real estate taxes. (the other part of his proper ty was sold at a public auction) H:The factual milieu of the case dose not justify legal compensation. The Court has consistently ruled that there can be no off-setting of taxes again st the claims that the taxpayer may have against the government. A taxpayer cann ot refuse to pay a tax on the ground that the government owes him an amount. Internal Revenue taxes cannot be the subject of compensation because the governm ent and the taxpayer are not mutually creditors and debtors of each other, and a claim for taxes is not a debt, demand, contract or judgment as is allowed to be compensated or set-off. Furthermore, the payment of just compensation was already deposited with PNB Pas ay, and the taxes were collected by a local government, the property was expropr iated by the national government. (diff parties, not mutual creditors and debtor s of each other.) California Texas (CALTEX) PHIL v. COA GRN 92585 5/8/1988 Q: What is being collected? A: Caltexs contribution to the Oil Price Stabilization Fund (OPSF). COA sent a letter to Caltex asking the latter to settle its unremitted collectio n stating that until the same is paid, its claim for reimbursement from the OPSF will be held in abeyance. Q: Why is Caltex entitled to reimbursement? A: Because of the fluctuation of the oil prices in the Middle East and Europe. C altex wanted to off-set its unremitted collection from its reimbursements. H: The Court did not allow the set-off, and reiterated its ruling in the case of Mambulao and Francia. Furthermore, RA 6952 expressly prohibits set-off from the collection of contributions to the OPSF. The Court likewise stated that Caltex

merely acted as agent of the government in collecting contributions for the OPSF because such is being shouldered by the consumers when they purchase petroleum products of oil companies, such as Caltex. Taxation is no longer envisioned as a measure merely to raise revenues to suppor t the existence of the government. Taxes may be levied for regulatory purposes s uch as to provide means for the rehabilitation and stabilization of a threatened industry which is vested with public interest, a concern which is within the po lice power of the State to address. PHILEX MINING CORP v. COMM GRN 125704 8/28/1998 The petitioner is liable for the payment of excise taxes, which it wanted to be set-off from its pending claim for a VAT Input credit/refund. The Court did not allow set-off. Taxes cannot be the subject of compensation for the simple reason that the government and taxpayer are not mutual creditors and debtors of each other. Taxes are not debts. Furthermore, in the instant case, the claim for VAT refund is still pending. Th e collection of a tax cannot await the results of a lawsuit against the governme nt. NOTE: In these 5 cases, with exception of Domingo v. Garlitos, et-off was denied. The common ground for these cases that were not a debt because the subject matters under the Civil Code of be a debt. Secondly, the SC keeps repeating that the taxpayer t are not creditors and debtors with each other. compensation or s denied: a tax is compensation must and the governmen

However, in all these cases where set off was denied by the government, there is always a second reason after reiterating the rule in the case of Mambulao. To b egin with, in the case of Francia, the SC after reiterating the Mambulao ruling, it ruled the money was already paid in the PNB account of Francia. In CALTEX, w e have the same reason. In addition, the SC states that RA 6952 do not allow set off or compensation to be made against the fund of OPSF. Lastly, PHILEX mining, we have the same ruling, but in addition, the SC added the claim for refund is not yet granted. In application the principle of set off or compensation, the am ount must be FULLY LIQUIDATED. It follows that set off or compensation should be denied because the refund is not yet granted. In Domingo vs. Garlitos, although the parties are not mutually creditors and deb tors, YET, the SC ruled otherwise, simply because of the very unique circumstanc e that Congress enacted RA 2700 appropriating money to the estate of the deceden t. DOUBLE TAXATION ( Definition: Taxing the same subject twice when it should be taxed only once. Also known as duplicate taxation. ( Is double taxation prohibited in the Philippines? No. There is no constitutional prohibition against double taxation in the Philip pines. It is something not favored but permissible (Pepsi Cola Bottling Co. v. City of Butuan, 1968). Elements of Double Taxation: Levied by the same taxing authority For the same subject matter For the same taxing period and For the same purpose ( Kinds of Double Taxation (DT)

Direct duplicate taxation/obnoxious DT in the objectionable or prohibited sense. REASON: This constitutes a violation of substantive due process. The same prop erty is taxed twice when it should be taxed only once. Requisites: the same property is taxed twice when it should only be taxed once; both taxes are imposed on the same property or subject matter for the same purpo se; imposed by the same taxing authority; within the same jurisdiction during the same taxing period; and covering the same kind or character of tax. 2. Indirect double taxation: Not legally objectionable. The absence of one or mo re of the foregoing requisites of obnoxious DT makes the DT indirect. ( Reliefs from Effects of Double Taxation Tax deductions Example: Vanishing deductions in transfer taxes. Tax credits An amount allowed as a reduction of the Phil. Income tax on account of income ta x(es) paid or incurred to foreign countries. It is given to a taxpayer in order to provide a relief from too onerous a burden of taxation in case where the sam e income is subject to a foreign and Phil. Income tax. This may be claimed by (1 ) citizens of the Philippines and (2) domestic corporations. Exemptions Treaties with other states Principle of reciprocity Obnoxious double taxation is the synonym of double taxation. There is no double taxation if the tax is levied by the LGU and another by the n ational government. The two (2) are different taxing authorities. LGUs are expressly prohibited by the provisions of RA 7160 or the LGC of 1991 fr om levying tax upon: (1) the National Government; (2) its agencies and instrum entalities; (3) LGUs (sec.113(o)). The National Government, pursuant to the provisions of RA 8424 of the Tax Reform Act of 1997, can levy tax upon GOCCs, agencies and instrumentalities (Section 2 7 c)), although income received by the Government form: any public utility or the exercise of any essential governmental function is exempt from tax.

Topics under Tax 1: Income Tax Law Section 22-26 of the National Internal Revenue Code a) Read in the commentaries or magic notes the different kinds of: 1. Income Taxpayers 2. Income Taxes 3. Sources of Income sec. 42 of NIRC - Income Taxpayers a) Individuals b) Corporation

c) Estates and Trusts -Individuals are classified Resident Citizens sec. 23 (A), sec 24 (A) (a) Non-Resident Citizens sec 23 (B), 24 (A) (b) 22 (E) Overseas Contract Workers Sec. 23 (C), 24 (A) (b) Resident Aliens Rev. Reg. sec 5, 23 (D), 24 (A) (c) Non-Resident Aliens Engaged in trade or business sections 25 (A) (1) Non-Resident Aliens Not Engaged in trade or business sec. 25 (B) Aliens Employed in Multi-National Corporations sec. 25 (C) and Rev. Reg. 12-2001 Aliens Employed in Offshore Banking Units sec 25 (D) Aliens Employed in petroleum Service Contractors & Subcontractors sec. 25 (E) -Corporate Income Taxpayers Domestic Corporations sec. 23 (E), and sec 27 of NIRC Resident Foreign Corporations sec. 22 (H) and (28)A Non-Resident Foreign Corporations sec. 22 (1) and 28 (B) -Estates and Trusts sec. 60-66 of NIRC Different Kinds of Income Tax Net Income Tax secs. 24 (A), 25 (A) (1), 26, 27 (A) (B) (C), 28 (A) up to 3rd pa r. 31 and 32 (A) Gross Income Tax secs. 25 (B) first part and 28 (B) (1) Final Income Taxes sec. 57 (A) Minimum Corporate Income Tax of 2% of the Gross Income secs. 27 (E), 28 (A) (2) Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax of 10% of its taxable income sec. 29 NIRC Re v. Reg. 2-2001 Optional Corporate Income Tax of 15% of its gross income sections 27 (A) 4th to 10th par. And 28 A(1) but only up to the 4th paragraph -Proceed to section 42 and 23 of the NIRC NDC vs. Comm 151 SCRA 472 Comm. Vs. IAC 127 SCRA 9 -Then go to sec. 39 of NIRC Calazans vs. Comm. 144 SCRA 664 RR 7-2003 -Then proceed to sec. 24 (A), 25 (A) (1), 25 B,C,D,E, 27 A,B,C; 28 (A) (1), 28 ( A) (6) and sec 51 (D) -Then continue to sec 24 B 1, 25 B,C,D,E; 27 (D) (1) -Then go to se. 24 (B) (2) sec. 73 Comm. Vs. Manning 66 SCRA 14 Anscor vs. Comm. 301 SCRA 152 -Sec. 25 (A) (2), 25 B, C, C, E, sec. 27 (D) (4); 28 (A) (7) (D); 32 B (7) (a) Then you go to sec. 24 C, 25A (3); 25 B, C, D, E, 27 D (2); 28 (A) (7) (C); 28 B (5) (C) RA 7717 sec. 127 NIRC Then you go to sec. 24 D (1); 25 (A) (3); 25 (B) last par. 27 (D) (5) China Bank vs. Court of Appeals 336 SCRA ___; RR 7-2003 -Upon reading sec. 24 (D) (2) read RR 13-1999 -Upon reading sec. 27 (A) go to sec. 22 (B) Batangas vs. Collector 102 Phil. 822 Evangelista vs. Collector 102 Phil 140 Reyes vs. Comm. 24 SCRA 198 Ona vs. Bautista 45 SCRA 74 Obillos vs. Comm 139 SCRA 436 Pascua vs. Comm. 166 SCRA 560 Afisco vs. Comm. 302 SCRA 1 -Upon reading sec. 27 (C) of NIRC see RA 9337 then go to sec. 32 (B) (7) (b) of NIRC, sec. 133 par (o) of LGC, sec. 154 of the LGC. Pagcor vs. Basco 197 SCRA 52 Mactan vs. Cebu 261 SCRA 667

LRT vs. City of Manila 342 SCRA 692 -Proceed to sections 27 (D) (1), 27 (D) (2), 27 (D) (5) read RA 9337, 28 (A) (7) (b), 28 (B) (5) (C), 27 (D) (4), (28) (A) (7) (d), 28 (B) (5) (b) Marubeni vs. CIR 177 SCRA 500 Proctor & Gamble vs. Comm 160 SCRA 560 Same case Proctor and Gamble on the Motion for Reconsideration 204 SCRA 377 Wonder vs. Comm 160 SCRA 573 -Proceed to sec. 27(D) (5) then sections 27 (E) and 28 (A) (2) -Go to sec. 28 (A) (3) read RR 15-2002 -Go to sec. 28 (A) (4) see RA 9337 -Then see sec 28 (A) (5) see Marubeni vs. Comm 177 SCRA 500 -Proceed to sec. 28(B) (5) (a) and sec 32 (B) (7) (a) Read Mitsubishi vs. Comm 181 SCRA 214 -Then go to sec. 29 and Rev. Reg. 2-2001 -Upon reading sec. 32 (B) 1 and 2, read sec. 85 par (e), sec. 108A and sec. 123 of the NIRC -Proceed to sec. 33 read Rev. Reg. 3-98 -then go to sec. 34 (A) (1) (a) see Aguinaldo vs. Comm. 112 SCRA 136, RR 10-2002 -Under Sec. 34 (B) read RR 13-2000 -Upon reading sec. 49 read Banas vs. CA 325 SCRA 259 and Filipina vs. Comm. 316 SCRA 480 -Upon reading sec. 60-66, read Ona vs. Bautista 45 SCRA 74

FOR THIS TABLE KINDLY CHECK ON UPDATES AND FROM SECTION OF FINAL INCOME TAX.

INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYER Q: How many kinds of individual taxpayers are there? A: There are seven (7). Namely: INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYER SECTION Resident Citizen

23A & 24A Nonresident Citizen 23B & 24A OCW and SEAmen 23C & 24A Nonresident Alien ENGAGED in Trade or Business 22G, 23D & 25A Nonresident Alien NOT ENGAGED in Ttrade or Business 22G, 23D & 25B Aliens ENGAGED in MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES, OFFSHORE BANKING UNITS & PETROLEUM SERVICE CONTRACTORS (AEMOP) 25 C, D & E Resident Citizen (RC) Q: How many types of RC? A: There are two (2), namely: RC residing in the Philippines; and Filipino living abroad with no intention to reside permanently therein.

Q:If you are abroad, and you have the intention to permanently reside therein, c an you still be considered a RC? A: Yes. If such intention to permanently reside therein was not manifested to th e Commissioner and the fact of your physical presence therein, you may still be considered a RC. OCW and Seamen OCW was used and not OFW in the CTRP, because the classification shall cover onl y those Filipino citizens working abroad with a contract. TNTs are not covered. A Filipino seaman is deemed to be an OCW for purposes of taxation if he receives compensation for services rendered abroad as a member of the complement of a ve ssel engaged exclusively in international trade. Consequently, if he is not a member of the complement or even if he is but the v essel where he works is not exclusively engaged in international trade, said sea man is not deemed to be an OCW. He is either a RC or a NRC depending on where h e stays most of the time during the taxable year. If he stays in the Philippines most of the time during the taxable year, he is c onsidered a RC, otherwise, a NCR. If you are a seaman in the US Navy, you are not the one being referred to. The importance of ascertaining whether or not a seaman is a RC or a NRC, is that if he is a RC he is taxable on ALL income derived from all sources within and w ithout. If he is a NRC, he is taxable only on income derived from sources withi n the Philippines. Q: What is the significance of using OCW? A: It only covers Filipinos who works abroad with a contract. It does not cover TNTs. Q: What is the status of a TNT? A: Since they are not covered by this classification, they are considered RC bec

ause they work abroad without a contract and they have not manifested their inte ntion to permanently reside abroad. (distinguish from an immigrant) Requirements for a seaman to be considered an OCW: must be a member of the compliment of a vessel; the vessel must be exclusively engaged in international trade or commerce. Resident Alien (RA) An individual whose residence is within the Philippines and who is not a citizen thereof. Intention to reside permanently in the Philippines is not a requirement on the p art of the alien. The requirement under RR#2 is that he is actually present in the Philippines, ne ither a sojourner, a traveler, not a tourist. Whether hes a transient or not is determined by his intent as to the nature and l ength of his stay. Q: Is the intention to permanently reside in the Philippines necessary? A: No, so long as he is not a sojourner, tourist or a traveler. Non-Resident Alien Engaged in Trade or Business (NRAETB) A foreigner not residing in the Philippines but who is engaged in trade or busin ess here. RR 2-98 has expanded the coverage of the term, engaged in trade or business to inc lude the exercise of a profession. Furthermore, by the express provision of the law, a NRA who is neither a businessman nor a professional but who come to and stays in the Philippines for an aggregate period of more than 180 days during an y calendar year is deemed to a NRAETB in the Philippines. Q: How many types? A: There are three (3) types, namely: NRA engaged in trade or business (25a1); NRA who practices a profession (Revenue Regulation 2-98); foreigner who comes and stays in the Philippines for an aggregate period of MORE THAN 180 days during any calendar year. Q: What is the status of a Chinese who stays here for 200 days in 2001? A: NRAETB Q: Suppose he stayed here for 100 days in 2000 and another 100 days in 2001? A: He is not a NRAETB. To be considered as such, he must stay for an aggregate p eriod of more than 180 days during a calendar year. Q:What is the income tax applicable to said taxpayer? A:Net Income Tax (NIT) on all its income derived from sources within the Philipp ines. Non-Resident Alien Not Engaged in Trade or Business Q: How many kinds? A: Only one. The reason why the NRANETB are included in any income tax law is because they ma y be deriving income form sources within the Philippines. They are subject to tax based on their GROSS INCOME received form all sources wi

thin the Philippines. Aliens Employed by Regional or Area Headquarters & Regional Operating Headquarte rs of Multinational Companies/ Aliens Employed by Offshore Banking Units (Aliens Employed by MOP) Status: either a RA or NRA depending on their stay here in the Philippines. Their status may either be RA or NRA because Section 25 C and D does not distingu ish. Liable to pay 15% from Gross Income received from their employer Income earned from all OTHER sources shall be subject to the pertinent income tax , as the case may be. Aliens Employed in Multinational and Offshore Banking Units Q: How are they classified? A: If they derived income from other sources aside from their employer, you may classify them either as RA, NRAETB, or NRANETB. Aliens Employed in Petroleum Service Contractors and Subcontractors Status: ALWAYS NRA. If they derive income from other sources, such income shall b e subject to the pertinent income tax, as the case may be. Income derived or coming from their employer shall be subject to a tax of 15% of the gross. II.CORPORATE TAXPAYER Domestic Corporation (DC) created or organized under Philippine laws. Resident Foreign Corporation (RFC) corporation created under foreign law, and en gaged in trade or business. Nonresident Foreign Corporation (NRFC) created under foreign law, and NOT engage d in trade or business. Q: What are deemed corporations under the NIRC? A: The term corporation shall include partnerships, no matter how created or org anized, joint stock companies, joint accounts, associations, or insurance compan ies, but DOES NOT includes general professional partnerships and a joint venture or consortium formed of the purpose of undertaking construction projects or ope rations pursuant to or engaging in petroleum, coal, geothermal or consortium agr eement under a service contract with the Government. 1. Partnerships and others no matter how created 2. Joint Stock Companies 3. Joint Accounts 4. Associations 5. Insurance Companies CIR v. COURT OF APPEALS The phrase no matter how created or organized was interpreted. Even if the partnership was pursuant to law or not, whether nonstick, nonprofit, it is still deemed a corporation. Reason: because of the possibility of earning profits from sources within the Ph ilippines. Q: Are partnerships always considered corporations? Is there no exception?

A: General Rule: a partnership is a corporation. Exception: General Professional Partnerships (GPP) Q: What is a GPP? A: It is a partnership formed by persons for the sole purpose of exercising thei r profession, no part of the income of which in derived from any trade or busine ss. (what if a partner has other businesses not related to the GPP? > read secti on 26 quoted hereunder) Two (2) Kinds of GPP formed for: Exercise of a profession not a corporation; exempt from Corporate Income Tax (CI T) Exercise of a profession and engaged in trade or business a corporation; subject to CIT TAN v. DEL ROSARIO general rule: a partnership is a corporation exception: GPP exception to the exception: if the GPP derives income from other sources, it is considered a corporation, thus liable to pay corporate income tax. Rule: if the income is derived from other sources and such income is subject to NET IN COME TAX, it is not exempt and it is considered a corporation. if the income is derived from other sources and such income is subject to FINAL INCOME TAX, it is still EXEMPT and it is not deemed a corporation. ( separate re turn for this. It will not reflect in the GPPs ITR) This is pursuant to the fact that FIT will not reflect in the ITR of the GPP sinc e the withholding agent is liable for the payment of the FIT. Q: What is the importance of knowing whether the corporation is exempt or not? A: To determine their tax liability. This is important to determine the tax liab ility of the individual partners of the GPP. Section 26 (1st paragraph) provides: a GPP as such shall not be subject to the Net Income Tax however, persons engaging in business as partners in a GPP shall be liab le for income tax only in their separate and individual capacities. In short, each partner will be paying NIT, and the distributive shares they will be receiving from the net income of the GPP will be included in the gross incom e of the partner. Q: If the GPP is deemed a corporation, will the partners have to pay for the inc ome tax? A: No. as far as the share of the GPP is concerned, it is considered a taxable d ividend which is subject to FIT. Q: Is a joint venture a corporation? A: Generally, yes, it is a corporation. Q: Corporation X and Corporation Y joined together. How many corporations do we have? A: Three, namely Corporation X, Y, and X+Y. the joint venture has a separate and distinct personality from the two corporations. Q: When is a joint venture not considered a corporation? A: It is not deemed a corporation when it is formed for the purpose of undertaki ng a (construction?) project or engaging in petroleum, gas, and other energy oper ations pursuant to ? or consortium agreement under a service contract with the gov ernment.

Domestic Corporation Is one created or organized in the Philippines or under its laws. Taxable on all income derived from sources within or without the Philippines. Resident Foreign Corporation Foreign corporations engaged in trade or business in the Philippines. Taxable for income derived within the Philippines. Non-Resident Foreign Corporation Foreign corporations not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines. Taxable for income derived within the Philippines. Both DC and RFC are liable for the payment of the following: NIT Net Income Tax FIT Final Income Tax 10% income tax on corporations with properly accumulated earnings. MCIT (Minimum Corporate Income Tax) of 2% of the Gross Income Optional Corporate Income Tax of 15% of the Gross Income A NRFC is liable for payment of the ff: 1)GIT- Gross Income Tax 2)FIT Final Income Tax

III.TRUST AND ESTATE Q: How many for each? A: Seven (7) kinds for each because the trust or estate will be determined by th e status of the trustor, grantor, or creator, or of the decedent. The status of the estate is determined by the status of the decedent at the time of his death; so an estate, as an income taxpayer can be a citizen or an alien. When a person who owns property dies, the following taxes are payable under the provision of income tax law: Income Tax for Individuals to cover the period beginning January to the time of death. Estate Income Tax if the property is transferred to the heirs. If no partition is made, Individual or Corporate Income Tax, depending on whethe r there is or there is no settlement of the estate. If there is, depending on w hether the settlement is judicial or extrajudicial. Judicial Settlement During the pendency of the settlement, the estate through the executor, administ rator, or heirs is liable for the payment of ESTATE INCOME TAX (Sex, 60 (3)). If upon the termination of the judicial settlement, when the decision of the cou rt shall have become final and executory, the heirs still do not divide the prop erty, the following possibilities may arise: If the heirs contribute to the estate money, property or industry with the inten

tion to divide the profits between and among themselves, an UNREGISTERED PARTNER SHIP is created and the estate becomes liable for payment of CIT (Evangelista vs . Collector (102 Phil 140)) If the heirs without contributing money, property or industry to improve the est ate, simply divide the fruits thereof between and among themselves, a CO-OWNERS HIP is created and Individual Income Tax (IIC) is imposed on the income derived by each of the heirs, payable in their separate and individual capacity (Pascual vs. COMM (165 scra 560) and Obillos vs. COMM (139 SCRA 436)) Extrajudicial Settlement and if NO Settlement Some possibilities may arise. The income tax liability depends on whether or no t the unregistered partnership or co-ownership is created. Trust Trusts can be created by will, by contract or by agreement. The status of a tru st depends upon the status of the grantor or trustor or creator of the trust. H ence, a trust can also be a citizen or an alien. Q:Where the trust earns income and such income is not passive, who among the par ties mentioned is liable for payment of income tax thereon? A:The TRUST itself, through the trustee or fiduciary but only if the trust is ir revocable. If it is revocable, or for the benefit of the grantor, the liability for the pay ment of income tax devolves upon the trustor himself in his capacity as individu al taxpayer. KINDS OF INCOME TAX Q: How many kinds of income tax? A: There are Six (6), namely: Net Income Tax (NIT); Gross Income Tax (GIT); Final Income Tax (FIT); Minimum Corporate Income Tax of 2% of the Gross Income (MCIT) Income Tax on Improperly Accumulated Earnings subject to 10% of the Taxable Inco me; Optional Corporate Income Tax of 15% on the Gross Income I.NET INCOME TAX Q: what is the formula? A: Gross Income Deductions and Personal Exemptions = Taxable Income Taxable Income x Tax Rate = Net Income Taxable Net Income Tax Credit = Taxable Net Income Due Net Income means Gross Income less deductions and Formula: GI - deductions Net Income x Tax Rate Income Tax Due Q: What is the rate?

A:Individual: 32% Corporation: 30% NOTE: the formula allows for deduction, personal exemptions and tax credit. Q: What are the other terms for NIT? A: NIRC: a. taxable income b. Gross income (walang kasunod) only income tax from improperly accumulated earnings does not use this term. CFA: to be included in the gross income Revenue Regulations and Statutes: ordinary way of paying income tax; normal way of paying income tax . Characteristics: Q: Who are not liable to pay NIT? A:1.NRANETB (liable for GIT); 2.NRFC (GIT also); 3.With certain modifications, AEMOP, if they derive income from other sources; Q: Is the taxable net income subject to withholding tax? A: It is subject to withholding tax if the law says so. Q: What if the law is silent? A: If the law is silent, it is not subject to withholding tax. Q: What is another term for withholding tax? A: It is also known as the creditable withholding tax system under the income ta x law. Q: Do we have to determine if there is an actual gain or loss? A: Yes because the formula for deductions, etc. Q: If you fail to pay, will you be held liable? A: Yes, you will be held liable. II.GROSS INCOME TAX (GIT) Q: What is the formula? A: Gross Income x Rate Q: How many taxpayers pay by way of the gross? A: There are two (2) individual - NRANETB corporation - NRFC NOTE: the formula does not allow any deduction, personal exemptions and tax cred it. Characteristics: NRANETB and NRFC, though not engaged in trade or business, are liable to pay by w ay of the gross for any income derived in the Philippines. While not engaged in trade or business, there is a possibility that they may earn income in the Phili ppines. Q: Is this subject to withholding tax?

A: Yes, it is subject to withholding tax because the persons liable are foreigne rs. This rule is ABSOLUTE NOTE: there are two (2) ways of paying taxes depending on which side of the benc h you are. III.FINAL INCOME TAX (FIT) Q: What is the formula? A: (Each Income) x (Particular Rate) Unlike in the gross income tax where you add all the income from all the sources and multiply the sum thereof by the rate of 25% or 30%, as the case may be, in final income tax, you cannot join all the income in one group because each incom e has a particular rate. Q: What is the rate? A: Refer to table on passive income then from the amount apply directly the rate without any deductions. NOTE: like GIT, the formula does not allow deductions, personal exemptions, and tax credit. Characteristics: Q: Who are liable to pay FIT? A: All taxpayers are liable to pay FIT provided the requisites for its applicati on are present. Q: Do you still have to pay NIT? A: No. if you are liable for FIT, no need to pay NIT or else there will be doubl e taxation. NOTE: as time passed by, the number of FIT increased. before 1979 proceeds from the sale of real property not exempt, it is subject to NIT or GIT, as the case may be. after 1979 capital gains tax. Proceeds from the sale of real property is exempt. Q: If you fail to pay, will you be liable? A: No. the withholding agent is liable to pay FIT. Case of Juday, Richard and Regine For one to be liable for the payment of NIT, the income must be derived on the ba sis of an employer employee relationship. Employer Employee Relationship (3 Cs): 1. contract; 2. control; 3. compensation; However, in the case of celebrities, there is no employer employee relationship, they are merely receiving royalties. Royalties are subject to final withholding tax, thus the agent is liable to pay. (so, distinguish nature of income, whether royalty or compensation) RULE:

for NIT, whether or not subject to Creditable Withholding Tax (CWT), the taxpaye r is always liable if he fails to pay. for GIT and FIT, absolute liability to pay is upon the withholding agent. Q: Why is it that the rate of withholding is always lower, and why is it that th e rate of GIT and FIT is always equal? A: NIT allows deductions; GIT and FIT do not allow deductions. Q: Do you have to determine whether there is an actual loss or gain? A: No need to determine because the formula does not allow deductions. Gain is p resumed. No liability for final withholding tax except for the sale of shares of stock. (?) IV.MINIMUM CORPORATE INCOME TAX (MCIT) Q: What is the formula? A: Gross Income x 2% Q: Who pays this tax? A: DC and RFC only. Q: May it be applied simultaneous with NIT? A: No. there must be a computation of the NIT first then apply whichever is high er. The MCIT is paid in lieu of the NIT. Reason: to discourage corporations from claiming too many deductions. V.OPTIONAL CORPORATE INCOME TAX Q: Under what section is this found? A: Section 27A 4th paragraph and Section 28 A(1) 4th paragraph. Q: Is this applicable now? A: No. this is not yet implemented. Q: To what kind of taxpayer does this apply? A: To DC and RFC. Q: What kind of taxes are applicable or imposed upon the 1st five individual tax payers? A: Only two (2) kinds are applicable out of the six (6) kinds of income taxes. NIT; FIT; Q: What kind of income tax will apply to AEMOP? A: Generally, only one kind, 15% FIT with respect to income derived from their e mployer. Income from other sources: 1. Determine the status of the AEMOP; a. NIT b. FIT 2. NRANETB a. GIT b. FIT Q: What kind of income tax applies to DC? A: Only four (4) kinds will apply out of the six (6)

NIT FIT MCIT Improperly Accumulated Earnings Q:May all of these be applied simultaneously? A:No. only the NIT, FIT and Improperly Accumulated Earnings be applied simultane ously. NIT and MCIT cannot be applied simultaneously. Only one will apply, which ever is higher between the two. Q: What kind of tax will apply to NRFC? A: Out of the six (6) kinds, only two (2) will apply: GIT FIT Q: What is the significance of knowing the classification of these taxpayers? A: to determine the kind of income tax applicable to them; to determine their tax liability. Q:Under Section 23, who are liable for income within and income without? A: Only RC DC The rest of the taxpayers will be liable for income coming from sources within. Income from sources without, no liability, therefore exempt. NOTE:The income taxpayer is not a RC or a DC. Determine if the income came from sources within or without to know the taxpayers liability. If the facts are specific, do not qualify your answer. Answers must be responsive to the question. Q: Is section 42 relevant to all the taxpayers? A: NO. SECTION 42 IS NOT MATERIAL TO ALL taxpayers, particularly the RC and DC b ecause these two are liable for both income within and without. Section 42 is applicable only to taxpayers who are liable for income within, the rest of the taxpayers are otherwise exempt. Q:Section 42(A)(1) provides for how many kinds of interests? A:It establishes two (2) kinds of interests, namely: interest derived from sources within the Philippines. interest on bonds, notes or other interest bearing obligations of residents, cor porate or otherwise. Q: What is the determining factor in order to know if the income is from within? A: location if the bank is from within the Philippines (pursuant to a Revenue Reg.) residence of the obligor (whether an individual or a corp.) contract of loan wit h respect to the interest earned thereon. For example the borrower is a NRAETB, he borrowed money from a RA. The interest e arned by the loan will be considered as an income without. RA is not liable to p ay tax since RA is liable only for income within, therefore exempt from paying t he tax.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CO. v. CIR F:The National Development Company (NDC) entered into a contract with several Ja panese shipbuilding companies for the construction of 12 ocean-going vessels. Th e contract was made and executed in Tokyo. The payments were initially in cash and irrevocable letters of credit. Subsequen tly, four promissory notes were signed by NDC guaranteed by the Government. Later on, since no tax was withheld from the interest on the amount due, the BIR was collecting the amount from NDC. The NDC contended that the income was not derived from sources within the Philip pines, and thus they are not liable to withhold anything. NDC said that since th e contract was entered into and was executed in Japan, it is an income without. H:The governments right to levy and collect income tax on interest received by a foreign corporation not engaged in trade or business within the Philippines is n ot planted upon the condition that the activity or labor and the sale from which the income flowed had its situs in the Philippines. Nothing in the law (Section 42(1)) speaks of the act or activity of nonresident corporations in the Philipp ines, or place where the contract is signed. The residence of the obligor who pa ys the interest rather than the physical location of the securities, bonds or no tes or the place of payment is the determining factor of the source of the incom e. Accordingly, if the obligor is a resident of the Philippines, the interest pa id by him can have no other source than within the Philippines. Q: Suppose a NRFC, an Indonesian firm, becomes a stockholder of two corporations , a DC and a RFC, and both corporations declared dividends, what is the liabilit y of the Indonesian firm if the same received the dividends? A: Dividends received from DC: the Indonesian firm is liable to pay taxes. NRFC, un der the law, is liable if the income is derived from sources within. (Sec 42a) Dividends received from RFC: the Indonesian firms liability will depend on amount of gross income from sources within the Philippines. The NRFC will be liable to pay income tax if the following requisites are presen t: at least 50% is income from sources within; the 1st requisite is for the three (3) preceding taxable years from the time of declaration of the dividends. In the absence of any or both requisites, the income will be considered from sour ces without, thus exempting the Indonesian firm from payment of income tax. Q: Same scenario, but this time the shares of stock of the two corporations were being disposed off. What is the tax liability of the Indonesian firm? A: sale of shares of stock of DC: the Indonesian firm will be liable for the paymen t of taxes because the income is from sources within. sale of shares of stock of RFC: the liability will depend on where the shares of stock were sold. (mejo Malabo sa notes, please be guided accordingly) Q: Filipino Executive, assigned to Hong Kong, receiving two salaries, one from t he Philippines, the other from HK. The performance of the job was in HK. Is he l iable for both salaries? A: No, he is not liable for the two incomes. His status is an OCW (note facts: working in HK under contract). The compensatio n he received is not subject to tax pursuant to Section 42(c). Compensation for labor or personal services performed in the Philippines is considered an income within. When it comes to services, it is the place where the same is rendered wh ich is controlling. In the case at bar, the services were rendered abroad, thus it is an income derived from sources without, irrespective of the place of payme nt.

Q: Suppose a DC hired a NRFC to advertise its products abroad. What is the liabi lity of the NRFC? Will there be a withholding tax imposed? A:The income is derived from sources without since the services in this case wer e performed abroad. As such, the NRFC is not liable and therefore exempt from th e payment of tax. If the NRFC is not subject to NIT, then it is not also subject to withholding tax. Q: What is the controlling factor? A: The controlling factor is the place where the services were performed and not where the compensation therefore was received RENTALS AND ROYALTIES income from sources within Q: Granted by who? A: NRFC Q: Suppose you are the franchise holder, how much is the withholding? A: 30% (GIT) Q: if the franchise is granted by RFC, how much is the withholding? A: 10% (NIT) and in some cases 15% Section 42(4) MEMORIZE FOR RECIT (CEKSTTM) right of, or the right to use copyright, patents, etc industrial, commercial, scientific equipment supply of knowledge supply of services by nonresident supply of technical assistance supply of technical advice right to use: motion picture films, etc. Q: What is the rule as regards the sale of real property? A: Gains, profits, and income from the sale of real property located within the Philippines considered income within. Q: What about the sale of personal property, what is the rule? A: Determine first if the property is produced or merely purchased. it the property is manufactured in the Philippines and sold abroad, or vice-vers a, it is an income partly within and partly without. if the property is purchased, considered derived entirely from the sources withi n the country where it is sold. EXCEPTION: shares of stock of domestic corporation, it is an income within where ver it is sold. COMMISSIONER v. IAC Q: What is the issue here? A: They cannot determine if the business expense was incurred in the Philippines . Q: if you are the BIR, and the taxpayer is not sure, will you disallow the deduc tion? A: No. determine it pro rata. Formula: GI from within GI from without

Example: 100,000 1,000,000 = 10% Hence, 10% is the ratable share in the deduction. If the deduction being asked is 100,000 not all of it will be allowed. Only 10,000 or 10% of 100,000 will be al lowed as deduction. CAPITAL GAINS AND LOSSES Section 39 Q: What is capital asset? A: Capital asset is an asset held by a taxpayer which is not an ordinary asset. It is the negative under section 39A1 The following are ordinary assets: stock in trade of the taxpayer or other property of a kind which would properly be included in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxa ble year; property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary co urse of trade or business; property used in trade or business of a character which is subject to the allowa nce for depreciation provided in subsection 1. real property used in trade or business of the taxpayer. All other property not mentioned in the foregoing are considered capital assets. Q: What is a capital gain? What is a capital loss? A: Capital gains are gains incurred or received from transactions involving prop erty which are capital assets. Capital losses are losses incurred from transacti ons involving capital assets. Q: What is ordinary gain? Ordinary loss? A: Ordinary gains are those received from transactions involving ordinary assets . Capital losses are losses incurred in transactions involving ordinary assets. Q:What is the relevance of making a distinction? A: The relevance of the distinction lies in the applicability of three provision s of the Code which apply to capital assets only. Holding period applies only to individuals/time when property was held (39B); Loss Limitation Rule/limitations on capital losses (39C); Net Capital Carry-Over (39D) I.CAPITAL ASSETS Q:What is this holding period? A: If capital asset is sold or exchanged by an individual taxpayer, only a certa in percentage of the gain is subject to income tax. It is the length of time or the duration of the period by which the taxpayer hel d the asset. Q: What is the requirement? A: the taxpayer must be an individual. Section 39B states in case of a taxpayer, oth er than a corporation.. property is capital in nature. Q: What is the term? A: 100% if the capital asset has been held for not more than 12 months; (short t erm) 50% if the capital asset has been held for more than 12 months. (long term)

NOTE: the holding period applies to both gains and losses. Q: Do you include capital gains in your ITR? A: General rule: yes, include in ITR. EXCEPT: gains in sales of shares of stock not traded in stock exchange(section 24); capital gains from sale of real property(section 24). Q: When will the holding period not apply? A: property is an ordinary asset taxpayer is a corporation sale of real property considered as ordinary asset LOSS LIMITATION RULE synonymous to 34D & loss capital rule this applies to individual and corporate taxpayer Q: What is the loss limitation rule? A: Pursuant to Section 39 C, losses from sales or exchange of capital assets may be deducted only from capital gains, but losses from the sale or exchange of or dinary assets may be deducted from capital or ordinary gains. (applies to indivi dual and corporation) Q:In connection with 34 D, Losses in Allowable Deduction, what is the rationale behind this rule? A:If it is otherwise, it will run counter with the rule that the loss should alw ays be connected with the trade or business, capital losses are losses not conne cted to the trade or business, thus it is not deductible Q: what is your remedy? A: 39 D, net capital loss carry-over Q: What is the rationale in allowing ordinary loss to be deducted from either th e capital gains or ordinary gains? A: It is already included in ITR, the gross income less deductions hence it alr eady carries with it the deduction TAKE NOTE: Normally if the loss is an ordinary loss there is no carry over. Except: a. 34D3 b. if the loss is more than GI III.NET CAPITAL LOSS CARRY-OVER Q: What are the requirements? A: taxpayer is an individual; paid in the immediately succeeding year; applies only to short term capital gain; capital loss should not exceed net income in the year that it was incurred. Q: How does net capital loss carry-over differ from net operating loss carry-ove r under Section 34 D (3)? A: Under the net capital loss carry-over rule, the capital loss can be carried o ver in the immediate succeeding year. In net operating loss carry-over rule, cap ital loss can be carried over to the next three (3) succeeding calendar year fol lowing the year when the loss was incurred.

NOTE: only 15% of the loss will be carried over, if the loss is greater than the gains. In net operating loss carry-over there is an exception to the 3 year carry-over p eriod. In case of mines other than oil and gas wells, the period is up to 5 year s. Q: What is a short sale? A:Sale of property by which the taxpayer cannot come into the possession of the property. EX: shares CALAZANX v. CIR F:The taxpayer inherited the property from her father and at the time of the inh eritance it was considered a capital asset. In order to liquidate the inheritanc e, the taxpayer decided to develop the land to facilitate the sale of the lots. I:Was the property converted to ordinary asset? H:The conversion from capital asset to ordinary asset is allowed because Section 39 is silent. Q:Are you allowed to convert ordinary asset to capital asset? A:General rule: it is not allowed. Read Revenue Regulation 7-2003 The case at bar still applies despite of the issuance of said Revenue Regulation . Q:What is the conversion prohibited in the Revenue Regulation? A: Conversion of real estate property. Q: What is the rationale? A: Section 24 D final income tax of 6% if the real estate is capital asset. If i t is an ordinary asset, it will be subject to income tax of 32% for individual t axpayer, and 30% if the taxpayer is a corporation. Q: What are the properties involve in the RR 7-2003? A: 1. those property for sale by the realtors 2. real property use in trade or business not necessary realtors Q:That is the conversion allowed by the Revenue Regulation? Is there an instance when an ordinary asset may be converted to capital asset? A: Yes, provided that the property is an asset other the real property, and it h as been idle for two (2) years.

SECTION 24 TAXES ON INDIVIDUALS Q: What is the tax mentioned in section 24? A: NIT Q: What is taxable income? A: (memorize section 31) it is the pertinent items of gross income specified in the NIRC, less the deductions and/or personal and additional exemptions, if any, authorized for such types of income by the NIRC or other laws. It refers to NIT because it allows deductions. Q:What do you mean by the phrase other the B, C, and D? A: It means that if the elements of passive income are present, the taxpayer has to pay FIT.

Q:Who are the taxpayers mentioned in section 24? A: RC NRC OCW RA Additionally, under Section 25, NRAETB Q: What is the tax liability of NRAETB? A: Section 25 (1) NRAETB is subject to income tax in the same manner as those in dividuals mentioned in Section 24. Q:What about Domestic Corporations? A: Sec. 27 A,B, and C Sec. 26- GPP is not subject to income tax. Q:What about Resident Foreign Corporations? A:Sec 28 (l) it is subject to 30% Net Income Tax Q:What about Non Resident foreign Corporation and Non Resident Alien not engaged in Trade or Business? A:Not Subject to Net Income Tax but they are liable for Gross Income tax. Q:Do legally married husband and wife need to file separately or jointly? A:It depends if: 1. Pure compensation income- separate 2. Not Pure compensation income- joint Passive Income Passive income requires that it is an income WITHIN as a GENERAL RULE. Check for those who are liable to pay on income without, exe mptions and other requirement. Q: Where can you find in the provisions of the code that states that these passi ve should be tax with the corresponding Final income tax provided that requireme nts are present/ A: Section 24 A with the phrase other than income subject to tax under subsection s B, C, D. Those mentioned subsections are not subject to the next income tax Interest, Royalties, prizes and Other winnings Interest Q:Bank Interest, what is the requirement? A:The bank must be located in the Phils. because the income must be derived from sources w/in. Q:Do you include this in your ITR? A:No! because it is subject already to FIT. The bank is the one liable for the p ayment of this. NOTE: Liability for NIT, GIT, and MCIT will depend on the elements present. Q:Who are liable for bank interst? A:

RC } NRC} Sec. 24 B1 RA } NRAETB NRANETB Sec. 25 (25%) AEMOP DC RFC NRFC Q:What is the rate of interest? A:FIT of 20% Q:Is there a lower rate? A:7 % if under EFCDS Q:What if the depositor is non resident alien? A: -W/in FIT - W/out- exempt Q:What is the rule on pre- termination? A:If it is pre terminated before 5th year a FIT shall be imposed on the entire incomeand shall be deducted and withhellod by the depositary bank from the proce eds of the long term deposit based on the remaining maturity thereof 4 yrs to less than 5 yrs 5% 3 yrs to lesss than 4 yrs- 12% Less than 3 yrs- 20% Q:Does it apply to all individuals? A:No! it does not apply to 10 NRFC and NRA and NRETB because they are liable to GIT. NOTE: if the depositary is a Non resident it is exempt resident citizen liable to pay tax for bank interst earned abroad (NIT) Q:If the money earns interst in abroad who is liable? A:RC and DC only by NIT, the rest are exempt. No FIT abroad because we do not ha ve withholding agent abroad. Q:MCIT applies to DC and RFC in relation to bank interest? A:If the bank interest is derived abroad, RFC is exempt but DC is liable. Impose NIT if it is higher than the MCIT, otherwise apply MCIT if its higher tha n the NIT Prizes Requirements: Prizes must be derived from sources w/in the Phils. it must be more than P 10,000 Q:Who are liable? (FIT) A: RC NRC OCW RA NRAETB AEMOP (RC, NRAETB)

Not Liable NRAETB- liable for GIT at 25 % AEMPOP (NRANETB- GIT) DC- NIT 27 D is silent RFC NIT law is silent 28A7a NRFC subject to GIT Q:When can we apply NIT in Prizes? A:1.When the taxpayer is RC, RFC and DC 2.For DC and RC it must be derived from income abroad RFC it must be derived fro m income w/in 3.amount is more than P10,000 NOTE: If the prize is derived from sources w/in but it is below P 100,000 it is not subj to tax. If derived from sources abroad, most of them are exempt except for RC and DC who are liable w/in and w/out. Q;Is it possible for RC and DC to pay MCIT? A:Yes if MCIT is higher than NIT. Winnings Q:Do we apply the P100,000 req.? A:No, we do not apply it only apllies to prizes. It must not pertain to illegal gambling. Thus, the only requirement is it must be derived from income w/in. Q:Who are liable? (FIT) A: RC NRC OCW RA NRAETB AEMOP (RA, NRAETB) Not liable to FIT? 1 NRANETB- GIT 2 AEMOP (NRANETB- GIT) 3 DC- law is silent NIT 4 RFC- law is silent 5 NRFC- GIT Q:When does NIT apply to winnings? A: If Taxpayer is DC or RC Income is derived abroad Taxpayer is RFC and income w/in. NOTE: If income abroad, most TP are exempt except DC and RC Q:MCIT applies when? A:It is higher than the NIT Royalties Requirement: The income is from w/in

Rate? 20%. Lower rate? 10% on books, literary works and musical compositions. Q: You are a writer for Snoop Dogg are you liable for FIT? What if for April Boy ? A: Liable for NIT if Income abroad like a writer for Snoop. While FIT if for Apr il Boy. Q:Who are liable (FIT)? A: RC NRC OCW RA NRAETB AEMOP (RC, NRAETB) Not Liable? NRANETB AEMOP DC RFC NRFC NOTE: Lower rate of 10% applies to all except NRANETB Q:When do we apply NIT to Royalties? A: TP is RC or DC Income is from w/out TP is RF and income is w/in If income is from sources abroad all are exempt except RC and DC Dividends Confined with cash and/or property dividends. Q:What are dividends? A:Any distribution made by Corporation to its stockholders outside of its earnin gs or profits and payable to its stockholders whether in money or in property (S ec. 73) COMM. vs. MANNING Q:Where did it come from? A:shares come from another shareholder Q:What are the dividends included? A:Sec. 24 refers to cash or property dividend H:For stock Dividends to be exempt it must come from the profit of the corporati on. Stock Dividends it is the transfer of the surplus profit from the authorized cap ital stocks. Q:Assuming that there are 5 Incorporators the Corpo has a P5 M Authorized Capita l stock. It distributed 1 M stock dividends, is it taxable? A:NO, the dividends did not go to the Stock holder but to the Auth Capital Stock . Only cash and Prop Stock go to the Stock holder. Sec 24 B does not mention stock dividends because it is not subject to FIT but it

is subject to NIT under Section 73. Q:Is there an exception when stock dividends are not taxable? A:YES, if the shares of stocks are cancelled and redeemed meaning it was reacqui red by the corp. ANSCOR CASE the stockholders cannot escape the payment of taxes Requirement: Gen Rule- the dividends must be distributed by a DC. Except- Regular operating- always a foreign corp. What rate: 10% FIT Q:Who are liable? A: RC NRC OCW RA NRAETB AEMOP (RC, NRAETB) Not liable? NRANETB AEMOP DC RFC NRFC Shares of association and partnership is taxable Q:Determine the tax liability of the following? A: DC a Stockholder of DC= Exempt RFC stockholder of DC= Exempt also DC stockholder of RF= Liable for NIT. Capital Gains From Sale of Shares of Stock Not Traded (24C) Subj to FIT Determine whther there is a loss or a gain because the tax is impose upon the ne t capital gains realized from the sale, barter, or exchange or other disposition of the shares of stock in a domestic corp. It is uniformily imposed on all taxpayer not subj to w/holding tax. Requirements: Shares of stock of a DC It must be capital asset must not be traded in the stock market 25 R last part: Capital Gains realized by NRANETB in the Phils. from the sale of shares of stock in any DC and real prop shall be subj. to the income tax prescri bed under Sub sec (c) and (d) of Sec. 24. SEC. 24 B 1&2: If the elements are present NRANETB and NRFC are liable to pay GIT .

Except: under 24 C for NRANETB. What do you mena by the phrase the provisions of 39 notwithsatanding? It refers to the holding period. When it comes to capital gains from sale of shar es of stock not traded and capital gains from the sale of real prop. The holding period does not apply because the basis will be those provided in 24 C & D and not under 39 B (GSP or FMV) ELEMENT #1 The share is a share in DC Q:What if the share is from foreign corp? A:Determine the income considered. If income w/in read Sec. 42 (E) If the shares sold are that of a foreign corp it is subj to the ff rules: sold in the Phils= its income w/in sold in abroad= w/out Shares of stock in a Dc is always considered an income w/in regardless where it was sold. Q:Shares of Foreign Corp sold in Phils. Whos liable? What tax? A:Not subj to FIT because one of the elements is not present . Shares not being that of a DC. Hence: a) RC, NRC, OCW, NRAETB, AEMOP (RA, NRAETB) will pay NIT. DC and RFC b) NRANETB and NRFC will pay GIT Q:Shares of Foreign Corporation sold abroad? A:It will be considered an income w/out. Thus: most of them will be exempt except RC and DC liable to pay NIT ELEMENT # 2 NOT TRADED OR SOLD IN THE STOCK MARKET if sold in the stock market- it is not subj to FIT if sold in the stock market, it will be subj to percentage tax, in lieu of NIT. ELEMENT # 3 It must be a capital asset. Q:When is it considered an ordinary asset? A:1. When the broker or dealer a. used it in trade or business b. held for sale in the ordinary course of trade or business 2.to all other assets, it will be considered a capital asset NOTE: if all elemts are present it will be subj to FIT If the shares are ordinary asset 1. a. 2. a. b. Ordinary shares in DC- income w/in Most of the taxpayer will pay NIT except NRFC and NRANETB Ordinray assets of foreign corporations Income within if sold in the Phils: most will pay except NRANETB and NRFC Income w/out if sold abroad: most will be exempt except RC and DC

MCIT Q:When is a RFC subj to NIT? A: Sale of shares of stock of a Foreign corp in the Phil. sale of shares of stock of DC which are ordinary asset

DC and RFC are subj to MCIT which may be imposed if the NIT is lower than the MCI T2% MCIT will be imposed if MCIT is higher than NIT. Capital Gains From Sale of Real Property (24D) In 39 B the holding period does not apply because the basis of income tax is the gross selling price (GSP) or the Fair market value (FMV) whichever is higher- 6% FIT Requirements: The real prop must be sold w/in the Phils and located in the Phils. It must be a capital asset The seller must be an individual, estate or trust or a DC RFC not liable for FIT but liable to pay NIT if all the elements are present. NRFC liable to pay GIT and not FIT NRANETB liable to pay FIT are all elements are present. ELEMENT # 3 The real prop must be a capital asset Q:When considered a capital asset? A:Read R.R. 7- 2003 Q:Ordinary asset- shall refer to all real property specifically excluded from th e definition of capital asset under Sec. 39 A:Other property not mentioned are capital asset. Q:What if all the elements are not present? A: most will be liable to pay NIT Except NRANETB and NRFC liable for GIT Q:May a RC be liable to pay NIT even if all the elements are present? A:YES, disposition made to the Govt. Thus, the taxpayer has the option of paying 32% NIT or 6% FIT Q:Which is more advantageous? A:It depends determine first if theres a loss or a gain. If theres a gain choose to be taxed at 6% FIT. In this case the gain is always pr esumed. If theres a loss choose to be taxed at 32% because losses may be considered an al lowable deduction . Other transactions are covered: sale barter exchange other disposition NOTE: If the prop is under mortgage contract and the mortgagee is a bank or fina ncial inst, the FIT does not apply because the property is not yet transferred b ecause theres a period of redemption If after a year the mortgagor failed to redeem the property that is the only tim e that the FIT will apply because theres now a change of ownership. If redeemed w /in 1 yr period FIT will not apply because theres no change of ownership. If the mortgagee is an individual the FIT is imposed whether or not there is a t ransfer of ownership.

Exceptions (24(D2)) Q:What if the prop being sold was a movie house, can he claim for the exception? A:the prop covered by the exemption is a residential lot Q:Who can claim the exemption? A:Only the taxpayer mentioned in Sec. 24 Requirements: The purpose of the seller is to acquire new residential real prop the privilege must be availed of w/in 18 mos. From the sale Comm. must be informed w/in 30 days from the date of sale with the intention to avail of the exemption the adjusted basis or historical cost of the residence sold shall be carried ove r to the new residence. the privilege must be availed only once every 10 yrs Certification of the brgy. Capt where the taxpayer resides that indeed the prop sold is the principal residence of the tax payer (RR 13- 99) Q:What if the property is worth 10 M and it was sold only for 2M, what will happ en to the unused portion or profit? A:If the proceeds are not fully utilized, the portions of the gain is subject to FIT SEC. 27A RATES OF INCOME TAX Q:How many income taxes are paid by a DC? A: NIT MCIT FIT 10%Improperly Accumulated Earnings Optional corporate income tax of 15% of the gross DC liable for five, but the optional is not yet applicable so only 4. Q:How many can be applied simultaneously? A:ONLY 3 NIT, FIT and 10% IAE MCIT, FIT, 10% IAE SEC. 27 (B) PROPRIETARY EDUCATIONAL INST. & HOSP. Who are the taxpayers? Non- Profit Proprietary Educl. Inst and Non Profit Proprietary Hospital Q:What if the school or hospital is non profit only, is it exempt? A:No, subject to 10% on their taxable incomeexcept those covered by subsection ( D) PROVIDED that gross income from unrelated business, trade or activity must not e xceed 50% of its total gross income derived by such educational inst or hospital from all sources Requirements: It is a private school or hospital it is stock corp it is non profit that gross income from unrelated business, trade or activity must not exceed50% of its total gross income derived by such educational inst or hospital from all

sources has permit to operate from DECS, TESDA, or CHED Q:What do you mean by unrelated trade business or activity? A:It means any trade, Business, or activity which is not substantially related t o the exercise or performance by such entity of its primary purpose or performan ce Q:May a school or hospital be exempt from paying tax? What are the req? A: It must be non- stock and non- profit the assets property and revenues must be used actually, directly, and exclusivel y fro the primary purpose Q:Under what law? Is it the Constitution or the NIRC which provides fro the exem ption? A:It is under Sec. 30 of NIRC and not under Sec.4 Art. 14 of the Constitution. T he provision of the NIRC is the specific law which prevails over the Constitutio n which is the general law. exempt from all taxes and custom duties Q:What about exemption from real property tax? A:Art. 6 Sec. 28 of the Constitution: charitable institution churches, .and all l ands buildings, actually directly and exclusively used for religious, charitable , and educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation. Not Sec. 4 of Art. 14 of the Constitution. Q:You donated a property to a school will you be liable for donors tax? A:not liable if it falls under Sec. 101 (3) of the NIRC REQ. FOR EXEMPTION TO DONORS TAX: it must be nonstock, non- profit educational inst. not more than 30% of the prop donated shall be used by such donee for admin purp oses. paying no dividends governed by trustees who dont receive any compensation devoting all its income to the accomplishment and promotion of the purposes stat ed in its Articles of Incorporation Q:What about exemption from VAT? A:Sec. 109 (m) of R-VAT Q:What about exemption fro Loc Gov Code? A:If its nonstock, non- profit educational inst. It may be exempted from local t axation. Q:Is Art 14 Sec. 4 of the Consti obsolete? A:NO, if the law is silent apply the Consti. SEC. 23: GOCC, AGENCIES, INST of the GOVT. GEN RULE: Subj to tax. EXCEPTIONS: GSIS SSS PHIC PCSO PAGCOR no longer included.

Q:If the GOCC is not one of those enumerated does it follow all of its income is automatically subject to tax? A:NO. Under Sec 32. B (7) income derived from any public utility or from the exe rcise of essential government functionaccruing to the Govt of the Phils or to an y political subd. Are therefore exempt from income tax. Therefore, even if the GOCC is one of those enumerated under Sec. 27 it may stil l be exempt under Sec. 32 b7b if its performing governmental function NOTE: Pagcor vs. Basco case Q:What is the difference between Sec. 27 C and 32 b7b? A: Sec 27 C exempts those enumerated without any qualification. Sec. 32b7b qualification must concur before it may be exempted. Q:Can the government impose tax on itself? A:It depends on who the taxing authority is. If the taxing authority is the Nati onal Govt. as a rule, YES. Exceptions those entities enumerated under 27 C those GOCC falling under 32b7b If the taxing authority is the local government units, as a rule NO. LGUs are exp ressly prohibited from levying tax against: (Sec 133(o) 1. National Govt. 2. Its agencies and instrumentalities 3. local government units Exception:Sec 154 of LGC says that LGUs may fix rate for the operationof public u tilities owned and maintained by the within their jurisdiction. PAL CASE July 20 2006 H:The SC used 133 (o)an exception to pay tax, real estate tax, imposed by City o f PAranaque on NAIA. The SC said that the airport is not an agency or GOCC but m ere instrumentality of the Govt. This is Gross ignorance of the law Sec. 133 (o) is for local taxation not real p roperty taxation which is the one involved in the present case. NOTE: Mactan- Cebu Airport case SEC. 27 D(1) Q:How many possible incomes were mentioned? A:Two (2): bank interest and royalties REQ: Bank interest must be received by a Domestic Corp Royalties derived from sources within Q:When it comes to bank interest, what is the difference if the taxpayer is an i ndividual or corporation? A:If individual, they may be exempt from the payment of interest in case of long term deposit except NRANETB If DC, they are not exempt from long tem deposit. Q:What about royalties? A:If individual, have a lower rate of 10%on books, other literary and musical co mpositions. DC have no lower preferential rate. SEC 27 D2: CAPITAL GAINS FROM SALE OF SHARES NOT TRADED

SEC 27 D3: EFCDS Q:What is the expanded foreign currency? A:It is a bank authorized by the BSP to transact business in the Philippine Curr encyas well as acceptable foreign currency or both. Q:What is the tax to be paid? A:Normally it is NIT because it is subj under Sec 27 D3 and 28 A Q:Who is the income earner? A:Depositary banks Q:Exempt from what kind of transaction? A:From foreign currency transaction. If it involves foreign currency transaction it is not exempt but subject to 35 % NIT Q:Who are the other parties? A: Off shore banking units branches of foreign banks local commercial bank Other depositary banks under EFCDS Non- residents if the above enumeration are the parties, then depositary bank will be exempt fro m paying the NIT Foreign Currency Loan Q:Who is the lender? Borrower? A:Lender- EFCDS Borrower- RC EXEMPT Offshore banking units Other depositary banks under EFCDS exemption of NR from EFCDS: Q:Who is the income earner? A:Non Residents whether individual or Corporations Q:Derived from whom? A:Depositary Bank under EFCDS NOTE: Sec. 24 B Nonresident exempt from bank interest under EFCDS Q:What is the difference between 24 b1 from 27 D3 A:In 24 B1, NR is exempt only from bank interst derived from EFCDS while 27D3 ex empts NR from any income from transactions with depositary bank under EFCDS SEC. 27 D(4)- Intercorporate dividends- exempt 27 D5 Capital Gains from sale of Real Prop. Q:What is the tax? A:6% FIT Q:What is the difference if the seller is an individual and a DC?

A:Individual can sell all kinds of real property DC can only dispose land and/or buildings. SEC 27 (E) MCIT Q:Applicable to whom? A:DC and RFC Q:Can it be applied simultaneously with NIT? A:NO, imposed in lieu of the NIT, whichever is higher. Q:What is the Rationale? A:to prevent corporations from claiming too many deductions Q:When will it be imposed? A: On the 4th year immediately ff the year in which such corp commenced its busines s. When the MCIT is higher than the NIT Q:What is the carry over rule? A:Sec 27 E2 states the carry over rule. In order to avail: only in the year where the MCIT is greater than the NIT. Sec 28 A1 Q:What Kinds of taxes are paid by the RFC? A:NIT MCIT

Sec. 28 B2 MCIT on RFC same with Sec. 27 Sec. 28 A3- INTL CARRIER Kind: Air carrier ships An intl. carrier doing business in the Phils. shall pay 2 % on its Gross Phil Bil lings (GPB) Q:Is 28 A3 the Gen. rule or the Exception? A:It is the general rule because it is under 28 A3 GPB is in the nature of FIT, applies only if all the requirements are present. RFC will be liable for NIT, hence a RFC engaged in common carriage does not pay G PB but NIT Income without: EXEMPT International Carrier: GPB refers to the amount of revenue derived from:carriage of persons, excess bagg age, cargo and mail originitang from the Phils in a continouos and uninterrupted

flight, irrespective of the place of sale or issue and the place of payment of the tickets or passage document. REQ: Originating from the Phils. Continouos and uninterrupted flight; irrespective of the place of sale or issue and the place of the payment of ticke ts or passage document. Q:Do you consider landing rights to determine liability? (RR 15-2002) A: If originates from the Phils and has landing rights- ONLINE- RFC No landing rights- OFFLINE- NRFC Q:If there are stopovers, is it still uninterrupted? A:YES, provided that the stopover does not exceed 48 hrs. Q:When will the place of sale of tickets matter as to the taxpayers liability? A:The place of tickets is material only if the two other elements are not presen t to be able to know if its subj to NIT or exempt. Revalidated, exchanged or indorsed tickets REQ: The passenger boards a plane in a port or point in the Phils. The tickets must be revalidated, exchanged, or indorsed to another airline. Q:What if its the same airline but different plane? A:GPB does not apply, it must be to another airline Q:What if it did not originate from the Phils.? A:Determine if its income within or without. if ticket was purchased in the Phils. it is income within hence apply NIT if purchased outside, it is income without, hence exempt Transhipment REQ: flight originates from the Phils transhipment of passenger takes placeat any port outside the Phils. the passenger transferred on another airline Q:How do you apply GPB? A:Only the aliquot portion of the cost of the ticket corresponding to the leg fl own from the Phils to the point of transhipment shall from part of the GPB. Q:Is it liable for the whole flight? A: From the Phils to the point of transhipment, it is income w/in From transhipment to final destination, its income w/out- EXEMPT International Shipping GPB means gross revenue whether from passenger, cargo, mail REQ: it must originate from the Phils. up to final destination regardless of the place of sale or payments of passenger or freight documents

Sec28 A(4) OFF SHORE BANKING UNITS OBUs only acceptable foreign currencies always a foreign corporation (subj to NIT) except #3 Exempt if income is derived by the OBU from EFCDS Parties: local commercial banks Foreign bank branch Non Residents OBU in the Phils. Difference with EFCDS: EFCDS Acceptable foreign currency, Phil. Currency or both Can be a domestic or foreign corporation Exempt if income derived by DC or RFC from EFCDS Parties: local commercial banks Foreign bank branch Non Residents OBU in the Phils Other banks under EFCDS FOREIGN CURRENCY LOAN 10% FIT If: Lender- OBU Borrower- Resident Citizen EXCEPT: OBU Local Commercial Banks Transactions of Non Residents: Income earner: Non- Residents Lender: OBUs NOTE: Non resident exempt from transactions with OBUs and EFCDS SEC. 28 A5 TAX ON BRANCH PROFITS, REMITTANCES profits based on the total profits applied or earmarked fro remittance remitted b y a branch to its head office Subj to 15% tax Except: those activities which are registered with PEZA NOTE: Interests, Dividends, Rents, Royalties including remuneration for technica l sevices, salaries, wages, premiums, annuities, emoluments, or casual gains, pr ofits, income and capital gains received by a foreign corporation during each ta xable year from all sources within shall not be treated as branch profits UNLESS the same are effectively connected with the conduct of its trade or business. Branch Profit Remittance Two ways to receive income (FC) Branch Subsidiaries NOTE:

When a FC establishes branch, it is always a FC When a FC establishes DC, it is a RFC Q;It is in addition to NIT- Why? A:NIT because it is RFC Q;What kind of tax is imposed under 28 A5? A:15% FIT Q:How do you apply the rate? A:multiplied to the total profit applied or earmarked for remittance w/o deducti ons It applies for branches that are: the profit remitted is effectively connected with the conduct of its trade or bu siness in the Phils. One not registered with PEZA MARUBENI CASE F:A branch was established with AG&P, there was investment with AG&P Q:Did the petitioner participate with the negotiation? A:NO Q:What did the petitioner pay? A:15% Branch Profit Remittance Tax (BPRT) 10% Intercorporate Dividends Q:Whats the issue? A:Petitioner maintains that there was overpayment of taxes, thus the same was as king for a refund of tax erroneously paid. Q:Is is subj to FIT? A:NO, exempt if petitioner is RFC H:-not correct to pay 15% To be liable for BPRT It is a RFC Branch did not participate in negotiations SEC. 28 A6a Regional or area headquarters (Sec. 22 DD) shall not be subject to tax exempt fro m income tax if the requisites are present. Q:What are the requisites? A: the HQ do not earn or derive income from the Phils. Acts only as supervisory, communications, coordinating centre for their affiliat es, subsidiary or branches in the Asia- Pacific Regionand other foreign markets. SEC. 28 A6b Regional Operating HQ are taxable and liable to pay 10% taxable income. Regional Operating HQ is a branch established in the Phils by a multinational com pany engaged in any of the services: Gen. Administration and Planning Business Planning and Coordination Sourcing and procurement of Raw materials and components. Corporate Finance and Advisory Services Marketing Control and sales promotion Training and personal management logistic services

research and development services and product development technical support and maintenance data processing and communication and business development Rationale: Why liable? Because the claim for exemption of resident airlines shal l be minimized SEC. 28A7a Interests and Royalties: 20%FIT Interests under EFCDS= 7 % Sec. 28A7b Income derived under EFCDS 1. Income derived from foreign currency transactions with: Non Residents OBU Local commercial bank Foreign bank branches Other depository bank under the EFCDS As a Gen Rule: the above transaction is Exempt EXCEPTION:Income from such transaction as may be specified by the secretary of F inance, upon recommendation by the Monetary Board to be subject to regular incom e tax payable by any banks. 2. Interst income from foreign currency loans granted by depository bank under said EFCDS to others shall be subject to 10% FIT Exempt if granted to: 1. Other OBU in the Phils, and 2. Other depository bank under the EFCDS SEC. 28 A7c: Capital Gains from Shares of Stocks not Traded in the Stock exchange 5% or 10% as the case maybe SEC 28A7d: INTERCORPORATE DIVIDENDS DC- RFC= EXEMPT, not subj to tax SEC 28 B1 Q:What kind of tax? A:30% GIT on the ff income 1. Interest 2. Dividends 3. Rents 4. Royalties 5. Salaries 6. Premiums( except reinsurance premiums) 7. annuities 8. emoluments 9. Other fixed and determinable Gains, profits and income. SEC 28 B2 Non Resident Cinematographic film owner, lessor or distributor liable for 25% GIT

SEC 28 B3 Non Resident owner or lessor of Vessels chartered by Philippine Nation als. liable for 4 GIT Elements: Chartered to Filipino Citizens or Corporations Approved by MARINA SEC. B(4) Non Resident Owner or Lessor of Aircraft, Machiniries, and other Equip ments. liable for 7 1/2 % GIT SEC 28 b5a Interest on Foreign Loans Must be read with Sec. 32 B7a Interest on Foreign Loans, if the lender is NRFC liable to 20% FIT Foreign Govt. Exempt because it is an exclusion (Sec 32 b7a: income derived by a foreign govt from investments in the Phils on loans, stocks, bond, and other do mestic securities or from interest on deposits in banks by: Foreign govt. Financing inst owned controlled or enjoying, refinancing from foreign govt; and Inter nation or Regional financial inst established by foreign govt. COMMISIONER OF INTERNAL REV. vs. MITSUBISHI METAL CORP. (180 SCRA 214) F: Atlas Mining enetered into a Loan and Sales Contract with Mitsubishi Metal Co rp. ( A Japanese Corp.) for the purposes of projected expansion of the productiv ity capacity of the formers mines in Cebu. The contract provides that Mitsibushi will extend a loan to Atlas in the amount 20 M dollar, so that Atlas will be abl e install a new concentrator for copper production. -Mitsubishi to comply with its obligation, applied for a loan from Export- Impor t Bank of Japan (Exim Bank) and from consortium of Japanese banks. Pursuant to the contract Atlas paid interst to Mitsubishi where the correspondin g 15% tax thereon was withheld and only remitted to the Govt. Subsequently Mitsubishi filed a claim for tax credit requesting that the same be used as payment for its existing liabilities despite having executed a waiver a nd disclaimer of its interest in favour of Atlas earlier on. It is the contentio n of Mitsubishi that it was the mere agent of Exim Bank which is a financing ins t owned and controlled by the Japanese Govt. The status of Eximbank as a government controlled inst became the basis of the c laim fro exemption by Mitsubishi for the payment of interst on loans. I: WON Mitsubishi is a mere agent of Eximbank H: NO. The contract between the parties does not contain any direct reference to Exim Bank, it is strictly between Mitsubishi as creditor and Atlas as the selle r of copper. The bank has nothing to do with the sale of copper to Mitsubishi. A tlas and Mitsubishi had reciprocal obligations- Mitsubishi in order to fulfil it s obligations had to obtain a loan, in its independent capacity with Exim bank. Laws granting exemption from tax are construed strictly against the taxpayer and liberally in favour of the taxing authority. SEC. 28 D5 b INTERCORPORATE DIVIDENDS: FIT 15% imposed on the amount of cash and or prop dividends received from a domes tic corporation. SUBJ TO THE CONDITION: the country where the NRFC is domiciled allows a credit a

gainst the tax due from the NRFC taxes deemed paid or deemed to have been paid i n the Phils. Gen rule: 35 % FIT Exception: 15% under the tax deemed paid rule/ reciprocity rule/ tax sparring rul e JHONSONS CASE 2 Kinds of Categories: 1st : Japan, US, Germany, Phils liable for income within and income without 2nd : countries liable only for income within. MARUBENI Case: 2 Issues 1. Is the payment of 10% FIT correct? - No because it was a branch and RFC but still Marubeni was NRFC under the old law which is liable to pay 35%, but SC said liable only to 25% because of the ta x treaty You cannot refund right away 15% BPRT and 10% Intercorporate Dividends tax has di fferent basis In P&G who are involved DC (P&G Phil) and NRFC (P&G US) DC declares dividends to NRFC 35% was withheld and remitted to the BIR What did they discover? (after paying) they discovered that they are liable only for 15% so they have a refund of 20% Q:In the 1st case did the SC allowed the refund? A:NO, denial anchored on 2 grounds: One claiming for refund was not the proper party There was a showing or proof as to the existence of the tax deemed paid rule Q:In 2nd case was there a refund? A:YES, the SC reversed itself Income tax is FIT: the withholding agent is the proper party because he is liabl e to pay said taxes actual proof of payment not necessary, what is necessary is the law of the domic ile of the country providing fro tax credit equal to 20% of the tax deemed paid. Q:What is the rate if the law is silent? A:35% FIT The rate will only be 15% if theres a law recognizing the same but this refers to the case of those belonging to the first category. WANDER CASE Q:Who are the parties? A:DC(Wander) and FC (Glaxo)- they belong to different categories The BIR tried to collect 35% because the law is totally silent about the tax cre dit H: The SC said that the tax should be 15% which applies 2 instances: Foreign law do not provide for tax credit- 35% law provides but the law is silent- 15% law is silent because there is no law- 15% law is silent because thers no law because the subj matter is not taxable- 15%

SEC. 29 IAET Q:What is the rate? A:10% of the gross income (taxable income) It is imposed upon the improperly accumulated taxable income of the corporation Q:Applies to what Corp? A:to DC only under RR 2- 2001( classified as closely held corporations) Q:Is it in the nature of sanction? A:Yes, it is imposed to compel the corporation to declare dividends. Q:Why? A:because if profits are distributed to the shareholders, they will be liable fo r the payment of Dividends tax. Now, if the profits are undistributed the shareh olders will not incur liability on taxes with respect to the undistributed profi ts of the Corp. In a way it is in the form of deterrent to the avoidance of tax upon shareholder s who are supposed to pay dividends tax on the earnings distributed to them. Q:What is taxable income? A:SEC. 31 defines taxable income as the pertinent items of gross income specifie d in this Code, less the deductions and/or personal and additional exemptions, i f any, authorized for such types of income by this Code or other special law Q:When not liable to pay IAET? A:There are 2 groups of DC exempt from payment of IAET (RR2-2001) A) Corporations failure to declare dividends because of reasonable needs of busi ness Reasonable needs means are construed to mean immediate needs of the business incl uding reasonable anticipated needs Q:What constitutes reasonable accumulation of the corporations earnings? Examples ? A: Allowance for the increase in the accumulation of earnings up to 100% of the pai d- up capital of the corporation. earnings reserved for the definite corporate expansion projects or programs appo ved by the Board Earnings reserved fro buildings, plants, or equipment, acquisition approved by t he Board Earnings reserved for compliance with any loan agreement or pre- existing obliga tions Earnings required by law or other applicable statutes to be retained. In case of subsidiaries of foreign corporation, all undistributed earnings or pr ofits intended or reserved for investments NOTE: the corporations belonging in the 1st group are normally liable but they c an show that the accumulation of earnings is justified for reasonable needs of b usiness, they incur no liability and exempt from payments of the same. B) Corporations which are exempt whether or not it is for reasonable needs of th e business: 1. Banks, and other non- bank financial intermediaries. 2. Insurance companies 3. Publicly- held corporations

4. 5. 6. 7.

Taxable partnerships General Professional Partnerships Non- taxable joint- ventures Enterprises registered with a) PEZA b) Bases Conversion Devt Act of 1992 (RA 9227) c) Special Economic Zone declared by law

Q:What is a closely- held corporations? A:Those corporation at least 50% in value of the outstanding capital stock or at least 50% of thetotal combined voting power all classes of stock entitled to vo te is owned directly, or indirectly by or for not more than 20 individuals NOTE: Publicly held Corp. has more than 20 shareholders Q:What is the time for paying this tax? A:Calendar Year: Jan 25, 2005- Dec 31, 2005. Today is 2006. You have 1 year to d eclare after the close of the taxable year. 2006 is the grace period. You will p ay on January 2007. Q:If youre not mentioned to be exempted, will you still be liable? A:No, if you invoke adjustments SEC 30. EXEEMPTIONS FROM TAX ON CORPORATIONS Determine the Corporations exemptions under Sec. 30 27 C and 22B. Sec 30, the corporations shall not be taxed under this title (tax on income) in respect to income receive by them as such. Sec 27, the corporations enumerated are always exempt. Thus exemption is uncondi tional Sec 22B GPP, as a general rule is not a corporation except if it earns income from other business Joint Venture w/ service contract w/ government not a corporation, otherwise, it is liable. Q:What is the reason for not including the corporations exempt under section 27C and Section 22B under Section 30? A:Because there is an exemption which does not apply to all exempt corporation. The exemption under Section 30 is not absolute while the exemption under Section 27 C is absolute and without any conditions. In addition, Section 22B provides that a joint venture is generally taxable unless it has a service contract with the government, a generally taxable corporation cannot be joined with the group as generally not taxable corporation. General Professional Partnership is exem pt but the exemption is not the same as provided by Section 30. TAKE NOTE: Las Paragraph of Section 30. exemption to the exemption: income of whatever kind and character of the foregoin g organizations from: 1. any of their properties, real or personal; 2. any activities conducted for profit regardless of the disposition of said income, shall be subject to tax. Q:Enumerate the exempt corporations under Section 30; What is the requirement? A: 1. Labor, agricultural or horticultural organization not organized principally f or profit; 2. Mutual savings bank not having a capital stock represented by shares, and coo

perative bank without capital stock organized and operated for mutual purpose an d without profit; 3.a beneficiary society, order or association, operating for the exclusive benef it of the members such as fraternal organization operating under lodge system. (lodge system: operating world wide) or a mutual old association or a non-stock corporation: organized by employees; providing for the payment of life, sickness, accident or other exclusive benefit s to its employees and their dependents; 4. Cemetery (a) company owned and (b) operated exclusively for the benefit of i ts members; 5. Non-stock corporation or association organized and operated exclusively for Religious, Charitable, Scientific, Artistic or Cultural purposes, or for the Reh abilitation of Veterans (RCSACR), no part of its net income or asset shall belon g ot or inure to the benefit of any member, organizer, officer, or any specific person; 6.Business league, chamber of commerce, or Board of trade, (a) not organized for profit and (b) no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any stock holder or individual; 7.Civil league or organization not organized for profit but operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare. CIR vs. YMCA Q:What is the basis of Manila BIR for the imposition of the tax? A:last paragraph of Section 30, because YMCA was conducting an activity for prof it. F:the CTA and the CA invoked the doctrine laid down in Herrera and Abra Valley c ase which involves an exemption from the payment of Real property Tax. H:The SC revised the ruling. YMCVA is liable to pay income tax applying the las t paragraph of Section 30. YMCA Is exempt from the payment of property tax, but not to income tax on rental s from its property. The tax code specifically mandates that the income of exempt organizations (unde r section 30) from any of their properties, real or personal, shall be subject t o tax, including the rent income of the YMCA from its real prop. 8. a non-stock and non profit educational institution; 9. govt educational institution; 10.Farmers or other mutual typhoon or fire insurance company, mutual ditch or irr igation company, or like organization of a purely local character, the income of which consists solely of assessment, dues and fees, collected from members for the sole purpose of meeting its expenses; 11.Farmers, fruit growers or like association organized and operated as a sales ag ent for the purpose of marketing the products of its members and turning back to them the proceeds of sales, less the necessary selling expenses on the basis of the quantity of produce finished by them. TAKE NOTE: income of sales agent is exempt.

Section 31: TAXABLE INCOME CHAPTER VI: COMPUTATION OF GROSS INCOME SECTION 32: GROSS INCOME Q:What is the tax treatment? Are these taxable income? Are these included in the gross income? Is it included in the ITR? Is it subject to NIT? A:Sec. 32 A answers the questions.

Q:What is the income tax referred to here? A:NIT. The section refers only to the payment of NIT. It speaks of the NIT. Q:If the is mentioned under Section 32 A, does it follow that it is automaticall y included in the GIT? A:No, Section 32 A states Except when otherwise provided in this title Q:What are A: 1. Income 2. Income 3. Income the income that are not included, not subject to NIT? that are subject to FIT. that are considered an exclusion; and that are exempt.

Q:When do you not apply Sec. 32 A? A:it applies to all except: 1. NRANETB 2. NRFC they do not pay NIT, they pay by way of GIT. Q:What are included in the Gross income? A: 1. Compensation for services in whatever form paid including but nor limited to fees, salaries, wages, commissions, and similar items. [Sec. 32 A (1)] Q:What is compensation? A:all remuneration for services performed by an employee for his employer under an employer-employee relationship. TAKE NOTE: compensation is included in the ITR if the taxpayer is not liable fo r NIT. Thus, if subject to NIT, included in the ITR. Q:Is there an instance where the salaries of a RC is not included in the ITR? A:Yes, if the salary is subject to FIT, like when the RC is employed in Multinat ional, offshore banking, and petroleum companies. 2. Gross Income derived from the conduct of trade or business or the exercise o f a profession; [Sec. 32 A (2)] Q:What is the income tax here? A:NIT, included in the ITR. 3. Gains derived from dealings in property. [Sec. 32 A (3)] Q:Did the law distinguished? A:No, the law did not distinguished between real and personal property. TAKE NOTE: 1. Sale of real property 2. Sale of shares of stock (personal prop.) if the elements are present, subject to FIT. Thus, it is not included in the ITR , the withholding agent will be responsible for this. Q:Income form the sale of property, do you include this in the ITR? A:it depends a. if subject to FIT, not included. Withholding agent accomplish the forms subject to FIT if the following elements are present: it is a capital asset; located in the Phil.: and

sold by individual, trust, estate, DC. b. if subject to NIT, included in the ITR. Elements are not present, like when the real prop. is an ordinary asset or when i t is capital asset if the taxpayer is RFC. TAKE NOTE: R-R 17-2003 Real property sale subject to FWT, the buyer accomplishes the ITR. 4. interest; [Sec. 32 A (4)] Q:What interest is being referred to here? A:interest which is included in the computation of gross income is interest earn ed from lending money and interest from bank deposit which does not constitute p assive income. Bank interest from sources, without or abroad. Q:Bank interest from Solid Bank, is it included in the ITR? A:No, because it is included or considered an income within, thus subject to FIT . Thus, not included in the ITR. 5. Rents. [Sec. 32 A (5)] subject to NIT, included in the ITR. 6. Royalties; [Sec. 32 A (6)] Q:What is being referred to here? A:royalties which does not constitute passive income. Royalties derived from in come without. subject to NIT. Thus not included in the ITR. Q:Who are the taxpayers? A:Liable from income w/in and w/out and the rest are exempt. RC DC 7. Dividends. [Sec. 32 A (7)] Q:What kind of dividends? A:one that does not constitute a passive income. TAKE NOTE: 1. DC individual taxpayer = FIT 2. DC DC & RFC = EXEMPT 3. DC NRFC = FWT only dividends issued by a FC to an individual taxpayer (RC OR RA) is included in the computation of the gross income. Thus, included in the ITR. 8. Annuities. [Sec. 32 A (8)] Q:What kind of annuities? A:annuities which are not exempt from tax are included in the computation of the gross income. (included in the ITR) 9. Prizes and Winnings [Sec. 32 A (9)] Q:What kind of prizes and winnings? A:

a. those that does not constitute passive income; and b.those that are not considered as an exclusion. Thus, exempt. Passive Income 1. Prizes derived from sources within and over 10,000.00 2.Winnings derived from sources within. Exempt: a. winnings: PCSO and Lotto winnings. b. prizes: those primarily for recognition of (1)religious, (2)charitable, (3)scientific, (4 )educational, (5)artistic, (6)literary, (7)civic achievement are exempt PROVIDED : 1. the recipient was selected without any action on his part to enter the cont est or proceedings; and 2. the recipient is not required to render substantial future services as a con dition to receiving the prize or award. prizes and awards granted to athletes are also exempted provided: 1.local or international sports competition or tournament; 2. held in the Philippines or abroad; and 3.sanctioned by the national sports association. Q:When is a prize subject to NIT? A:1. when derived from income without; 2. when less than 10,000.00; 3. when the income earner is a DC or RC. Q:When is winning subject to NIT? A:1. When derived from income without; 2. when the income earner is a DC or RC. 10. Pensions [Sec. 32 A (10)] Q:What kind of pension? A:Included in the gross income if not exempt never subject to fit (?) 11. Partners distributive share from the net income of the general professional partnership (GPP). Q:What is being referred to? A:GPP exempt from payment of corporate income tax shares of partners subject to NIT Sec. 26 SEC 32 B EXCLUSIONS FROM GROSS INCOME Q:What do you mean by exclusions? Are these exempt from income tax? A:these are not included in the gross income, THUS, exempt. TAKE NOTE: Exemptions, exclusions, deductions, have the same characteristics al l tax do not apply. 1. Life insurance [Sec. 31 B (1)] Q:What is the requirement? A:only one requirement for exemption: that the proceeds of the life insurance be payable upon the death of the insured.

Q:Does it matter who the beneficiary is or paid in a lump sun or single sum? A:No. it does not matter. Exception: amounts held by the insurer under an agreement to pay interest thereo n, the interest payment shall be included in the gross income. 2. Amount received by insured as return of premium [Sec. 32 B (2)] Q:if the insurance is payable within a certain time, say 10 years and thereafter the insured did not die, how much will be excluded? A:only the amount received by the insured as a return of the premiums. Ex. 1 M 100 thousand = capital It is exempt (100K) 900K is taxable. Q:Why is it excluded? A:because the amount received merely represents a return of capital. Q:is this subject to Estate Tax under Sec. 85 E? do we have the same requirement ? A:no, the requirement for exemption is not the same under Section 85 E. 3. Proceeds of life insurance: decedent insured himself, inclusion or exclusion will depend on who the beneficiary is. a. the beneficiary is the estate. subject to Estate tax, included in the gross estate regardless of whether or not the designation of the beneficiary is revocable or irrevocable. b. the beneficiary is a third person other than the estate. b.1 Revocable Designation subject to estate tax, included in the gross estate. Reason: because of the insureds power to modify or change the beneficiary. b.2 Irrevocable Designation not subject to Estate tax, not included in the gross estate. Reason: the insured loses the power to control, modify and change the beneficiar y. Q:Is it subject to VAT? A:1. Non-life insurance yes, subject to VAT under 108 (A). 2. Life insurance NO, subject to percentage tax under Sec. 123 of the Tax Code. 4.Gifts, Bequest and Devises [Sec. 32 B (3)] Q:Why is the donee exempt from income tax? A:Because the law classify it as an exclusion, not important to know whether pro perty is real or personal. What is exempted is the value of property acquired by gift, bequest or devise TAKE NOTE: A. GIFTS are excluded because they are subject to donors tax. B. BEQUEST and DEVISE are excluded because they are subject to ESTATE tax. Q:what is included in the gross income? A:income from such property. gift, bequest, devise or descent of income from any property in case of transfers of divided interest.

5.Compensation for injuries or sickness [Sec. 32 B (4)] Q:is this the same as those provided under the workmens compensation act (wca)? A:YES. There are 3 groups: a. Health or accident insurance or those under workmens compensation. b. personal injuries and sickness; and c. Damages to prevent injuries and sickness. Q:What does injury include? A:The term injury includes death, even if not injured, if the person dies this w ill be available. Q:when will the damages recovered be exempt? A:General Rule: all damages awarded are tax exempt. Exception: damages representing loss of income. Q:Why is it considered an exclusion? A:because this is just an indemnification for the injuries or damages suffered. 6. Income exempt under a treaty [Sec. 32 B (5)] Q:What is excluded? A:income of any kind required by treaty binding upon the Phil. Government. 7. Retirement benefits, pensions, gratuities [Sec. 32 B (6)] Q:Why do we need to distinguish retirement pay, separation pay and terminal leav e pay? A:because they have different requirements for exemption. Q:What is retirement pay? A:the sum of money received upon reaching the maximum age of employment. a. Under RA4917 (with Retirement Plan) 1.the private benefit plan is approved by the BIR (RR2-98); 2. the retiring official or employee has been in the service of the same employe r for the last 10 years; 3. he is at least 50 years old at the time of retirement; and 4.the official or employee avails himself/herself of the benefit only once. b. Under RA7641 1. the retiring years old; 2. the employee entitled to 15 (without retirement plan) official employee is at least 60 years old but not more than 65 or official must have served the company for at least 5 years; days salary and of the 13th month pay for every year of service.

TAKE NOTE: the retirement benefits under RA4917 and RA7641 are exempt from incom e tax provided the requirements are present. SEC. 32 B(6)(c) retirement benefits given by foreign government, foreign corporation, public as w ell as private to RC, NRC, RA residing permanently in the Philippines - exempt w ithout further qualifications automatic exclusions. SEC. 32 B(6)(d,e,f) retirement benefits given by the Philippine Govt through the GSIS, SSS and PVAO ar e exempt without further qualifications = automatic exclusions.

Gross Income include both capital and ordinary gains, Sec. 31 says gross income-d eductions, that which is ordinary loss. - may be deducted from capital gains and ordinary gains. Q:What is separation pay? A:on given when one is terminated from the service because of (1) illness, (2)de ath, (3) physical incapacity or injury, or (4) causes beyond the control of the employee. Q:Are there any requirement for separation pay granted by foreign govt or corp? A:None, the separation pay granted by the aforementioned institutions are exempt without further qualifications (other similar benefits). Q:is separation pay an exclusion, therefore, exempt? A:No. GENERAL RULE: Separation pay not exempt (?) Exception: 1. Automatic exclusions, thus exempt if due to: illness death physical incapacity or injury. 2. Conditional exclusion causes beyond the control of the employee- excluded within employees control included. Examples: 1. registration CBA provides separation pay, within the control = included. 2. installation of labor saving devises or bankruptcy beyond the control = exclu ded. Q:What is terminal leave pay? A:the accumulated vacation leave and sick leave benefits converted to cash or mo ney to be given either every year or upon retirement or separation. Terminal Leave Pay granted upon retirement or separation: uder PD220, TLP in the Govt or in the Private Sector shall be exempt from income t ax if given or granted upon retirement or separation. TLP granted on a yearly basis: 1. employee in the private sector: accumulated sick leave subject to income tax. Accumulated vacation leave: if more than 10 days (meaning 11 pataas) subject to income tax; If 10 days or less exempt. 2. Govt Employee: governing law: EO 291 of Pres. Estrada, RMC 16-2000. Rule: Govt workers (both officers or non-officers) granted TLP on a yearly basis exempt from income tax. there is no qualification as to vacation or sick leave. Take Note of 3 cases. be reminded of EO 291, Sec. 2. 78.2 par. 97, RR2-98, RR16-200 (3). Case of Zialcita retired from DOJ, contention: TLP should be exempt from income tax pursuant to th e old law. SC: on a different ground TLP is exempt because it is similar to Retirement pay, thus exempt but the rulings application is limited only to DOJ employees.

Borromeo case: Same as the Zialcita case Issues: WON the TLP is subject to income tax and WON COLA and RATA are included? SC: RULED TLP is Exempt! Modified: the rule applies not only to DOJ officers but also to CSC commissioner s. COMMISSIONER v. CASTAEDA - Castaeda DFA officer in Phil. Embassy in England. 1. TLP is exempt. 2. Ruling applies to DFA officers. Q:Does the rule or decision applies to Govt officials only? A:No. PD220: Exemption applies to both private and public sectors(?) it does not matter if TLP is vacation or sick leave. RR2-98, Sec. 2.78.1 par. (a)(7) JAN, 1998 the rule applies to both private and public sectors. EO291 (SEPT., 2000) Officer in govt receiving TLP is always exempt whether or not vacation or sick lea ve is granted. Modified RR2-98: TLP will only apply to if granted on a yearly 1. MORE THAN 10 DAYS = 2. LESS THAN 10 DAYS = private sectors basis may be subject to tax: VACATION LEAVE TAXABLE EXEMPT

8.Miscellaneous items (Sec. 32 B (7) (a) income derived by foreign Govt [Sec. 32 B (7) (a)] Q:What kind of income? A: 1. investments in: loans stocks bonds other domestic securities 2. interest from deposits in Banks in the Philippines. Q:Who are income earners? A: 1.foreign government 2.financing institutions owned, controlled or enjoying re-financing from foreign govts; and 3.intl or regional financial institutions established by foreign govts (establishe d in the Philippines) TAKE NOTE: if plain foreign corp., subject to FIT 20%. EXAMPLES of exclusions: a. Brunei Govt earns interest by depositing money in Makati Bank Exclusion. b. SMC- Stock dividends to 3. Brunei Govt. exclusion c.Income derived by the Govt or its political subdivisions (Sec. 32 B (7) (b) a. exercise of public utility b. exercise of any essential govt function. accruing to the govt. dprizes and awards (Sec. 32 B 7 c)

primarily for religious, charitable, scientific, educational, artistic, literary or civic achievements: 1. recipient was selected without any action on his part to enter the contest or proceedings; 2. the recipient was not required to render substantial future services as a con dition to receive the prize or award. D. 1. 2. 3. 4. prizes and awards in sports (Sec. 32B 7 d) granted to athletes; local or intl competitions; held here or abroad; sanctioned by the natl sports associations.

E. 13th month pay and other benefits (Sec. 32B 7 e) Q: Do you include Christmas bonus in your ITR? A: No, because the law says 13th month pay and other benefits/similar benefits xmas bonus is included in the category. Q: Who can increase the 30,000 limit? A: The Sec. of Finance. Q: Applicable to whom? A: 1. govt; and 2. Private institutions. F. GSIS, SSS, Medicare and other contributions (Sec. 32 B 7 f) must be deducted from the GI not NIT because it is an exclusion. -creditable withholding tax is an exclusion- must be deducted first from the GI before you compute the NIT. Otherwise, you are including in the GI something tha t is excluded from the same. G. Gains from the Sale of bonds, debentures, or other Certificate of indebtednes s. (Sec. 32 B 7 g) Q: Why 5 years? A: certificate of indebtedness is similar to Bank Interest in a long term deposi t. - Sec. 32 B 7 g is similar or the same as 24 B in long term deposit. H. Gains from redemption of shares in mutual fund (Sec. 32 B 7 h) 1. Fiscal Year means an accounting period of 12 months ending on the last day of any month other than December. 2. Calendar year a period of 12 months beginning on January and ending on Decemb er. Q: Business expense incurred in February 2006, is it possible to include it for April 2006? A: yes, it is possible or it is possible if fiscal year is employed, if it falls under the fiscal year and all the elements are present. - related to trade or business. REASON: Capital loss has no connection to the trade or business. TAKE NOTE: for taxpayers liable for income within and without (RC & DC)), they can claim ded

uction for expenses incurred within and without. for taxpayers who are liable only for income within, they can claim a deduction f or expenses incurred within the Philippines. Sec. 34 A EXPENSES 1. For those business expenses not enumerated under A. You need to prove that it is an ordinary and necessary expense. 2. For those enumerated under A, all you have to prove is that it is incurred d uring the taxable year. Feb. 12, 2007 (Sec. 34 A, Expenses) Q: Did the law define what is reasonable? A: No. for salaries and wages all that is required by law is for it to be reason able. - for other forms of compensation, there must be services actually rendered.

AGUINLDO Case F: involves a corporation engaged in selling fish nets, and the corporation have a land sold through a broker. there was substantial profits gained from the sale of a land which was sold by a broker. The profit was in turn given to the workers as special bonus. the corporation claimed the bonus as a deduction. ISSUE: Should the deduction be allowed? H: The SC did not allow the deduction, for other forms of compensation, it must be made or given for services actually rendered. in this case, it was proven that the sale was not made by the employees, no effor t or services actually rendered by them because the sale was made through a brok er. Q: Reasonable Travel Expenses, What is the requirement? A: 1. Travel must be in pursuit of business, trade or profession. 2. Travel expense while away from home. Q: Is there a travel expense which was not in pursuit of business? A: yes, those which are considered as fringe benefits (FB), expenses for foreign travel is considered a FB only if it is not in pursuit of the trade or business . Q: can you claim it under Sec. 34 A (1)(a)(ii)? A: No, you can claim it under Sec. 34 A (1)(a)(i) last paragraph. Q: A: 1. of 2. Reasonable Allowances for rentals for meralco bills, requirements? required as a condition for the continued use or possession, for the purpose the trade, business or possession of the property. taxpayer has not taken any title or no equity other than a lessor.

Q: at A: 1. 2. 3.

Reasonable allowance for entertainment, amusement and recreation expenses, wh is the requirement? connected with the development, management, and operation of the trade (DOM); Does not exceed the limits or ceiling set by the Secretary of Finance; and Not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public policy or public order.

Q: How about bribe, kickbacks, and other similar payments A: even without this provisions, kickbacks will not pass the requirement of (i) ordinary and (ii) necessary hence not deductible EXPENSES ALLOWABLE TO PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION Q: Why only private educational institution is mentioned and no other taxpayers? A: it refers to section 27 for Private Educational Institution given to the educ ational institution. GENERAL RULE: 36 A (2) and 36 A (3) expenditures for capital outlays not deducti ble as business expense EXCEPTION: Private Educ. Institution can claim it under Sec. 34 A (2) BUSINESS EXPENSE vs. ALLOWANCE FOR DEPRECIATION BUSINESS EXPENSE 1. No carry-over 2. can be claimed for one year only. 3. if the amount of capital outlay is substantial, it cannot accommodate all of the expenses incurred. ALLOWANCE FOR DEPRECIATION 1. There is carry over 2. you can claim it for a longer period depending on the life span of the proper ty. 3. it can accommodate all of the expenses incurred. taxpayers allowable deduction for interest expense shall be deducted by an amount equal to 42% (RR 10-2000) of the interest income subject to FIT. Q: Who claims this deduction? A: the debtor claims this deduction. Q: What kind of interest is this? A: interest on loan. interest on debt - when one borrows money to finance his business interest in con nection with the taxpayers profession trade or business. REDISCOUNTING OF PAPERS : (Sec. 34 B 2 a) a borrower or taxpayer can claim the interest paid in advance as itemized deducti on when he filed his income tax return (ITR) depending on whether or not the pri ncipal obligation has been paid. 1. if the entire amount or entire principal obligation has been paid the entire amount of interest can be claimed as itemized deduction. 2. if only of the obligation had been paid, then the entire amount of of that in terest can be claimed as a deduction.

3. if no payment had been paid on the principal obligation, the advance interes t paid cannot be claimed as a deduction on the years that it was paid. REQUIREMENTS FOR REDISCOUNTING OF PAPERS: 1. incurred within the taxable year. 2. individual taxpayer reporting income on a cash basis. No deduction shall be allowed in respect to the following interest: 1. if within the taxable year an individual taxpayer reporting income on the cas h basis incurs an indebtedness on which an interest is paid in advance or throug h discount or otherwise. 2. if both taxpayer and the person to whom the payments has been made or is to b e made are persons specified under Sec. 36 (B): a. member of a family b. bet. an individual and a corp., more than 50% in advance of the outstanding s tock of which is owned directly or indirectly by or for such individual; c. Bet. 2 corp., more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock of each of whic h is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for the same individual. d. bet. the grantor and a fiduciary of any trust; e. bet. the fiduciary of a trust and the fiduciary of another trust if the same person is a grantor with respect to each trust; or f. bet. a fiduciary of trust and a beneficiary of such trust. Q: Who are not allowed to claim interest under sec 36 B? A: interest incurred between related parties. Q: What if half-brother? A: not allowed to claim deduction for interest. TAKE NOTE: interest incurred from the exploration of petroleum refers not just i n interest incurred on loan of money but also interest incurred for installment payments. Q: Who are related parties? A: individuals and corporations. OPTIONAL TREATMENT OF INTEREST EXPENSE: 1. interest incurred to acquire property used in trade, business or exercise of profession can be claimed a an itemize deduction on interest; or depreciation (as capital expenditure?) Q: What is this interest income? A: the money borrowed was deposited in a bank so that it will warn interest. (RR 13-2000) ILLUSTRATION: 1. loan of 1M from a bank with an interest of 20% 2. 20% of 1M is Php200,000 but you cannot claim this whole amount as a deduction . 3. when you deposited the 1M in the bank, it earned a bank interest subject to F IT worth Php10,000.00. 4. 42% (RR) of 10,000 = 4,200 (RR 9337) 5. Php200K-4,200= Php195,800/ this is the amount you can claim as a deduction.

34 C TAXES: REQUISITES: 1. taxes must paid or incurred within the taxable year 2. it must be incurred in connection with trade or business. 3. can be claimed as: a deduction; or 34 C 1&2 tax credit 34 C 3&7

Q: Where should it be deducted? A: 1. if claimed as a deduction, it should be deducted from the gross income; 2. if claimed as a tax credit, it should be deducted from the Net Income Tax due (bottom of the formula) MERCURY DRUG CASE - Discount of senior citizens SC: discount claimed by senior citizens shall create a tax credit and must be de ducted at the bottom of the formula. Q: What is a tax deduction? Example? A: Tax deduction is allowed if the taxes were paid or incurred within the taxabl e year and it must be connected to the trade, business or profession of the tax payer. Example is business tax. Q: Who are entitled to claim it? A: those liable to pay NIT. (Tax credit only for NIT) Q: What is a tax credit? A: refers to the taxpayers right to deduct from the income tax due the amount of tax the taxpayer paid to foreign country, subject to limitations. Q: What is the tax credit being referred to under 34 C (3)? A: credit against taxes for taxes of foreign country. Q: What are the other tax credit under the code? A: 1. RA 6452 selling goods and commodities to senior citizens, the discount claime d is treated as a tax credit. 2. income tax paid to foreign country. 3. Input tax on Vat 4. Creditable w/holding tax system under NIT 5. Tax credit certificate. Q: Who are allowed to claim it? A: RC and DC only. Q: suppose you paid the 100K NIT to US, can you claim as a deduction the whole 1 00K? what is the formula? same procedure for (1) income tax paid to foreign country; (2) estate tax paid to foreign country; and (3) Donors tax paid to foreign country. A: Formula: STEP 1

GI from sources w/in NIT: _____________________ GI from entire world STEP 2 Quotient x RATE = amount w/c can be claimed as a deduction A: you cannot claim the whole 100K, you can only claim the product of the quotie nt times the rate TAKE NOTE: deduct at the bottom of the formula ( sa computation ng GI) Q: Suppose you are a RC, you pay NIT to US, will you be able to claim it as a ta x deduction? A: 1. generally, you can claim it as tax credit. 2. you can claim under Sec. 34 C (1) b if the taxpayer did not signify in his return his intention to avail himself of t he benefit of tax credit for taxes paid to foreign country. taxes incurred not related to the trade or business, you have the option to: a. claim it as tax credit; or b. claim it as a deduction law gives you this privilege. Q: When is taxes not allowed as a deduction? A: Sec. 34 C (1) 1. Income tax; 2. Income tax imposed by authority of any foreign country; 3. Estate and Donor tax; and 4. taxes assessed against local benefits of a kind tending to increase the value of the property. Q: Who are not allowed to claim deductions? A: Under 34 C (3) - NRC, NRA; and N/RFC TAKE NOTE: 1. NRAE and NFC allowed deduction only if and to the extent that they are connec ted with income from sources within the Phils. 2. Taxes that had been allowed as deduction but are later in refunded should be treated as part of the gross income during the year that it is received (34 1 la st paragraph) Q: Which would you choose? Tax credit or deduction? A: tax credit because it is deducted from the taxable income while deductions ar e deducted from the GI. FORMULA: GI-DEDUCTION = NET INCOME x RATE = TAXABLE NET INCOME TAX CREDIT) 34 D LOSSES Q: Is always a requirement that it is incurred in pursuit of trade, bus. or prof ession? A: No. Sec. 34 D(1) provides for 2 kinds of losses: a. incurred in pursuit of trade, bus. or profession; b. property connected with t,b,p, if the loss arises from fire, storms, shipwr ecks or other casualties or from robbery, theft or embezzlement (arising from na tural calamity).

Q: A: 1. 2. 3.

What is the requirement? Loss actually sustained during the taxable year Not compensated for by insurance or other forms of indemnity. Not claimed as a deduction for estate tax purposes.

Q: This is your itemized deduction which can be claimed as a deduction from? A: Gross income TAKE NOTE: The itemized deduction of losses, however, is not confined to section 34B. it is also found under section 86A (1) (e) which also pertains to deductions availa ble under the estate tax law. Losses within six (6) months after the death of the decedent can be claimed as it emized deduction of losses under Section 34B. However, may be claimed as deducti on under estate tax return provided that the same are not claimed as itemized de duction of losses under Section 34B. Q: A: 1. 2. 3. How many carry-overs do we have under the Code? 3. Namely: Section 27 E (32) Carry forward of excess minimum Tax Section 39 D Net Capital Loss Carry-over Section 39 D 3 Net Operating Loss Carry-Over.

KINDS OF LOSSES AND THEIR CARRY-OVERS: A. ORDINARY LOSS NOLCO ( #3 above) Q: Why is there a need for a carry over under Sec. 34 D # when you can claim the loss from both capital and ordinary loss? A: if the loss exceeds the income for the taxable year, you cannot deduct the en tire amount of loss from your income for that year so the excess may be deducted for the taxable year following the loss. B. CAPITAL LOSS NET CAPITAL LOSS CARRY OVER NET CAPITAL LOSS CARRY-OVER NET OPERATING LOSS CARRY-OVER 1. taxpayers is an individual only not corporation. 2. involves net capital loss 3. carry-over as loss from sale of capital asset in the next succeeding year 4. can only be deducted from capital gains. 1. taxpayer may be an individual or corp; 2. losses incurred or connected with T or B; 3. Business losses not previously off-set as a deduction from the GI carried ove r as such for the next 3 consecutive years; 4. can be deducted from capital gains and/or ordinary gains. NET OPERATING LOSS CARRY REQUIREMENTS: (# 2 above)

1.Net operating loss of the business or enterprise incurred w/in the taxable yea r 2. not previously off-set as a deduction from the GI 3. carried over as a deduction from the GI for the next 3 consecutive taxable ye ars immediately following the year of such loss. Q: Can the period be extended? A: yes, for mines other than oil and gas well. 1. net operating loss w/out the benefit incentives provided by law; 2. incurred in any of the first 10 years of operation. 3. carried over as a deduction from the GI for the next 5 years following such l oss. 4. no substantial change in the ownership of the business or enterprise. Q: What is the limit? A: 75% of the nominal value of outstanding shares is held by or on behalf of th e same persons/ corporation individual no problem, problem lies with corporations or enterprises. ABANDONMENT LOSSES 1. contract area where petroleum operations are undertaken is partially or wholl y abandoned; all (1) accumulated exploration and (2) development expenditures pertaining ther eto shall be allowed as a deduction. 2. a producing well is subsequently abandoned: unamortized cost and undepreciated cost of equipment directly used therein shall be allowed as a deduction in the years it was abandoned. TAKE NOTE: 1. if abandoned well is reentered and production is resumed; or 2. if equipment or facilities are restored into service in the year of resumptio n or restoration and shall amortized or depreciated. Q: What A: Last tion in year of is the Tax benefit rule? Par. of Sec. 34 E (1): recovery of bad debts previously allowed as deduc the preceding year shall be included as part of the gross income in the recovery to the extent of the income tax benefits of said deduction.

Q: What is a Bad Debt? A: Bad debts shall refer to those debts resulting from the worthlessness or inco llectibility in whole or in part of amounts due the taxpayer by others, arising from money lent or from uncollectible amounts of income from goods sold and serv ices rendered. CHINA BANK VS. CA bad debts can only be claimed if pursuant to a contract of loan - no bad debts for loss of instruments. Q: Who claims it? A: a. creditor b.money lender Q: What year can it be claimed? A: can be claimed in the year it was actually sit ascertained to be worthless an d charged off, meaning cancelled in the books of account.

Q: Do you need to file an action before you can claim? A: No, all you have to do is prove that you did exert effort to claim or recover the same. Q: What cannot be deducted as bad debts? A: debts not incurred in connection with the trade, business and profession of tax payer. transactions, mered into between parties mentioned under Section 36 (B) namely. between members of the family between an individual who owns more than 30% of outstanding capital stock of a c orporation and that corporation between two (2) corporations more that 50% of the outstanding capital stock of w hich is owned by or for the same individual between a grantor and fiduciary of any trust between two (2) fiduciaries of two (2) trusts who has the same grantor between a fiduciary of a trust and above fiduciary of such trust SECURITIES BECOMING WORTHLESS ascertained to be worthless and charged off within the taxable year capital asset taxpayer, other than a Bank or trust company incorporated under Phil. Laws substantial part of business is the receipt of deposit considered as a loss from the sale of capital assets on the last day of such tax able year 34 F DEPRECIATION Q: What is depreciation? A: It is the gradual dimension in the service or useful value of tangible proper ty due from exhaustion, wear and tear and normal obsolescence. Q: What kind of property is involved? A: 1. Real property except parcel of land 2. Personal Property REQUISITES: depreciation deduction must be reasonable for the exhaustion, wear and tear, including reasonable allowance for obsolesce nce property used in the trade of business Q: What do you mean by reasonable allowance? A: it shall include, but not limited to, an allowance computed in accordance wi th rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommenda tion of the Commissioner, under any of the following methods: 1.Straight-line method 2.Declining balance method 3.Sum-of-the-year-digital method; and 4.any other method which may be prescribed by the Secretary of Finance upon reco mmendation of the Commissioner DEPRECIATION OF PROPERTIES USED IN PETROLEUM OPERATIONS 1. properties directly related to production of petroleum 2. allowed under (1) straight line or (2) declining balance method 3. useful life of properties used or related to production of petroleum shall be ten (10) years or such shorter life as may be permitted by the Commissioner. 4. for property not used directly in the production of petroleum (1) depreciated under the straight line method, and useful life is only five (5) years

DEPRECIATION OF PROPERTIES USED IN MINING OPERATIONS ALLOWANCE FOR DEPRECIATION: 1.all properties used in mining operations other than petroleum operations shall be computed as follows: a. if the expected life is ten (10) years or less normal rate of depreciation b. if the expected life is more than ten (10) years depreciated over any number of years between five (5) years and the expected life. REQUIREMENTS: 1. depreciation is allowed as a deduction from 61; and 2.contractor notifies the Commissioner at the beginning of the depreciation peri od which depreciation rate shall be used. DEPRECIATION DEDUCTIBLE BY NRAETB OR RFC reasonable allowance for the deterioration of property arising out of its use or employment or non-use in the business, trade or profession property is located in the Philippines 34 G DEPLETION OF OIL and GAS WELLS and MINES only deduction which is a not self executing deduction Q: What is depletion? A: the exhaustion wear and tear of natural resources as in mines, oil, and gas w ells the natural resources called wasting assets DEPRECIATION vs. DEPLETION 1.involves property 1. involves natural resources 2. ordinary wear and tear of equipment 2. ordinary wear and tear of natural resources TAKE NOTE: Equipment used in mining operation is deductible in depreciation Q: Method for computing depletion? A: cost depletion method Q: to whom allowed? A: only mining entities owning economic interest in mineral deposits Economic interest: capital investments in mineral deposits 34H CHARITABLE & OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TAKE NOTE: 1.unique because deducted from the taxable net income and not from the gross inc ome second step of the formula deduction Q: Who is claiming the deduction? A: the donor Q: Who are the Donees?

A: 1.Government of the Philippines or any of its agencies or any political subdi vision thereof exclusively for public purpose 2. Accredited Domestic corporation or association organized and operated exclusi vely for religions, lion, charitable, scientific, youth and sports development, cultural or educational purposes or for the rehabilitation of veterans, or to s ocial welfare institution, or to non-government organization and no part of its net income inures to the benefit of any private stock holder or individual Q: How many kinds of deduction? A: Two (2) kinds: 1.partial deduction 10% of taxable income in case of an individual 5% of taxable income in case of corporations 2. full /total deduction Q: Which of the two kinds is the General Rule? A: General Rule: Partial deduction Exception: Total /Full deduction Q: Suppose Mr. A made a cash donation of P1M. How much can he claim as a deduct ion? A: First determine the taxable income of Mr A since he is an individual, he can only deduct 10% of his taxable income. Q: What if the Donee is not one of those mentioned under the law, can he claim a deduction? A: No. TAKE NOTE: Donee is never an individual. Q: If the Donor is a pure compensation income earner and he donates P100,000 to the church, can he claim it as a deduction? A: No. pure compensation income earner can only claim a deduction under Sec 34 M Q: If Donee is the Philippine Government, what is the requirement? A: it must be made exclusively for public purposes Q: What if the Donee is a province? A: there must be a qualification that it is for public purpose Q: If the Donee is a Domestic Corporation, what is the requirement? A: no part of its income inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or ind ividual Q: What are those contributions which can be deductible in full? A: 1.Donations to the Government no conflict with partial (different requirement ) Partial donated for exclusively public purposes Full, used in undertaking priority activities of NEDA 2.Donations to certain Foreign Institutions or International Organization s in compliance with agreement, treaties or commitment entered into by the Philippi ne Government and such donees 3.Donations to Accredited Non-government organizations Non-government organizati on, non-profit domestic corporation REQUIREMENTS:

1. organized and operated exclusively for scientific, research, educational, cha racter building and youth and sport development, health, social welfare, cultura l or charitable purposes or a combination thereof 2. no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private indiv idual 3. uses the contributions directly for the active conduct of the activities cons tituting the purpose or function for which it is organized and operated 4. annual administrative expense does not exceed 30% of the total expenses and 5. in case of dissolution, the assets of which would be distributed to: a) another nonprofit domestic corporation organized for similar purpose or purpo ses b) to the state for public purpose c) distributed by the court to another organization to be used in such a manner which would accomplish the general purpose for within the dissolve organization was organized 34I RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT In the old law, this is not allowed as a deduction. To remedy this, they felt tha t those should be a separate deduction for research and development. REQUISITES: tax payer may treat research and development expenditures as ordinary and necessa ry expenses provided: 1. it is paid or incurred during the taxable year 2. incurred in connection with trade, business or profession; and 3. not chargeable to capital account. Q: Treated as such when? A: during the taxable year it is paid or incurred AMORTIZATION OF CERTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES at the election of the taxpayer, the following shall or may be treated as deferre d expenses: a. paid or incurred by the taxpayer in connection with his trade, business or pr ofession; b. not treated as expenses under par 1 and c. chargeable to capital account but not chargeable to property of a character w hich is subject to depreciation or depletion Q: How to compute taxable income: A: deferred expenses shall be allowed as deduction ratably distributed over a pe riod of not less than 10 months as may be elected by the taxpayer (beginning wit h the month the taxpayer first realizes benefits from expenditures.) the election or option may be exercised for any taxable year after the effectivit y of the code but not later than the time prescribed by law for filing the retur n for such taxable year. LIMITATION ON DEDUCTION Q: When not deductible? A: 1.Any expenditure for the (1) acquisition or improvement of land or (2) for the improvement of property to be used in connection with research and development of a character which is sub ject to depreciation and depletion and office site 2. Any expenditure paid or incurred for the purpose of undermining the existence

, location, extent or quality of any deposit of one or other mineral including o il or gas. not for mineral exploration 34 J PENSION TRUST Q: Claimed by Whom? A: the employer Q; What is a Pension Trust contribution? A: a deduction applicable only to employer on account of its contribution to a p rivate pension plan for the benefit of its employee deduction is purely business in character. Q: Requisites? A: 1.the employer must have established a pension or retirement plan to provide for the payment or reasonable pension of his employees 2. pension plan must be reasonable and actually sound; 3. it must be funded by the employer 4. the amount contributed must no longer be subject to his control or dispositio n 5. the amount has not yet been allowed as a deduction and 6. the amount has or is apportioned in equal parts over a period of 10 consecuti ve years beginning with the year in which the transfer or payment is made. 34 K ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DEDUCTIBILITY OF CERTAIN PAYMENTS allowed as a deduction only if shown that the tax required to be deducted and wit hheld there from has been paid to the BIR in accordance with Section 58 and Sect ion 81 34 L OPTIONAL STANDARD DEDUCTION KINDS OF DEDUCTIONS: 1.Itemized deduction 2.Optional Standard Deduction 3.Personal /Additional Deduction OPTIONAL STANDARD DEDUCTION: can be availed of by an individual who may elect a standard deduction in an amoun t not exceeding 10% of his gross income may apply in lieu of the other deductions under Section 34 the taxpayer must signify in his return his intention to elect the optional stand ard deduction, otherwise, he shall be considered as having availed of the itemiz ed deduction. Q: Who can claim this deduction? A: all individual taxpayers except non resident alien not engaged in trade or bu siness (NRANETB) Reason: he is not liable to pay by way of the NIT, thus, follows he cannot claim this deduction because he is liable to pay by way of GIT. TAKE NOTE: can co-exist with personal and / or additional exemption 34 M PREMIUM PAYMENTS ON HEALTH AND /OR HOSPITALIZATION INSURANCE OF AN INDIVIDU AL TAXPAYER for (1) Health and /insurance (2) Hospitalization

REQUIREMENTS: 1. amount of premiums, paid by taxpayer for himself and members of his family, 2. amount of premiums should not exceed (1) P2,400 per family or (2) P200 a mont h 3. gross income of the family for the taxable year is not more than P250,000 Q: Who can avail of this deduction? A: 1.individual taxpayer earning purely compensation income during the year; 2. individual taxpayer availing itemized or optional standard deduction; and 3. individual taxpayer earning both compensation income and income from business SECTION 35 ALLOWANCE FOR PERSONAL EXEMPTION FOR INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYER Q: When do we apply this? A: apply if individual taxpayer is paying by way of NIT Q; Who are taxpayer? A: those mentioned under Section 24 (A) 1. RC 2. NRC 3. OCW 4. RA all can claim both personal and additional exemption Q: Why not include NRAETB? Can the latter claim any exemption? A: NRAETB is not included because Section 35 A refers to Section 24 A NRAETB can claim personal deductions but not additional exemptions pursuant to Se c 35 D REQUIREMENTS: 1.NRAETB should file a true and accurate return 2. the amount to be claimed as personal exemptions should not exceed the amount provided for under Philippine Laws TAKE NOTE: AEMOP: can be a RA or NRAETB BASIC PERSONAL EXEMPTIONS: Single individual; or individual judicially decreed as legally separated with no qualified dependents. 20, 000 For head of the family can be single or legally separated with qualified depende nts. 25, 000 For each married individual if only one of the spouse, earns or derives gross in come, only such spouse can claim the personal exemption. 32, 000 Q: Who is the head of the family? A: 1.unmarried or legally separated man or woman 2. With (1) one or both parties or (2) With one or more brothers and sisters (3) with one or more legitimate, recognized, natural or legally adopted chil dren

3. living with and dependents upon him for their chief support 4. whose such brother or sisters or children are (1) not more than 11 years old and (2) not gainfully employed, (3) unmarried 5. OR, regardless of age, the same are incapable of self support because of ment al or physical defect. Q: Why do we have to determine who the head of the family is? A: only legally separated individuals can claim additional exemptions if they ha ve qualified dependents. TAKE NOTE: R.A. 7432 and RR 2-98: a senior citizen can also be a dependent. Q: Can a widower claim exemptions? A: exemptions must be strictly construed, widower not included in the list under Section 35 A but can claim under sec 35B widower, married or used to be married MARRIED INDIVIDUALS each legally married individuals can claim the personal exemption. Husband and wife = P64,000 Q: Who are allowed to claim? A: Normally , it is the husband who claims unless he executes a waiver that the wife will claim the same (RR2-98) Additional Exemptions: (35B) -additional exemption of P8,000 for each dependent not execeeding four (4) Q:Who can claim the same? A: 1.Married couples: only one of the spouses can claim it; 2.legally separated individuals: can be claimed by the spouse who has custody of the child or children the additional exemption claimed by both shall not exceed the maximum additional exemption herein allowed. Q: Define dependents A: legitimate, illegitimate or legally adopted child chiefly dependent upon and living with the taxpayer if such dependent is (1) not more than 21 years of age, (2) unmarried, and (3) not gainfully employed or (4) if such dependent, regardl ess of age is incapable of self support because of mental or physical defect. Q: What if widower has illegitimate children, can claim additional exemption ? A: can claim, can be considered as head of the family w/ dependent Q: What if the children are temporarily away from the parents? A: still considered living with parents, can claim exemption CHANGE OF STATUS: (SEC 35 C) Q: Reckoning Period? A: end of the year or close of such year when red.

such change of status occur

TAKE NOTE: always choose the higher amount of exemption if you are filing a return covering the period within which the change of status occurred

1. if the taxpayer should (1) marry or (2) have additional dependents during the taxable year, he may claim the corresponding exemption in full for the year. Illustration: 1.Single Jan 1, 2005 2.Married June 1, 2005 on April 15, 2006 status: legally married can claim P 32, 000 2. if the taxpayer should die during the taxable year, estate can claim personal exemption. Illustration 1.Jan. 25, 2005 taxpayer married w/ one child can claim on April 15, 2006 P32,000+ P8,000 In this case, as if the change of status occurred at the close of taxable year. If taxpayers spouse or child dies within the taxable year or the dependents becam e (1) gainfully employed (2) got married or (3) became 21 as if the change as st atus occurred at the close of taxable year. Illustration: 1. Taxpayers tragic story wife died Jan. 25, 2005 and child died the next day th en another child eloped and get married. 2. Taxpayer despite the tragedy can claim ton of money on April 15, 2006. P 32,000 P 16,000 (8,000 per child) 48,000 Section 36. Items not Deductible 36 A. General Rule: In computing net income, no deduction shall be allowed: (1) Personal, living or family expenses not related to trade or business (2) Section 36 A (2) and Section 36 A (3) General Rule: No deductions allowed fo r 1. Any amount paid out for new buildings or for permanent improvements, or bette rments, made to increase the value of any property or estate 2. Any amount expanded in restoring property or in making good the exhaustion th ereof for which an allowance is or has been made. Exceptions: Option granted to Private Educational Institution to deduct the same as capital outlays. TAKE NOTE: Amount paid for new buildings, can be deducted if it involves intangible drilling and development cost incurred in petroleum operations (Sec 34 6 (A) PREMIUMS PAID ON LIFE INSURANCE POLICY : covering the life of any officer or employee or any person financially invested in any trade of business carried on by the taxpayer. taxpayer is directly or indirectly the beneficiary under such policy. LOSSES FROM SALES OR EXCHANGES OF PROPERTY (between related parties) 1) between family members Q: Who is considered the family of the taxpayer? A: a. brothers and sister (whole is blood) b. spouses

c. ancestors d. lineal descendants Q: are uncles or nieces included? A: no IN DONORS TAX Relatives includes relatives by consanguinity within the 4th civil code. Nephew is a stranger and relative ang nephew. 2) individual and corporations Gen. Rule: NO DEDUCTION Except: distribution in liquidation or less than 50% of the outstanding capital stock 3) 4) 5) 6) Two corporations Grantor or Fiduciary Two fiduciaries of two trust Fiduciary and beneficiary of trust

Sec. 37 Special provisions regarding deductions of insurance companies. Codal Provisions Section 38: Losses From Wash Sales of Stock or Securities Q: What is a wash sale? A: It is a sales or other disposition of stock securities where substantially id entical securities are purchased within 61 days, beginning 30 days before the sa le and ending 30 days after the sale. Q: What period? A: 61 day period beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the sale Q: Jan 20 you purchased share of stock, and disposed of the same on Feb 5, 2005. Is this a wash sale? A: No Q: If it is a loss in wash sale, happens? A: General Rule: (Sec 131 RR No. 2) gains from wash sale are taxable but losses are non-deductible Exception: unless claim is made by a dealer in stock or securities and with respect to a tra nsaction made in the ordinary course of the business of such dealer Q: Reason why losses in wash sale cannot be deducted? A: 1. to avoid too much speculation in the market 2. taxpayer not telling the truth, because he may say he incurred a loss instead of a gain Section 40. Determination of Amount and Recognition of Gain or Loss GENERAL RULE: This is totally irrelevant if the income is subject to fit. In fit gain is presumed. EXCEPT: sale of shares of stock where you have to determine actual gain or loss Q: When is there a gain? A: excess of the amount realized over the basis or adjusted basis for determini ng gain. (amount realized from the sale or other disposition of property)

Q: When is there a loss? A: the amount realized is not in excess of B or AB Illustration: 1987 Bar (Juan dela Cruz sold jewelry for 300,000 ) contract of sa le amount realized is 300,000 Q: What will be the basis of the gain? A: Sec. 40 B (1), property was acquired by purchase Cost: purchase price + expenses Q: If there is a gain, is the whole gain subject to income tax? A: it depends if ordinary asset = 100% is subject to income tax if capital assets short term(less than 12 months) : 100% taxable long term (more than 12 months): 50% taxable Q: suppose property sold is a parcel of land will the rule be the same? A: No, and it depends ordinary asset: apply the cost capital asset: 6% FMV or selling price which ever is higher Q: Do we apply the holding period? A: No, holding period does not apply to the sale of real property. This is an a bsolute rule: If realty is ordinary holding period does not apply. If realty is capital asset 6% FMV or selling price applies. Holding period applies only to sale of personal property which is a capital asset except sale of shares of stocks. Holding period also do not apply to corporations. Q: If the property is acquired through inheritance, what is the basis? A: Sec 40 B (2) fair market value or price as of the date of acquisition. Q: Suppose it was a sale of personal property, do we apply the same principles? A: No. Q: What if it involves a sale of real property? A: Apply the same principles Suppose it was a result of swindling, theft, robbery or estafa, y the same principles? A: Law is silent, take note of the old CIA ruling on this one do we appl

Q: Feb 14, 2006, your GG gave you a jewelry in Sept your GG breaks up with you. GG request the jewelry be returned but you already sold it for P200,000. Will t he entire P200,000 be included in gross income? A: Basis: (1) same as if it would be in the hands of the Donor (FMV as of date o f acquisition); or (2) last owner who did not acquire the same by gift (cost) Q: If it involves a parcel of land? A: apply the same rules Section 40 B (4) what is the basis? Property was acquired for less than an adequate consideration in money or moneys worth: the basis would be the amount paid by the transferee for the property. Q: Section 40 B (5) what is the basis? A: 40 C (5)

 if the property was acquired in a transaction where gain or loss is not recogniz ed (pursuant to a merger or consolidation plan) corporation, party to a merger or consolidation, exchanges property solely for s tocks in another corporation, also a party to the merger or consolidation is a party to the merger or consolidation, solely for the stocks of another cor poration also a party to the merger or consolidation, or Security holder of a corporation, party to a merger or consolidation, exchanges his securities solely for stock or security in another corporation, also a party to the merger or consolidation. person transfers property to corporation to gai n control 40 C EXCHANGE OF PROPERTY GENERAL RULE: In sale or exchange of property, the control amount of gain or los s shall be recognized. gain is taxable losses are deductible Exception: If permanent to a merger or consolidation plan, no gain or loss shall be recognized gain is exempt losses are not deductible REQUISITES: the transaction involves a contract of exchange the parties are members of the merger or consolidation the subject matter is only limited or confined with the one provided for by law Merger and Consolidation in corporation code and tax code are not the same. Sec 40 (2) (a) a corporation which is a party to a merger or consolidation, exchanges property s olely for stock in a corporation which is a party to the merger or consolidation Illustration: Transferor gives 1M Transferee gives 700,000 = not

taxble gain P300,000

If other property received by transferee (40 C (3) (a) TRANSFEREE if the party receives not just the subject matter permitted to be received: lie i f the party receives money and /or property, the gain, if any, but not the loss, shall be recognized (meaning taxable) but in an amount not in excess of the sum of the money and the FMV of such other property received. (40 C (3) (b) TRANSFEROR 1.Transferor corporation receives money and / or property, distributes it pursu ant to the merger or consolidation plan no gain to the corporation shall be recognized 2. Transferor corporation receives money and / or property, does not distribute it pursuant to the merger or consolidation plan the gain shall be recognized but in an amount not in excess of the sum of such mo ney and the FMV of such other property so received. Q: What is the rule? A: 40 C (3) (a) gain taxable loss not deductible 40 C (3) (b) It depends on how distributed: pursuant to the merger or consolidation plan: gain exempt

loss not deductible not pursuant to merger or consolidation plan: gain taxable loss not deductible. Sec 40 C (1) (b) a shareholder exchanges stock in a corporation which is a party to a merger or c onsolidation, solely for the stock of another corporation which is a party to th e merger or consolidation Sec 40 C (2) (c) a security holder of a corporation which is a party to the merger or consolidati on, exchanges his securities in such corporation, solely for stock securities in another corporation. The rule is similar in 40 C (3), (a), (b) and (c) although different property are involve, that is why the last paragraph of 40 C is a separate paragraph. Therefore, Sec 40 C (3) (a,b,c) the rule is gain exempt loss not deductible 40c last paragraph the transferee becomes a stockholder, parties are not members of the merger the individual wants to be a shareholder but does not want to purchase shares but willing to give up property as a result of the exchange , the person gains cont rol of the corporation The rule is: gain is exempt loss not deductible Requisites: There is A contract of exchange where property was transferred by the person in exchange of stock or unit of participation in a corporation. As a result, the person alone or together with others (not exceeding of 4 person s) gains control of the corporation. Q: What is control? A: ownership of stocks in a corporation possessing at least 51% of total voting power. Sec 40 B (5) non applicability of income tax is only temporary Reason : Basis will be 40 C (5) 40 C (5) (a) Transferor basis of stock or securities received by the transferor: same as the basis of the property, stock or securities exchanged: decreased by the (1) money and (2) FMV of the property received; and increased by (a) amount treated as dividend and (b) amount of gain recognized 40 C (5) (b) Transferee as it would be in the hands of transferor increased by the amount of gain recogni zed. Sec 40 (c) (4) Assumption of Liability Taxpayer, in connection with the exchanges described receives securities or stoc ks permitted (no gains recognized) it is sole consideration of the same the othe

r party assumes liability of the same the acquisition of liability not treated a s money and / or other property the exchange still falls within the exceptions. If amount of liabilities assumed + amount of liabilities to which property is su bjected to exceeds - adjusted basis of the property transferred the excess shall be considered a gain from the sale of a capital asset or of property which is n ot a capital asset, as the case may be. SECTION 41 INVENTORIES Purpose: Change of inventory to determine clearly the income of any taxpayer/ t o reflect the true income. Limitation: once every 3 years approval of the secretary of finance Section 43 Accounting Periods Fiscal year use of calendar year no annual accounting does not keep books of account individuals Use of method as in the opinion of the commissioner clearly reflects the income: no accounting method has been employed the method does not clearly reflect the income Sec 44 Period in which items of Gross Income included and Sec 45 Period for whic h Deductions and Credit Taken Under Sec 44 amount of all items of gross income shall be included in the gross income for the taxable year in which they are received by the taxpayer Under Sec 45 deductions shall be taken for the taxable year in which paid or accru ed or paid or incurred. Sec 44 and Sec 45 are mentioned in the code because of the death of the person. Illustration: Facts: taxpayer dies in the middle of the year January 1, 2006 June 15, 2006 June 26, 2006 to Dec 31, 2006 the estate is the taxpayer So the income and deductions from Jan 1 to June 25,, included in the computation Section 46 Change of Accounting Period Q: Who is the taxpayer? A: corporation (taxpayer other than individual) Q: What kinds of accounting period? A: 1.fiscal year 2. calendar year Q: Changes contemplated? A: 1. fiscal to calendar 2. calendar to fiscal 3. fiscal to another fiscal with the approval of the Commissioner, net income shall be computed on the basis of the new accounting period. Q: Calendar to calendar, correct?

A: not correct statement Section 47 (A) Taxpayer: Corporation Fiscal to calendar separate final or adjusted return shall be made for the period between the so cl ose of the last fiscal year for which the return was made and (2) the following Dec 31. Calendar to Fiscal separate final or adjusted return shall be made for the period between the close of the last calendar year and the date designated as the close of the fiscal yea r. Fiscal to fiscal separate final or adjusted return shall be made for the period between the close of the former fiscal year and the date designated as the close of the new fiscal year. File return indicating the change in accounting method Section 48 Accounting for Long Term Contracts Q: Who are the professionals involved? A: applies to architects and engineers Q: What is a long term contract? A: it means building, installation or construction contracts covering a period i n excess of one (1) year. Q: Basis of income? A: a. persons whose gross income is derived in whole or in part from such contra ct shall report such income upon the basis of percentage of consumption. b. the return shall be accompanied by a certificate of architects or engineers s howing the percentage of completion c. deduction of expenditures made during the taxable year, on account of the con tract is allowed Section 49 Installment Basis contemplates a seller of the property Q: Is it important to know if the A: Yes property is personal or real?

Q: Sale of Real Property is it important to know if it is a casual sale or regu lar sale? A: No Requirement: The initial payments do not exceed 25% of the selling price. Q: If the initial payment exceeds 25% what do you call it? A: called deferred sale Q: Consequence? A: you must pay the whole amount of the tax Q: Sale of Personal Property, is it important to know if it is a casual or regul ar sale?

A: Yes Casual Sale has Requirements: selling price exceeds P1,000 initial payment not exceeding 25% selling price Regular sale no requirements Case of Baas subject matter sold by way agreement cash deposit post dated promissory notes (installments) 1st installment promissory note was disconnected 2nd installment exchanged with cash - these two exceeds the selling price you only compute cash H: Initial payment exceeds 25% installment basis is not applicable RR 2; Section 175: In payment by way of installment promissory note, bills of ex change and checks will not be considered in computing the 25% initial downpaymen t. Section 50 Allocation of Income and Deductions tremendous power of the Commissioner to allocate the income and deduction of seve ral corporations having the same interest. Q: Same interest? A: stockholders substantially the same Q: Limitations? A: None That is why it is a great source of corruption Section 51 Individual Returns Who are required to file? (ITR) RC NRC RA NRAETB sources within Q: Who is not mentioned in Sec 51 but liable to pay by way of NIT? A: OCW/ seaman Exception: RC OR ALIENS: engaged in trade or practice of profession in Phil. Shall file ITR regardless of the amount of gross income. Q: If OFW is exempt from filing a return, what is he required to file? A: Information Return Q: who are not required to file a return? A: an individual whose gross income does not exceed his total personal and addition al exemptions for dependents worker (compensation income earners) regardless of the amount of compensation s hall not required to file ITR because the management files it. (RR 3-2002) individuals whose sole income is subject to FIT individuals who are exempt from income tax

Exception: IT the management files an incorrect return the employee has two or more employer 51 A (3) A: not required to file ITR may be required to file information return 51 1. 2. 3. 4. or 5. B - Where to file? authorized agent bank revenue district officer collection agent duly authorized treasurer of the city or municipality where taxpayer resides has principal place of business office of commissioner if no legal residence or place of business in Phil

51 C Q: When to file? A: filed on or before the 15th day of

April each year

51 C (1) NIT Payers using CY two days provided (calendar) 1. on April 15; or 2. before April 15 (January, Feb or March) not December because the calendar year is not yet over Fiscal year: 15th day of the 4th month following the close of the fiscal year. 51 C (2) individuals subject to tax on capital gains Exception: General Rules Sec 58 1. Sale of shares of stocks return filed within 30 days after each transaction and Final consolidated return on or before April 15 2.Sale of Real Property return filed within 30 days following each sale 51 D Husband and Wife 1. Pure compensation income earner separate return RR 3-2000 pure compensation i ncome earner regardless of amount of income not file ITR. 2. Not pure compensation: joint return 51 E. Return of Parent to Include Income of Children unmarried minor receives income from property received from living parent includ ed in the parents ITR. Exception: 1.Donors tax has been paid 2.Property exempt from donors tax 51 F. Persons Under Disability Q: Who makes the return? A: 1.duly authorized agent 2. duly authorized representatives 3. guardians 4.other persons charged with the care of his person or property both incapacitated taxpayer and agent will be liable for: 1.erroneous return 2. false or fraudulent return

51 G Signature Presumed Correct prima facie evidence the return was actually signed by the taxpayer Section 52 Corporation Return go back to Sec 51 A (2) General Rule: Sec 58 Final Income Tax return and creditable withholding tax return is filed monthly Exception: Sale of Shares of Stocks (Sec 51 A (2)) Sale of Real Property RR -17-2003: Sale of Real Property subject to final withholding tax, the buyer is deemed the agent. Sale of Shares of Stocks Q: Reasons for filing Final Income tax or Final Consolidated Return? A: Reasons: FIT whose actual determination of gain or loss in connection with Sec 24 C the basis of the tax is not the gross income but the net capital gains realized. In connection with Sec 40: actual determination of loss or gain file a return within 30 days from date of transaction TAKE NOTE: In all other income subject to FIT, the gains are presumed INCOME OF MINORS Q: Minor below 18: Will it be included in the Minors ITR? A: it depends income from property received from parents included in parents ITR Except: a.Donors tax paid b.Property exempt from donors tax income from minors own industry Minors ITR accomplished by guardian or parents Q: if the individual is exempt from income tax, can be required to file a return ? A: General Rule: No Exceptions: 1.engaged in trade or business; or 2.exercise of profession Sec 51 A (2) SEC 52 CORPORATION RETURNS A.Requirements Taxpayer: DC or RFC (except NRFC) ITR Filed: 1. TRUE AND ACCURATE quarterly income tax return final or adjusted income tax return Filed by: 1.President; 2.Vice President 3. Other principal officer ITR must be sworn by such officer and the treasurer or assistant treasurer B. Taxable Year

1. fiscal; or 2. calendar corporation cannot change accounting method employed without the approval or pri or approval of the commissioner (Sec 47) C. Return of Corporation Contemplatory Dissolution or Recognition 1.Within 30 days after: a. the adoption by the corporation of a resolution or plan for its dissolution; or b. liquidation of the whole or any part of its capital stock, including a corpor ation which has been notified of possible involuntary dissolution by the SEC; or c. for its reorganization 2.Render a correct return verified under oath setting form: a. forms of the resolution or plan; b. such other information prescribed 3.Secure a tax clearance from the BIR and file it with the SEC 4.Thereafter, SEC issued a Certificate of Dissolution or Reorganization. D. Sale of Stocks ITR look at the previous notes about it Section 53 Extension of Time to File Returns Q: To whom granted? A: Corporations Grounds: Meritorious case subject to the provisions of Sec 56 Time Extension Section 54 Returns or Receivers, Trustees in Bankruptcy or Assignees the aforementioned persons shall make returns of net income as and for such corpo ration in the same manner and form as such organization is required to make. Section 55 Returns of General Professional Partnership file a return of its income setting forth items of gross income and of deductions allowed by this title (Title II Tax on I ncome) Names of partners Taxpayer identification number (TIN) address of partners shares of each partners GPP is exempt from corporate income tax Q: Why is the GPP obliged to file a return? A: to determine the shares of each partners Section 56 Payment and Assessment of Income Tax for Individuals and Corporations A. Payment of Tax Q: Who pays the tax of tramp vessels? A: 1.the shipping agents and or the husbanding agent 2.in their absence, the captains thereof those people are required to file a return and pay the tax due before departure Q: What is the effect of failure to file the return and pay the tax due? A: 1.Bureau of Customs may hold the vessel and prevent its departure until:

a. proof of payment of tax is presented; or b. a sufficient bond is filed to answer for the tax due. Installment Payments Tax due: more than P2,000 Taxpayer: individuals only (other than corporation) Elect to pay the tax in two (2) equal installments 1st installment: paid at the time the return is filed 2nd installment on or before July 15 following the close of the calendar year Q: What is the effect of non payment on the date fixed? A: The whole amount of tax unpaid becomes due and demandable together with the d elinquency penalties. Payment of capital gains tax : Q: Paid when? A: on the date the return is filed Avail exemption for capital gains: no payments shall be required; if you fail to qualify for exemption tax due shall immediately become due and pa yable and subject to penalties seller pays tax submit intention or proof of intent within six (6) months from the registration of document transferring Q: when is the real property entitled to refund? A: upon verification of compliance with the requirements for exemption. Report gains on installments under Sec 49 tax due from each installment payment s hall be paid within 30 days from the receipt of such payments. No registration of document transferring real property without a certification from commissioner or his duly authorize representative t hat transfer has been reported tax has been paid B. Assessment and Payment of Deficiency Tax Return is filed, the commissioner examiner and assess the correct amount of tax tax deficiency discovered shall be paid upon notice and demand from the commissio ner. 3 INSTANCES 1. file the 2. file the 3. not file CONTEMPLATED return and pay the tax return but not pay the tax the return and not pay the tax

Section 57 Withholding of Tax at Source A. Withholding of Taxes subject to the Rules and Regulations the Section of Finance may promulgate, upon recommendation of commissioner: Require the filing up of certain income tax ret urn by certain income payees. Q: Enumeration is all about what? A; Enumer ation about Final Income Tax Except: Gross Income Tax 25 B (NRANETB) 28 B (NRFC) B. Withholding of Creditable Tax at Source

The Sec. of Finance, upon recommendation of the commissioner require the withhold ing of a tax on the items of income payable to natural or juridical persons, res iding in the Phil, by payor-corporation/ person the same shall be credited agains t the income tax liability of the taxpayer for the taxable year. At the rate of not less than 1% but not more than 32% thereof. Q: What is the maximum? A: Maximum: now 35% pursuant to RA 9337 Q: When will you allow withholding beyond 15%? A: For NIT 15% is the maximum FIT the amount of withholding is totally GIT - equal to the amount of tax Tax Free Covenant Bond the bonds, mortgages, deeds of trust or other similar obligations of DC or RFC contains a contract or provision where the obligor (debtor) agrees to pay the tax imposed herein normally between the creditor and debtor Q: Who pays A: Creditor ity and the property to the tax? pays the tax by virtue of an agreement the debtor assumes the liabil creditor is now free from payment of tax before it can transfer the the buyer.

Section 58 Returns and Payment of Taxes Withheld at Source A. Quarterly Returns and Payment of Taxes Withheld at Source 1. covered by a return and paid to: a. authorized agent bank b. revenue district officer c. collection agent d. duly authorized treasurer of city or municipality where withholding agent has : his legal residence; or principal place of business; or if corporation , where principal office is located 2.Tax deducted and withheld held as a special fund in trust for the government until paid to the collecting o fficers. 3.Return for final withholding tax filed and paid within 25 days from the close of each calendar quarter 4.Return for Creditable withholding taxes filed and paid not later than last day of the month following the close of the qu arter during which withholding was made 5. Commissioner, with approval of Sec Finance require withholding agents to pay or deposit taxes at more frequent intervals wh ere necessary to protect the interest of the government B. Statement of Income Payments Made and Taxes Withheld Withholding agent shall furnish payee a written statement showing: 1. income or other payments made by WHA during such quarter or year and 2. amount of tax deducted and withheld statement given simultaneously upon payment at the request of the payee.

Creditable withholding taxes corporate payee not later than the 20th day following the close of the quarter individuals payee not later than March 1 of the following year Final Withholding taxes the statement should be given to the payee on or before January 31 of the succeed ing year. C. Annual Information Return Withholding agent shall submit to the commissioner an annual information return c ontaining : 1. the list of payees and income required 2. amount of taxes withheld from each payees 3. other pertinent information required Final Withholding Tax: AIR filed on or before January 31 of the succeeding year Creditable withholding tax: AIR not later than March 1 of the year following the year for which the annual report is being submitted Commissioner may grant WHA reasonable extension of time to furnish and submit the return required herein. D. Income of Recipient Income upon which any creditable tax is required to be withheld at source shall be included in the return of its recipient. the excess of the amount of tax so withheld over the tax due on his return shall be refunded income tax collected at source is less than the tax due on his return difference shall be paid all taxes withheld considered trust fund maintained in separate account not commingled with other funds of WHA E. Registration with Register of Deeds No registration of any document transferring real property shall be effected by t he Register of Deeds unless the commissioner or his duly authorize representativ e has certified that the transfer (1) has been reported and (2) tax due has been paid Register of Deeds requires payment of tax before transfer of property Section 59 Tax on Profits Collectible from Owner of other Persons Tax imposed under this title upon gains, profits and income not falling under the foregoing and not returned and paid by virtue of the foregoing shall be assessed by personal return Intent and Purpose of this Title All gains, profits and income of a taxable class shall be charged and assessed w ith the corresponding tax. Said tax be paid by the owner of the gains, profit or income or the person havin g the receipt, custody, control or disposal of the same Determination of Ownership: determined as of the year for which a return is required to be filed

Topics under Tax 2: Estate Tax Sections 84-97 see sec. 104 read the case of Campos Rueda vs. CIR GR # L-13250(4 2S238) Upon reading sec. 85 (B) read Vidal de Roces vs. Posadas 58 Phil. 108 Dizon vs. Posadas 57 Phil 465 Sec. 85 (G) compare with sec. 100 sec. 85 (H) compare with sec. 86 (C) Upon reading sec. 86 see RR 2-2003 Upon reading sec. 94 see Marcos vs. Sandiganbayan 273 SCRA 47 Sec. 97 Donors Tax Law Sections 98-104 G and Cumulative methods of filing donors tax returns sections 99 (A), 103 (A) (1 ) and RR 2-2003 Sections 100 and 85 (9)

Remedies Under the Internal Revenue Code Sections 202-229 RR 12-99 Phoenix vs Comm 14 SCRA 52 Basilan vs. Comm. 21 SCRA 17 Yabut vs. Flojo 115 SCRA 278 Union Shipping vs. Comm 185 SCRA 547 Comm. vs. TMX 205 SCRA 184 Comm. vs. Philamlife 244 SCRA Comm. vs. CA & BPI 301 SCRA 435 BPI vs. Comm. 363 SCRA 840 -Prescription sections 203 and 222 of NIRC, sec. 194 of the LGC, sec. 270 of the LGC, sec. 1603 of Tariff and Customs Code -Protest sec. 228 of NIRC and RR 12-99 sec. 195 of LGC, 252 LGC, sec. 2313 of Ta riff & Customs Code and RA 7651 Remedies under Local Taxation Sections 128-196 of LGC Proceed 1st to sec. 186 read Bulacan vs. CA 299 SCRA 442 Then proceed to 187 Then to 151 128 Under sec. 133 (e) read Palma vs. Malangas 413 SCRA 572 Under 133 (h) read Pililia vs. Petron 198 SCRA 82 Under 133 (i) read First Holdings Co. vs. batangas City 300 SCRA 661 Under 133 (l) read Butuan vs. LTO 322 SCRA 805 Under 137 read sec. 193 of LGC Misamis vs. Cagayan de Oro 181 SCRA 38 Reyes vs. San Pablo City 305 SCRA 353 Meralco vs. Laguna 306 SCRA 750 PLDT vs. Davao City 363 SCRA 522 Co-relate sec. 139 and 147 of LGC Under sec. 140 of the LGC see sec. 125 of the Internal Revenue Code Under sec. 150 of the LGC read the following: Phil. Match vs. Cebu 81 SCRA 99 Allied Thread vs. Manila 133 SCRA 338 Sipocat vs. Shell 105 Phil. 1263 Iloilo Bottles vs. Iloilo City 164 SCRA 607 Remedies under Real Property Tax Sections 197-294 Sec. 235 LRT vs. Manila 342 SCRA 692 Cebu City vs. Mactan 261 SCRA 667 Remedies under Family Customs Law

Local Taxation

Real Estate Taxation

Tariff & Customs Code Special Customs Duty sec. 301-304 of TCC Regular Customs Duty sec. 104 of TCC RA 7631 Court of Tax appeals ( RA8232)

Value Added Tax Sections 105-115 Read RA 9337 Read ABAKADA vs Comm. GR 168056, Sept. 1, 2005

ESTATE TAX SECTION 84 There are 3 Subjects which uses the estate Income tax to be held by the estate under judicial settlement and during the pen dency of judicial settlement Estate Tax Under the Local Government Code- The real estate Tax There are 3 transfer taxes Estate tax (sec 84 to 97 of NIRC) Donors Tax (sec 98-104 NIRC) Transfer of a realty to be imposed by provinces and cities (sec 135, LGC) Note: beginning the year 1973, former Pres. Apo Lakay Marcos abolished inheritan ce tax and dones tax by virtue of PD 69 RATES OF ESTATE TAX Q: What is the formula for Estate tax? A: Gross Estate (Sec 85) - Deductions (Sec 86, par a b c) ========================= Net Estate (taxable estate) X Rate (dont include the 1st 200,0000 for this is exempt) ========================= Taxable net estate - Tax credit (if any) ========================

Tax due SEC. 104. Definitions. - For purposes of this Title, the terms "gross estate" an d "gifts" include real and personal property, whether tangible or intangible, or mixed, wherever situated: Provided, however, That where the decedent or donor w as a nonresident alien at the time of his death or donation, as the case may be, his real and personal property so transferred but which are situated outside th e Philippines shall not be included as part of his "gross estate" or "gross gift ": Provided, further, That franchise which must be exercised in the Philippines; shares, obligations or bonds issued by any corporation or sociedad anonima orga nized or constituted in the Philippines in accordance with its laws; shares, obl igations or bonds by any foreign corporation eighty-five percent (85%) of the bu siness of which is located in the Philippines; shares, obligations or bonds issu ed by any foreign corporation if such shares, obligations or bonds have acquired a business situs in the Philippines; shares or rights in any partnership, busin ess or industry established in the Philippines, shall be considered as situated in the Philippines: Provided, still further, that no tax shall be collected unde r this Title in respect of intangible personal property: (a) if the decedent at the time of his death or the donor at the time of the donation was a citizen and resident of a foreign country which at the time of his death or donation did no t impose a transfer tax of any character, in respect of intangible personal prop erty of citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country, or (b) if the laws of the foreign country of which the decedent or donor was a citizen and resident at the time of his death or donation allows a similar exemption fr om transfer or death taxes of every character or description in respect of intan gible personal property owned by citizens of the Philippines not residing in tha t foreign country. *Sec 104 governs both estate tax and donors tax TAXPAYERS ESTATE DONORS Resident Citizen Resident citizen Non-resident Citizen Non-resident Citizen Resident Alien Resident Alien Non-resident Alien Non-resident Alien Domestic Corporation Foreign Corporations A Corporation is not capable of natural death therefore not liable to estate tax , but it may enter into a contract of donation The importance why taxpayers should be distinguished: SEC 104: both estate and donors Sec 85: for estate: decedent is a NRA for estate Donor is a NRA or FC Their liability is with respect to property deemed located in the Philip pines as when the properties are located abroad they are exempt. To the rest of the taxpayers shall have liability on property located inside or outside the Philippines The liability to pay estate tax is different from the question on whether if you were the administrator, do you include that in the estate tax return:

If the decedent is a NRA, the liability is that all property located in the Phil ippines is subject to estate tax under sec 104 and sec 85. For the inclusion und er par d, sec 86, includes all properties located here or abroad for purposes of determining deductions *Sec 104 is relevant ONLY to NRA and FC, because they shall only be liable for p roperties located within, with regard to those located outside, exempt. SITUS OF TAXES: SEC 104 = Situs of estate and Donors Tax SEC 42 = Situs of Income Taxation SEC 150 (LGC) = Situs of Local Taxation What are the Intangible Personal Property deemed located in the Philippines: FRANCHISE to be exercised in the Phils.; L> A legislative enactment authorizing a person, natural or juridical to engage in trade or business. If it is exercised outside, it is deemed located outside the Philippines. BONDS, NOTES and OBLIGATIONS issued by Domestic Corporations No further requirement. Automatic BONDS, NOTES and OBLIGATIONS issued by Foreign Corporations at least 85% of the business of the corporation is located in the Philippines; o r such acquired business situs in the Philippines Shares or rights in a business, partnership or industry established in the Phili ppines EXEMPTIONS: (NRA/FC SEC104) RECIPROCITY Foreign law of such foreign country do not impose transfer tax on intangible per sonal property owned by Filipinos who are not residing in that foreign country p rovided that the resident is a foreigner is a resident of that foreign country; O R Foreign law of that foreigner or foreign corporation allows exemption on intangi ble personal property owned by Filipinos who are not residing in that foreign co untry provided that the resident is a foreigner is a resident of that foreign co untry BAR QUESTION 1996: A German national donated his shares of stocks in a foreign corporation to his Filipina girlfriend. Since the donor is a NRA, is the donors tax law of the Phili ppines applicable? (analyze that of the donor not the donee as we do not have d onees tax nowadays) GENERALLY, the NRA is not liable because shares of stocks in a foreign corporati on is, as a rule, deemed located abroad. However, by way of exception when at le ast 85% of the business is located in the Philippines or it acquired business si tus in the Philippines. If the foreigner is a german national but he is residing in the United States, i s the exception applicable? NO, the German national must be residing also in Germany, and secondly, it is re quired that the intangible personal property owned by Filipinos in Germany is ex empt from transfer tax in that foreign country and provided that the Filipino is not residing in that country. CAMPOS RUEDA V. CIR (G.R. No. L-13250) 2009 BAR Antonio Campos Rueda as administrator of the estate of the deceased Doa Maria Cer

deira, from the decision of the respondent Collector of Internal Revenue, assess ing against and demanding from the former the sum P161,874.95 as deficiency esta te and inheritance taxes, including interest and penalties, on the transfer of i ntangible personal properties situated in the Philippines and belonging to said Maria Cerdeira. a Spanish national, by reason of her marriage to a Spanish citiz en and was a resident of Tangier, Morocco from 1931 up to her death on January 2 , 1955. At the time of her demise she left, among others, intangible personal pr operties in the Philippines. On September 29, 1955, petitioner filed a provisional estate and inheritance tax return on all the properties of the late Maria Cerdeira. On the same date, resp ondent, pending investigation, issued an assessment for state and inheritance ta xes which tax liabilities were paid by petitioner. On November 17, 1955, an amen ded return was filed wherein intangible personal properties with the value of P3 96,308.90 were claimed as exempted from taxes. On November 23, 1955, respondent, pending investigation, issued another assessment for estate and inheritance tax es in the amounts of P202,262.40 and P267,402.84, respectively, or a total of P4 69,665.24 . In a letter dated January 11, 1956, respondent denied the request f or exemption on the ground that the law of Tangier is not reciprocal to Section 122 of the National Internal Revenue Code. Hence, respondent demanded the paymen t of the sums of P239,439.49 representing deficiency estate and inheritance taxe s including ad valorem penalties, surcharges, interests and compromise penalties . In a letter dated February 8, 1956, and received by respondent on the followin g day, petitioner requested for the reconsideration of the decision denying the claim for tax exemption of the intangible personal properties and the imposition of the 25% and 5% ad valorem penalties. However, respondent denied request, in his letter dated May 5, 1956 and received by petitioner on May 21, 1956. Respon dent premised the denial on the grounds that there was no reciprocity [with Tang ier, which was moreover] a mere principality, not a foreign country. Consequentl y, respondent demanded the payment of the sums of P73,851.21 and P88,023.74 resp ectively, or a total of P161,874.95 as deficiency estate and inheritance taxes i ncluding surcharges, interests and compromise penalties. ISSUE: The principal question as noted dealt with the reciprocity aspect as well as the insisting by the Collector of Internal Revenue that Tangier was not a fo reign country within the meaning of Section 122. Ruling: Contention of the Collector of Internal Revenue, the appealed decision s tates: "In fine, we believe, and so hold, that the expression "foreign country", used in the last proviso of Section 122 of the National Internal Revenue Code, refers to a government of that foreign power which, although not an internationa l person in the sense of international law, does not impose transfer or death up on intangible person properties of our citizens not residing therein, or whose l aw allows a similar exemption from such taxes. Court of Tax Appeals admitted evi dence submitted by the administrator petitioner Antonio Campos Rueda, consisting of exhibits of laws of Tangier to the effect that "the transfers by reason of d eath of movable properties, corporeal or incorporeal, including furniture and pe rsonal effects as well as of securities, bonds, shares, were not subject, on tha t date and in said zone, to the payment of any death tax, whatever might have be en the nationality of the deceased or his heirs and legatees." It is, therefore, not necessary that Tangier should have been recognized by our Government order to entitle the petitioner to the exemption benefits of the prov iso of Section 122 of our Tax Code. SEC 85: Gross estate gross estate include real and personal property, whether tangible or intangible, or mixed, wherever situated (Sec 104) NRA: Decedent / Donor property situated outside of Philippines not included on t he gross estate Q: Tax credits under Philippine Estate tax? 1. Estate paid to a foreign country (sec b, par E)

2. The input tax under VAT (sec 110, par b) 3. Tax credit against any internal revenue tax (sec204) Q: In case of Controversy, whether the applicable tax is estate tax or donors tax , why is it that the government always insists the payment of estate tax and the taxpayer always insist on the Donors tax? The rate of the estate tax is higher than the donors tax (subj. to certain e xceptions) Gross estate in sec 85 is LONGER that the gross gift in sec 98 par b Q: Why is it that the gross gift provided for in a short par and why the gross e state provided in a very long par? There are 3 reasons: If the property is transferred AFTER the death of the transferor regardless of a ny surrounding circumstance, the applicable Transfer tax shall always be ESTATE T AX, but if transferred DURING THE LIFETIME of the transferor, we DO NOT ALWAYS ap ply DONORs TAX We CANNOT apply the donors tax made AFTER the death of the transferor, the rule i s ABSOLUTE, ESTATE tax shall be applied Section 85 Gross Estate (inclusion) A.Decedents interest (SEC 85 par a) The law did not say decedents ownership, therefore this does not only include pro perties owned by the decedent at the time of his death, but also it may include property by which the decedent has only interest on the property Example: CONTRACT OF USUFRUCT If the contract of usufruct is for a fixed period of time, lets say for 5 years, and after 2 years, the usufructury died. Is the contract of Usufruct terminated by the death of the usufructury? NO, it is for a fixed period of time and the usufructury died only after 2 years when the contract is for 5. Hence the use of the property shall be inherited by the heirs of the usufructory Normally, upon the death of the naked owner or the usufructury, the contract of usufruct is terminated) If the usufructury dies, the merger of the usufructury in the naked owner is EXE MPT (Sec 87 par a) INCLUDES: property (1) owned at the time of death and (2) property not owned at the time of death Q: is there a conflict between Sec 88 a and Sec 87 a? How do you reconcile? A: No conflict 1.Section 87 a contemplates a situation where the usufruct is terminated by the death of the party. 2.Section 88a contemplates a usufruct for a fixed period and the contract still exist. Contract of lease included Q: How do you determine the value of usufruct? A: Sec. 88 a provides to determine the value of the right of usufruct, take int o account the probable life of the beneficiary. Transfer during the life time Normally Donors tax

However there are exceptions: 1.transfer in contemplation of death (85B) 2.revocable transfer (85 C) 3.transfer for insufficient consideration TRANSFER IN CONTEMPLATION OF DEATH (SEC 85 par b)

Q: What are transfers deemed in contemplation of death? A: By virtue of Supreme Court decision; and By the Tax Code when property was transferred during the lifetime but the deced ent: retains possession or receive income or fruits of property; or retains the right to designate persons who will possess the property or the righ t to receive fruits or income Revocable Transfers SUPREME COURT DECISION: Roces case: F: during lifetime, the following document were instituted or executed simultane ously 1.will and 2. donation The heirs insisted to pay Donors tax, Posados the collector tried to collect inhe ritance tax. unique thing: Donees were also the heirs in the last will and testament Donees wanted to pay donors tax because it is always lower than the estate tax ex cept when the donee is a stranger H: this is a transfer in contemplation of death Dizon Case: F: A Deed of Donation was executed by Dizon. Dizon died several days thereafter and the son is claiming that the tax that sho uld be imposed is the donors tax/ son claims Donors tax H:Transfers in contemplation of death 1. revocable transfers are included in the gross estate Reason: the decedent retains tremendous power and control over the property 2. Irrevocable transfers are not included in the gross estate: exempt Reason: the decedent losses control over the property Notice Not Required because the person has the control over the property D. Property passing under general power of appointment 2009 BAR If you read the code, it is similar to Sec 85 par. B, however the one to be unde rstood here is that part of the title general power of appointment Same with fidei commissary substitution 3 parties: 1.testator / decedent 2.1st heir upon death, he being the fiduciary, it is exempt (sec87 par b) 3.2nd heir

Q: Why exempt? A: The first heir as fiduciary did not choose as who will be the second heir (fi

deicomissary) since it was the testator who chose the latter Under US Laws: The 1st heir died and property would be transferred to the second heir The estate of the 1st heir is liable for estate tax for the reason that he is the one who chooses the 2nd heir TAKE NOTE: To determine whether included in Estate or not, know who has the choi ce to designate the 2nd heir: if decedent instructs the 1st heir that he can transfer the property to whomever he wants included in gross estate 1st heir choice included in gross estate E. Proceeds of Life Insurance Under income tax, this is an exclusion (sec 32 par b1 & b2) subject to certain requirements. If upon the death of the testator insurance has been paid it is exempt. 1. The decedent insured himself; and 2. Beneficiary is the estate represented by the executor or administrator whethe r revocable or irrevocable: included in gross estate whether designation is revocable or irrevocable Beneficiary is 3rd person or those other than the estate: revocable included in the gross estate irrevocable not included in the gross estate *for the same reason of control over the proceeds Q: Are the requirements the same as income tax under sec 32 b1 & b2? A: No, B1 requires only one requirement to be exempt from INCOME tax: It is paya ble upon the death regardless of who is the beneficiary, revocable or irrevocabl e, by installment or amortization), with PROVISO, if there is an agreement as to the INTEREST, then that interest is no l onger exempt. EXAMPLE: The proceeds of life insurance is Php1M, and the insurer and the insured agreed that there will be payment of interest of 65K. The 65K interest is no longer exe mpt as PROCEEDS and INTEREST are DIFFERENT In Sec 32 par B2, insurance paid after a fixed number of time, say 10 years, and after that 10 years, the insured is still alive and kicking, he was paid 1M. Is the entire amount of 1M exempt from income tax? NO, the entire amount is not exempt. Determine first the actual premium paid during the existence of the contract, le t us say Php100K was paid as premium and the Php900K was the equivalent of the r eturn. The 100K is the one exempt and the 900K is the one subject to income tax (sec 32 par A8)

Is it subject to VAT? The one subject to VAT is the NON-LIFE Insurance except CROP Insurance (Sec 108 , Par A, Middle part) Q: What about LIFE?

It is not subject to VAT since it is already subject to percentage tax which is in the nature of a BUSINESS TAX under sec 123. BASIS: the Principle : If one is subject to percentage tax then, as a general ru le, it is no longer subject to VAT or Vice Versa F. Prior Interest > irrelevant provision The one referred to in this paragraph are the items provided for in Sec 85 par B (transfer in contemplation of death), par C (revocable transfer), par E (procee ds of life Insurance), as to whether it happened before or after the codificatio n/effectivity of the code for the first time in 1989. G. Transfer for insufficient consideration Q: Similar or in connection with Sec 100 (Donors tax) can you apply the two (2) p rovisions simultaneously? A: No, alternative application, one or the other but not both (Estate OR Donors) depending upon the time of transfer OR motive of the transferor: estate tax When motive of the transferor for transferring the property for LESS than the ad equate consideration, it SHALL be because of impending death or maybe due to a terminal disease Donors tax When the motive for transfer is because of generosity or kindness, because the buyer or transferee is a relative or friend HOWEVER, the code provides that in case of bona fide sale for an ADEQUATE and F ULL consideration in money or moneys worth, the same shall not be considered as T ransfer for inadequate consideration Example: A parcel of land in metro manila was sold by the owner for a selling p rice which is very much lower than the adequate fair market value, with the FMV of 1M but it was sold for Php600K because the buyer is a relative. Is it subject to transfer tax? A: The facts of the question are very clear. There is no need to qualify. Due to the relation of the parties, it was transferred for less than the adequate cons ideration. Sec 100 says that DONORs Tax is applied if the real property is other than the on e mentioned is Sec 24 par D1 (real property located in the Philippines which is a CAPITAL ASSET). If Real Deed of Donation was executed -Donors Tax will apply. Why? It is not subject to Donors Tax because the applicable tax is the FIT which is 6% erroneously known as capital gains tax What does Sec 24, par D1 say? The tax applicable for the sale, barter or exchange, and other modes of disposit ion (which includes Transfer for Less than the Adequate Consideration) The basis being the GROSS SELLING PRICE or the FAIR MARKET VALUE, whichever is H IGHER Q: Will your answer be the same if Shares Of Stocks are sold? A: No, answer not the same, Shares Of Stocks is not the type of property contemp

lated in Sec 24 D (1) in this case, the amount by which the FMV of prop exceeds the value of the consid eration, it shall be deemed a gift and included in the computation of the gross gift: subject to Donors Tax Q: What is the subject matter in 85 G? A: paragraphs 85 B, 85 C, 85 D Sale in good faith as a defense: 1.under Section 100 is not a defense as the phrase except in a bona fide sale 2. under Section 85 G, it is a defense H. Capital of Surviving Spouse correlate with Sec 86 C both speak of legally married individual only What are these properties? pertains to the separate property of spouse who survived Let us make a correction: capital here is used in its generic sense, to include the paraphernal property o f the wife surviving spouse may be man or woman (di lagging namamatay yung wife. Paminsan mi nsan lang.) Is the capital or paraphernal property or share in the marriage settlement, as the cas e may be, subject to ESTATE TAX? A: No, in all cases because under sec 85 par h, the separate property of the sur viving spouse, the law says, it is not to be included in the gross estate and th erefore, EXEMPT. What about Section 86 par c? That the share of the surviving spouse in the conjugal partnership (50%) should be included but not subject to estate tax because it is a deduction Why should we include the share of the surviving spouse then deduct it? The relevance lies in determining whether or not it complies with the requiremen ts under section 89 and section 90: Written notice of death is required when the GROSS ESTATE exceeds Php20K, OR, wh en TRANSFER is subject to tax (Sec 89); Estate Tax return determine whether gross value is at least P200,000 (Sec 90); or regardless of the value of the estate, it consist of registered or registrable p roperty such as real property, motor vehicle, shares of stock or other similar p roperty Further, if gross value is at least 2M, the return will be supported by a statem ent certified by a CPA. SECTION 86 Q: Who are the taxpayers under 86 A? A: 1.RC 2.NRC 3.RA Q: Who is the taxpayer under 86 B?

A: NRA Q: Why do we need to know this? A: NRA cannot avail of the following deductions: 1.family income 2.standard deduction 3.hospitalization 4.retirement pay under RA 4917 A. Deductions Allowed to the Estate of a Citizen or Resident A1. Expenses, Losses, Indebtedness and Taxes (ELIT) a) FUNERAL EXPENSES (par A1 a) 1.Actual Funeral Expenses (die now pay later); or 2.amount equal to 5% of gross estate apply whichever is lower Limitation: a) Amount equal to 5% of gross estate should not exceed P200,000 (basis is the g ross value) RR 2-2003 States those expenses incurred before the burial Sets limitation as to amount Not to exceed Php200K as to the value meaning without deductions and in NO case exceed 5% of the gross estate value Q: Suppose it is only Php155K, is there an instance wherein it would not be allo wed? A: YES, if the amount exceeds 5% of the gross estate value Q: Why is the gross estate of the Absolute Community would be included in the Ne st Estate then to be deducted? A: To determine the gross estate. The importance is; to determine the limitation of the funeral expense because the basis is not the net estate but the gross value of the estate; to determine on whether the heirs of the decedent will make a written notice of the death of the person to the BIR (sec 89) that it should be at least with a g ross value of 20,000 for purposes of filing the return, the general rule that the gross value is at l east 200,000 (sec 90) If the gross value of the estate is at least 2M, the certification issued by a C PA (sec 90)

Going Back to RR 2-2003 The actual funeral expense shall include: purchasors mourning apparel (black clothes) Food and drinks Publication for death notices Telecommunication expenses incurred informing relatives of the deceased; Cost of burial plot, tombstones, monument or mausoleum but not their upkeep (onl y to the value where he is buried) Interment or cremation charges And other necessary expenses incurred for the purpose of the rites and ceremonie s incident to the interment/burial Death anniversary and those incurred after the burial, as it necessarily follows , shall not be included as a deduction

b) JUDICIAL EXPENSES (par A1 b) > Both the NIRC and RR 2-2003 provides judicial expenses as deductions (both tes tamentary and intestate) > no limitation as to the amount of the expense Q: What about if it is extra-judicial settlement of estate, are these also deduc tible? A: YES, although the NIRC and RR 2-2003 is silent, the SC, in the case of Pajona r vs Commissioner (328 S 666), considered extra-judicial settlement as deductibl e. Pajonar vs Commissioner (328 S 666) F: Pedro Pajonar, a member of the Philippine Scout, Bataan Contingent, during th e second World War, was a part of the infamous Death March by reason of which he suffered shock and became insane. His sister Josefina Pajonar became the guardi an over his person, while his property was placed under the guardianship of the Philippine National Bank (PNB) by the RTC31, in Special Proceedings. He died on January 10, 1988. He was survived by his two brothers Isidro and Gregorio, his s ister Josefina, nephews Concordio Jandog and Mario Jandog and niece Conchita Jan dog. On May 11, 1988, the PNB filed an accounting of the decedent s property under gu ardianship valued at P3,037,672.09. However, the PNB did not file an estate tax return, instead it advised Pedro Pajonar s heirs to execute an extrajudicial set tlement and to pay the taxes on his estate. On April 5, 1988, pursuant to the as sessment by the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), the estate of Pedro Pajonar pa id taxes in the amount of P2,557. On December 19, 1988, pursuant to a second assessment by the BIR for deficiency estate tax in the amount of P1,527,790.98. Josefina Pajonar, in her capacity as administratrix filed a protest on January 11, 1989 with the BIR praying that the estate tax payment in the amount of P1,527,790.98, or at least some portion of it, be returned to the heirs. However, on August 15, 1989, without waiting for h er protest to be resolved by the BIR, Pajonar filed a petition for review with the CTA, praying for the refund of P1,527,790.98, or in the alternative, P840,20 2.06, as erroneously paid estate tax. On May 6, 1993, the CTA ordered the Commissioner of Internal Revenue to refund J osefina Pajonar the amount of P252,585.59, representing erroneously paid estate tax for the year 1988. Among the deductions from the gross estate allowed by the CTA were the amounts of P60,753 (notarial fee for the Extrajudicial Settlemen)t and P50,000 (attorney s fees in Special Proceedings for guardianship). On June 15, 1993, the CIR filed a motion for reconsideration, that the notarial fee for the Extrajudicial Settlement and the attorney s fees in the guardianship proceedings are not deductible expenses. On June 7, 1994, the CTA issued the assailed Resolution ordering the CIR to ref und Pajonar,, the amount of P76,502.42 representing erroneously paid estate tax for the year 1988, the validity of the deduction of the notarial fee for the Ext rajudicial Settlement and the attorney s fees in the guardianship proceedings. C IR filed a petition for review, where on December 21, 1995, the Court of Appeals denied the Commissioner s petition Issue: Whether or not extra-judicial expenses may be allowed as a deduction H: This law has been copied from U.S. In US, expenses to be claimed as a deduct ion both judicial and extra judicial expenses. The notarial fee paid for the ext rajudicial settlement is clearly a deductible expense since such settlement effe cted a distribution of Pedro Pajonar s estate to his lawful heirs. Similarly, th e attorney s fees paid to PNB for acting as the guardian of Pedro Pajonar s prop erty during his lifetime should also be considered as a deductible administratio n expense. PNB provided a detailed accounting of decedent s property and gave ad vice as to the proper settlement of the latter s estate, acts which contributed towards the collection of decedent s assets and the subsequent settlement of the

estate. The December 21, 1995 Decision of the Court of Appeals is AFFIRMED. C. Claims against the estate (par A1 c) This means that the decedent here is the debtor or the Estate is the debtor Q: If the decedent is the debtor, is the executor or administrator allowed to cl aim the indebtedness as a deduction? A: YES, provided Requirements: 1. include the amount of indedbtedness in the gross estate; 2. at the time the indebtedness was incurred the debt instrument was duly notari zed; 3. loan contracted within 3 days before death, the administrator or executor s hall submit a statement showing how the proceeds of the loan was dispensed 4. RR 2-2003 (additional Requirement) The creditor, whether a natural or juridical person, should execute a certificat ion or an affidavit to the effect that the decedent is the debtor If creditor is a CORPORATION, all officers of the corporation must sign d) Claims against insolvent person (par A1 d) The decedent/Estate is the creditor RR 2-2003 Requirement: the only requirement is that the (only) amount of loan is included in the gross e state notarization and certification not required e). Unpaid Mortgage, taxes and losses (par A1 e) 3 expenses provided : Mortgage Indebtedness Taxes which accrued before the death of decedent Loss by virtue of natural calamities NOTE: To be recognized as a deduction must first be included in the gross estate If the loan is an accommodation loan, it must be included as a receivable of the estate Unpaid mortgage 1. Value of the decedents interest in the property is undiminished by such mortga ge; 2. Included in the value of the gross estate; Illustration: 1 million FMV but mortgage is only 600,000 you include 1 million Q: In unpaid mortgage who is the mortgagor? decedent mortgagor-debtor where until he died, he failed to pay the mortgage i ndedbtedness Q: is it an allowable deduction? A: YES, provided that the amount of the value of the property is included in the Gross Estate Q: A land valued at 1M as mortgage for 50K. A: In order to be a deduction to be allowed: Include the value of the property undiminished; Do not deduct the value of the mortgage Hence, the entire amount of 1M should be included

Taxes Q: Is real estate tax a deduction? A: Yes, it accrued prior to the decedents death Q: the taxes referred to in these section are those which accrued prior to the d eath of the decedent. Is estate tax included? A: NO. Estate tax accrues upon the death of the decedent. It will only be allowe d if it accrued prior to the decedents death. Losses By virtue of natural calamity to be deductible: losses incurred during the settlement of the estate; arising from fire, storms, shipwreck or other casualties, or from robbery, theft or embezzlement Such loss is NOT compensated by insurance; At the time of the filing, such losses have been claimed as a deduction for inco me tax purposes (sec 34 par d); Such losses were incurred not later than the last day of payment of the estate t ax (sec 91A), six months after death of the decedent. A2. Property Previously Taxed (par A2) Q: Why is this the most favorite in the BAR? A: Because it covers both ESTATE and DONORs Tax Partially known as Vanishing Deduction Return Applicable to both Estate and Donors Tax Applies to natural persons Acquires property by virtue of Inheritance or donation After acquisition, that person who acquired the property died Within 5 years 20% deduction of the value of property Within 4 years 40% Within 3 years 60% Within 2 years 80% Within 1 year 100% Q: What if acquired through purchase or any n donation or inheritance? A: Not apply, the property must be acquired 2.Estate tax or Donors tax already paid by 3.Any person who died within five (5) years other modes of acquisition other tha by inheritance or donation the Estate of the Decedent (1st par) prior to the death of the decedent

Example: X, died in January 2008. Prior to his death, he received a property fr om Y in March of 2007. How much will be deducted from the gross estate? A: The amount which can be deducted from the gross estate is 100% of the value o f the property received by X. Since X died within 1 year from the time the prope rty was donated, from the table 100% of the property can be claimed by the execu tor as vanishing deduction, provided, that the donors tax or estate tax imposed b y the code was paid for the transfer. BAR QUESTION: Suppose the person who died within 1 died and it was inherited by the son, suppo se the son also died within a year or 2 years, should we still apply the vanishin g deduction A: No more. (last Sec 86 par A2) Q: What are the amounts?

A: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Prior Decedent died within: 5years 20% 4years 40% 3 years -60% 2 years 80% 1 year -100%

Q: Suppose the person died within 1 year and it was inherited by son, suppose th e son also died within 1 year or may be 2 years, should we apply the vanishing d eductions? A: No more (last par Sec 86 A2) A3. Transfer to the Govt, Political Subdivision, including Agencies and Instrumen talities Exclusively for PUBLIC PURPOSE (PAR A3) Important is the phrase public purpose Compare to sec 87 par d Sec 86 Par A3 Sec 87 Par d Exclusive for public purpose Social welfare Charitable institution Cultural Institution ---nothing follows--Not more than 30% shall be used for administrative purposes amount of all bequest, legacies, devises or transfers Recipient: government or any political subdivision exclusively for public purpose Take Note: 30% of which not used for administrative purpose is not a requirement A4. FAMILY HOME (par A4) amount equivalent to the current FMV of the Family Home of decedent. Limit: FMV should not exceed 1 million otherwise the excess will be subject to e state tax. Q: If the house is only 700K A: ONLY up to 700K shall be considered a deduction Q: If it is 1.6M? A: Maximum of 1M shall be considered a deduction, the excess shall be subject to estate tax RR 2-2003 Requirements: Person is legally married General Rule: if single not allowed to claim Except: if head of the family Family Home actual residence of the decedent Certification of Barangay Captain of locality The amount of the family home must be included in the estate Q: Filipino who is a permanent resident of the United States, when he died, the administrator argued that under Sec 86 par A, it includes there, non-resident ci tizen, is he allowed? A: NO. The family home must be the ACTUAL residence of the decedent (RR 2-2003)

an not only that, generally, he must be LEGALLY married or a single person who i s the head of the family Q: Is there conflict with NRA? A: NRA in RR 2-2003 is specific, Sec 86 par A1 A5. STANDARD DEDUCTIONS (par A5) Don not confuse with optional standard deduction (sec 34 par L) as that pertain to income taxation Up to the extent of 1M BOTH RR 2-2003 and the NIRC do not require further requirement, HENCE, automatic (RC, NRC, RA) Sec 86 par A A6. MEDICAL EXPENSES (par A6) Requirements: 1. amount not exceeding P500,000 2. medical expenses incurred by the decedent within one (1) year prior to his de ath. 3. must be duly substantiated with receipt BAR QUESTION 2003: A person was hospitalized for 2 years, and after the lapse of 2 years, that pers on died in the hospital. His expense is 110K. Can the 400K be claimed as a deduc tion of hospitalization expenses? A: NO. The computation of the amount shall not exceed 500K, as provided by law, and should only be within 1 year to be computed up to the death of the decedent, hence, you have to determine how much is spent within the span of 1 year immedi ately before his death since the facts state two years. A7. RETIREMENT PAY (par A7) Not all retirement pays are DEDUCTIBLE Other than RA 4917, not considered deductions UNDER RA 4917 (RETIREMENT PAY WITH PRIVATE PLAN) Requirements: 1. plan duly approved by the BIR 2. person at least 50 years old 3. must at least be 10 years in service 4. may be availed only once TAKE NOTE: This is a deduction in the nature of exemption, all other retirement plan is excluded Q: If your relative receives a retirement plan from the GSIS or the SSS? A: These are not deductions (Sec 32 par B6(a) GSIS- group sex isnt safe SSS safety sex services BIR blow job is recommended *Check retirement pay as a deduction for the two kinds of retirement plan B. Deductions Allowed to Non-resident Estates

> the decedent is a non-resident alien ALLOWED NOT ALLOWED E L I T (A1) Family home (A4) Vanishing deductions (A2) Standard deduction (A5) Transfers for public use(A3) Hospital expenses (A6) Retirement pay (A7)

Q: What about the one mentioned in sec 86 A1? A: that is a deduction here, because paragraph B says, deductions provided for in the succeeding subsection A1, the enumeration beginning from actual funeral expe nses to mortgage indebtedness. C. Shares in the Conjugal Property The share of the surviving spouse in the conjugal partnership (50%) should be in cluded but not subject to estate tax because it is a deduction Why should we include the share of the surviving spouse then deduct it? the relevance lies in determining whether or not it complies with the requiremen ts under section 89 and section 90: Written notice of death is required when the GROSS ESTATE exceeds Php20K, OR, wh en TRANSFER is subject to tax; Estate Tax return determine whether gross value is at least P200,000 (Sec 90); or regardless of the value of the estate, it consist of registered or registrable p roperty such as real property, motor vehicle, shares of stock or other similar p roperty Further, if gross value is at least 2M, the return will be supported by a statem ent certified by a CPA. D. Miscellaneous Provisions For NRA: No deduction shall be allowed unless, the executor, administrator or he ir, included in the return the value at the time of his death that part of his g ross estate not situated in the Philippines. For proper deduction must include E. below E. Tax Credit for Estate Tax Paid to Foreign Country SECTION 87 (go back to discussion on Sec 85 par D) EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN ACQUISITION AND TRANSMISSIONS (as discussed, exempt) 1. Merger of usufruct in the owner of the naked title; 2. transmission or delivery of the inheritance or legacy by the fiduciary heir o r legatee to the fideicommissary; 3. transmission from the first heir, legatee or legacy donee in favor of another beneficiary, in accordance with the desire of the predecessor; 4. All bequest, devises, legacies or transfers to (1) social welfare (2) cultura l and (3) charitable institution Requirements: 1.no part of the net income insures to the benefit of any individual;

2.not more than 30% of donation (BDL) shall be used by such institutions for adm inistration purposes. Q: Why is it that when more than 30%, it is no longer a deduction? A: The very purpose for which the property has been donated, that it will be for charitable, social welfare and cultural, will be rendered meaningless or negato ry SECTION 88 DETERMINATION OF THE VALUE OF THE ESTATE Q: How to determine the usufruct (sec 88 par A) A: It is based on the BASIC STANDARD MORALITY TABLE being used in the United Sta tes Q: Due to the merger with the owner of the usufruct is exempt, how come the valu e will be determined? A: The value of the usufruct shall be determined for the purpose of imposition o f the estate tax ( Sec 88 par k) A.Usufruct 1.Determine value of right of usufruct: consider the probable life of the beneficiary based on the latest Basic Standard Mortality Table B.Properties fair market value of the Estate at the time of death 1.FMV determined by Commissioner 2.FMV schedule of values fixed by the Provincial or City Assessors Q: The BIR, after 5 years from the death of the decedent assessed now the proper ty, personal property, at the time of death, it is only valued at 1M, 5 years th ereafter, it was already 4M. Is the BIR correct? A: No. The basis there must be at the time of the death Of the decedent This is for personal property as a rule RR 2-2003 A different tule in determining the value of the shares of stocks (also personal property) It all depends on whether listed or unlisted in the local stock exchange UNLISTED COMMON SHARES basis shall be based on its BOOK VALUE UNLISTED PREFERRED SHARES basis shall be the PAR VALUE LISTED SHARES OF STOCKS fluctuates The value of the shares listed in the stock market fluctuates Determine the highest and lowest. You use the highest immediately before the dea th (arithmetic Mean) Real Property (Sec 88 par B) It should be the valuedetermined by the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue- Z onal Value; or The value determined by the city assessors office Whichever is HIGHER SECTION 89 NOTICE OF DEATH TO BE FILED Q: What is the Basis? A: the gross estate of the person

Q: A person died, do you inform the BIR in writing? A: It depends. If the GROSS value of the estate is at least 20,000. Q:When is the notice required to be filed? A: 1. all cases of transfer subject to tax 2.although exempt, when gross values of the estate exceeds P200,000 Q: When filed? A: within two (2) months 1. after decedents death 2. same period after qualifying as executor or administrator give a written notice Q: If the Net Estate is at least P17,000 will you in form the commissioner? A: yes, the gross is at least 3-4 million Q: Why? A: The gross will have: The STANDARD DEDUCTION OF 1M The deduction of the FAMILY HOME 1M Where the GROSS value of the decedent belongs to par A (2M) the net estate woul d be Php0.00 SECTION 90 ESTATES TAX RETURNS Q: When required to file return? A: 1. all cases of transfer subject to tax 2. even though exempt, gross value of the estate exceeds P200,000 3. regardless of gross value of the estate, when the same consists of registe red or registrable prop such as: 1.real property 2.motor vehicle 3. shares of stocks 4. other similar property where clearance from BIR necessary for transfer of own ership in the name of the transferee return must set forth the following: 1.value of the gross estate at time of death 2.deductions allowed 3.information necessary to establish correct taxes Q: What if Estate is exempt because it is of minimal value (200,000 and below:Se c 84), is it required to file a return? A: General Rule: No Exception: a. gross value exceeds P200,000 b.estate contains registrable property Q: what if the gross value is below 200,000? A: General Rule: Filing is not required, EXCEPT if the property involved constit ute resgistrable property like shares of stocks, motor vehicle and parcels of la nd Q: if the estate or gross estate exceeds 2 million, what is the requirement? A: return must be duly certified by a CPA SECTION 91 Time of Filing GENERAL RULE: The time for paying the estate tax is at the time the return is fi led > > > PAY AS YOU FILE

filed within 6 months from decedents death within 30 days for filing the return within 30 days after promulgation of such order 1.certified copy of the schedule of partition and 2.order of court approving the same Extension of Time Filing Time: 30 days Grounds: meritorious cases Who grants: Commissioner Extension for PAYMENT of the tax Extra-judicial shall not be more than 2 years Judicial shall not exceed 5 years Q: If the extension for payment is granted, what is the obligation of the admini strator/executor? A; File a bond not more than double the amount of tax Sec 91 par C says: The primary liability falls upon the administrator/executor, if he failed to pay the subsidiary liability falls upon the heirs. The primary liability of the adm inistrator/executor is not personal, hence he must be reimbursed. Q: is the obligation of the heirs to pay the tax, joint or solidary? A: JOINT. Sec 91 par C says the obligation of the heir to pay the tax liability s hall not be more than the share in the estate only up to the extent of his share. Place of filing: return shall be filed with: 1.authorized agent bank 2.revenue district officer 3. collection officer 4. duly authorized treasurer city or municipality in which decedent was domiciled at the time of his death Q: What if non resident? A: NR with no legal residence here, with the office of the commissioner. Q:Let us say there are 3 compulsory heirs, namely A, B, and C. A renounces his i nheritance coming from the parents, but A renounces his inheritance in favor of his 2 siblings, brother and sister B and C. Is this subject to donors tax? A:NO. It is exempt. Q:But if in the given example, A said I am renouncing my inheritance, but I am gi ving it to my sister B, is this subject to donors tax? A:YES. Renunciation is to the disadvantage of the brother. SECTION 92 DISCHARGE OF THE EXECUTOR or ADMINISTRATOR Q: If you want to be relieved from liability as an executor/administrator? A: 1. File a written application with the BIR stating that you want to be absolv ed from the liability to be done within 1 year If there has been a RETURN filed Must be done within 1 year from the time the reurn has been filed If RETURN has not been filed The 1 year should be counted fron the filing of the written application SECTION 93 DEFICIENCY ASSESSMENT

Deficiency amount which the estate tax exceeds the amount shown in the return, n o amount was shown or if there is no return, the amount by which the tax exceeds the amounts previously assessed Where the taxpayer shall receive a notice of assessment These 3 provisions say that if you file the reurn and pay the tax, but the tax i s not enough, you are going to receive an assessment, again OR If you filed the re turn but did not pay the tax OR you did not file the return nor paid the tax: INCOME TAX (sec 58 par B) ESTATE TAX (Sec 93) Donors Tax ( sec 104, last portion) SECTION 94 PAYMENT BEFORE DELIVERY BY EXECUTOR/ADMINISTRATOR The judge may authorize the administrator to deliver or distribute to any party in interested in the estate PROVIDED that a CERTIFICATION from the Commissioner that the estate has been paid MARCOS vs. SANDIGANBAYAN (273 SCRA 47) F: BIR to collect estate tax but the estate is under judicial settlement. Is it necessary for the BIR to ask permission from the RTC judge holding the case. H: NO. The function of the judge in the judicial settlement is different from th e function of the BIR. The judge shall partition the property and the BIR to col lect the tax SECTION 95 Persons obliged to Notify the BIR Q: Who are these persons obliged to notify the BIR in case they encounter execut ion of documents, certain acts or transactions which will reveal the payment of estate tax? A: 1.an attorney who executed the extrajudicial partition or a judicial settlement where he was obliged to file a petition or pleading with the court; 2. A notary public who notarized the the settlement of estate whether judicial o r extrajudicial 3.The city provincial engineer who made the cadastral survey for purposes of par tition Section 96 Restitution If after payment, new obligations of the decedent appears, upon satisfaction of which, they shall have the right to restitution of the proportional part of the tax paid. SECTION 97 Decedents Bank Accounts Incidentally, in section 94, before the judge shall distribute the property, the judge should secure the certification of payment of estate tax. The proof to be presented here by the parties is not the estate tax received, th at is not enough, the law says certificate of payment of tax, which mean to say, you have to present the receipt. RECEIPT= the certification in the nature of an affidavit signed by the BIR offic er that indeed the tax has been paid. (relate to sec. 94)

Q: Is there an instance that the executor, administrator or heir can withdraw wi thout the certificate of payment or even without the payment of estate tax? A: The law says you are allowed to withdraw money not exceeding 30K. (before it was 20K) Q: What if the bank account is a checking account? A: There is a remedy although it is illegal and immoral. Text me if you want to know (

DONORS TAX SECTION 98 Imposition of Tax (A) There shall be levied, assessed, collected and paid upon the transfer by a ny person, resident or nonresident, of the property by gift, a tax, computed as provided in Section 99. (B) The tax shall apply whether the transfer is in trust or otherwise, whether the gift is direct or indirect, and whether the property is real or personal, t angible or intangible. Q: What is the formula? A GROSS GIFT (SEC98 par B) DEDUCTIONS (SEC 101, par A & B) ============== NET GIFT (TAXABLE GIFT) X RATE (1ST 100,000 is exempt) ============== TAXABLE NET GIFT TAX CREDIT (if any) ============== DONORs TAX Q: What are the tax credits possible Sec 101, par C Donors tax paid to a foreign country Sec 110 par B, last phrase Input tax under the VAT system where it may be claimed against any of the intern al revenue tax Sec 204 (Tax Credit Certificate) Tax credit may be claimed against any internal revenue tax except withholding ta x SECTION 99 Rates of Tax Payable by Donor. - (A) In General. - The tax for each ca lendar year shall be computed on the basis of the total net gifts made during th e calendar year in accordance with the following schedule. If the net gift is:

OVER BUT NOT OVER TAX SHALL BE PLUS EXCESS OF P 100,000 EXEMPT P 100,000 200,000 0 2% P100,000 200,000 500,000 2,000 4% 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 14,000 6% 500,000 1,000,000 3,000,000 44,000 8% 1,000,000 3,000,000 5,000,000 204,000 10% 3,000,000 5,000,000 10,000,000 404,000 12% 5,000,000 10,000,000 1,004,000 15% 10,000,000 Q: What are the properties to be included?

Real Personal Tangible Intangible Note: Sec 99 A and Sec 103 par A1 The understanding of the splitting method of filing a donors tax return and the cumulative way of filing the return Under the tax code, it is only the two rated gift in one calendar year, that is the cumulative In RR 2-2003: Under the estate tax, there is no such thing as cumulative or splitting, tha t is not so true in donors tax Q: What is the reason why there is cumulative or splitting? A: In donors tax, there are two rates (Sec 99 par B) The fluctuation rates from 2 to 15 if the degree is a relative; The flat rate of 30% if the done is a stranger Generally, for donations made to relatives, the cumulative mode is relevant. How ever, by way of exception, when the amount of donation is 10M and above, the cum ulative method is no longer relevant since in that cae, the rate applicable is 1 5%, hence it is as if the rate is fixed. If the Donee is: SECTION 99A RELATIVE After division into 2 or 3, just once or several donations, PROVIDED, the net gi ft after division is 10M or lower than 10M, then the rate will vary depending up on the availability of other deductions. Q: Who are the relatives? Brother, sister (full or half-blood), spouses, ancestor and lineal descendant Relative by consanguinity in the collateral line within the 4th degree of relati onship Q: What do you mean by SPLITTING? Splitting is allowed when 2 or more donations will be executed in 2 or more CALE NDAR years, whether the done is a relative or a stranger, in both cases it may b e applied, however it is only material if it a relative. Example: 1st donation was on December 27, 2005, the 2nd donation was on January 3, 2006. What should be the method to be employed? A: Splitting method After division, it was below 10M net gift, and we cannot give the exact figure s ince it will depend upon the availability of deductions, what will be the rate? A: the rate maybe 8 or maybe 6 depending on the availability of the deductio ns Q: What do you mean by CUMULATIVE? A: 2 or more donations made within ONE calendar year Example The amount of the donors tax is 8,000; on December 27, 2005, the taxpayer immedia

tely filed the return and paid the tax of 8,000; on January 3, 2006, he made ano ther donation to the same done, a relative; the value of the property being belo w 10M, applying the new rate depending upon the availability of other deductions , he also paid 8,000; in cumulative, can you do that? A: NO, it shall be more than 16,000 In January 2005, you made a donation to a relative to which the tax should be p aid within 30 days, so you paid 8,000; May 2005 you made another donation, what do you include? A: You have to include the value of the property on the donation made in Ja nuary 2005 because both donations were made in the same calendar year If after computing, it says there 24,000, are we going to pay the 24,000? A: NO, you will only pay 16,000 because we have previously paid 8,000 alre ady SQ: Sir, anong Kalokohan ba yan? NO, hindi ito kalokohan because the rate of the tax will be increased as the v alue of the property donated increases because the 2 donations were cumulative. SECTION 99B STRANGER (B) Tax Payable by Donor if Donee is a Stranger. - When the donee or beneficiary is stranger, the tax payable by the donor shall be thirty percent (30%) of the n et gifts. For the purpose of this tax, a "stranger", is a person who is not a: (1) Brother, sister (whether by whole or half-blood), spouse, ances tor and lineal descendant; or (2) Relative by consanguinity in the collateral line within the four th degree of relationship. It does not follow; you cannot do that because the donors tax that should be paid is a flat rate of 30% Q: A donation was made on December 27, 1994d, several days thereafter on Janary 3, 1995, another donation was made, the done is the SON; now the BIR examiner sa id, since the donation was made between several days only, why not include the va lue of the property you have donated on December 27, 1994 to this donation on Ja nuary 3, 1995. Is the examiner correct? A: NO, where the donation were made in different years, you cannot apply the cumulative whether the done is a relative or not (RR 2-2003) The donation was made through splitting, one was mad 12/27/2000, the second one was made 1/3/2001. After division, the net gift for each donation wer exactly 10 0K each (net gift divided into 2). Do you now say that the taxpayer will pay les s because the method applied was splitting? A: NO as the donation is exempt. Sec 99 par B provides that if the NET GIFT is at least 100k or below it is EXEMPT. Do not get me wrong; cumulative and splitting applies to BOTH relatives and stra ngers, only that it is material when the done is a relative. SECTION 99 par C Contribution for Purposes of Election (C) Any contribution in cash or in kind to any candidate, political party or coal ition of parties for campaign purposes shall be governed by the Election Code, a s amended

Q: if the done is a candidate in the next election, is the donor exempt? A: While it is true that SEC 99 par C is totally silent about it, and theref ore if the law is silent, we do not presume exemption (there has to be an explic it provisions in the law) but considering the election code as mended in 1992 by RA 7166, sec 13 where it says, if the the done is a candidate, a political party or a coalition of political parties, the donation is EXEMPT from donors tax PROV IDED the donation was properly reported to the office of the COMELEC SECTION 100 Transfer for inadequate consideration Where property, other than real property referred to in Section 24(D), is transf erred for less than an adequate and full consideration in money or money s worth , then the amount by which the fair market value of the property exceeded the va lue of the consideration shall, for the purpose of the tax imposed by this Chapt er, be deemed a gift, and shall be included in computing the amount of gifts mad e during the calendar year. (Compare with Sec 85 G) Transfer for less than the adequate consideration Dont confuse with Sec 83 par G, estate Do not impose the tax simultaneously It should be only either of the two depending upon the motive or intent of the t ransferor ESTATE TAX- motive is impending death DONORs TAX- motive is generosity or kindness 2002 and 2009 Bar Question: What are the properties which may be the subject of a transfer for less th an the adequate consideration where the applicable transfer tax shall be donors t ax? A: Any kind of property, real, personal, intangible or tangible) provided it is not the one mentioned in Sec 24 par D1 ( real property located in the Philippin es which is a capital asset) Q: How about that stated in Sec 85 par G? Any kind of property also provided it is the one mentioned in sec 85 par B, tran sfer in contemplation of death, C (revocable transfer) and D (property passing u nder the general power of appointment) Q: How about the defense of Bona Fide Sale in good faith? A: This is a defense only for sec 85 par G and not a defense for Sec 100 because nothing is mentioned. SECTION 101 Exemption of Certain Gifts The following gifts or donations shall be exempt from the tax provided for in th is Chapter: (A) In the Case of Gifts Made by a Resident. In this section, we have to determine if the donor belongs to Paragraph A or B. Q: Who are the six persons liable to pay donors tax Taxpayer Section Check

Resident Citizen 101 par A Resident Alien 101 par A Domestic Corporation 101 par A PD 1457 Nonresident Corporation 101 par A 86 par A Nonresident Alien 101 par B Foreign Corporation 101 par B Section 101 par A1 (1) Dowries or gifts made on account of marriage and before its celebration or wi thin one year thereafter by parents to each of their legitimate, recognized natu ral, or adopted children to the extent of the first Ten thousand pesos (P10,000) : Q: What is the importance of determining whether the taxpayer belongs to par A or B? A: The requirement of deductibility where the done is classified under section 103A3, there are five requirements. If the donor is under B, the requirement is only reduced by one. If the donor belongs to par A, the deduction of a dowry provided for in sec 101 par A1, is not a deduction if the donor belongs to par B With regard to the 3rd par (sec 101 par A3), where the donees or transferees are educational institution, social welfare, charitable, rehabilitation, religious institutions, organization for the rehabilitation of the veterans. Take note tha t there are 5 requirements if the done belongs to par A, now if the done belongs to par B then those requirements is down to one. 1989 BAR QUESTION: The father of the family died. The surviving spuse entered into a marriage contr act. After several years, because she could no longer endure the cold mornings o f November (not included in the bar question). During the celebration, one of th e children donated a property. Assume that the property donated did not exceed t he limitation of 10K Is it a dowry which is a deduction? A: No. Under sec 101 par A1, the donor should be the father, mother or both, don ating property to the legitimate, recognized natural and adopted children PROVID ED: The amount of the property donated did not exceed 10K AND It must be given or donated at the time of the celebration of marriage or within 1 year from the celebration of marriage. SECTION 101 par A2 (2) Gifts made to or for the use of the National Government or any entity created by any of its agencies which is not conducted for profit, or to any political s ubdivision of the said Government; and Note:: Donee is the National Government, Political Subdivisions and the Agencies and In

strumentalities NOT CONDUCTED FOR PROFIT Under Sec 86 A3 it says there exclusively for public purpose SAME RULES APPLY, hence, EXEMPT SECTION 101 par A3 Gifts in favor of an educational and/or charitable, religious, cultural or socia l welfare corporation, institution, accredited nongovernment organization, trust or philanthropic organization or research institution or organization: Provided , however, that not more than thirty percent (30%) of said gifts shall be used b y such donee for administration purposes. For the purpose of the exemption, a n on-profit educational and/or charitable corporation, institution, accredited non government organization, trust or philanthropic organization and/or research ins titution or organization is a school, college or university and/or charitable c orporation, accredited nongovernment organization, trust or philanthropic organi zation and/or research institution or organization, incorporated as a nonstock e ntity, paying no dividends, governed by trustees who receive no compensation, an d devoting all its income, whether students fees or gifts, donation, subsidies or other forms of philanthropy, to the accomplishment and promotion of the purpo ses enumerated in its Articles of Incorporation. Q: What are the requirements so that the donor may be exempted? Not more than 30% of the property donated shall be used for administrative purpo ses The done must be NONSTOCK and NONPROFIT Must be governed by trustees who do not receive compensation Done do not distribute any dividend The gross received as income shall only be used in accordance with the purposes embodied in the articles of incorporation SECTION 101 par B (B) In the Case of Gifts Made by a Nonresident Not a Citizen of the Philippines. (1) Gifts made to or for the use of the National Government or any entity created by any of its agencies which is not conducted for profit, or to any political s ubdivision of the said Government. (2) Gifts in favor of an educational and/or charitable, religious, cultural or so cial welfare corporation, institution, foundation, trust or philanthropic organi zation or research institution or organization: Provided, however, That not more than thirty percent (30%) of said gifts shall be used by such donee for adminis tration purposes. Q: if donor is FC or NRA is dowry a deduction? A: Dowry is NOT a DEDUCTION Q: A chinese RA who lives in Manila entered into a contract of marriage. During the celebration, the father who is a permanent resident of Taiwan donated to th e newlywed couple, let us say, it is 200 000. Is a dowry deemed to be a deductio n? A: NO. The DONOR is a NRA as the facts states he is a resident of TAIWAN. Since he belongs to those listed in par B, that dowry is not a deduction and therefore not EXEMPT SECTION 101 par C (C) Tax Credit for Donor s Taxes Paid to a Foreign Country. (1) In General. - The tax imposed by this Title upon a donor who was a citizen or a resident at the time of donation shall be credited with the amount of any don or s tax of any character and description imposed by the authority of a foreign

country. (2) Limitations on Credit. - The amount of the credit taken under this Section sh all be subject to each of the following limitations: (a) The amount of the credit in respect to the tax paid to any country shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken, which the net gifts situated within such country taxable under this Title bears to his entire net gifts; and (b) The total amount of the credit shall not exceed the same proportion of the ta x against which such credit is taken, which the donor s net gifts situated outsi de the Philippines taxable under this title bears to his entire net gifts. Note: Relate to Sec 86 par E A tax credit where the donors tax paid to a foreign country SECTION 102 Valuation of Gifts Made in Property. - If the gift is made in property, the fair market value thereof at the time of the gift shall be considered the amount of the gift. In case of real property, the provisions of Section 88(B) shall apply to the valuation thereof. Relate to Sec 84 par B In determining the value of the property donated, for purposes of imposition of tax, both estate and donors tax provides for the same procedure for personal as w ell as real property. They also have common rrules for shares of stock under the revenue regulation, even under the imposition of FIT 6%. When we say the value determined by the CIR or the City assessor whichever is hi gher. Usually, this is the one chosen by the commissioner known as the Zonal val ue. SECTION 103 Filing of Return and Payment of Tax. - A) Requirements. - any individual who make s any transfer by gift (except those which, under Section 101, are exempt from t he tax provided for in this Chapter) shall, for the purpose of the said tax, mak e a return under oath in duplicate. The return shall se forth: (1) Each gift made during the calendar year which is to be included in computing net gifts; (2) The deductions claimed and allowable; (3) Any previous net gifts made during the same calendar year; (4) The name of the donee; and (5) Such further information as may be required by rules and regulations made pur suant to law. (B) Time and Place of Filing and Payment. - The return of the donor required in t his Section shall be filed within thirty (30) days after the date the gift is ma de and the tax due thereon shall be paid at the time of filing. Except in cases where the Commissioner otherwise permits, the return shall be filed and the tax paid to an authorized agent bank, the Revenue District Officer, Revenue Collecti on Officer or duly authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality where the do nor was domiciled at the time of the transfer, or if there be no legal residence in the Philippines, with the Office of the Commissioner. In the case of gifts m ade by a nonresident, the return may be filed with the Philippine Embassy or Con sulate in the country where he is domiciled at the time of the transfer, or dire ctly with the Office of the Commissioner. NOTE: It simple PAY-as YOU-FILE The law says the tax should be paid within 30 days and the return must be filed within 30 days. Q: Is there an extension in the filing? A: None, the extension was abolished by the CTRP

SECTION 104 Definitions. - For purposes of this Title, the terms "gross estate" and "gifts" include real and personal property, whether tangible or intangible, or mixed, wh erever situated: Provided, however, That where the decedent or donor was a nonre sident alien at the time of his death or donation, as the case may be, his real and personal property so transferred but which are situated outside the Philippi nes shall not be included as part of his "gross estate" or "gross gift": Provide d, further, That franchise which must be exercised in the Philippines; shares, o bligations or bonds issued by any corporation or sociedad anonima organized or c onstituted in the Philippines in accordance with its laws; shares, obligations o r bonds by any foreign corporation eighty-five percent (85%) of the business of which is located in the Philippines; shares, obligations or bonds issued by any foreign corporation if such shares, obligations or bonds have acquired a busines s situs in the Philippines; shares or rights in any partnership, business or ind ustry established in the Philippines, shall be considered as situated in the Phi lippines: Provided, still further, that no tax shall be collected under this Tit le in respect of intangible personal property: (a) if the decedent at the time o f his death or the donor at the time of the donation was a citizen and resident of a foreign country which at the time of his death or donation did not impose a transfer tax of any character, in respect of intangible personal property of ci tizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country, or (b) if the la ws of the foreign country of which the decedent or donor was a citizen and resid ent at the time of his death or donation allows a similar exemption from transfe r or death taxes of every character or description in respect of intangible pers onal property owned by citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country. The term "deficiency" means: (a) the amount by which tax imposed by this Chapter exceeds the amount shown as the tax by the donor upon his return; but the amoun t so shown on the return shall first be increased by the amount previously asses sed (or collected without assessment) as a deficiency, and decreased by the amou nts previously abated, refunded or otherwise repaid in respect of such tax, or ( b) if no amount is shown as the tax by the donor, then the amount by which the t ax exceeds the amounts previously assessed, (or collected without assessment) as a deficiency, but such amounts previously assessed, or collected without assess ment, shall first be decreased by the amount previously abated, refunded or othe rwise repaid

Value Added Tax (Amended by Republic Act 9337) Q: What is the formula for VAT? A: OUTPUT TAX INPUT TAX ========== VAT Payable SEC. 105. Persons Liable. - Any person who, in the course of trade or business, sells barters, exchanges, leases goods or properties, renders services, and any person who imports goods shall be subject to the value-added tax (VAT) imposed i n Sections 106 to 108 of this Code. The value-added tax is an indirect tax and the amount of tax may be shifted or p assed on to the buyer, transferee or lessee of the goods, properties or services . This rule shall likewise apply to existing contracts of sale or lease of goods , properties or services at the time of the effectivity of Republic Act No. 7716 . The phrase "in the course of trade or business" means the regular conduct or pur

suit of a commercial or an economic activity, including transactions incidental thereto, by any person regardless of whether or not the person engaged therein i s a nonstock, nonprofit private organization (irrespective of the disposition of its net income and whether or not it sells exclusively to members or their gues ts), or government entity. The rule of regularity, to the contrary notwithstanding, services as defined in this Code rendered in the Philippines by nonresident foreign persons shall be co nsidered as being course of trade or business. Q: VAT is applicable to what kind of transactions? A: 1. 2. 3. 4. VAT is applicable to the following transactions Sale of Commodities of goods Sale of Services Exportation Importation

Q: For VAT to apply, what are the requisites? A: Transactions must be VAT transactions (preceding question) GENERALLY, must be done in the course of trade or business Q: Is there an instance where VAT applies although such sale is not made in the REGULAR course of trade or business? A: IMPORTATION INCIDENTAL TO BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS DEEMED SALE although ISOLATED ONE SERVICES in the PHILS. BY NRA

TAXATION UNDER THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE: Local Tax Real Property Tax LOCAL TAXATION (186, 187, then go to 151, 128 down) Q:Mayor Binay of Makati ordered the collection of elevator tax (for elevator in the city hall). Is the order of Mayor Binay legally tenable? A:NO. There should always be a tax ordinance after conducting a public hearing . (186) tax ordinance Q:Can BIR collect the tax even in the absence of a revenue regulation? A:YES. Q:Can a province, city, municipality or barangay collect the tax if there is no tax ordinance? A:NO. Q:Why is it that there should be a tax ordinance as required by 186? A:The rationale is not mentioned in 186, but if you read the other provisions of the LGC, you will come to set of conclusions of the reason why there must be a t ax ordinance.

In most of these provisions, it always say: one-half if the town or municipality shall collect a tax of not exceeding 1% of the gross receipt. TAKE NOTE: There is no exact amount; hence, it is the tax ordinance which will fix the exact amount. public hearing In Congress, the requirement is not absolute (by discretion only). Under local taxation (last phrase of 186), the requirement is ABSOLUTE. REYES vs. SECRETARY (320 SCRA 486) F:In the municipality of San Juan (just beside Mandaluyong) there was a tax ordi nance passed. Reyes, a resident, claims that there was no public hearing conduc ted, he maintains that under 186 last phrase, there should always be a public hea ring. H:The SC said: yes, that requirement is an absolute one, but since the petitioner failed to produce evidence to support his allegation, if there is no proof pres ented other than his own statement, we hereby rule that the ordinance was passed in accordance to the procedure mandated by law. While it is true that a public hearing is an absolute requirement, he who alleges, must prove the same. Q:If you dont agree with the validity or the Constitutionality of the tax ordinan ce, what will be your remedy? A:Within 30 days from the effectivity of the ordinance, the taxpayer should file an appeal with the office of the Secretary of the DOJ (187) REYES vs. SECRETARY (320 SCRA 486) F:Reyes asserted the validity and Constitutionality of the tax ordinance only af ter the lapse of thirty (30) days (perhaps his lawyer was thinking that an ordin ary statute may be contested anytime with the RTC, CA or SC). H:With regard to a tax ordinance, w have a specific rule, failure to assail the validity with the specific period of time, is fatal to the taxpayer. Since it w as filed beyond the 30day period, we do not disturb the validity of the ordinanc e. Q:Within what period should the Sec. of Justice decide? A:Within 60 days from the time the appeal was filed. Failure to decide within t his time, the taxpayer has the remedy to file an action with the regular courts. If the decision was made within the 60 day period, and receives the decision, his remedy is to file an appeal within 30days form the receipt of the decision to c ourt of competent jurisdiction RTC. Beginning April 23, 2004, from the ruling of the RTC, pursuant to RA 9282 (the la w uplifting the standards of the CTA), the ruling of RTC on local tax cases, is appealable to the CTA en banc. TWO APPEALS DECIDED BY THE CTA EN BANC: decisions of RTC involving local tax cases decision of the Central Board of Assessment Appeals. From CTA en banc, the appeal must be file with the SC within 15days. Go to 151: The city could impose the tax already imposed by the province of by the municipa lity. Q:What are the numerous taxes imposable by the province which a city now allowed to impose? A:Those enumerated in 135 to 141 of the LGC

Reasons why a municipality wanted to be converted into a city: 1.151 2.233 (real estate tax) In addition, the law says that the city could increase the rate of the tax by not more than 50% of the maximum EXCEPT those enumerated in 139: professional tax amusement tax A.General Principles (128-130) reiteration of the Constitutional tax provisions notice that the Constitutional limitations on taxation do not only apply to the n ational government but also to local government units. B.Definitions (132) Local Taxing Authority (132) for a province, it is the provincial board or the provincial council (sanggunian g panlalawigan) for a city, we have the city council (sangguniang panlusod) for the municipality, we have the municipal council (sangguniang pangbayan) for the barangay or barrio, we have the barangay council. C.Common limitations on the taxing power of the LGUs (133) Under the old law this was 5 of the Local Tax Code. Q:Why common? A:Because the limitations or prohibitions apply to all LGUs, the provinces, citi es, municipalities and barangays. Two Common Crimes (under 133) absolute prohibition relative prohibition It shall be unlawful for the LGUs to collect: I.Income Tax EXCEPT when levied on banks and other financing institutions (133(A) ) the term other financing institution shall include money changer, lending investor , pawnshop (131(E)) rate of tax:does not mention rate of tax, so long as it is fair, just and reasonab le It cannot be prohibited taxation, because the element of imposed by the same taxing power is not present. One is imposed by the national government and the other is by the LGU. II.Documentary Stamp Tax (133(B)) absolute prohibition III.Estate tax, inheritance, donations inter vivos, donations mortis causa EXCEP T in 135 (133(C)) transfer tax on the transfer of realty to be imposed by provinces and cities (135) NOTE:this is not a real estate tax, this is a local tax. IV.Custom duties, charges or fees for the registration of vessels or ships, whar fages fees and wharage dues EXCEPT if the wharf had been established, maintained and operated by the locality (133(D)) wharfage due is a custom fee imposed on the weight of the cargoes. wharf a pier special levy on public works (240) allows provinces cities and municipalities to impose a special real estate tax kn own as special levy or public works

let us say the municipality established a pier for a minimal value of P10M; out of P10M, under 240, 60% of this may be recovered; the other 40% may be recovered by warfage due. v.Tax, fee or charge for goods or commodities coming out or passing through the territorial jurisdiction even if in the guise of a toll or a fee (133(E)) an absolute prohibition commodities marketed in a public market, lets say in the city of Pasig, where the commodities came from Laguna then to Tanay, Cainta, Taytay; just imagine if each of the towns will impse 1peso for every head of a chicken or 50cents for every bundle of vegetable. PALMA DEVT CORP v. MALANGAS ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR (113 SCRA 572) F:Municipal council passed a tax ordinance entitled police surveillance fee which provide that ALL motor vehicle passing through a particular street in the town p roper of Malangas which will lead to the pier or wharf will pay a certain sum of money whether it is camote, copra, palay,or rice. One of the owners of the moto r vehicle is Palma Devt Corp. carrying copra, banana and coconut to be loaded in a ship docked at pier of Malangas. The lawyer of petitioner assailed the validit y of the ordinance stating that it is a clear violation of 133(E). H:It is not the title of the ordinance which is controlling but it is the essenc e of the substance of the tax ordinance. The tax ordinance clearly violated 133(E ), therefore, the SC had no option but to declare the tax ordinance null and voi d for being in violation of the law. VI.Taxes, fees or charges on agricultural and aquatic products when sold by marg inal farmers or fishermen (133(F)) Q:Don Antonio Florendo, a person coming from Pampanga who settled in Davao City, employed thousands of workers in the different banana plantation. Can the LGU i mpose tax on the agricultural product which is a banana? A:YES. The LGU can impose because Don Antonio is not a marginal farmer. It is on ly prohibited if it is sold by a marginal farmer. Marginal Farmer a farmer or a fisherman for subsistence only, whose immediate mem bers are the immediate members of the family (131(P)) VII. Tax, fee or charge on pioneer and non-pioneer enterprise duly registered wi th the board of investments for a period of 6yrs and 4yrs respectively (133(G)) relative prohibition because after the period, the LGU concerned may now impose t he tax. VIII. Excise tax on articles and tax, fees and charges on petroleum products (133 (G)) relative prohibition since under 143(H), it says there that taxes which are prohib ited such as excise tax, percentage tax and value added tax nonetheless, the LGU may impose a tax not exceeding 2% of the gross receipt (for cities 3%). My former student an assistant in the city legal attorney in a city in Metro Mani la, received a summon from the RTC (on complaint of a supermarket in Metro Manil a) questioning the validity of the tax ordinance under 143(H) since the rate impo sed was 3% I said, ineng, una file kayo ng motion to dismiss. Nak ng puta, absent ka na nama n ata eh, you invoke 151 stating that a city can impose a tax higher than the rat e provided for by law not more than 50% of the maximum (50% of the maximum of 2% is 1, therefore, 2+1 is 3%) BULACAN v. CA (299 SCRA 442) *first case decide by the SC which interpreted both the LGC and the NIRC. F:The then governor, Obet Panganiban together with his provincial council passed an ordinance imposing tax on quarrying under the provision of 138 of the LGC. Th e problem is that the ordinance applies to ALL entities quarrying in the provinc e. One of the taxpayers, Republic Cement obliged to pay the tax, argued that und er 138 of the LGC, the tax on quarrying on which the province may be allowed shal l only be with regard to quarrying private land, and not only that but under 133( H), there is a prohibition to impose excise tax and tax on quarrying under the I RC is an excise tax. H:The tax on quarrying allowed to provincial governments shall only be with rega rd to lands which are public lands, and since this is a private tax on quarrying

refers to a lot without any distinction. Hence, if the LGC made a qualification as to the kind of land (where it says it should be public land), by implication , it should refer to private land under 151 (although the law did not distinguish ); and since it is a tax by the national government, it should be collected by t he BIR (not the LGU), and also the SC agreed that it is an excise tax where LGUs are prohibited from collecting; thus, the SC declared the tax ordinance null and void for being contrary to law. Sir, why is it a problem when the law is clear that under 138, it shall only apply to public land? Perhaps the provincial council thought that the subject matter of the tax ordina nce may be a subject matter provided in any book including the IRC, or worse, th at it may impose a tax on a subject matter not mentioned in any book. Moral lesson:although a tax ordinance may be passed even if the subject matter i s not provided for in any law, it has to comply with the limitations. PETRON v. PENILLA (198 SCRA 86) * The facts here arose under the old law under 5 (now 133) of the local tax code ( PD 231) F:Petron has a factory/plant in Penilla where the raw materials petroleum produc ts are being converted into refined petroleum products. The municipal council of Penilla imposed a tax by way of a tax ordinance saying that they are invoking t he old 19 (now 143(A)) stating that municipalities are authorized to impose tax of the manufacture of any commodity, hence, since it is manufacture of a petroleum product, the LGU must e authorized. However, Petron objected since under 5 (now 1 33(H)), the prohibition includes the prohibition to impose excise tax and not on ly that, under this par., the tax on petroleum products is an excise tax. Under this par., the law is clear it does not only prohibit the imposition of tax, fee or charge over petroleum products. H:The controlling provision here the old 19 (now 143(A)) that LGUs are authorized to impose the business tax for the manufacturing over any kind of commodity by a nd petroleum product is any kind of commodity. Q:What do you think? A:I dont agree with this ruling because between 133(H) and 143(A), it is the former which is more specific. IX. Value added tax and percentage (133(I) EXCEPT 143(H) Relative prohibition. X.Tax, fee or charge on common carriers whether by land, water or air (133(J)) FIRST HOLDING CO. v.BATANGAS CITY (300 SCRA 661) * 2nd SC ruling discussing both the IRC and LGC. F:This revealed to the public the existence of 2 very big oil pipelines coming f orm Batangas City with a distance of more than 100km, one going to Pandacan Oil Depot and the other one is going to Brgy. Bicutan, Taguig. The Batangas City cou ncil deemed it necessary to impose a tax on the gross receipt of the 1st holding company for the operation of the oil pipeline, but the operator argued that the oil pipeline is not a common carrier. H:The SC reasoned out like in the case of Pajunar v. Comm (328SCRA666), saying t hat we have copied the code of carrier law form the US where the definition of a common carrier is one habitually carrying not only individuals or passengers but also goods or commodities, and since the oil pipelines is habitually carrying p etroleum products which is a commodity, we rule this as a common carrier which i s under 133(J), LGU is prohibited from imposing tax on common carriers, and not o nly that but under 170 of the LGC, the law is very explicit, that ALL LGUs are pr ohibited to impose percentage tax on common carriers. With that, the tax ordinanc e passed was declared null and void for being contrary to law. XI.Premiums on re-insurance (133(K)) absolute prohibition. XII. Tax, fee or charge on registration of motor vehicles and for the issuance o f license and permit for driving thereof EXCEPT tricycles. (133(L)) BATUAN CITY v. LTO (322 SCRA 805) I:Which function was delegated to the LGU? The LTO registering motor vehicles or t he LTFRB granting franchise and regulation of common carriers?

H:Under 133(L), the function of the LTO is prohibited, an therefore what may be d elegated to the LGU is the function of LTFRB. XIII.Tax, fee or charge on exportation of products and is actually exported EXCE PT under 143(C) where the LGU is authorized to impose business tax on exportation (133(M)) XIV.Tax, fee or charge on cooperatives duly registered under the cooperative cod (RA 6938) and Business Kalakalan (RA 6810) (133(N)) A cooperative is exempt from local tax, provided it is duly registered with the c ooperative code and the cooperative development authority or Business Kalakalan (n ot kalkalan) XV.Tax, fee or charge over the national government, political subdivisions and a gencies and instrumentalities of the government (133(O)) Relative prohibition since it admits of an exception under 154 of the LGC where it says that a LGU may be authorized to impose a fee or charge for the operation o f a public utility provided it is owned, maintained and operated by such LGU. NAIA v. PARANAQUE (JULY 2006) H:SC ruled in favor of the airport. Paranaque being a LGU cant impose tax on a go vernment instrumentality. Airport owned by the government is not an agency, it b eing an instrumentality. Q:May the government tax itself it the taxing power is the local government? A:NO. The local government cannot impose tax on the national government, and wit h more reason that it cannot impose a tax with equal LGU. D.Taxes that can either be imposed by Provinces or Cities I. tax on transfer of realty (135) Note that this is not a real estate tax, this is a local tax for the simple reaso n that it is not provide for under the topic of real estate tax (198-280) Law says it should not exceed of 1% of the consideration (NOTE: do not use zonal va lue since this is used only under the IRC, not the LGC. Q:Since all the provinces and cities must follow the limitation of the rate (not exceeding of 1%), is it violative of the equal protection clause? A:NO, because the sangguninan had to determine the actual rate considering the s tatus of the province. Q:Why is that Makati fix the rate of 75% or 3/4 of 1%? A:Because cities are authorized to increase the rate of 50% of the maximum, that is 50% of is 25% (50+25 is 75%). NOTE:Do not apply transfer of realty pursuant to RA 6657 (CARP) this is the Comp rehensive Agrarian Reform Program this is exempt. II.tax on printing an publication (136) Normally, a province cannot impose this because the tax on business can only be i mposed by a city or municipality EXCEPT this one, on printing and publication of magazines and periodicals. III.franchise tax (137) The old national franchise tax under the old tax code was already abolished. We still have franchise tax other than this one, known as national franchise tax provided for in the republic act granting franchise. Two kinds of Franchise Tax: local franchise tax (under LGC 137)

national franchise tax (provided for in the statute or republic act authorizing the franchise) Q:May LGUs impose local franchise tax? A:We have to consider here many supreme court decisions and also 193 of the LGC. Under 193, it says there unless especially provided for in this code, exemptions g ranted to natural juridical persons are hereby withdrawn (abolished) EXCEPT: local water districts cooperatives registered under the cooperative code (RA 6938) non-profit and non-stock educational institution. BASCO v. PAGCOR (197 SCRA 52) F:The city council passed a tax ordinance imposing tax on PAGCOR, an agency of t he government. PAGCOR objected saying that the local city is prohibited under th e old local authority act to impose tax on an agency of the government. H:The SC declared null and void the tax ordinance saying Manila cannot do that. CEBU v. MACTAN (261 SCRA 667) F:Cebu government was trying to collect real estate tax from the Mactan airport (note: real property tax is a territorial tax, meaning it should only be collect ed within its territorial jurisdiction). Lawyers of Mactan airport argued that u nder 13(O), Cebu, a LGU, cannot impose tax on an agency of the government, and th ey also invoked the ruling in BASCO. H:The lawyer of Mactan airport is devoid of any merit at all, it is 100% erroneo us since the real estate tax is not a local tax, hence, why invoke a SC ruling a nd codal provision which can only be applied to local tax. Therefore, Mactan air port should pay Real Property Tax. Before the codification in 1991 (to take effect January 1, 1992), local taxation was embodied in a separate book known as Local Tax Code (PD 231) while real prop erty tax was provided for in a separate book known as Real Property Tax Code (P D 464) LRT v. CITY OF MANILA (342 SCRA 692) F:The Manila city government tried to collect real property tax but the manageme nt of the LRT said no you cannot do that to us since it is exclusively for public use. H:NO, you are not exclusively for public use since every time a person wants to use the LRT he has to pay. Q:Why not use the defense that it is owned by the government? A:Because in real estate tax, the defense that it is owned by the government is not a defense. The LGC in 199(B) and in 217, both provisions says that the basis for the impositi on of real estate tax is the ACTUAL USE of anybody who is using that (maybe in t he concept of usufructuary or in the concept of a lessee, or in the concept of a n owner); the basis is not ownership. in 134, the taxes here must not only be imposed by provinces, it may also be impos ed by cities in line with 151 those enumerated in 135 to 141. CAGAYAN DE ORO ELECTRIC CO. v. MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL (181 SCRA 38) * This was the prevailing rule for more than 10years from 1988 H:In the franchise or the republic act, there are only two (2) kinds of franchis e, one is a franchise which provide for a condition that this tax (referring to the franchise tax) shall be in lieu of all other taxes, and the other franchise is the one which do not provide for such provision; the province or the city can impose local franchise tax if the franchise belong to the second example. REYES v. SAN PABLO CITY (305 SCRA 353)

* Here the SC uniformly ruled H:A provision on exemption under 193 dont only refer to exemptions provided for by different statutes, but it includes those which claim exemptions by virtue of t he case of Cagayan de Oro (because SC decisions are also laws). PLDT v. DAVAO (363 SCRA 750) F:The franchise holders of Smart and Globe are claiming exemptions from the loca l franchise tax because they are saying that they are holding a franchise which says that it is a franchise enacted by the house of Congress in 1995 which carri es with it an exemption form local franchise tax. H:By the very explicit provision of 193, the removal of exemptions granted by dif ferent statutes and also by SC decisions applies only to statutes and decided by the SC on or before Jan. 1, 1992, because 193 says upon effectivity of this law. F or exemptions covered by 193 therefore, Smart and Globe are authorized to claim e xemptions because the statue (RA 7082) was enacted on 1995. IV.tax on sand, gravel and other quarry resources (138) We are through with that in the case of Bulacan V.professional tax (139) this must be correlated with the tax under 147. NOTE that this is an exemption to the rule that a city may increase the rate of t he tax under 151 of the LGC, the increase is not allowed. both 139 and 147 are taxes imposed on persons exercising professional calling. Section 139 Section 147 are to be imposed by provinces and cities are to be imposed by municipalities and cities are applicable to workers who must pass a government examination (e.g. engineers , physicians, etc) are applicable to persons who are working but are not required to take governmen t examinations there is a maximum (P300) NOTE: it is not always 300, since the exact amt must be fixed by the ordinance. It does not provide for any amount, the only requirement is that it must be reas onable VI.amusement tax (140) under the IRC, there is also amusement tax under 125. PBA v. QUEZON CITY (137 SCRA 358) F:The city government enacted a tax ordinance trying to collect amusement tax in cluding amusement tax on the PBA (in Araneta, Cubao); but PBA and no, we are alre ady paying amusement tax to the national government through the BIR because of 12 5 of the IRC H:QC government can no longer collect on the ground that it is already being col lected by the national government and secondly, in the enumerations of amusement under 140, you will never see professional basketball. Most of all, it is the in tention of the author that it is only the national government. *nak ng putang katangahan yan.. the local tax code PD 231 was enacted in 1974 wh en we dont have any professional basketball.. since professional basketball was b orn May 1975. * ano ba dapt tama diyan? both the national government and the QC government can collect. There is no violation of the prohibited double taxation, because the t axing powers are different, and not only that 140 speaks of amusement tax on admi

ssion fee but under 125, it is abut gross receipts. VII. delivery van (141) Q:What if not a delivery van, but sako lang?

A:The applicable tax is under 143(G) (peddlers tax, one imposed by municipalities and cities. If may dalang sasakyan, yari siya ng province sa tax. NOTE:135-141, these are taxes that can be imposed by PROVINCES and CITIES. 143-150 are taxes to be imposed by MUNICIPALITIES, which can also be imposed by C ITIES. E.Taxes that can either be imposed by Municipalities or Cities I.Business Tax (143(A-H)) manufacturing, repacking, processing, including the manufacturer of permitted li quor and also its dealer wholesaling exportation retailing contractors tax tax on banking institution and financing institution peddlers tax the exemption under 133(i) Q:If you have two branches, how many business taxes do you have to pay? A:You pay only one business tax (146) ILO-ILO BOTTLERS v. ILO-ILO CITY (164 SCRA 607) F:Ilo-ilo Bottlers was already paying a business tax on manufacturing under 143(A ) to the city government by virtue of a tax ordinance. Later on, they are oblige d to pay by virtue of another tax ordinance imposing business tax on wholesaling . Naturally, Ilo-ilo Bottlers argued, how could it be, if you manufacture, it nec essary follows that you sell the commodity so, with the payment of the business tax on manufacturing, it carries with it the business of wholesaling. H:NO, you have to determine the marketing system of the company. If wholesaling is also being done in the place of manufacture, the business tax on wholesaling should no longer be paid it should only be the business tax on manufacturing. Bu t if the marketing system of the company provides that wholesaling shall be done in a separate place (maybe several kilometers away), the manufacturer must stil l pay the business tax on wholesale because now it could be argued that they hav e the separate business of wholesaling. Q:On the business of retailing, should the business tax of retailing be imposed by the city or by the municipality OR by the barangay in the city or the barrio in the municipality? A:143(D) must be correlated with 152, the tax to be imposed by the barangay. It depends: a.city if the gross receipt of the retailer exceeds P50T in a minimum of one year, it is the right and privilege of a city to impose the business tax on retailing. b.barangay if the gross receipt of the retailer did not exceed P50T, it is the barangay coun cil where the business of retailing is located. c.municipality if the gross receipt of the retailer did not exceed P30T within a period of one y

ear. d.barrio if the gross receipt of the retailer did not exceed P30T within a period of one y ear. NOTE:These distinctions do not apply in wholesaling. These are only for retaili ng. Paragraph H:for the imposition of excise tax, percentage tax and value added tax, the municipality may impose a tax not exceeding 2% of the gross receipt (with r egard to a city, it may go as far as 3%) II.Municipalities in Metro Manila who can increase their rate (144) Right now there are only two municipalities: San Juan Pateros III.Professional Tax (147) we are through with that IV.Fees for sealing and licensing of weights and measures (148) V.Fishery rentals, fees and charges (149) F.Situs of Tax (150) The tax referred to in here is the business tax on wholesaling and retailing. Q:RFM is manufacturing commodities, one of them is Swift hotdogs, this is being sold not only in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, but also to the inter country from B atanes to Tawi-tawi. Where should the business tax of wholesaling or the busines s tax of retailing be paid? Should it be in the principal office (Mandaluyong) or the place where the commodities are sold? A:It will be paid in the place where it had been sold PROVIDED there is a branch office or a sales outlet (150(A)). If it so happens that the company has a factory different from the place where th e principal office is located 30% should be pain in the principal office and 70% in the municipality or city where the branch is located. PHIL MATCHES v. CEBU (81 SCRA 99) F:Phil Matches were produced in Nagtahan, Manila. In Cebu city, there was a ware house where the matches were stored. Many of the customers, by way of wholesale in the warehouse in Cebu City, they came from different towns of the Visayan Reg ion. May the business tax ordinance of Cebu be imposed on those transactions ev en if the buyers did not come from the territorial jurisdiction of Cebu? H:Since in this case the contract booked and paid, meaning, it was negotiated pe rfected and consummated in the warehouse where it was located in Cebu City, the Cebu City government has the right to collect business tax. Q:What if there is an agreement that commodities would be delivered and that the buyer would be waiting in some other town, is the answer still the same? A:YES, the answer is still the same because delivery to the carrier is delivery to the buyer where delivery has been termed within the territorial jurisdiction of Cebu. SHELL v. CEBUCOT, CAMARINES SUR (105 PHIL 1063) F:The petroleum products were purchased at the motor vehicle traversing the neig hboring towns of Cebucot like Bason, Dimalaon, all towns in Camarines Norte. The

contract of sale was negotiated and perfected in different municipalities where the motor vehicle of Shell was traveling. H:Although the oil depot was located in Cebucot, the said municipality cannot im pose tax on that because the contract of sale was negotiated and perfected in th e different nearby towns of Camarines. Q:Is there a conflict with the case of Shell and Phil Matches? A:NONE. As a matter of fact, these two decisions complement each other. G.Taxing Powers of the Barangay (152) Only a minimal sum (fair and reasonable) Power to impose tax: 1.On commercial breeding of fighting cocks, cockfights and cockpits must be for commercial purposes 2.On places of recreation which charge administration fee 3.On billboards, signboards, neon signs and outdoor advertisements especially for the barrios and barangays along the highway 4.For barangay clearance if you want to engage in the business of retailing or wholesaling if barangay cap tain will not approve that within 7days go to the municipal hall or city hall fo r approval 5.For the use of barangay property for instance the barangay has a plaza. H.Common Revenue Raising Powers (153-155) Q:Why common? A:All the LGU could impose the same. But it does not follow that all the provin ces, cities, municipalities could impose the same. Only the LGU which operate, e stablish, maintain the entity If established by the province, it should only be the province. These are: 1.service fee and charges for services rendered 2.public utility charges provided owned, operate and maintained by them 3.toll fees and charges tax or toll for the use of a bridge or a street Padua filed a civil action in the MakatI RTC trying to stop the government form c ollecting a toll free in the South Express including the North expressway allegi ng that he is affected as a taxpayer because he is from Paranaque. He argued tha t if you use the property of the government like a street or a public plaza, you do not pay. He made the analogy, that if you go to Luneta, you do not pay the c ity government of Manila. The Makati RTC, the CA and SC had a uniform ruling that the operator should be p rohibited from collecting further toll fess because if the operator had already recovered his investment and earned an income already, he should be stopped. As argue by the SC, it copied the argument of the lawyer (re: Luneta). NOTE: that Res Judicata do not apply here. When the ruling became final an executory in 1993, the North and South Express w ere totally dismantled and totally destroyed by the DPWH to give way to the fina l and executory ruling of the Court, that It should no longer be collected. After several months, the government announced in the radio that the party in th e case of Padua, mutually agreed that the collection shall be resumed in order t o have money for the maintenance and repair of the highway.

Exceptions to 155 (collection of toll fees) members of AFP members of the PMP post office personnel delivering mail physically handicapped disabled citizens 65 years and older. I.Community Tax (156) In the old days, known as residence tax certificate. Q:If the Filipino is a resident of a foreign country (NRC), is he liable to pay the community tax certificate? A:NO, because the basis of imposition of this tax is whether or not you are an i nhabitant of the Philippines. Meaning you are a resident of the Philippines. Q:What about a foreigner residing in the Philippines (RA)? A:YES. You have to pay unless the foreigner is a trans-investor for not more tha n 3months. This is applied to both natural and juridical persons. Requirements: for a natural person at least 18 years of age for corporations upon registration with the SEC Q:What if you become 18 in the month of January or November or December? A:For tho se who celebrated their birthday before July 1 (that is up to June 30), they are liable to pay the tax, for this year. For those who celebrated their birthday on or after July 1, they are not yet lia ble to pay this year, but have to wait until next year. Q:Is there a difference for those who reached 18 in the months of Jan-Feb-March and those who reached 18 in the months of April-May-June? A:YES. For those who celebrated birthdays in the months of Jan-Feb-March, they h ave a grace period of 20days within which to pay. Those who celebrated their 18t h birthday in the month of April-May-June, they do not have any grace period at all, they have to pay the tax immediately. Q:If you have a community tax certificate for this year (2006), can it be used o nly until December 31, 2006? A:NO. It shall be valid up to April 15, 2007. (163(C)) J.Accrual of the Tax (166) January 1 Q:What if the tax was only approved in the month of May 2006, do you have to wai t until January 2007? A:NO. You have the right to collect that in July 1, because the law is saying th at it should be collected in the next succeeding quarter (167) Mayor Binay had a tax ordinance in May, sabi ng mga bata niya: bosing, collect na tayo ng June. Binay:hindi nga pupwede, maghintay pa tayo ng July 1. Q:What if the tax ordinance had been existing for several years already? A:The time of accrual will always be January 1.

REMEDIES UNDER THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE Remedies of the Government Remedies of the Taxpayer Remedies of the government: Assessment Collection Under the NIRC, assessment and collection have 2 kinds: Normal/Ordinary assessment and collection Sec. 203, NIRC Abnormal/Extraordinary assessment and collection Sec. 222, NIRC I.Normal/Ordinary assessment and collection There was a return filed and it is not fraudulent and not false II.Abnormal/Extraordinary assessment and collection There was: an omission or failure to file the return; if there was a return filed, it was fraudulent, or; the return was false Q:Is a false and fraudulent return presumed? A:NO, false and fraudulent return is not presumed. The burden of proof to prove that the return was false and fraudulent lies against the government through the BIR. The mere fact that the return is erroneous will not make the return fraudulent, it must be proven by the BIR. Q:Why is it important to know whether the assessment is under normal or abnormal condition? A:It is important to know because the prescriptive period between normal and abn ormal assessment differ. Prescriptive Period for Assessment Normal/Ordinary Assessment 3 years from the time the return has been filed (not the payment of the tax) (Sec. 203, NIRC) 3 Ways of filing the return under Sec. 203, NIRC: filed before the deadline (for any tax under NIRC) filed on the date of deadline filed after the deadline 2 Ways of counting the 3 year period of Assessment: if return is filed before or on the day of the deadline, the prescriptive period starts on the date of the deadline; if return is filed after the deadline, the prescriptive period starts on the dat e the return has been filed. For the calendar year of 2004, a return must be filed and paid for Net Income Tax on or before April 15, 2005. Since he was not able to meet the deadline, the t axpayer is now being assessed for tax due for 2004. To minimize interest and su rcharges, it has been suggested by the BIR that the taxpayer file a late return. Supposed he filed his return covering 2004 on April 1, 2006. In this example, the reckoning point is the deadline of April 15, 2005. The starting point of t

he counting the 3 yr. period is on the date the return is filed which is April 1 , 2006. Suppose it is not a late filing of return, the counting of the period is on the d ate of the deadline which is April 15. Abnormal/Extraordinary Assessment the government has 2 options: Assess and Collect the prescriptive period for assessment shall be 10 years from the discovery of none filing or false or fraudulent return (Sec. 222, par. o, NIRC) the prescriptive period for collection shall be 5 years from the date of final asse ssment (Sec. 222, par c, NIRC) Collect Without Assessment through Judicial Action since there is no assessment there is no prescriptive period for assessment prescriptive period for collection shall be 10 years from the date of discovery of none filing of return or false or fraudulent return. These options are available only if the Assessment is under the Abnormal/Extraord inary Conditions. These are not available under Normal/Ordinary Assessment Prescriptive Period for Collection Normal/Ordinary Collection Sec. 203 did not provide for the prescriptive period for the collection Intention of the author: 5 years from the date of final assessment Reasons: (Sababan agrees with the 5 year prescriptive period) Prescriptive period of collection under 1st option on Abnormal Assessment is 5 y ears from final assessment (Sec. 222, par c, NIRC) under the old code of 1939, 1977, and 1985, if the prescriptive period for colle ction under abnormal is 3 years, then the prescriptive period for collection und er normal is also 3 years. If now a days, it is 5 years in abnormal, the prescr iptive period for normal should also be 5 years. to say that there is a prescriptive period for collection under Abnormal and the re is none under Normal is too abnormal. It should be the other way around. Abnormal/Extraordinary Collection assess and collect 5 years from the final assessment collect without assessment through judicial action 10 years from date of discove ry of none filing, or false, or fraudulent return. Q:How to apply these periods? A:Annual net income tax return filed by individual u sing a calendar year. The return should be filed on or before April 15, 2000. It was filed on April 15, 2000. QWithout stating the date of final assessment, can it be collected in 2007? A:Under normal condition, first determine the date of final assessment. If the B IR finally assessed the tax in November 2001, then 2007 is way beyond the 5year period to collect. Count the prescriptive period for collection from the date o f final assessment. Q:(same facts) Supposed it was finally assed on March 2003, can it be collected in 2007? A:Yes, because it is within the prescriptive period of 5years. BASILAN v. COMMISSIONER (21 SCRA 17) F: Supposed the notice of assessment was given within the period but it was rec eived by the taxpayer outside the period.

I: Whether or not the assessment is within the period of 3 years. H: Yes. It is within the period. If the notice is sent through registered mail , the running of the prescriptive period is stopped. What matters is the sending of the notice is made within the period of prescription. It is the sending of the notice and not the receipt that tolls the prescriptive p eriod. Q:What if the return has been amended, how would you compute the period of asses sment? A:NIRC is silent. PHOENIX v. COMMISIONER (14 SCRA 52) If the amendment of the return is substantial as distinguished the counting of the prescriptive period is also amended. The od shall be reckoned on the date the substantial amendment was ndment is superficial, the counting of the prescriptive period inal period. Procedure for Assessment (Sec. 228, NIRC; RR 12-99) Steps of assessment Sec. 228, NIRC (2 steps) RR 12-99 (3 steps) 2 Steps under Sec. 228, NIRC Pre-assessment notice Final assessment notice 3 Steps under RR 12-99 Notice of Informal Conference Preliminary Assessment Notice Formal Letter of Demand and Notice to Pay the Tax PROCEDURE (Sec. 228, NIRC; RR 12-99) Upon receipt of the notice of informal conference, file a reply within 15 days f rom receipt of notice; Failure to file a reply, 2 things may happen: BIR will send again the Notice of Informal Conference or BIR will send a Preliminary Notice of Assessment Upon receipt of Preliminary Assessment Notice (PAN), file a reply within 15 days from receipt Failure to file a reply will result in either: BIR will repeat PAN Declare the taxpayer in default, and send you a Final Assessment Notice (FAN) Upon receipt of FAN, taxpayer may file a protest within 30 days. Q:Is FAN the one appealable to the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA)? A:NO. This is because 228, NIRC and RR 12-99 requires the exhaustion of administr ative remedy of protest. After the receipt of FAN or formal demand within 30days must file a protest before the office of the commissioner of internal revenue. FORMS OF PROTEST Local Tax (Sec. 125, Local Government Code (LGC)) Real Property Tax (Sec. 252, LGC) Tariff and Customs Code (Sec. 2313, RA 7651) In all protest under the different codes, payment under protest is only necessary under the Real Estate Tax. from superficial, prescriptive peri made. If the ame is still the orig

RR 12-99 If the taxpayer receives 2 final assessments, one under the Net Income and the other in VAT. If the taxpayer dont want to file protest under nt to file a protest under NIT. The taxpayer in order to be allowed to rotest under the NIT must first pay the VAT where he does not intend to rotest.

Tax (NIT) VAT but wa file a p file a p

This is not payment under protest because, payment under protest is the one mention ed in Real Property Tax under Sec. 252, LGC. Under NIRC, Protest is referred to as: disputing of final assessment or file a motion for reconsideration or reinvestigation Q:What should be done after filing a protest? A:Count 60days is the period to file the necessary documents and receipts in sup port of the protest. Q:What is the effect of failure to file the supporting documents? A:Failure to file the necessary and supporting documents within the 60day period , to be counted on the day the protest is filed, the final assessment shall beco me final and executory. On the 51st day you filed the necessary document, you have to count another perio d, which is 180 days from the day you filed the necessary documents. Relevance of the 180 Days:180 days is the time given to the BIR to decide the ca se Q:Supposed it did not decide the case within 180days? A:Do not invoke the Lascano case because it was rejected by RA 9282 In the Lascano case, before you file an appeal although the 180 days have lapsed , you have to wait for the BIR to take positive action. The case was ruled only by the CTA, hence it is not a law. The jurisdiction of t he CTA has been amended by RA 9282. RA 9282 provides that in case of inaction of the commissioner after the lapse o f 180days, remedy is to file an appeal. RR 12-99 says that after lapse of 180days but within 30days after 180days, that is the time to file an appeal. Q:Supposed the BIR rule within 180? A:Within 30days from receipt of the decision file an appeal to the CTA sitting i n division. Q:Supposed the CTA decided not in your favor? A:File a motion for reconsideration within 15days to the same division deciding the case. Q:Supposed the CTA, in division decided not in you favor? A:File an appeal to the CTA sitting en banc. Q:Supposed the CTA en banc decided not in your favor? A:File an appeal within 15da ys from receipt of decision to Supreme Court. Q:During the pendency of the protest in the office of the Commissioner, supposed you receive a notice of collection, levy and/ or distraint, what is your remedy ? A: YABES v. COMMISSIONER (150 SCRA 278) UNION SHIPPING LINES v. COMMISSIONER (185 SCRA 547)

YABES v. COMMISSIONER (150 SCRA 278) F: The taxpayer receives a notice of collection while waiting for the decision of his protest. He then filed an appeal with the CTA contending his protest has b een denied because he did not receive a decision but receive a notice of collect ion. Simultaneously, the BIR filed before the CFI an ordinary civil action for th e collection of sum of money. When the judge of the CFI, was about to conduct t he hearing of the case, the taxpayer filed an injunction with the SC to prohibit the judge of the CFI contending that a single cause of action is pending in two courts, one in the CTA and another in CFI. H: Injunction was granted prohibiting the Judge of the CFI and requiring the Ju dge to transfer the records to the CTA saying that the remedy made by the taxpay er was the correct remedy. Q:Was the appeal made on time? A:Yes, when the BIR filed an ordinary action, the p rotest is deemed denied. Hence an appeal is a proper remedy. UNION SHIPPING LINES v. COMMISSIONER F: The taxpayer was waiting for the decision of his protest. But instead, he r eceived a notice of collection. Immediately, he filed a Motion for Reconsiderat ion and Clarification asking whether his protest has been denied. The BIR did n ot reply or answer but instead filed an Ordinary Civil Action before the CFI. W hen the taxpayer received summons, he did not answer but instead filed an Appeal before the CTA. I: Whether or not the remedy of Appeal was the correct remedy and Whether or no t it was filed on time. H: Yes. The remedy of appeal is the correct remedy and the appeal was filed on time. The reckoning period within which to file an appeal is the time the taxp ayer received the summons. While an Appeal is pending before the CTA, the CTA will determine: If the decision was made within 180 days, whether the appeal was made within 30 days from the receipt of the said decision, or if there was no decision after the lapse of 180 days, whether the appeal was mad e within 30 days upon the expiration or the lapse of the 180-day period. Q:Pending appeal with the CTA, can the BIR amend the final assessment? A:2 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT: GUERRERO v. COMMISSIONER (19 SCRA 25) BATANGAS v. COLLECTOR (102 PHIL 822) GUERRERO v. COMMISSIONER (19 SCRA 25) H: No. Because it is no longer the disputed assessment. BATANGAS v. COLLECTOR (102 PHIL 822) H: Yes. In order to avoid multiplicity of suits ACCORDING TO JUSTICE VITUG: BATANGAS v. COLLECTOR (102 PHIL 822) IS THE BETTER RULING PROTEST UNDER LOCAL TAX (Sec. 195, LGC) Under NIRC, protest is filed in the Office of the Commissioner Under LGC, protest is filed with the same City or Provincial or Municipal Treasur er who issued the assessment Period to file Protest 60 days from receipt of assessment

Q:If the treasurer did not decide within a 60day period, remedy? A:Go to the court of competent jurisdiction (RTC) Q:If the RTC decided not in you favor? A:File an appeal with CTA en banc (beginning April 23, 2004) Q:If the CTA decided not in your favor? A:Appeal to the SC. NOTE: Pursuant to RA 9282, direct appeal to CTA en banc can be made from: Decision of the RTC involving local taxation exercising appellate jurisdiction Decision of the Central Board of Assessment Appeal exercising appellate jurisdic tion. PROTEST UNDER REAL PROPERTY TAX (Secs. 226, 230, and 252) Remedy shall be the same Sec. 252, LGC If the taxpayer receives a Notice of Assessment from municipal, city, or provinc ial treasurer, the remedy is to file a protest but there must be first Payment U nder Protest. This is the only instance where payment under protest is necessary Q:How is payment under protest made? A:At the back of the receipt there will be an annotation that there was a payment under protest within 60days from receipt of the notice of assessment within the same treasurer who issued the assessment. Q:If the treasurer rules against the taxpayer, remedy? A:The remedy is to file an appeal to the Local Board of Assessment within 30days from the receipt of the de cision. Q:From the decision of the Local Board of Assessment? A:Appeal should be made to t he Central Board of Assessment Appeal. Beginning April 23, 2004, the ruling of the Central Board of Assessment Appeal is no longer final. It can now be appealed to the CTA, sitting en banc. PROTEST UNDER THE TARIFF AND CUSTOMS CODE (TCC) (Sec. 2313, as amended by RA 765 1) Formerly, the automatic appeal under the TCC applied only to protest; but now a d ays, the automatic appeal applies to both protest and forfeiture. For Forfeiture Under the Tariff and Customs Code Refers to the Order of the Collector confiscating the imported goods or commoditi es Doctrine of Primary Jurisdiction If the Collector ordered the forfeiture of the imported commodities the order of the Collector shall be to the exclusion of all government offices and authority . Importer of Chemical, under the TCC, the custom duties is only P27 but the colle ctor says it should be P52. The importer will then file a protest with the Offi ce of the Collector. In the old days, there is an automatic appeal from the decision of the coll ector under protest. But under RA 7651, the remedy of automatic appeal is appli cable to both protest and forfeiture. I. In both cases of protest and forfeiture, if the importer lose the case and t

he government wins, the remedy is to file an appeal within 15 days before the Of fice of the Commissioner. From the ruling of the Commissioner, the importer should file an appeal within 3 0 days before the CTA, sitting in division. From the ruling of the CTA in division, the importer should file an MR within 15 days before the same division hearing the case. From the ruling of the CTA in division, deciding on the MR, the importer should file an appeal within 15 days before the CTA sitting en banc. From the CTA en banc, appeal to SC within 15 days. If the importer-taxpayer wins the case, the government lose the case, Sec. 2313 of TCC as amended by RA 7651, there shall be an automatic review within 15 days . Q:Where should the automatic review be made? A:It depends. Publish the value of the commodity. IF P5 MILLION OR MORE AUTOMATIC REVIEW SHALL BE BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE DEPT . OF FINANCE. IF LESS THAN P5 MILLION AUTOMATIC REVIEW SHALL BE BEFORE THE OFFICE OF THE COMMI SSIONER Q:Suppose the commissioner decide or did not decide within 30days, what happens? A:If the commissioner reverses the ruling of the collector, the ruling is final and executory. If the commissioner affirms or did not decide within 30days, there shall be an a utomatic appeal before the sec. of finance. Q:Between the two which will be appealed to the CTA? A:The decision of the secretary which passes through the office of the commissio ner (RA 9282) But not all the decision of the secretary which passes the office of the commiss ioner affirms or did not decide within 30days and appealed before the secretary of finance will appeal to the CTA be allowed. There are 3 instances when the Secretary of Finance renders a decision appealabl e to the CTA: decision of the Secretary by virtue of automatic review passing through the Comm issioner cases of anti-dumping duty, where the anti-dumping duty was ordered by the Secre tary decision of the Secretary of Finance on countervening duty. COMPROMISE (Sec. 204, NIRC) 3 Questions asked in 2004 BAR: May the Government compromise criminal cases and civil cases? Supposed the corporation is already dissolved, can the stockholder be obliged to pay? Suppose the civil case filed by the BIR is final and executor, can it be subject to compromise? CAN THERE BE COMPROMISE IN: CIVIL CASES? YES, IN ANY STAGE OF THE PROCEEDING EXCEPT WHEN THE CIVIL CASE IS ALREADY FINAL AND EXECUTORY BECAUSE IT WILL BE VIO LATIVE OF THE SEPARATION OF POWERS CRIMINAL CASES? YES, EXCEPT: IF ALREADY FILED IN COURT (RTC) OR;

IF IT INVOLVES FRAUD IF THE CORPORATION IS ALREADY DISSOLVED, CAN THE STOCKHOLDER BE HELD LIABLE TO P AY TAX? GENERAL RULE: NO EXCEPT: IF IT IS PROVEN THAT THE ASSETS OF THE COPORATION IS TAKEN BY ONE STOCKHOLDER OR ; IF THE STOCKHOLDER DID NOT PAY HIS UNPAID SUBSCRIPTION Minimum Amount to be Compromised (Sec. 204) If the ground is financial incapacity of the taxpayer, the minimum shall not be less than 10% of the original assessment. If based on other grounds, the minimum amount shall not be lower than 40% of the original assessment. Q:Can it be lower than that prescribed by law? A:As a rule, no. EXCEPT, if allowed by the evaluation board consisting of the: commissioner; and deputy commissioner. Instances when the Final Assessment becomes final and executor: If the taxpayer did not file the protest on time Failure to submit the supporting documents within the 60-day period After the lapse of the 180-day period, you did not file an appeal within the 30day period to the CTA An appeal was filed but made beyond the reglementary period to appeal METHODS OF COLLECTION (SEC. 205) Judicial Action Civil Criminal Administrative Action Distraint Levy Tax lien Q:Why is it important to know whether the final assessment is under normal or ab normal conditions? A:It is important because of the requirement under 222. If the final assessment becomes final and executory, the government (BIR) can exercise the remedies unde r 205 in any order or simultaneously (207). But it is not always the case, becaus e the right of the government to collect is limited in case of abnormal assessme nt/collection under 222. Under the second option, the right of the government is limited to judicial action either civil or criminal. Administrative remedies s uch as distraint, levy, or tax lien is not available under such condition. Q:In distraint, levy or tax lien, is the 10 year period of collection applicable ? A:No, only the 5year period should apply. Distraint Kinds: Constructive (Sec. 206) Distraint of Intangible (Sec. 208) Actual (Sec. 207, par. a, and Sec. 209) 1. Constructive Distraint

The distraining officer shall make a list of the personal property of the propert y to be distraint in the presence of the owner of the property or the person in possession of the property. The owner shall be requested to sign the receipt. Q:What if the owner refuses to sign the receipt? A:Sec. 206: The distraining officer shall require 2 individuals within the neigh borhood with the warning that they should not allow the taxpayer to dispose, tra nsfer, or sell the property subject of distraint. Grounds for Constructive Distraint (Sec. 206): The taxpayer intends to leave the Philippines The taxpayer leaves the Philippines The taxpayer ceases or retires from business The taxpayer obstructs the collection of the tax. THESE GROUNDS ALSO ANSWER THE QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE TAXABLE PERIOD LESSER THAN 12 MONTHS? 2. Distraint of Intangible Property Limited to 3 Intangible Properties: Shares of stocks Bank accounts Credits and debits Share of stocks Warrant of distraint furnished to the taxpayer or the officer of the corporation with the warning that the property is subject of distraint and it should not dis pose of it. Bank Accounts Warrant of distraint furnished to the taxpayer or the officer of the bank with th e warning that the taxpayer should not be allowed to withdraw. Debits and Credits Warrant of distraint furnished to the debtor and creditor 3. Actual Distraint Personal property shall be physically taken by the distraining officer. Within 10 days from the receipt of the warrant, a report of the distraint shall b e submitted to the BIR (Sec. 207, par a last par.) The property subject of distraint shall be sold at a public auction EXCEPT bank a ccounts and debits and credits. Notice of sale shall be by posting in 2 conspicuous place, stating the date and t he place of the sale (No publication requirement) Sec. 211: after the sale and within 2 days, a report shall be made to the BIR Q:If the property sold is a personal property, is there a right of redemption? A:NO. The rule is absolute. Q:If the property is a personal property, is there a right of preemption? A:SEC. 210: Before the scheduled sale, the taxpayer is allowed to recover the p roperty by paying all the property by paying all the proper charges as well as t he interest, cost and penalties. During the Scheduled Auction Sale, 2 Things may happen:

There is bidder and the bid is enough There is no bidder or there is a bidder but the bid is not enough Q:What is the relevance of knowing the difference? A:1.If there is a bidder and the bid is enough In case of insufficiency, there shall be further distraint to cover the liability . (217) In case of excess, the excess shall be returned to the taxpayer. 2.If there is no bidder or the bid is not enough. It will be purchase by the government and the later sold in a public auction agai n (212) In case of insufficiency, no further distraint, 217 applies only if there was a bi dder. In case of excess, the excess shall not be returned to the taxpayer but shall be remitted to the national treasury. Levy Other than the delinquent taxpayer, warrant of levy is served to the register of deeds having jurisdiction over the real property (Sec. 213) Within 10 days from the receipt of the warrant, a report of the levy shall be sub mitted to the BIR (Sec. 207 (b) last par) Notice of Sale in Public Auction: Posting in 2 conspicuous places Publication in newspaper of general circulation once a week for 3 consecutive we eks. Q:Is there a right of pre emption? A:Yes, 213. Q:Is there a right of redemption? A:Yes. 2 Things may happen in a Public Auction: There is a bidder and the bid is enough There is no bidder or the bid is not enough Q:What if there is no bidder or the bid is not enough? A:Forfeiture shall be made (215) 3 Definitions of Forfeiture under the Internal Revenue Code Violation of Excise Tax Law (Sec. 224) If there is no bidder or the bid is not enough (Sec. 215) The order of the Collector to confiscate imported commodities (Sec. 2313, TCC) Relevance of the Choice of Words: Under sec. 212, the law says purchase Under sec. 215, the law says forfeiture under 215: the real property shall be automatically registered in the name of th e Government (forfeiture) under 212: the real property is not automatically registered in the name of the Government (purchase) Q:If sold at a private sale, what is the requirement? A:There must be an approval of the Secretary of Finance (216) Q:After sale, if there was deficiency? A:There shall be no further levy, because 215 says that it shall be to the total satisfaction of the taxpayer.

Q:After sale, if there was an excess? A:It shall not be returned to the taxpayer but shall be remitted to the national treasury. Sec. 217: this is only true if there was no bidder or the bid was not enough be cause of the provisions of the Secs. 212, 215, and 216 Sec. 218: no court shall issue an injunction to restrain the collection of tax under this code Determine what kind of injunction is referred to here: Prohibitory referred in Sec. 218 because it restrains the collection of tax. Mandatory Q:Is the provision limited to tax under this code? A:Limited to internal revenue taxes. EXCEPT: CTA (Regular Court) RA 1125 and 928 2: CTA is authorized to issue injunction to restrain the collection of taxes or fees collected under other code. Q:Is the rule of distraint or levy the same under local taxation? A:Yes, local tax. 175 for DISTRAINT 176 for LEVY Q:How about real property tax? A:No, distraint is not authorized (256, LGC), becaus e the remedy is only Judicial Action and Levy. Tax Lien Non payment of tax, the government has the right to claim a lien over the propert y of the taxpayer NIRC Sec. 219, NIRC Local Tax Sec. 173, NIRC Real Property Tax Sec. 257, NIRC Q:Supposed a parcel of land is about to be levied by the government, but the sam e is being foreclosed by the mortgagee, which of the 2 obligee, the government o r the mortgagee shall be preferred? A:219, last portion:The government is the preferred one if the lien is annotated and recorded in the registry of deed. In the absence of annotation in the regis try of deeds, the mortgagee is preferred. Q:Do we have the same rule under Local Tax and Real Property Tax? A:NO. Both 173 and 257, the government is always the preferred one. The lien can o nly be removed by payment of tax, interest and penalty. Sec. 220: approving of filing an ordinary civil action for violation of the int ernal revenue code The approval must be made by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue HIZON v. REPUBLIC (320 SCRA 574) F: An ordinary civil action for violation of the tax code was filed in the city of San Fernando. But the filing was only approved by the Revenue Regional Dire ctor of Central Luzon. The plaintiff opposed the filing in the court on the gro und that it should be approved by the Commissioner and the Revenue RD. H: Sec. 220 should be read with Sec. 7 of the NIRC General Rule: powers and functions of the Commissioner may be delegated but not to a position lower than a Division Chief Under Sec. 7, there are powers which can not be delegated

Power to recommend to the Secretary of Finance to issue rules and regulation Power to decide a case of fist impression Power to enter into a compromise agreement Power to assign BIR officer in the place of production subject to income tax Since the case does not fall under the prohibited delegation, the filing of the c ase is legal and tenable. Decision of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR) is appealable to CTA. Q:When is a decision of the cir appealable to the Secretary of Finance? A:4, on matters of interpretation of tax laws. SEC. 223: SUSPENSION OF THE RUNNING OF PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD Q:A Filipino taxpayer went to Canada, after 15years he went back, he is being as sessed by the BIR under normal assessment. Has the right of the government to a sses the tax already prescribed? A:NO. When he went to Canada, the running of the prescribed period is suspended. Q:What if the change of address is within the Philippines, say only from manila to Pasay City, is the running of the prescriptive period suspended? A:In order tha t the running of the prescriptive period will not be suspended, especially if th e change is district office, 223 provides that the taxpayer must send a written n otice of change of address to the BIR. In the absence of the written notice, the period will be suspended. Q:Change of address is from Philippines to abroad? A:The period will be suspended. Other Grounds for Suspension: During collection if there is no property found, the period is suspended If the BIR is prohibited from making assessment such when the subject property i s under litigation In distraint of levy, the BIR officer cant locate the property CLAIM FOR REFUND (SEC 229) Written claim for refund: Sec. 229, NIRC Sec. 112, VAT Sec. 136, Local Tax Sec. 253, Real Property Tax None except sec. 1603, Tariff and Custom Written claim for refund under the input tax (Sec. 112) Period is also 2 years from the close of the taxable quarter when the transaction was made Q:Can we apply 229 to VAT? A:Yes, because there is no conflict. 112 is refund under input tax system. 229 is refund for: errors in payment or; collected without authority; or assessment without authority. The period to claim refund is 2years. Doctrine of Equitable Recoupment If a taxpayer is entitled to a written claim for refund but the prescriptive peri od to claim has lapsed, the taxpayer is allowed to credit his written claim for

refund which he failed to recover to his existing tax liability. Computed from; Individual counted on the day the tax has been paid paying by way of withholding tax system, the reckoning point is the end of the t axable year. paying by way of installment, reckoning point is the date the last installment i s paid. if sold to public auction through distraint or levy, the date the proceeds is ap plied to the satisfaction of the tax liability. Corporation Existing 1992, *** v. Commissioner (205 SCRA 184) 1995, Commissioner v. Philam life (244 SCRA 446) 1998, Commissioner v. CTA (301 SCRA 435) Non-existing 2001, BPI v. Commissioner (363 SCRA 840) Existing the counting of the prescriptive period is 2 years on the day the annua l adjusted return is filed, because it is at that day that the tax liability is known. Non-existing the counting of the prescriptive period should also be reckoned on the day the annual return is filed. But the corporation is no longer required t o wait till the taxable period is over to file the return. Upon receipt of a no tice from the SEC to dissolve the corporation, within 30 days thereafter, a retu rn should be filed. Q:Suppose there is a supervening event, and the taxpayer was not able to file a written claim of refund within the period? A:Regardless of supervening event, a wr itten claim for refund must be filed within 2years. Q:Suppose the 2 year period is about to expire and there is no decision yet as t o your refund? A:Remedy is to file an appeal before the CTA (deemed a denial) Q:Suppose the BIR decided within 2 years against the refund? A:Appeal within 30day s from the decision, provided it is still within the 2 year period. Q:Suppose there is only 21days remaining after receiving the decision, when to f ile an appeal? A:Within 21days before the end of the 2 year period. A written claim for refund should be filed within 2 years Sec 204 (c) last phrase: in case of over payment a written claim is not necessar y because a return constitutes a written claim for refund. Q:May the commissioner of internal revenue open the bank account of a taxpayer? A:General Rule: NO. EXCEPT: To determine the gross value of the estate; and To enter into a compromise agreement. (under 204(A)) The written claim for refund to determine the gross value of the estate because t he taxpayer is already dead In case of compromise, there must be consent

Coverage of Taxation Law Review: Basic Principles including Constitutional Provisions Income Tax Estate Tax Donors Tax Remedies Local Tax Real Property Tax Tariff and Customs Code Court of Tax Appeals VAT (although not part of the coverage of the Bar Exams, questions have been ask ed since 1999) Title 5,6 and 7 are always included in the coverage No computations in the bar There are only 1 or 2 questions in the Bar about Basic Principles What are the favorite topics in the Bar? 12 questions on Income Tax 8-10 questions on remedies 8-10 questions allocated to the 7 topics Rules in the Classroom: Do NOT dare miss the first day of class >write down what will be written on the class card and follow instructions

>when HOMETOWN is asked it means the province of your parents, if they came from separate provinces write both. Those who live in the city take note if CITY is placed before or after the prov ince or locality Example: LAOAG CITY or CITY of MANILA Do NOT be absent after the first day if you are absent, you have to transcribe what happened in class when you were o ut. The next meeting you attend class, consider yourself a resident of balic-balic, babalikbalikan ka sa recit No other excuse will be accepted: *head ache, fever and flu = REXIDOL *dysmenorrhea and cleansing = GOLDEN 8 herbal tea *If you happen to be attending a sem, usually on 2nd sem, ask ahead for routes o n which you can take coming from your province/home town in order to make it to the first class after holidays. Exception: if you, as his student is the one getting married. Read and understand the assignment following the flow in this material. Wag ZAPO TE ang aral na naintindihan pero di naunawaan For holidays make up class probably on a Sunday or the class will be held on tha t day as well (no sanction can be imposed if classes will be held) EXCEPTION: HOLY DAY/FEAST and upon order of our dear OARs Bawal ang tatayo at ngingiti, magpapapicture o magsosorry (except if you are tha t puny girl last seen at the palace) Allowed to glance at your notes, wag lang pahalata/garapal

MATERIALS: National Internal Revenue Code (big one where you can write notes) commentaries (any author will do) magic notes (Sababan Lecture and Q&A) Order: READ the codal provisions following the outline UNDERSTAND the provisions with the help of the Magic Notes Read the cases, Special laws, Revenue regulations(if stated Do not forget to compare if there are sections to be compared

Note: This material was printed and was made to be read from the left side for p urposes of convenience in taking down notes on the other side.

Basic Principles of Constitutional Limitations Due process clause which could be either substantive due process and procedural due process clause Equal protection clause Read: Ormoc Sugar Central vs. City Treasurer 22 SCRA 603 Tiu vs. CA 301 SCRA 178 Article III sec. 1 of the 1987 Constitution non-impairment clause Article III sec. 5 freedom of religion Article III sec. 20 non-payment of poll tax Article VI sec. 28 par. 2 flexible tariff clause Article VI sec. 28 par. 3 exemption from real property tax Read: Herrera vs. Quezon City 3 SCRA 186 Abra vs. Hernando 107 SCRA 104 Abra Valley vs. Aquino 52 SCRA 106 Philippine Lung Center vs. Quezon City 433 SCRA 119 Article VI sec. 28 par. 4 qualified majority in tax exemption International double taxation CIR vs. Johnson 309 SCRA 87 Doctrine of equitable recoupment Doctrine of Set-off or compensation in taxation Republic vs. Mambulao 4 SCRA 622 Domingo vs. Garlitos 8 SCRA 443 Francia vs. IAC 162 SCRA 753 Caltex vs. COA 208 SCRA 726 Philex vs. CIR 294 SCRA 687

BASIC PRINCIPLES: Taxation is an inherent power of the State. Q:What do you mean by INHERENT? A:The power to tax is not provided for in the law, statute or Constitution; it d epends on the existence of the state. No law or legislation for the exercise of the power to tax by the national government. The power to tax DEPENDS on the existence of the State, the moment the State Exi sts, AUTOMATICALLY, the power to tax also exists. Q:Do local governments exercise this inherent power? A: No. Only the National Government exercises the inherent power to impose taxes . Q:The taxing power of local governments is a DELAGATED power. Delegated by whom? A:Delegated by Congress through law in case of autonomous regions, and delegated by the Constitution in case of LGUs not considered an autonomous region. Cities, provinces and municipalities power granted under Art. X Sec. 5&6 of the C onstitution Autonomous Regions power conferred by Congress through law. Art. X Sec. 20 #2 of the Constitution is a non-self-executing provision. Thus the power is granted b y Congress because said provision requires an enabling law. Article X, Section 5 is self-executing thus the power is granted by the Constitut ion. INHERENT LIMITATIONS of TAXATION Q: What are the inherent limitations of taxation on the part of the national gov ernment? A: 1. It should be for PUBLIC PURPOSE 2. it is inherently LEGISLATIVE 3. Government is tax EXEMPT 4. Territoriality 5. International comity Q: What if the congress appropriate money for the development of a property belo nging to a private person, is the appropriation valid? A: Pascual vs. Secretary of Public Works (GR No. L-10405, 12/29/1960) It is a general rule that the legislature is without power to appropriate f or anything BUT public purpose. It is the essential character of the direct object of expenditure, which must de termine its validity as justifying a tax, and not the magnitude of the interest to be affected nor the degree to which the general advantage of the community, a

nd thus, the public welfare, may be ultimately benefited by their promotion, Inc idental to the public or the State, which results from the promotion of public i nterest and the prosperity of private enterprise or business, does not justify t heir aid by the use of public money. Lutz vs. Araneta (98 Phil 148) Congress enacted a law imposing a tax on SUGAR INDUSTRY. It was contended that t he proceeds of the tax shall only benefit a particular industry. However, it was ruled that the tax remains valid since the protection and the promotion of the sugar industry is a matter of public concern. Hence, the legislature may determi ne within reasonable bounds what is necessary for its protection and expedient f or the promotion of public interest. Legislative discretion, according to the court, should be allowed full play, sub ject only to the test of reasonableness. If objectives and methods are alike and Constitutionally valid, there can be no reason why the State should not be allo wed to levy taxes to raise funds for their prosecution and attainment. TAXATION MAY BE USED TO IMPLEMENT THE STATES POLICE POWER Q: May the govt tax itself? A: Determine first who the taxing authority. Taxing Authority Levying from

<Sec. 133 LGC-power to tax Shall not extend to taxes, fees, charges of any kind on the natl govt, agencies an d instrumentalities EXCEPT income from public utility under their jurisdiction Local Government National Government NO National Government Local Government YES ^ Sec 27 C provides national govt can levy tax, agencies and instrumentalities alrhough derive income by the govt form the utility and income derived from the exercise of essential government functions are exempt(Sec 32B7b NIRC) Q: What is the source of power to tax of LGUs outside the Autonomous Region and those within the Autonomous Region? A: Sec. 5, Art X of the 1987 Constitution (self-executing) Each LGU shall have the power to create its own sources of revenue and levy taxe s, fees and charges subject to such guidelines and limitations as the congress m ay provide, consistent with the basic policy of local autonomy. Such taxes, fees and charges shall accrue exclusively to the local governments.

Q: What is the source of power to tax within the Autonomous Region? A: Section 20 number 2 of ArticleX of the 1987 Constitution (non self executory) Within its territorial jurisdiction and subject to provisions of this Constituti on and national laws, the organic act of the autonomous regions shall provide fo r legislative powers over: (1) Administrative organization; (2) Creation of sources of revenues; (3) Ancestra l domain and natural resources; (4) Personal, family, and property relations; (5) Regional urban and rural planning development; (6) Economic, social, and tourism development; (7) Educational policies; (8) Preservation and development of the cul tural heritage; and (9) Such other matters as may be authorized by law for the pr omotion of the general welfare of the people of the region. ^ This merely authorizes the Congress to pass an Organic Act of the Autonomous Region, which shall provide for legislative powers to levy taxes over their inha bitants. NOTE: It is the Constitution that gave LGUs the power to tax but subject to such guidelines and limitation as the congress may provide. The Congress derives thi s power from the Constitution as well. TERRITORIALITY Taxation is territorial in such a manner that the taxing authority cannot impose taxes oon subject beyond its territorial jurisdiction. However, taxing authorit y may determin the tax SITUS. Philippine Match Co. vs. City of Cebu (GR No. L-30745 1/18/1978) The sales in the instant case were in the City of Cebu and the matches were stor ed in the city. The fact that the matches were delivered to customers, whose pla ces of business were outside the city, would not place those sales beyond the ci tys taxing power. Those sales formed part of the merchandising business being ass igned on by the company in the city. In ESSENCE, they are the same as sales of m atches fully consummated in the city. Further, because the sellers place of business is in Cebu City, it cannot be sens ibly argued that such sales should be considered as transactions subject to the taxing power of the political subdivisions where the customers reside and accep ted delivery of the matches. INTERNATIONAL COMITY States MUST recognize the generally accepted principles/tenets of international law Lednicky vs. CIR (GR nos. L-18169, L-18262 & L-21434 7/31/1964) To allow an alien resident to deduct from his gross income whatever taxes he pay s to his own government amounts to conferring on the latter the power to reduce the tax income of the Philippine government, his deduction from Philippine taxes would correspondingly increase, and the proceeds for the Philippines diminished , thereby subordinating our own taxes to those levied by a foreign government. S uch a result is incompatible with the status of the Philippines as an independen t and sovereign state. Basco vs. PAGCOR (197 SCRA 52)

The city of Manila, being a mere municipal Corporation, has no inherent power to tax. LGUs have no power to tax instrumentalities of the national government. PA GCOR being an instrumentality of the national government, is therefore exempt fr om local taxes, otherwise, its operation might be burdened, impeded, or subjecte d to control by a mere LGU. Mactan Cebu Intl Airport vs. Marcos (261 SCRA 667) Mactan cannot invoke Sec 133 of LGC. It refers to local taxation. And since the llast par of sec 234 unequivocally withdrew upon effectivity of the LGC, exempti on from payment of real property taxes granted to natural person including GOCCs except as provided in the said section, and the petitioner is, undoubtedly, a GO CC. It is necessarily follows that its exemption from tax granted under Sec 14 o f its charter, RA 6958, has been withdrawn. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS Q: Is the Constitution the source of the taxing power of the State? A: NO. The power to tax exist prior to and independently on the Constitution. Th e Constitution simply defines and delimits this power to strike balance between the power of the government and the freedom of the governed, and to safeguard th e latter from the abuse of the former. Due Process Clause Section 1, Article III of the 1987 Constitution No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due proce ss of law xxx This clause guarantees the protection of personal and property rights. Pursuant thereto, enforced contribution from the people cannot be made without a law aut horizing the same. Q: What are the two aspects of due process? A Substantive and Procedural due process Q: What do they require in order for them to be a limitation to the power to ta x? A:Substantive due process requires that a tax statute must be within the Constit utional authority of Congress to pass and that it be reasonable, fair and just. Procedural due process, on the other hand, requires notice and hearing or at lea st the opportunity to be heard. Q: Suppose the congress passed a law exempting the 13th month pay from tax with the concurrence of the majority of the quorum. Is this valid? A: Section 28(4), Article IV of the 1987 Constitution No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of the majority of all the members of Congress Note: No less than the Constitution requires the Majority (qualified majority). Anything less, such as the majority of the quorum (simple majority), Therefore such tax exempting statue would be unconstitutiona l and violative of substantive due process. Q: In procedural due process, as a limitation on the power to tax, without not

ice and opportunity to be heard, limited to the prosecution stage alone? A: In the prosecution stage, without due process, proceedings will be null and v oid, hence ineffective against the taxpayer. RR 12-99 requires that as early as assessment stage until extra judicial settlem ent of a taxpayers criminal violation is reached procedural due process should ex ist Section 20[B][2] where compromise is not allowed due to or involves fraud or the case was filed in court already. Sec 208 of RA 8424 if the delinquent taxpayer is subsequently found guilty as ch arged by the proper court of law, it is further required that he should still be properly notified Q: Does this apply to the National legislature? A: this applies to legislative bodies of the LGUs which are the local sanggunian . Q:Does it follow that the adverse party must always be notified? A:No. As a rule, notice and hearing or the opportunity to be heard is necessary only when expressly required by law. Where there is no such requirement, notice and the opportunity to be heard are dispensable. Example: Before Oct. 1, 1995, you can secure a TRO without notifying the adverse party. If you are a suspect in a criminal case, you have the right to have an opportuni ty to be heard (if there is a law). Before July 1, 1998, no notice need be given to a party declared in default. Aft er the amendment, the party declared in default has to be notified of subsequent proceedings albeit without the right to participate therein. In the case of a search warrant, the person to be searched was not notified. Th e person searched cannot claim that there was a violation of due process because there is no law requiring that the person to be searched should be notified. Regarding delinquent tax payers, before levy, there must be notice. REASON: No provision of law requires notice to the adverse party. If the adverse party i s notified, he may abscond. Thus, in adversarial proceedings, in connection with procedural due process, the adverse party need not be notified all the time. Q: Imposition on tax on cellular phones. Is it fair, just and reasonable? A: The elements of prohibited double taxation should be considered in order to d etermine if this will be valid. Equal Protection Clause Section 1, Article III of the 1987 Constitution xxx. Nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of laws. As a rule, taxpayers of the same footing are treated alike, both as to privileges conferred and liabilities imposed. Difference in treatment is allowed only whe n based on substantial distinction. Difference in treatment not based on substa ntial distinction is frowned upon as class legislation. Q: How can is this violated?

A: This is violated when taxpayers belonging: to the same classification are treated differently from one another When no classification does not rest upon substantial distinctions that make for real differences to different classifications are treated alike When no classification is called for, substantial distinctions exist but no corr esponding distinction is made on the basis thereof. (Villegas v. Hsiu Chiong Tsa i Pai) Ex: In one case, a tax ordinance was assailed on the ground that the ordinance failed to distinguish a worker form casual, permanent or temporary. The SC sai d that the ordinance was invalid because of the failure to state the said classi fication. In PEOPLE v. CAYAT the Supreme Court mandated the requisites for a valid classif ication. Requirements of Reasonable Classification: There must be substantial distinctions that make a real difference. It must be germane or relevant to the purpose of the law. The distinction or classification must apply not only to the present but also to future situations. The distinction must apply to persons, things and transactions belonging to the same class. TIU v. COURT OF APPEALS (301 SCRA 278) Q: what happened in the city of Olongapo? A: The Congress, with the approval of the President, passed RA 7227, an act crea ting the conversion of the military bases into other productive uses. Q: Who was the President at that time? A: President Ramos Q: What were signed? A: RA 7227, EO 97 and EO 97-A The first led to the creation of the Subic Special Economic Zone (SSEZ). The lat ter set the limitations and boundaries of the application of the incentives (no taxes, local and national, shall be imposed within SSEZ. In lieu thereof, 3% of the Gross Income shall be remitted to the national govt) to those operating their businesses within the said area. Q:Who are the petitioners and what was their contention? A: The petitioners are Filipino businessmen who are operating their busine ss outside the secured area. The petitioners contended that the law in question was violative of their right to equal protection of laws since they are also Fil ipino businessmen. H:The Supreme Court ruled that there was no violation since the classification w as based on a substantial distinction. The element invoked here is element #1 that there must be substantial distinctio n in the classification of taxpayers on whom the tax will be imposed. The Court observed that those foreign businessmen operating within the secured a rea have to give a larger capital to operate in the secured area (to spur econom ic growth and guarantee employment). ORMOC SUGAR CENTRAL vs. CIR Q:What did the municipality of Ormoc do? A:The City Council of Ormoc passed a Municipal Ordinance No.4 imposing upon any and all centrifugal sugar milled at the Ormoc Sugar Central a municipal tax on t

he net sale of the same to the United States and other foreign countries. Q:Did the owner accept this imposition? A:No. the tax due was paid under protest, then filed a complaint against the Cit y of Ormoc. H:The Supreme Court said there was a violation of the equal protection clause. T he element invoked here was element #3, that it must be applicable to both prese nt and future circumstances. The Supreme Court said that one must go to the prov ision itself, in the case at bar, there was a violation of element #3 because th e law was worded in such a way that it only applies to Ormoc Sugar Central alone and to the exclusion of all other sugar centrals to be established in the futur e. TAKE NOTE: People vs. Cayat Freedom of Religion Section 5, Article III, 1987 Contstitution This contain two clauses: The non-establishment clause Basis of tax exemption Free exercise clause Prohibition to establish a national religion It Involves 3 Things: freedom to choose religion freedom to exercise ones religion prohibition upon the national government to establish a national religion Q:Which one limits the power to A:Prohibition upon the national use this will require a special treasury which is funded by the tax? government to establish a national religion beca appropriation of money coming from the national taxes paid by the people.

Non-impairment Clause Section 10, Article III, 1987 constitution Section 11, Article XII, 1987 constitution Q: What does the non-impairment clause uphold? A: The peoples right and freedom to contract as well as the sanctity of contracts . Note: does not apply to franchise Applies to taxation but not to Police power and Eminent domain Q:What are the sources of obligation in the Civil Code? A:Law, Contracts, Quasi-Contracts, Delict, Quasi-Delict. Q:What is the obligation contemplated in this limitation? A:Those obligations arising from contracts. General Rule:The power to tax is pursuant to law, therefore, the obligation to p ay taxes is imposed by law, thus the non-impairment clause does not apply. You have to determine first the source of obligation: If the law merely provides for the fulfillment of the obligation then the law is not the source of the obligation. When the law merely recognizes or acknowledges the existence of an obligation cr eated by an act which may constitute a contract, quasi-contract, delict, and qua si-delict, and its only purpose is to regulate such obligation, then the act its

elf is the source of the obligation, not the law. When the law establishes the obligation and also provides for its fulfillment, t hen the law itself is the source of the obligation Q:So, in what instance does the non-impairment of contracts clause becomes a lim itation to the power to tax? A: it is when the taxpayer enters into a compromise agreement with the governmen t. In this instance, the obligation to pay the tax is now based on the contract between the taxpayer and the government pursuant to their compromise agreement. Take Note: the requirement for its application: the parties are the government a nd private individual. Poll Tax Q:What is a poll tax? A: It is a tax of a fixed amount on individuals residing within a particular ter ritory, whether citizens or not, without regard to their property or to the occu pation in which they may be engaged. It is a tax imposed on persons without any qualifications. Persons may be allowe d to pay even if they are not qualified as to age or property ownership. Example of Poll Tax: Community Tax Certificate under Section 162 of the Local Go vernment Code. Q:Why is it a limitation to the power to tax? A: It is a limitation to the power to tax because Congress is prohibited from pa ssing a law penalizing with imprisonment a person who does not pay poll tax. (Fu nds for sending a person to jail is taken from the national treasury which is fu nded by the taxes paid by the people)

Exemption from payment of Real Estate Tax Q:What is the requirement for exemption from payment of real property tax under the 1935, 1973 and 1987 Constitution? A:Art. 6, Sec 22 (3), 1935 Constitution Cemeteries, churches and parsonages or c onvents appurtenant thereto, and all lands, buildings and improvements used EXCL USIVELY for RELIGIOUS, CHARITABLE or EDUCATIONAL purposes shall be exempt for ta xation. Art. 8, Sec. 17 (3), 1973 Constitution charitable institutions, churches, parson ages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosque, and non-profit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements ACTUALLY, DIRECTLY, and EXCLUSIVELY used for RELIGIOUS and CHARITABLE purposes shall be exempt from taxation. Art. 6, Sec. 28 (3), 1987 Constitution charitable institutions, churches, and pa rsonages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosque, non-profit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements ACTUALLY, DIRECTLY and EXCLUSIVELY used for RELIGIOUS, EDUCATIONAL and CHARITABLE purposes shall be exempt from taxation. HERRERA v. QC-BOARD OF ASSESSMENT (1935 Constitution) Q:What is involved in this case? A:A charitable institution, St. Catherines Hospital. The hospital was previously exempt from taxation until it was reclassified and subsequently assessed for the payment of real property tax. The contention of the respondent is that the hospital was no longer a charitable institution because it accepts pay-patients, it also operates a school for midw

ifery and nursing, and a dormitory. Since it is not exclusively used for charita ble purposes it is not exempt from taxation. H:The Court ruled that petitioner is not liable for the payment of real estate t axes. It is a charitable institution, thus exempt from the payment of such tax. The hospital, schools and dormitory are all exempt fro taxation because they are incidental to the primary purpose of the hospital. NOTE: this arose during the 1935 Constitution. Exempted by virtue of incidental purpose was merely coined by the Supreme Court. T hus, it does not apply to other taxes except Real Estate Tax. PROVINCE OF ABRA v. HERNANDO Q: What is involved in this case? AA religious institution was involved in this case, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Bangued, Inc. (bishop filed declaratory relief after assessed for payment of ta x). The respondent judge granted the exemption from taxes of said church based o nly on the allegations of the complaint without conducting a hearing/trial. The assistant prosecutor filed a complaint contending that petitioner was deprived o f its right to due process. SC: the Court ordered that the case be remanded to the lower court for further p roceedings. The Court observed that the cause action arose under the 1973 Consti tution, not under the 1935 Constitution (note the difference). Tax exemption is not presumed. It must be strictly construed against the taxpayer and liberally c onstrued in favor of the government. ABRA VALLEY COLLEGE INC. v. AQUINO Q:What is involved in this case? A: An educational institution is involved in this case. The ground floor of the school was leased to Northern Marketing Corp., a domestic corporation. The 2nd f loor thereof was used as the residence of the school director and his family. The Province of Abra now contends that since the school is not exclusively used for educational purposes, the school is now liable to pay real estate tax. H:The Court held that the school is PARTIALLY liable for real estate tax. Residence exempt by virtue of incidental purpose; justified because it is necess ary. Commercial not exempt because it is not pursuant to the primary purpose; not for educational purposes. Q: is the A: NO. in hospital, tion. The doctrine in the case of Herrera the same with this case? the Herrera case, the exemption was granted to all the real property ( school and dorm). But in this case, the Supreme Court made a qualifica Supreme Court said it depends.

NOTE: both cases arose under the 1935 Constitution despite having been decided i n 1988. Q:At present, do we still apply the exemption from tax by virtue of the Doctrine of Incidental Purpose? A:Not anymore. The cause of action in said case arose under the 1935 Constitutio n and it does not apply to the provisions of the 1987 Constitution. PHILIPPINE LUNG CENTER v. QUEZON CITY Q:What is involved in this case? A:A charitable institution, a hospital. It is provided in the charter of the Lun g Center of the Philippines is a charitable institution. However, part of its bu ilding was leased to private individuals and the vacant portion of its lot was r ented out to Elliptical Orchids. Respondent contends that since the hospital is not used actually, directly, an d exclusively for charitable purposes, it is lia ble to pay real estate taxes.

H: The Supreme Court held that the petitioner is liable to pay tax for those pa rts leased to private individuals for commercial purposes. For the part of the h ospital used for charitable purposes (whether for pay or non-pay patients), peti tioner is exempt from payment of real estate tax. NOTE: petitioner contended that the profits derived from the lease of its premis es were used for the operation of the hospital. The Court held that the use of t he profits does not determine exemption, rather it is the use of the property th at determines exemption. The case of Herrera does not apply because said case arose under the 1935 Consti tution and the present case arose under the 1987 Constitution. The requirements for exemption are different. In the 1935 Constitution, the property must be EXCL USIVELY used for religious, educational or charitable purposes. Under the 1987 C onstitution, the property must be used ACTUALLY, DIRECTLY, and EXCLUSIVELY for r eligious, educational and charitable purposes. Q:Was the doctrine laid down in Abra Valley affirmed in the Lung Center case? A:Yes. The Supreme Court unconsciously applied a doctrine laid down by the 1935 Constitution. The Supreme Court reiterated the ruling in the Abra Valley case wh ich arose under the 1935 Constitution. The Supreme Court made a qualification, i t held that it depends on whether or not the use is incidental to the primary pu rpose of the institution. NOTE: at present, exemption from tax by virtue of incidental purpose is not applic able to all taxes including real estate tax. COMM v. SC JOHNSON and SONS, INC. Important : international double taxation importance of international tax treaty implication of most favored nation clause Q:What is the corporation involved in this case? A:A domestic corporation (DC). SC Johnson and Sons, Inc. entered into a license agreement with SC Johnson and S ons U.S.A (Non-Resident Foreign Corp, NRFC) whereby the former was allowed to us e the latters trademark and facilities to manufacture its products. In return, th e DC will pay the NRFC royalties as well as payment of withholding tax. A case for refund of overpaid withholding tax was filed. Apparently, the DC shou ld have paid only 10% under the most favored nation clause. H:The Supreme Court coined the term International Double Taxation or Internation al Juridical Double Taxation. Q: What prompted the SC to coin such term? A: Because a single income (tax royalties paid by a DC) was subjected to tax by two countries, the Philippines income tax and the U.S. tax. International Juridical Double Taxation applies only to countries where the tax liabilities of its nationals are imposed on income derived from sources coming f rom within and without. Q: Is there an instance where international double taxation does not apply? A: Yes. If it involves nationals of countries wherein the tax liability is impos ed only from income derive from sources within and not including those derived f rom sources without. (Ex: Switzerland) The controversy in the case at bar involves the income tax paid in the Philippin es. After paying 25%, the US firm discovered that they are entitled to 10% under the most favored nation clause. The question is: was the tax paid under similar cir cumstances with that of the RP-West Germany Treaty? The CTA and Court of Appeals ruled that it was paid under similar circumstances. The phrase referred to the royalties in payment of income tax. The Supreme Cour t ruled that the lower courts interpretation of the phrase was erroneous. Rather,

the phrase applies to the application of matching credit. Q: What is matching tax credit? A: RP-Germany Treaty provides for that 20% of the tax paid in the Philippines sh all be credited to their tax due to be paid in Germany. The 10% does not apply because there is no matching credit. Thus, there is no si milarity in the circumstances.

EQUITABLE RECOUPMENT AND DOCTRINE OF SET-OFF Equitable Recoupment This doctrine provides that a claim for refund barred by prescription may be all owed to offset unsettled tax liabilities by crediting such refund to his existin g tax liability. This is not allowed in this jurisdiction, because of common law origin. If allowed, both the collecting agency and the taxpayer might be tempted to dela y and neglect the pursuit of their respective claims within the period prescribe d by law. Q:What is the doctrine of Equitable Recoupment? A:When the claim for refund is barred by prescription, the same is allowed to be credited to unsettled tax liabilities. (Sir gives an illustration found in page 3 of magic notes) Q:Is the rule absolute? Reason A:Yes, the rule is absolute. The rationale behind this is to prevent the taxpaye r and government official from being negligent in the payment and collection of taxes. (furthermore, you have to be honest for this to work, hence, the government is p reventing corruption) There is no exception at all otherwise; the BIR would be flooded with so many cl aims. Set-off Presupposes mutual obligation between the parties. In taxation, the concept of set-off arises where a taxpayer is liable to pay tax but the government, for one reason or another, is indebted to the said taxpayer. Q:What do you mean by SET-OFF? A:This presupposes mutual obligations between the parties, and that they are mut ual creditors and debtors of each other. In taxation, the concept of taxation ar ises where a taxpayer is liable to pay taxes but the government, for one reason or another, is INDEBTED to said taxpayer. REPUBLIC v. MAMBULAO LUMBER CO. Q:What is the liability of Mambulao? A:They are liable to pay forest charges (under the old tax code). NOTE:under our present tax code, the NIRC, we do not have forest charges as the same was abolished by President Aquino. Q:What did the lumber company do? A:The lumber company claimed that since the government did not use the reforesta tion charges it paid for reforestation of the denuded land covered by its licens e, the amount paid should be reimbursed to them or at least compensated or appli

ed to their liability to pay forest charges. H:The Court ruled that the reforestation charges paid is in the nature of taxes. The principle of compensation does not apply in this case because the parties ar e not mutually creditors and debtors of each other. A claim for taxes is not a d ebt, demand, contract or judgment as is allowed to be set-off under the statute of set-off which is construed uniformly, in the light of public policy, to exclu de the remedy in connection or any indebtedness of the State or any municipality to one who is liable for taxes. Neither are they a proper subject for recoupmen t since they do not arise out of contract or the same transaction sued on. General Rule: no set-off is admissible against demands for taxes levied in gener al or local governmental purposes. Reason: Taxes are not in the nature of contracts or debts between the taxpayer a nd the government, but arises out of a duty to, and are positive acts of the gov ernment to the making and enforcing of which, the consent of the individual is n ot required. Taxes cannot be the subject matter of compensation. Q: What do we mean by the word mutual? A: Mutual means that the cause of action must arouse from the same source. Conside ring the causes of action of the parties in this case came from different source s, it is not a proper subject matter of set off. Moreover, tax is not a debt, therefore, set off or compensation was not allowed in the case. DOMINGO v. GARLITOS GRN L-18994 6/29/1963 Q:What is being collected in this case? A:Estate and inheritance taxes. NOTE: we do not have inheritance taxes anymore because the same was abolished by Lolo Macoy. Q:Who is the administratrix? A:The surviving spouse. Q:What did the surviving spouse do? A: The surviving spouse suggested that the compensation to which the decedent wa s entitled to as an employee of the Bureau of Lands be set-off from the estate a nd inheritance taxes imposed upon the estate of the deceased. H: Both the claim of the government for estate and inheritance taxes and the cl aim of the (intestate) for the services rendered have already become overdue hen ce demandable as well as fully liquidated, compensation therefore takes place by operation of law, in accordance with Art. 1279 and 1290 of the Civil Code and b oth debts are extinguished to the concurrent amount. Compelling Reason: Congress has enacted RA 2700, allocating a certain sum of mon ey to the estate of the deceased. BAR QUESTION 1996: FRANCIA v. IAC GRN L-67649 6/28/1988 Q:This happened in what city? A: Pasay City Q: What is the tax being collected? Who is collecting the same?

A: Payment for real estate taxes for the property of Francia. It appears that pe titioner was delinquent in the payment of his real estate tax liability. The sam e is being collected by the Treasurer of Pasay. Q: What is the suggestion of petitioner? A: Suggested that the just compensation for the payment of his expropriated prop erty be set-off from his unpaid real estate taxes. (the other part of his proper ty was sold at a public auction) H:The factual milieu of the case dose not justify legal compensation. The Court has consistently ruled that there can be no off-setting of taxes again st the claims that the taxpayer may have against the government. A taxpayer cann ot refuse to pay a tax on the ground that the government owes him an amount. Internal Revenue taxes cannot be the subject of compensation because the governm ent and the taxpayer are not mutually creditors and debtors of each other, and a claim for taxes is not a debt, demand, contract or judgment as is allowed to be compensated or set-off. Furthermore, the payment of just compensation was already deposited with PNB Pas ay, and the taxes were collected by a local government, the property was expropr iated by the national government. (diff parties, not mutual creditors and debtor s of each other.) California Texas (CALTEX) PHIL v. COA GRN 92585 5/8/1988 Q: What is being collected? A: Caltexs contribution to the Oil Price Stabilization Fund (OPSF). COA sent a letter to Caltex asking the latter to settle its unremitted collectio n stating that until the same is paid, its claim for reimbursement from the OPSF will be held in abeyance. Q: Why is Caltex entitled to reimbursement? A: Because of the fluctuation of the oil prices in the Middle East and Europe. C altex wanted to off-set its unremitted collection from its reimbursements. H: The Court did not allow the set-off, and reiterated its ruling in the case of Mambulao and Francia. Furthermore, RA 6952 expressly prohibits set-off from the collection of contributions to the OPSF. The Court likewise stated that Caltex merely acted as agent of the government in collecting contributions for the OPSF because such is being shouldered by the consumers when they purchase petroleum products of oil companies, such as Caltex. Taxation is no longer envisioned as a measure merely to raise revenues to suppor t the existence of the government. Taxes may be levied for regulatory purposes s uch as to provide means for the rehabilitation and stabilization of a threatened industry which is vested with public interest, a concern which is within the po lice power of the State to address. PHILEX MINING CORP v. COMM GRN 125704 8/28/1998 The petitioner is liable for the payment of excise taxes, which it wanted to be set-off from its pending claim for a VAT Input credit/refund. The Court did not allow set-off. Taxes cannot be the subject of compensation for the simple reason that the government and taxpayer are not mutual creditors and debtors of each other. Taxes are not debts. Furthermore, in the instant case, the claim for VAT refund is still pending. Th e collection of a tax cannot await the results of a lawsuit against the governme nt. NOTE: In these 5 cases, with exception of Domingo v. Garlitos, et-off was denied. The common ground for these cases that were not a debt because the subject matters under the Civil Code of be a debt. Secondly, the SC keeps repeating that the taxpayer t are not creditors and debtors with each other. compensation or s denied: a tax is compensation must and the governmen

However, in all these cases where set off was denied by the government, there is always a second reason after reiterating the rule in the case of Mambulao. To b egin with, in the case of Francia, the SC after reiterating the Mambulao ruling, it ruled the money was already paid in the PNB account of Francia. In CALTEX, w e have the same reason. In addition, the SC states that RA 6952 do not allow set off or compensation to be made against the fund of OPSF. Lastly, PHILEX mining, we have the same ruling, but in addition, the SC added the claim for refund is not yet granted. In application the principle of set off or compensation, the am ount must be FULLY LIQUIDATED. It follows that set off or compensation should be denied because the refund is not yet granted. In Domingo vs. Garlitos, although the parties are not mutually creditors and deb tors, YET, the SC ruled otherwise, simply because of the very unique circumstanc e that Congress enacted RA 2700 appropriating money to the estate of the deceden t. DOUBLE TAXATION ( Definition: Taxing the same subject twice when it should be taxed only once. Also known as duplicate taxation. ( Is double taxation prohibited in the Philippines? No. There is no constitutional prohibition against double taxation in the Philip pines. It is something not favored but permissible (Pepsi Cola Bottling Co. v. City of Butuan, 1968). Elements of Double Taxation: Levied by the same taxing authority For the same subject matter For the same taxing period and For the same purpose ( Kinds of Double Taxation (DT) Direct duplicate taxation/obnoxious DT in the objectionable or prohibited sense. REASON: This constitutes a violation of substantive due process. The same prop erty is taxed twice when it should be taxed only once. Requisites: the same property is taxed twice when it should only be taxed once; both taxes are imposed on the same property or subject matter for the same purpo se; imposed by the same taxing authority; within the same jurisdiction during the same taxing period; and covering the same kind or character of tax. 2. Indirect double taxation: Not legally objectionable. The absence of one or mo re of the foregoing requisites of obnoxious DT makes the DT indirect. ( Reliefs from Effects of Double Taxation Tax deductions Example: Vanishing deductions in transfer taxes. Tax credits An amount allowed as a reduction of the Phil. Income tax on account of income ta x(es) paid or incurred to foreign countries. It is given to a taxpayer in order to provide a relief from too onerous a burden of taxation in case where the sam e income is subject to a foreign and Phil. Income tax. This may be claimed by (1 ) citizens of the Philippines and (2) domestic corporations. Exemptions Treaties with other states

Principle of reciprocity Obnoxious double taxation is the synonym of double taxation. There is no double taxation if the tax is levied by the LGU and another by the n ational government. The two (2) are different taxing authorities. LGUs are expressly prohibited by the provisions of RA 7160 or the LGC of 1991 fr om levying tax upon: (1) the National Government; (2) its agencies and instrum entalities; (3) LGUs (sec.113(o)). The National Government, pursuant to the provisions of RA 8424 of the Tax Reform Act of 1997, can levy tax upon GOCCs, agencies and instrumentalities (Section 2 7 c)), although income received by the Government form: any public utility or the exercise of any essential governmental function is exempt from tax.

Topics under Tax 1: Income Tax Law Section 22-26 of the National Internal Revenue Code a) Read in the commentaries or magic notes the different kinds of: 1. Income Taxpayers 2. Income Taxes 3. Sources of Income sec. 42 of NIRC - Income Taxpayers a) Individuals b) Corporation c) Estates and Trusts -Individuals are classified Resident Citizens sec. 23 (A), sec 24 (A) (a) Non-Resident Citizens sec 23 (B), 24 (A) (b) 22 (E) Overseas Contract Workers Sec. 23 (C), 24 (A) (b) Resident Aliens Rev. Reg. sec 5, 23 (D), 24 (A) (c) Non-Resident Aliens Engaged in trade or business sections 25 (A) (1) Non-Resident Aliens Not Engaged in trade or business sec. 25 (B) Aliens Employed in Multi-National Corporations sec. 25 (C) and Rev. Reg. 12-2001 Aliens Employed in Offshore Banking Units sec 25 (D) Aliens Employed in petroleum Service Contractors & Subcontractors sec. 25 (E) -Corporate Income Taxpayers Domestic Corporations sec. 23 (E), and sec 27 of NIRC Resident Foreign Corporations sec. 22 (H) and (28)A Non-Resident Foreign Corporations sec. 22 (1) and 28 (B) -Estates and Trusts sec. 60-66 of NIRC Different Kinds of Income Tax Net Income Tax secs. 24 (A), 25 (A) (1), 26, 27 (A) (B) (C), 28 (A) up to 3rd pa r. 31 and 32 (A) Gross Income Tax secs. 25 (B) first part and 28 (B) (1) Final Income Taxes sec. 57 (A) Minimum Corporate Income Tax of 2% of the Gross Income secs. 27 (E), 28 (A) (2) Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax of 10% of its taxable income sec. 29 NIRC Re v. Reg. 2-2001 Optional Corporate Income Tax of 15% of its gross income sections 27 (A) 4th to

10th par. And 28 A(1) but only up to the 4th paragraph -Proceed to section 42 and 23 of the NIRC NDC vs. Comm 151 SCRA 472 Comm. Vs. IAC 127 SCRA 9 -Then go to sec. 39 of NIRC Calazans vs. Comm. 144 SCRA 664 RR 7-2003 -Then proceed to sec. 24 (A), 25 (A) (1), 25 B,C,D,E, 27 A,B,C; 28 (A) (1), 28 ( A) (6) and sec 51 (D) -Then continue to sec 24 B 1, 25 B,C,D,E; 27 (D) (1) -Then go to se. 24 (B) (2) sec. 73 Comm. Vs. Manning 66 SCRA 14 Anscor vs. Comm. 301 SCRA 152 -Sec. 25 (A) (2), 25 B, C, C, E, sec. 27 (D) (4); 28 (A) (7) (D); 32 B (7) (a) Then you go to sec. 24 C, 25A (3); 25 B, C, D, E, 27 D (2); 28 (A) (7) (C); 28 B (5) (C) RA 7717 sec. 127 NIRC Then you go to sec. 24 D (1); 25 (A) (3); 25 (B) last par. 27 (D) (5) China Bank vs. Court of Appeals 336 SCRA ___; RR 7-2003 -Upon reading sec. 24 (D) (2) read RR 13-1999 -Upon reading sec. 27 (A) go to sec. 22 (B) Batangas vs. Collector 102 Phil. 822 Evangelista vs. Collector 102 Phil 140 Reyes vs. Comm. 24 SCRA 198 Ona vs. Bautista 45 SCRA 74 Obillos vs. Comm 139 SCRA 436 Pascua vs. Comm. 166 SCRA 560 Afisco vs. Comm. 302 SCRA 1 -Upon reading sec. 27 (C) of NIRC see RA 9337 then go to sec. 32 (B) (7) (b) of NIRC, sec. 133 par (o) of LGC, sec. 154 of the LGC. Pagcor vs. Basco 197 SCRA 52 Mactan vs. Cebu 261 SCRA 667 LRT vs. City of Manila 342 SCRA 692 -Proceed to sections 27 (D) (1), 27 (D) (2), 27 (D) (5) read RA 9337, 28 (A) (7) (b), 28 (B) (5) (C), 27 (D) (4), (28) (A) (7) (d), 28 (B) (5) (b) Marubeni vs. CIR 177 SCRA 500 Proctor & Gamble vs. Comm 160 SCRA 560 Same case Proctor and Gamble on the Motion for Reconsideration 204 SCRA 377 Wonder vs. Comm 160 SCRA 573 -Proceed to sec. 27(D) (5) then sections 27 (E) and 28 (A) (2) -Go to sec. 28 (A) (3) read RR 15-2002 -Go to sec. 28 (A) (4) see RA 9337 -Then see sec 28 (A) (5) see Marubeni vs. Comm 177 SCRA 500 -Proceed to sec. 28(B) (5) (a) and sec 32 (B) (7) (a) Read Mitsubishi vs. Comm 181 SCRA 214 -Then go to sec. 29 and Rev. Reg. 2-2001 -Upon reading sec. 32 (B) 1 and 2, read sec. 85 par (e), sec. 108A and sec. 123 of the NIRC -Proceed to sec. 33 read Rev. Reg. 3-98 -then go to sec. 34 (A) (1) (a) see Aguinaldo vs. Comm. 112 SCRA 136, RR 10-2002 -Under Sec. 34 (B) read RR 13-2000 -Upon reading sec. 49 read Banas vs. CA 325 SCRA 259 and Filipina vs. Comm. 316 SCRA 480 -Upon reading sec. 60-66, read Ona vs. Bautista 45 SCRA 74

FOR THIS TABLE KINDLY CHECK ON UPDATES AND FROM SECTION OF FINAL INCOME TAX.

INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYER Q: How many kinds of individual taxpayers are there? A: There are seven (7). Namely: INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYER SECTION Resident Citizen 23A & 24A Nonresident Citizen 23B & 24A OCW and SEAmen 23C & 24A Nonresident Alien ENGAGED in Trade or Business 22G, 23D & 25A Nonresident Alien NOT ENGAGED in Ttrade or Business 22G, 23D & 25B Aliens ENGAGED in MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES, OFFSHORE BANKING UNITS & PETROLEUM SERVICE CONTRACTORS (AEMOP) 25 C, D & E Resident Citizen (RC) Q: How many types of RC? A: There are two (2), namely: RC residing in the Philippines; and Filipino living abroad with no intention to reside permanently therein.

Q:If you are abroad, and you have the intention to permanently reside therein, c an you still be considered a RC?

A: Yes. If such intention to permanently reside therein was not manifested to th e Commissioner and the fact of your physical presence therein, you may still be considered a RC. OCW and Seamen OCW was used and not OFW in the CTRP, because the classification shall cover onl y those Filipino citizens working abroad with a contract. TNTs are not covered. A Filipino seaman is deemed to be an OCW for purposes of taxation if he receives compensation for services rendered abroad as a member of the complement of a ve ssel engaged exclusively in international trade. Consequently, if he is not a member of the complement or even if he is but the v essel where he works is not exclusively engaged in international trade, said sea man is not deemed to be an OCW. He is either a RC or a NRC depending on where h e stays most of the time during the taxable year. If he stays in the Philippines most of the time during the taxable year, he is c onsidered a RC, otherwise, a NCR. If you are a seaman in the US Navy, you are not the one being referred to. The importance of ascertaining whether or not a seaman is a RC or a NRC, is that if he is a RC he is taxable on ALL income derived from all sources within and w ithout. If he is a NRC, he is taxable only on income derived from sources withi n the Philippines. Q: What is the significance of using OCW? A: It only covers Filipinos who works abroad with a contract. It does not cover TNTs. Q: What is the status of a TNT? A: Since they are not covered by this classification, they are considered RC bec ause they work abroad without a contract and they have not manifested their inte ntion to permanently reside abroad. (distinguish from an immigrant) Requirements for a seaman to be considered an OCW: must be a member of the compliment of a vessel; the vessel must be exclusively engaged in international trade or commerce. Resident Alien (RA) An individual whose residence is within the Philippines and who is not a citizen thereof. Intention to reside permanently in the Philippines is not a requirement on the p art of the alien. The requirement under RR#2 is that he is actually present in the Philippines, ne ither a sojourner, a traveler, not a tourist. Whether hes a transient or not is determined by his intent as to the nature and l ength of his stay. Q: Is the intention to permanently reside in the Philippines necessary? A: No, so long as he is not a sojourner, tourist or a traveler. Non-Resident Alien Engaged in Trade or Business (NRAETB) A foreigner not residing in the Philippines but who is engaged in trade or busin

ess here. RR 2-98 has expanded the coverage of the term, engaged in trade or business to inc lude the exercise of a profession. Furthermore, by the express provision of the law, a NRA who is neither a businessman nor a professional but who come to and stays in the Philippines for an aggregate period of more than 180 days during an y calendar year is deemed to a NRAETB in the Philippines. Q: How many types? A: There are three (3) types, namely: NRA engaged in trade or business (25a1); NRA who practices a profession (Revenue Regulation 2-98); foreigner who comes and stays in the Philippines for an aggregate period of MORE THAN 180 days during any calendar year. Q: What is the status of a Chinese who stays here for 200 days in 2001? A: NRAETB Q: Suppose he stayed here for 100 days in 2000 and another 100 days in 2001? A: He is not a NRAETB. To be considered as such, he must stay for an aggregate p eriod of more than 180 days during a calendar year. Q:What is the income tax applicable to said taxpayer? A:Net Income Tax (NIT) on all its income derived from sources within the Philipp ines. Non-Resident Alien Not Engaged in Trade or Business Q: How many kinds? A: Only one. The reason why the NRANETB are included in any income tax law is because they ma y be deriving income form sources within the Philippines. They are subject to tax based on their GROSS INCOME received form all sources wi thin the Philippines. Aliens Employed by Regional or Area Headquarters & Regional Operating Headquarte rs of Multinational Companies/ Aliens Employed by Offshore Banking Units (Aliens Employed by MOP) Status: either a RA or NRA depending on their stay here in the Philippines. Their status may either be RA or NRA because Section 25 C and D does not distingu ish. Liable to pay 15% from Gross Income received from their employer Income earned from all OTHER sources shall be subject to the pertinent income tax , as the case may be. Aliens Employed in Multinational and Offshore Banking Units Q: How are they classified? A: If they derived income from other sources aside from their employer, you may classify them either as RA, NRAETB, or NRANETB. Aliens Employed in Petroleum Service Contractors and Subcontractors Status: ALWAYS NRA. If they derive income from other sources, such income shall b e subject to the pertinent income tax, as the case may be.

Income derived or coming from their employer shall be subject to a tax of 15% of the gross. II.CORPORATE TAXPAYER Domestic Corporation (DC) created or organized under Philippine laws. Resident Foreign Corporation (RFC) corporation created under foreign law, and en gaged in trade or business. Nonresident Foreign Corporation (NRFC) created under foreign law, and NOT engage d in trade or business. Q: What are deemed corporations under the NIRC? A: The term corporation shall include partnerships, no matter how created or org anized, joint stock companies, joint accounts, associations, or insurance compan ies, but DOES NOT includes general professional partnerships and a joint venture or consortium formed of the purpose of undertaking construction projects or ope rations pursuant to or engaging in petroleum, coal, geothermal or consortium agr eement under a service contract with the Government. 1. Partnerships and others no matter how created 2. Joint Stock Companies 3. Joint Accounts 4. Associations 5. Insurance Companies CIR v. COURT OF APPEALS The phrase no matter how created or organized was interpreted. Even if the partnership was pursuant to law or not, whether nonstick, nonprofit, it is still deemed a corporation. Reason: because of the possibility of earning profits from sources within the Ph ilippines. Q: Are partnerships always considered corporations? Is there no exception? A: General Rule: a partnership is a corporation. Exception: General Professional Partnerships (GPP) Q: What is a GPP? A: It is a partnership formed by persons for the sole purpose of exercising thei r profession, no part of the income of which in derived from any trade or busine ss. (what if a partner has other businesses not related to the GPP? > read secti on 26 quoted hereunder) Two (2) Kinds of GPP formed for: Exercise of a profession not a corporation; exempt from Corporate Income Tax (CI T) Exercise of a profession and engaged in trade or business a corporation; subject to CIT TAN v. DEL ROSARIO general rule: a partnership is a corporation exception: GPP exception to the exception: if the GPP derives income from other sources, it is considered a corporation, thus liable to pay corporate income tax. Rule: if the income is derived from other sources and such income is subject to NET IN COME TAX, it is not exempt and it is considered a corporation. if the income is derived from other sources and such income is subject to FINAL

INCOME TAX, it is turn for this. It This is pursuant e the withholding

still EXEMPT and it is not deemed a corporation. ( separate re will not reflect in the GPPs ITR) to the fact that FIT will not reflect in the ITR of the GPP sinc agent is liable for the payment of the FIT.

Q: What is the importance of knowing whether the corporation is exempt or not? A: To determine their tax liability. This is important to determine the tax liab ility of the individual partners of the GPP. Section 26 (1st paragraph) provides: a GPP as such shall not be subject to the Net Income Tax however, persons engaging in business as partners in a GPP shall be liab le for income tax only in their separate and individual capacities. In short, each partner will be paying NIT, and the distributive shares they will be receiving from the net income of the GPP will be included in the gross incom e of the partner. Q: If the GPP is deemed a corporation, will the partners have to pay for the inc ome tax? A: No. as far as the share of the GPP is concerned, it is considered a taxable d ividend which is subject to FIT. Q: Is a joint venture a corporation? A: Generally, yes, it is a corporation. Q: Corporation X and Corporation Y joined together. How many corporations do we have? A: Three, namely Corporation X, Y, and X+Y. the joint venture has a separate and distinct personality from the two corporations. Q: When is a joint venture not considered a corporation? A: It is not deemed a corporation when it is formed for the purpose of undertaki ng a (construction?) project or engaging in petroleum, gas, and other energy oper ations pursuant to ? or consortium agreement under a service contract with the gov ernment. Domestic Corporation Is one created or organized in the Philippines or under its laws. Taxable on all income derived from sources within or without the Philippines. Resident Foreign Corporation Foreign corporations engaged in trade or business in the Philippines. Taxable for income derived within the Philippines. Non-Resident Foreign Corporation Foreign corporations not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines. Taxable for income derived within the Philippines. Both DC and RFC are liable for the payment of the following: NIT Net Income Tax FIT Final Income Tax 10% income tax on corporations with properly accumulated earnings. MCIT (Minimum Corporate Income Tax) of 2% of the Gross Income Optional Corporate Income Tax of 15% of the Gross Income

A NRFC is liable for payment of the ff: 1)GIT- Gross Income Tax 2)FIT Final Income Tax

III.TRUST AND ESTATE Q: How many for each? A: Seven (7) kinds for each because the trust or estate will be determined by th e status of the trustor, grantor, or creator, or of the decedent. The status of the estate is determined by the status of the decedent at the time of his death; so an estate, as an income taxpayer can be a citizen or an alien. When a person who owns property dies, the following taxes are payable under the provision of income tax law: Income Tax for Individuals to cover the period beginning January to the time of death. Estate Income Tax if the property is transferred to the heirs. If no partition is made, Individual or Corporate Income Tax, depending on whethe r there is or there is no settlement of the estate. If there is, depending on w hether the settlement is judicial or extrajudicial. Judicial Settlement During the pendency of the settlement, the estate through the executor, administ rator, or heirs is liable for the payment of ESTATE INCOME TAX (Sex, 60 (3)). If upon the termination of the judicial settlement, when the decision of the cou rt shall have become final and executory, the heirs still do not divide the prop erty, the following possibilities may arise: If the heirs contribute to the estate money, property or industry with the inten tion to divide the profits between and among themselves, an UNREGISTERED PARTNER SHIP is created and the estate becomes liable for payment of CIT (Evangelista vs . Collector (102 Phil 140)) If the heirs without contributing money, property or industry to improve the est ate, simply divide the fruits thereof between and among themselves, a CO-OWNERS HIP is created and Individual Income Tax (IIC) is imposed on the income derived by each of the heirs, payable in their separate and individual capacity (Pascual vs. COMM (165 scra 560) and Obillos vs. COMM (139 SCRA 436)) Extrajudicial Settlement and if NO Settlement Some possibilities may arise. The income tax liability depends on whether or no t the unregistered partnership or co-ownership is created. Trust Trusts can be created by will, by contract or by agreement. The status of a tru st depends upon the status of the grantor or trustor or creator of the trust. H ence, a trust can also be a citizen or an alien. Q:Where the trust earns income and such income is not passive, who among the par ties mentioned is liable for payment of income tax thereon? A:The TRUST itself, through the trustee or fiduciary but only if the trust is ir revocable. If it is revocable, or for the benefit of the grantor, the liability for the pay ment of income tax devolves upon the trustor himself in his capacity as individu

al taxpayer. KINDS OF INCOME TAX Q: How many kinds of income tax? A: There are Six (6), namely: Net Income Tax (NIT); Gross Income Tax (GIT); Final Income Tax (FIT); Minimum Corporate Income Tax of 2% of the Gross Income (MCIT) Income Tax on Improperly Accumulated Earnings subject to 10% of the Taxable Inco me; Optional Corporate Income Tax of 15% on the Gross Income I.NET INCOME TAX Q: what is the formula? A: Gross Income Deductions and Personal Exemptions = Taxable Income Taxable Income x Tax Rate = Net Income Taxable Net Income Tax Credit = Taxable Net Income Due Net Income means Gross Income less deductions and Formula: GI - deductions Net Income x Tax Rate Income Tax Due Q: What is the rate? A:Individual: 32% Corporation: 30% NOTE: the formula allows for deduction, personal exemptions and tax credit. Q: What are the other terms for NIT? A: NIRC: a. taxable income b. Gross income (walang kasunod) only income tax from improperly accumulated earnings does not use this term. CFA: to be included in the gross income Revenue Regulations and Statutes: ordinary way of paying income tax; normal way of paying income tax . Characteristics: Q: Who are not liable to pay NIT? A:1.NRANETB (liable for GIT); 2.NRFC (GIT also); 3.With certain modifications, AEMOP, if they derive income from other sources; Q: Is the taxable net income subject to withholding tax? A: It is subject to withholding tax if the law says so. Q: What if the law is silent?

A: If the law is silent, it is not subject to withholding tax. Q: What is another term for withholding tax? A: It is also known as the creditable withholding tax system under the income ta x law. Q: Do we have to determine if there is an actual gain or loss? A: Yes because the formula for deductions, etc. Q: If you fail to pay, will you be held liable? A: Yes, you will be held liable. II.GROSS INCOME TAX (GIT) Q: What is the formula? A: Gross Income x Rate Q: How many taxpayers pay by way of the gross? A: There are two (2) individual - NRANETB corporation - NRFC NOTE: the formula does not allow any deduction, personal exemptions and tax cred it. Characteristics: NRANETB and NRFC, though not engaged in trade or business, are liable to pay by w ay of the gross for any income derived in the Philippines. While not engaged in trade or business, there is a possibility that they may earn income in the Phili ppines. Q: Is this subject to withholding tax? A: Yes, it is subject to withholding tax because the persons liable are foreigne rs. This rule is ABSOLUTE NOTE: there are two (2) ways of paying taxes depending on which side of the benc h you are. III.FINAL INCOME TAX (FIT) Q: What is the formula? A: (Each Income) x (Particular Rate) Unlike in the gross income tax where you add all the income from all the sources and multiply the sum thereof by the rate of 25% or 30%, as the case may be, in final income tax, you cannot join all the income in one group because each incom e has a particular rate. Q: What is the rate? A: Refer to table on passive income then from the amount apply directly the rate without any deductions. NOTE: like GIT, the formula does not allow deductions, personal exemptions, and tax credit. Characteristics:

Q: Who are liable to pay FIT? A: All taxpayers are liable to pay FIT provided the requisites for its applicati on are present. Q: Do you still have to pay NIT? A: No. if you are liable for FIT, no need to pay NIT or else there will be doubl e taxation. NOTE: as time passed by, the number of FIT increased. before 1979 proceeds from the sale of real property not exempt, it is subject to NIT or GIT, as the case may be. after 1979 capital gains tax. Proceeds from the sale of real property is exempt. Q: If you fail to pay, will you be liable? A: No. the withholding agent is liable to pay FIT. Case of Juday, Richard and Regine For one to be liable for the payment of NIT, the income must be derived on the ba sis of an employer employee relationship. Employer Employee Relationship (3 Cs): 1. contract; 2. control; 3. compensation; However, in the case of celebrities, there is no employer employee relationship, they are merely receiving royalties. Royalties are subject to final withholding tax, thus the agent is liable to pay. (so, distinguish nature of income, whether royalty or compensation) RULE: for NIT, whether or not subject to Creditable Withholding Tax (CWT), the taxpaye r is always liable if he fails to pay. for GIT and FIT, absolute liability to pay is upon the withholding agent. Q: Why is it that the rate of withholding is always lower, and why is it that th e rate of GIT and FIT is always equal? A: NIT allows deductions; GIT and FIT do not allow deductions. Q: Do you have to determine whether there is an actual loss or gain? A: No need to determine because the formula does not allow deductions. Gain is p resumed. No liability for final withholding tax except for the sale of shares of stock. (?) IV.MINIMUM CORPORATE INCOME TAX (MCIT) Q: What is the formula? A: Gross Income x 2% Q: Who pays this tax? A: DC and RFC only. Q: May it be applied simultaneous with NIT? A: No. there must be a computation of the NIT first then apply whichever is high er. The MCIT is paid in lieu of the NIT.

Reason: to discourage corporations from claiming too many deductions. V.OPTIONAL CORPORATE INCOME TAX Q: Under what section is this found? A: Section 27A 4th paragraph and Section 28 A(1) 4th paragraph. Q: Is this applicable now? A: No. this is not yet implemented. Q: To what kind of taxpayer does this apply? A: To DC and RFC. Q: What kind of taxes are applicable or imposed upon the 1st five individual tax payers? A: Only two (2) kinds are applicable out of the six (6) kinds of income taxes. NIT; FIT; Q: What kind of income tax will apply to AEMOP? A: Generally, only one kind, 15% FIT with respect to income derived from their e mployer. Income from other sources: 1. Determine the status of the AEMOP; a. NIT b. FIT 2. NRANETB a. GIT b. FIT Q: What kind of income tax applies to DC? A: Only four (4) kinds will apply out of the six (6) NIT FIT MCIT Improperly Accumulated Earnings Q:May all of these be applied simultaneously? A:No. only the NIT, FIT and Improperly Accumulated Earnings be applied simultane ously. NIT and MCIT cannot be applied simultaneously. Only one will apply, which ever is higher between the two. Q: What kind of tax will apply to NRFC? A: Out of the six (6) kinds, only two (2) will apply: GIT FIT Q: What is the significance of knowing the classification of these taxpayers? A: to determine the kind of income tax applicable to them; to determine their tax liability. Q:Under Section 23, who are liable for income within and income without? A: Only RC DC

The rest of the taxpayers will be liable for income coming from sources within. Income from sources without, no liability, therefore exempt. NOTE:The income taxpayer is not a RC or a DC. Determine if the income came from sources within or without to know the taxpayers liability. If the facts are specific, do not qualify your answer. Answers must be responsive to the question. Q: Is section 42 relevant to all the taxpayers? A: NO. SECTION 42 IS NOT MATERIAL TO ALL taxpayers, particularly the RC and DC b ecause these two are liable for both income within and without. Section 42 is applicable only to taxpayers who are liable for income within, the rest of the taxpayers are otherwise exempt. Q:Section 42(A)(1) provides for how many kinds of interests? A:It establishes two (2) kinds of interests, namely: interest derived from sources within the Philippines. interest on bonds, notes or other interest bearing obligations of residents, cor porate or otherwise. Q: What is the determining factor in order to know if the income is from within? A: location if the bank is from within the Philippines (pursuant to a Revenue Reg.) residence of the obligor (whether an individual or a corp.) contract of loan wit h respect to the interest earned thereon. For example the borrower is a NRAETB, he borrowed money from a RA. The interest e arned by the loan will be considered as an income without. RA is not liable to p ay tax since RA is liable only for income within, therefore exempt from paying t he tax. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CO. v. CIR F:The National Development Company (NDC) entered into a contract with several Ja panese shipbuilding companies for the construction of 12 ocean-going vessels. Th e contract was made and executed in Tokyo. The payments were initially in cash and irrevocable letters of credit. Subsequen tly, four promissory notes were signed by NDC guaranteed by the Government. Later on, since no tax was withheld from the interest on the amount due, the BIR was collecting the amount from NDC. The NDC contended that the income was not derived from sources within the Philip pines, and thus they are not liable to withhold anything. NDC said that since th e contract was entered into and was executed in Japan, it is an income without. H:The governments right to levy and collect income tax on interest received by a foreign corporation not engaged in trade or business within the Philippines is n ot planted upon the condition that the activity or labor and the sale from which the income flowed had its situs in the Philippines. Nothing in the law (Section 42(1)) speaks of the act or activity of nonresident corporations in the Philipp ines, or place where the contract is signed. The residence of the obligor who pa ys the interest rather than the physical location of the securities, bonds or no tes or the place of payment is the determining factor of the source of the incom e. Accordingly, if the obligor is a resident of the Philippines, the interest pa id by him can have no other source than within the Philippines. Q: Suppose a NRFC, an Indonesian firm, becomes a stockholder of two corporations , a DC and a RFC, and both corporations declared dividends, what is the liabilit y of the Indonesian firm if the same received the dividends?

A: Dividends received from DC: the Indonesian firm is liable to pay taxes. NRFC, un der the law, is liable if the income is derived from sources within. (Sec 42a) Dividends received from RFC: the Indonesian firms liability will depend on amount of gross income from sources within the Philippines. The NRFC will be liable to pay income tax if the following requisites are presen t: at least 50% is income from sources within; the 1st requisite is for the three (3) preceding taxable years from the time of declaration of the dividends. In the absence of any or both requisites, the income will be considered from sour ces without, thus exempting the Indonesian firm from payment of income tax. Q: Same scenario, but this time the shares of stock of the two corporations were being disposed off. What is the tax liability of the Indonesian firm? A: sale of shares of stock of DC: the Indonesian firm will be liable for the paymen t of taxes because the income is from sources within. sale of shares of stock of RFC: the liability will depend on where the shares of stock were sold. (mejo Malabo sa notes, please be guided accordingly) Q: Filipino Executive, assigned to Hong Kong, receiving two salaries, one from t he Philippines, the other from HK. The performance of the job was in HK. Is he l iable for both salaries? A: No, he is not liable for the two incomes. His status is an OCW (note facts: working in HK under contract). The compensatio n he received is not subject to tax pursuant to Section 42(c). Compensation for labor or personal services performed in the Philippines is considered an income within. When it comes to services, it is the place where the same is rendered wh ich is controlling. In the case at bar, the services were rendered abroad, thus it is an income derived from sources without, irrespective of the place of payme nt. Q: Suppose a DC hired a NRFC to advertise its products abroad. What is the liabi lity of the NRFC? Will there be a withholding tax imposed? A:The income is derived from sources without since the services in this case wer e performed abroad. As such, the NRFC is not liable and therefore exempt from th e payment of tax. If the NRFC is not subject to NIT, then it is not also subject to withholding tax. Q: What is the controlling factor? A: The controlling factor is the place where the services were performed and not where the compensation therefore was received RENTALS AND ROYALTIES income from sources within Q: Granted by who? A: NRFC Q: Suppose you are the franchise holder, how much is the withholding? A: 30% (GIT) Q: if the franchise is granted by RFC, how much is the withholding? A: 10% (NIT) and in some cases 15% Section 42(4) MEMORIZE FOR RECIT (CEKSTTM)

right of, or the right to use copyright, patents, etc industrial, commercial, scientific equipment supply of knowledge supply of services by nonresident supply of technical assistance supply of technical advice right to use: motion picture films, etc. Q: What is the rule as regards the sale of real property? A: Gains, profits, and income from the sale of real property located within the Philippines considered income within. Q: What about the sale of personal property, what is the rule? A: Determine first if the property is produced or merely purchased. it the property is manufactured in the Philippines and sold abroad, or vice-vers a, it is an income partly within and partly without. if the property is purchased, considered derived entirely from the sources withi n the country where it is sold. EXCEPTION: shares of stock of domestic corporation, it is an income within where ver it is sold. COMMISSIONER v. IAC Q: What is the issue here? A: They cannot determine if the business expense was incurred in the Philippines . Q: if you are the BIR, and the taxpayer is not sure, will you disallow the deduc tion? A: No. determine it pro rata. Formula: GI from within GI from without Example: 100,000 1,000,000 = 10% Hence, 10% is the ratable share in the deduction. If the deduction being asked is 100,000 not all of it will be allowed. Only 10,000 or 10% of 100,000 will be al lowed as deduction. CAPITAL GAINS AND LOSSES Section 39 Q: What is capital asset? A: Capital asset is an asset held by a taxpayer which is not an ordinary asset. It is the negative under section 39A1 The following are ordinary assets: stock in trade of the taxpayer or other property of a kind which would properly be included in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxa ble year; property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary co urse of trade or business; property used in trade or business of a character which is subject to the allowa nce for depreciation provided in subsection 1. real property used in trade or business of the taxpayer. All other property not mentioned in the foregoing are considered capital assets.

Q: What is a capital gain? What is a capital loss? A: Capital gains are gains incurred or received from transactions involving prop erty which are capital assets. Capital losses are losses incurred from transacti ons involving capital assets. Q: What is ordinary gain? Ordinary loss? A: Ordinary gains are those received from transactions involving ordinary assets . Capital losses are losses incurred in transactions involving ordinary assets. Q:What is the relevance of making a distinction? A: The relevance of the distinction lies in the applicability of three provision s of the Code which apply to capital assets only. Holding period applies only to individuals/time when property was held (39B); Loss Limitation Rule/limitations on capital losses (39C); Net Capital Carry-Over (39D) I.CAPITAL ASSETS Q:What is this holding period? A: If capital asset is sold or exchanged by an individual taxpayer, only a certa in percentage of the gain is subject to income tax. It is the length of time or the duration of the period by which the taxpayer hel d the asset. Q: What is the requirement? A: the taxpayer must be an individual. Section 39B states in case of a taxpayer, oth er than a corporation.. property is capital in nature. Q: What is the term? A: 100% if the capital asset has been held for not more than 12 months; (short t erm) 50% if the capital asset has been held for more than 12 months. (long term) NOTE: the holding period applies to both gains and losses. Q: Do you include capital gains in your ITR? A: General rule: yes, include in ITR. EXCEPT: gains in sales of shares of stock not traded in stock exchange(section 24); capital gains from sale of real property(section 24). Q: When will the holding period not apply? A: property is an ordinary asset taxpayer is a corporation sale of real property considered as ordinary asset LOSS LIMITATION RULE synonymous to 34D & loss capital rule this applies to individual and corporate taxpayer Q: What is the loss limitation rule? A: Pursuant to Section 39 C, losses from sales or exchange of capital assets may be deducted only from capital gains, but losses from the sale or exchange of or dinary assets may be deducted from capital or ordinary gains. (applies to indivi dual and corporation)

Q:In connection with 34 D, Losses in Allowable Deduction, what is the rationale behind this rule? A:If it is otherwise, it will run counter with the rule that the loss should alw ays be connected with the trade or business, capital losses are losses not conne cted to the trade or business, thus it is not deductible Q: what is your remedy? A: 39 D, net capital loss carry-over Q: What is the rationale in allowing ordinary loss to be deducted from either th e capital gains or ordinary gains? A: It is already included in ITR, the gross income less deductions hence it alr eady carries with it the deduction TAKE NOTE: Normally if the loss is an ordinary loss there is no carry over. Except: a. 34D3 b. if the loss is more than GI III.NET CAPITAL LOSS CARRY-OVER Q: What are the requirements? A: taxpayer is an individual; paid in the immediately succeeding year; applies only to short term capital gain; capital loss should not exceed net income in the year that it was incurred. Q: How does net capital loss carry-over differ from net operating loss carry-ove r under Section 34 D (3)? A: Under the net capital loss carry-over rule, the capital loss can be carried o ver in the immediate succeeding year. In net operating loss carry-over rule, cap ital loss can be carried over to the next three (3) succeeding calendar year fol lowing the year when the loss was incurred. NOTE: only 15% of the loss will be carried over, if the loss is greater than the gains. In net operating loss carry-over there is an exception to the 3 year carry-over p eriod. In case of mines other than oil and gas wells, the period is up to 5 year s. Q: What is a short sale? A:Sale of property by which the taxpayer cannot come into the possession of the property. EX: shares CALAZANX v. CIR F:The taxpayer inherited the property from her father and at the time of the inh eritance it was considered a capital asset. In order to liquidate the inheritanc e, the taxpayer decided to develop the land to facilitate the sale of the lots. I:Was the property converted to ordinary asset? H:The conversion from capital asset to ordinary asset is allowed because Section 39 is silent. Q:Are you allowed to convert ordinary asset to capital asset? A:General rule: it is not allowed. Read Revenue Regulation 7-2003 The case at bar still applies despite of the issuance of said Revenue Regulation . Q:What is the conversion prohibited in the Revenue Regulation? A: Conversion of real estate property.

Q: What is the rationale? A: Section 24 D final income tax of 6% if the real estate is capital asset. If i t is an ordinary asset, it will be subject to income tax of 32% for individual t axpayer, and 30% if the taxpayer is a corporation. Q: What are the properties involve in the RR 7-2003? A: 1. those property for sale by the realtors 2. real property use in trade or business not necessary realtors Q:That is the conversion allowed by the Revenue Regulation? Is there an instance when an ordinary asset may be converted to capital asset? A: Yes, provided that the property is an asset other the real property, and it h as been idle for two (2) years.

SECTION 24 TAXES ON INDIVIDUALS Q: What is the tax mentioned in section 24? A: NIT Q: What is taxable income? A: (memorize section 31) it is the pertinent items of gross income specified in the NIRC, less the deductions and/or personal and additional exemptions, if any, authorized for such types of income by the NIRC or other laws. It refers to NIT because it allows deductions. Q:What do you mean by the phrase other the B, C, and D? A: It means that if the elements of passive income are present, the taxpayer has to pay FIT. Q:Who are the taxpayers mentioned in section 24? A: RC NRC OCW RA Additionally, under Section 25, NRAETB Q: What is the tax liability of NRAETB? A: Section 25 (1) NRAETB is subject to income tax in the same manner as those in dividuals mentioned in Section 24. Q:What about Domestic Corporations? A: Sec. 27 A,B, and C Sec. 26- GPP is not subject to income tax. Q:What about Resident Foreign Corporations? A:Sec 28 (l) it is subject to 30% Net Income Tax Q:What about Non Resident foreign Corporation and Non Resident Alien not engaged in Trade or Business? A:Not Subject to Net Income Tax but they are liable for Gross Income tax. Q:Do legally married husband and wife need to file separately or jointly?

A:It depends if: 1. Pure compensation income- separate 2. Not Pure compensation income- joint Passive Income Passive income requires that it is an income WITHIN as a GENERAL RULE. Check for those who are liable to pay on income without, exe mptions and other requirement. Q: Where can you find in the provisions of the code that states that these passi ve should be tax with the corresponding Final income tax provided that requireme nts are present/ A: Section 24 A with the phrase other than income subject to tax under subsection s B, C, D. Those mentioned subsections are not subject to the next income tax Interest, Royalties, prizes and Other winnings Interest Q:Bank Interest, what is the requirement? A:The bank must be located in the Phils. because the income must be derived from sources w/in. Q:Do you include this in your ITR? A:No! because it is subject already to FIT. The bank is the one liable for the p ayment of this. NOTE: Liability for NIT, GIT, and MCIT will depend on the elements present. Q:Who are liable for bank interst? A: RC } NRC} Sec. 24 B1 RA } NRAETB NRANETB Sec. 25 (25%) AEMOP DC RFC NRFC Q:What is the rate of interest? A:FIT of 20% Q:Is there a lower rate? A:7 % if under EFCDS Q:What if the depositor is non resident alien? A: -W/in FIT - W/out- exempt Q:What is the rule on pre- termination? A:If it is pre terminated before 5th year a FIT shall be imposed on the entire incomeand shall be deducted and withhellod by the depositary bank from the proce eds of the long term deposit based on the remaining maturity thereof 4 yrs to less than 5 yrs 5%

3 yrs to lesss than 4 yrs- 12% Less than 3 yrs- 20% Q:Does it apply to all individuals? A:No! it does not apply to 10 NRFC and NRA and NRETB because they are liable to GIT. NOTE: if the depositary is a Non resident it is exempt resident citizen liable to pay tax for bank interst earned abroad (NIT) Q:If the money earns interst in abroad who is liable? A:RC and DC only by NIT, the rest are exempt. No FIT abroad because we do not ha ve withholding agent abroad. Q:MCIT applies to DC and RFC in relation to bank interest? A:If the bank interest is derived abroad, RFC is exempt but DC is liable. Impose NIT if it is higher than the MCIT, otherwise apply MCIT if its higher tha n the NIT Prizes Requirements: Prizes must be derived from sources w/in the Phils. it must be more than P 10,000 Q:Who are liable? (FIT) A: RC NRC OCW RA NRAETB AEMOP (RC, NRAETB) Not Liable NRAETB- liable for GIT at 25 % AEMPOP (NRANETB- GIT) DC- NIT 27 D is silent RFC NIT law is silent 28A7a NRFC subject to GIT Q:When can we apply NIT in Prizes? A:1.When the taxpayer is RC, RFC and DC 2.For DC and RC it must be derived from income abroad RFC it must be derived fro m income w/in 3.amount is more than P10,000 NOTE: If the prize is derived from sources w/in but it is below P 100,000 it is not subj to tax. If derived from sources abroad, most of them are exempt except for RC and DC who are liable w/in and w/out. Q;Is it possible for RC and DC to pay MCIT? A:Yes if MCIT is higher than NIT. Winnings Q:Do we apply the P100,000 req.? A:No, we do not apply it only apllies to prizes. It must not pertain to illegal gambling.

Thus, the only requirement is it must be derived from income w/in. Q:Who are liable? (FIT) A: RC NRC OCW RA NRAETB AEMOP (RA, NRAETB) Not liable to FIT? 1 NRANETB- GIT 2 AEMOP (NRANETB- GIT) 3 DC- law is silent NIT 4 RFC- law is silent 5 NRFC- GIT Q:When does NIT apply to winnings? A: If Taxpayer is DC or RC Income is derived abroad Taxpayer is RFC and income w/in. NOTE: If income abroad, most TP are exempt except DC and RC Q:MCIT applies when? A:It is higher than the NIT Royalties Requirement: The income is from w/in Rate? 20%. Lower rate? 10% on books, literary works and musical compositions. Q: You are a writer for Snoop Dogg are you liable for FIT? What if for April Boy ? A: Liable for NIT if Income abroad like a writer for Snoop. While FIT if for Apr il Boy. Q:Who are liable (FIT)? A: RC NRC OCW RA NRAETB AEMOP (RC, NRAETB) Not Liable? NRANETB AEMOP DC RFC NRFC NOTE: Lower rate of 10% applies to all except NRANETB

Q:When do we apply NIT to Royalties? A: TP is RC or DC Income is from w/out TP is RF and income is w/in If income is from sources abroad all are exempt except RC and DC Dividends Confined with cash and/or property dividends. Q:What are dividends? A:Any distribution made by Corporation to its stockholders outside of its earnin gs or profits and payable to its stockholders whether in money or in property (S ec. 73) COMM. vs. MANNING Q:Where did it come from? A:shares come from another shareholder Q:What are the dividends included? A:Sec. 24 refers to cash or property dividend H:For stock Dividends to be exempt it must come from the profit of the corporati on. Stock Dividends it is the transfer of the surplus profit from the authorized cap ital stocks. Q:Assuming that there are 5 Incorporators the Corpo has a P5 M Authorized Capita l stock. It distributed 1 M stock dividends, is it taxable? A:NO, the dividends did not go to the Stock holder but to the Auth Capital Stock . Only cash and Prop Stock go to the Stock holder. Sec 24 B does not mention stock dividends because it is not subject to FIT but it is subject to NIT under Section 73. Q:Is there an exception when stock dividends are not taxable? A:YES, if the shares of stocks are cancelled and redeemed meaning it was reacqui red by the corp. ANSCOR CASE the stockholders cannot escape the payment of taxes Requirement: Gen Rule- the dividends must be distributed by a DC. Except- Regular operating- always a foreign corp. What rate: 10% FIT Q:Who are liable? A: RC NRC OCW RA NRAETB AEMOP (RC, NRAETB) Not liable? NRANETB

AEMOP DC RFC NRFC Shares of association and partnership is taxable Q:Determine the tax liability of the following? A: DC a Stockholder of DC= Exempt RFC stockholder of DC= Exempt also DC stockholder of RF= Liable for NIT. Capital Gains From Sale of Shares of Stock Not Traded (24C) Subj to FIT Determine whther there is a loss or a gain because the tax is impose upon the ne t capital gains realized from the sale, barter, or exchange or other disposition of the shares of stock in a domestic corp. It is uniformily imposed on all taxpayer not subj to w/holding tax. Requirements: Shares of stock of a DC It must be capital asset must not be traded in the stock market 25 R last part: Capital Gains realized by NRANETB in the Phils. from the sale of shares of stock in any DC and real prop shall be subj. to the income tax prescri bed under Sub sec (c) and (d) of Sec. 24. SEC. 24 B 1&2: If the elements are present NRANETB and NRFC are liable to pay GIT . Except: under 24 C for NRANETB. What do you mena by the phrase the provisions of 39 notwithsatanding? It refers to the holding period. When it comes to capital gains from sale of shar es of stock not traded and capital gains from the sale of real prop. The holding period does not apply because the basis will be those provided in 24 C & D and not under 39 B (GSP or FMV) ELEMENT #1 The share is a share in DC Q:What if the share is from foreign corp? A:Determine the income considered. If income w/in read Sec. 42 (E) If the shares sold are that of a foreign corp it is subj to the ff rules: sold in the Phils= its income w/in sold in abroad= w/out Shares of stock in a Dc is always considered an income w/in regardless where it was sold. Q:Shares of Foreign Corp sold in Phils. Whos liable? What tax? A:Not subj to FIT because one of the elements is not present . Shares not being that of a DC. Hence: a) RC, NRC, OCW, NRAETB, AEMOP (RA, NRAETB) will pay NIT. DC and RFC b) NRANETB and NRFC will pay GIT Q:Shares of Foreign Corporation sold abroad?

A:It will be considered an income w/out. Thus: most of them will be exempt except RC and DC liable to pay NIT ELEMENT # 2 NOT TRADED OR SOLD IN THE STOCK MARKET if sold in the stock market- it is not subj to FIT if sold in the stock market, it will be subj to percentage tax, in lieu of NIT. ELEMENT # 3 It must be a capital asset. Q:When is it considered an ordinary asset? A:1. When the broker or dealer a. used it in trade or business b. held for sale in the ordinary course of trade or business 2.to all other assets, it will be considered a capital asset NOTE: if all elemts are present it will be subj to FIT If the shares are ordinary asset 1. a. 2. a. b. Ordinary shares in DC- income w/in Most of the taxpayer will pay NIT except NRFC and NRANETB Ordinray assets of foreign corporations Income within if sold in the Phils: most will pay except NRANETB and NRFC Income w/out if sold abroad: most will be exempt except RC and DC

MCIT Q:When is a RFC subj to NIT? A: Sale of shares of stock of a Foreign corp in the Phil. sale of shares of stock of DC which are ordinary asset DC and RFC are subj to MCIT which may be imposed if the NIT is lower than the MCI T2% MCIT will be imposed if MCIT is higher than NIT. Capital Gains From Sale of Real Property (24D) In 39 B the holding period does not apply because the basis of income tax is the gross selling price (GSP) or the Fair market value (FMV) whichever is higher- 6% FIT Requirements: The real prop must be sold w/in the Phils and located in the Phils. It must be a capital asset The seller must be an individual, estate or trust or a DC RFC not liable for FIT but liable to pay NIT if all the elements are present. NRFC liable to pay GIT and not FIT NRANETB liable to pay FIT are all elements are present. ELEMENT # 3 The real prop must be a capital asset Q:When considered a capital asset? A:Read R.R. 7- 2003

Q:Ordinary asset- shall refer to all real property specifically excluded from th e definition of capital asset under Sec. 39 A:Other property not mentioned are capital asset. Q:What if all the elements are not present? A: most will be liable to pay NIT Except NRANETB and NRFC liable for GIT Q:May a RC be liable to pay NIT even if all the elements are present? A:YES, disposition made to the Govt. Thus, the taxpayer has the option of paying 32% NIT or 6% FIT Q:Which is more advantageous? A:It depends determine first if theres a loss or a gain. If theres a gain choose to be taxed at 6% FIT. In this case the gain is always pr esumed. If theres a loss choose to be taxed at 32% because losses may be considered an al lowable deduction . Other transactions are covered: sale barter exchange other disposition NOTE: If the prop is under mortgage contract and the mortgagee is a bank or fina ncial inst, the FIT does not apply because the property is not yet transferred b ecause theres a period of redemption If after a year the mortgagor failed to redeem the property that is the only tim e that the FIT will apply because theres now a change of ownership. If redeemed w /in 1 yr period FIT will not apply because theres no change of ownership. If the mortgagee is an individual the FIT is imposed whether or not there is a t ransfer of ownership. Exceptions (24(D2)) Q:What if the prop being sold was a movie house, can he claim for the exception? A:the prop covered by the exemption is a residential lot Q:Who can claim the exemption? A:Only the taxpayer mentioned in Sec. 24 Requirements: The purpose of the seller is to acquire new residential real prop the privilege must be availed of w/in 18 mos. From the sale Comm. must be informed w/in 30 days from the date of sale with the intention to avail of the exemption the adjusted basis or historical cost of the residence sold shall be carried ove r to the new residence. the privilege must be availed only once every 10 yrs Certification of the brgy. Capt where the taxpayer resides that indeed the prop sold is the principal residence of the tax payer (RR 13- 99) Q:What if the property is worth 10 M and it was sold only for 2M, what will happ en to the unused portion or profit? A:If the proceeds are not fully utilized, the portions of the gain is subject to FIT SEC. 27A RATES OF INCOME TAX

Q:How many income taxes are paid by a DC? A: NIT MCIT FIT 10%Improperly Accumulated Earnings Optional corporate income tax of 15% of the gross DC liable for five, but the optional is not yet applicable so only 4. Q:How many can be applied simultaneously? A:ONLY 3 NIT, FIT and 10% IAE MCIT, FIT, 10% IAE SEC. 27 (B) PROPRIETARY EDUCATIONAL INST. & HOSP. Who are the taxpayers? Non- Profit Proprietary Educl. Inst and Non Profit Proprietary Hospital Q:What if the school or hospital is non profit only, is it exempt? A:No, subject to 10% on their taxable incomeexcept those covered by subsection ( D) PROVIDED that gross income from unrelated business, trade or activity must not e xceed 50% of its total gross income derived by such educational inst or hospital from all sources Requirements: It is a private school or hospital it is stock corp it is non profit that gross income from unrelated business, trade or activity must not exceed50% of its total gross income derived by such educational inst or hospital from all sources has permit to operate from DECS, TESDA, or CHED Q:What do you mean by unrelated trade business or activity? A:It means any trade, Business, or activity which is not substantially related t o the exercise or performance by such entity of its primary purpose or performan ce Q:May a school or hospital be exempt from paying tax? What are the req? A: It must be non- stock and non- profit the assets property and revenues must be used actually, directly, and exclusivel y fro the primary purpose Q:Under what law? Is it the Constitution or the NIRC which provides fro the exem ption? A:It is under Sec. 30 of NIRC and not under Sec.4 Art. 14 of the Constitution. T he provision of the NIRC is the specific law which prevails over the Constitutio n which is the general law. exempt from all taxes and custom duties Q:What about exemption from real property tax? A:Art. 6 Sec. 28 of the Constitution: charitable institution churches, .and all l ands buildings, actually directly and exclusively used for religious, charitable , and educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation. Not Sec. 4 of Art. 14 of the Constitution.

Q:You donated a property to a school will you be liable for donors tax? A:not liable if it falls under Sec. 101 (3) of the NIRC REQ. FOR EXEMPTION TO DONORS TAX: it must be nonstock, non- profit educational inst. not more than 30% of the prop donated shall be used by such donee for admin purp oses. paying no dividends governed by trustees who dont receive any compensation devoting all its income to the accomplishment and promotion of the purposes stat ed in its Articles of Incorporation Q:What about exemption from VAT? A:Sec. 109 (m) of R-VAT Q:What about exemption fro Loc Gov Code? A:If its nonstock, non- profit educational inst. It may be exempted from local t axation. Q:Is Art 14 Sec. 4 of the Consti obsolete? A:NO, if the law is silent apply the Consti. SEC. 23: GOCC, AGENCIES, INST of the GOVT. GEN RULE: Subj to tax. EXCEPTIONS: GSIS SSS PHIC PCSO PAGCOR no longer included. Q:If the GOCC is not one of those enumerated does it follow all of its income is automatically subject to tax? A:NO. Under Sec 32. B (7) income derived from any public utility or from the exe rcise of essential government functionaccruing to the Govt of the Phils or to an y political subd. Are therefore exempt from income tax. Therefore, even if the GOCC is one of those enumerated under Sec. 27 it may stil l be exempt under Sec. 32 b7b if its performing governmental function NOTE: Pagcor vs. Basco case Q:What is the difference between Sec. 27 C and 32 b7b? A: Sec 27 C exempts those enumerated without any qualification. Sec. 32b7b qualification must concur before it may be exempted. Q:Can the government impose tax on itself? A:It depends on who the taxing authority is. If the taxing authority is the Nati onal Govt. as a rule, YES. Exceptions those entities enumerated under 27 C those GOCC falling under 32b7b If the taxing authority is the local government units, as a rule NO. LGUs are exp ressly prohibited from levying tax against: (Sec 133(o) 1. National Govt.

2. Its agencies and instrumentalities 3. local government units Exception:Sec 154 of LGC says that LGUs may fix rate for the operationof public u tilities owned and maintained by the within their jurisdiction. PAL CASE July 20 2006 H:The SC used 133 (o)an exception to pay tax, real estate tax, imposed by City o f PAranaque on NAIA. The SC said that the airport is not an agency or GOCC but m ere instrumentality of the Govt. This is Gross ignorance of the law Sec. 133 (o) is for local taxation not real p roperty taxation which is the one involved in the present case. NOTE: Mactan- Cebu Airport case SEC. 27 D(1) Q:How many possible incomes were mentioned? A:Two (2): bank interest and royalties REQ: Bank interest must be received by a Domestic Corp Royalties derived from sources within Q:When it comes to bank interest, what is the difference if the taxpayer is an i ndividual or corporation? A:If individual, they may be exempt from the payment of interest in case of long term deposit except NRANETB If DC, they are not exempt from long tem deposit. Q:What about royalties? A:If individual, have a lower rate of 10%on books, other literary and musical co mpositions. DC have no lower preferential rate. SEC 27 D2: CAPITAL GAINS FROM SALE OF SHARES NOT TRADED SEC 27 D3: EFCDS Q:What is the expanded foreign currency? A:It is a bank authorized by the BSP to transact business in the Philippine Curr encyas well as acceptable foreign currency or both. Q:What is the tax to be paid? A:Normally it is NIT because it is subj under Sec 27 D3 and 28 A Q:Who is the income earner? A:Depositary banks Q:Exempt from what kind of transaction? A:From foreign currency transaction. If it involves foreign currency transaction it is not exempt but subject to 35 % NIT Q:Who are the other parties? A: Off shore banking units branches of foreign banks local commercial bank Other depositary banks under EFCDS Non- residents if the above enumeration are the parties, then depositary bank will be exempt fro

m paying the NIT Foreign Currency Loan Q:Who is the lender? Borrower? A:Lender- EFCDS Borrower- RC EXEMPT Offshore banking units Other depositary banks under EFCDS exemption of NR from EFCDS: Q:Who is the income earner? A:Non Residents whether individual or Corporations Q:Derived from whom? A:Depositary Bank under EFCDS NOTE: Sec. 24 B Nonresident exempt from bank interest under EFCDS Q:What is the difference between 24 b1 from 27 D3 A:In 24 B1, NR is exempt only from bank interst derived from EFCDS while 27D3 ex empts NR from any income from transactions with depositary bank under EFCDS SEC. 27 D(4)- Intercorporate dividends- exempt 27 D5 Capital Gains from sale of Real Prop. Q:What is the tax? A:6% FIT Q:What is the difference if the seller is an individual and a DC? A:Individual can sell all kinds of real property DC can only dispose land and/or buildings. SEC 27 (E) MCIT Q:Applicable to whom? A:DC and RFC Q:Can it be applied simultaneously with NIT? A:NO, imposed in lieu of the NIT, whichever is higher. Q:What is the Rationale? A:to prevent corporations from claiming too many deductions Q:When will it be imposed? A: On the 4th year immediately ff the year in which such corp commenced its busines s. When the MCIT is higher than the NIT Q:What is the carry over rule? A:Sec 27 E2 states the carry over rule. In order to avail: only in the year where the MCIT is greater than the NIT. Sec 28 A1

Q:What Kinds of taxes are paid by the RFC? A:NIT MCIT

Sec. 28 B2 MCIT on RFC same with Sec. 27 Sec. 28 A3- INTL CARRIER Kind: Air carrier ships An intl. carrier doing business in the Phils. shall pay 2 % on its Gross Phil Bil lings (GPB) Q:Is 28 A3 the Gen. rule or the Exception? A:It is the general rule because it is under 28 A3 GPB is in the nature of FIT, applies only if all the requirements are present. RFC will be liable for NIT, hence a RFC engaged in common carriage does not pay G PB but NIT Income without: EXEMPT International Carrier: GPB refers to the amount of revenue derived from:carriage of persons, excess bagg age, cargo and mail originitang from the Phils in a continouos and uninterrupted flight, irrespective of the place of sale or issue and the place of payment of the tickets or passage document. REQ: Originating from the Phils. Continouos and uninterrupted flight; irrespective of the place of sale or issue and the place of the payment of ticke ts or passage document. Q:Do you consider landing rights to determine liability? (RR 15-2002) A: If originates from the Phils and has landing rights- ONLINE- RFC No landing rights- OFFLINE- NRFC Q:If there are stopovers, is it still uninterrupted? A:YES, provided that the stopover does not exceed 48 hrs. Q:When will the place of sale of tickets matter as to the taxpayers liability? A:The place of tickets is material only if the two other elements are not presen t to be able to know if its subj to NIT or exempt. Revalidated, exchanged or indorsed tickets REQ: The passenger boards a plane in a port or point in the Phils. The tickets must be revalidated, exchanged, or indorsed to another airline.

Q:What if its the same airline but different plane? A:GPB does not apply, it must be to another airline Q:What if it did not originate from the Phils.? A:Determine if its income within or without. if ticket was purchased in the Phils. it is income within hence apply NIT if purchased outside, it is income without, hence exempt Transhipment REQ: flight originates from the Phils transhipment of passenger takes placeat any port outside the Phils. the passenger transferred on another airline Q:How do you apply GPB? A:Only the aliquot portion of the cost of the ticket corresponding to the leg fl own from the Phils to the point of transhipment shall from part of the GPB. Q:Is it liable for the whole flight? A: From the Phils to the point of transhipment, it is income w/in From transhipment to final destination, its income w/out- EXEMPT International Shipping GPB means gross revenue whether from passenger, cargo, mail REQ: it must originate from the Phils. up to final destination regardless of the place of sale or payments of passenger or freight documents Sec28 A(4) OFF SHORE BANKING UNITS OBUs only acceptable foreign currencies always a foreign corporation (subj to NIT) except #3 Exempt if income is derived by the OBU from EFCDS Parties: local commercial banks Foreign bank branch Non Residents OBU in the Phils. Difference with EFCDS: EFCDS Acceptable foreign currency, Phil. Currency or both Can be a domestic or foreign corporation Exempt if income derived by DC or RFC from EFCDS Parties: local commercial banks Foreign bank branch Non Residents OBU in the Phils Other banks under EFCDS FOREIGN CURRENCY LOAN

10% FIT If: Lender- OBU Borrower- Resident Citizen EXCEPT: OBU Local Commercial Banks Transactions of Non Residents: Income earner: Non- Residents Lender: OBUs NOTE: Non resident exempt from transactions with OBUs and EFCDS SEC. 28 A5 TAX ON BRANCH PROFITS, REMITTANCES profits based on the total profits applied or earmarked fro remittance remitted b y a branch to its head office Subj to 15% tax Except: those activities which are registered with PEZA NOTE: Interests, Dividends, Rents, Royalties including remuneration for technica l sevices, salaries, wages, premiums, annuities, emoluments, or casual gains, pr ofits, income and capital gains received by a foreign corporation during each ta xable year from all sources within shall not be treated as branch profits UNLESS the same are effectively connected with the conduct of its trade or business. Branch Profit Remittance Two ways to receive income (FC) Branch Subsidiaries NOTE: When a FC establishes branch, it is always a FC When a FC establishes DC, it is a RFC Q;It is in addition to NIT- Why? A:NIT because it is RFC Q;What kind of tax is imposed under 28 A5? A:15% FIT Q:How do you apply the rate? A:multiplied to the total profit applied or earmarked for remittance w/o deducti ons It applies for branches that are: the profit remitted is effectively connected with the conduct of its trade or bu siness in the Phils. One not registered with PEZA MARUBENI CASE F:A branch was established with AG&P, there was investment with AG&P Q:Did the petitioner participate with the negotiation? A:NO Q:What did the petitioner pay? A:15% Branch Profit Remittance Tax (BPRT) 10% Intercorporate Dividends Q:Whats the issue? A:Petitioner maintains that there was overpayment of taxes, thus the same was as

king for a refund of tax erroneously paid. Q:Is is subj to FIT? A:NO, exempt if petitioner is RFC H:-not correct to pay 15% To be liable for BPRT It is a RFC Branch did not participate in negotiations SEC. 28 A6a Regional or area headquarters (Sec. 22 DD) shall not be subject to tax exempt fro m income tax if the requisites are present. Q:What are the requisites? A: the HQ do not earn or derive income from the Phils. Acts only as supervisory, communications, coordinating centre for their affiliat es, subsidiary or branches in the Asia- Pacific Regionand other foreign markets. SEC. 28 A6b Regional Operating HQ are taxable and liable to pay 10% taxable income. Regional Operating HQ is a branch established in the Phils by a multinational com pany engaged in any of the services: Gen. Administration and Planning Business Planning and Coordination Sourcing and procurement of Raw materials and components. Corporate Finance and Advisory Services Marketing Control and sales promotion Training and personal management logistic services research and development services and product development technical support and maintenance data processing and communication and business development Rationale: Why liable? Because the claim for exemption of resident airlines shal l be minimized SEC. 28A7a Interests and Royalties: 20%FIT Interests under EFCDS= 7 % Sec. 28A7b Income derived under EFCDS 1. Income derived from foreign currency transactions with: Non Residents OBU Local commercial bank Foreign bank branches Other depository bank under the EFCDS As a Gen Rule: the above transaction is Exempt EXCEPTION:Income from such transaction as may be specified by the secretary of F

inance, upon recommendation by the Monetary Board to be subject to regular incom e tax payable by any banks. 2. Interst income from foreign currency loans granted by depository bank under said EFCDS to others shall be subject to 10% FIT Exempt if granted to: 1. Other OBU in the Phils, and 2. Other depository bank under the EFCDS SEC. 28 A7c: Capital Gains from Shares of Stocks not Traded in the Stock exchange 5% or 10% as the case maybe SEC 28A7d: INTERCORPORATE DIVIDENDS DC- RFC= EXEMPT, not subj to tax SEC 28 B1 Q:What kind of tax? A:30% GIT on the ff income 1. Interest 2. Dividends 3. Rents 4. Royalties 5. Salaries 6. Premiums( except reinsurance premiums) 7. annuities 8. emoluments 9. Other fixed and determinable Gains, profits and income. SEC 28 B2 Non Resident Cinematographic film owner, lessor or distributor liable for 25% GIT SEC 28 B3 Non Resident owner or lessor of Vessels chartered by Philippine Nation als. liable for 4 GIT Elements: Chartered to Filipino Citizens or Corporations Approved by MARINA SEC. B(4) Non Resident Owner or Lessor of Aircraft, Machiniries, and other Equip ments. liable for 7 1/2 % GIT SEC 28 b5a Interest on Foreign Loans Must be read with Sec. 32 B7a Interest on Foreign Loans, if the lender is NRFC liable to 20% FIT Foreign Govt. Exempt because it is an exclusion (Sec 32 b7a: income derived by a foreign govt from investments in the Phils on loans, stocks, bond, and other do mestic securities or from interest on deposits in banks by: Foreign govt. Financing inst owned controlled or enjoying, refinancing from foreign govt; and

Inter nation or Regional financial inst established by foreign govt. COMMISIONER OF INTERNAL REV. vs. MITSUBISHI METAL CORP. (180 SCRA 214) F: Atlas Mining enetered into a Loan and Sales Contract with Mitsubishi Metal Co rp. ( A Japanese Corp.) for the purposes of projected expansion of the productiv ity capacity of the formers mines in Cebu. The contract provides that Mitsibushi will extend a loan to Atlas in the amount 20 M dollar, so that Atlas will be abl e install a new concentrator for copper production. -Mitsubishi to comply with its obligation, applied for a loan from Export- Impor t Bank of Japan (Exim Bank) and from consortium of Japanese banks. Pursuant to the contract Atlas paid interst to Mitsubishi where the correspondin g 15% tax thereon was withheld and only remitted to the Govt. Subsequently Mitsubishi filed a claim for tax credit requesting that the same be used as payment for its existing liabilities despite having executed a waiver a nd disclaimer of its interest in favour of Atlas earlier on. It is the contentio n of Mitsubishi that it was the mere agent of Exim Bank which is a financing ins t owned and controlled by the Japanese Govt. The status of Eximbank as a government controlled inst became the basis of the c laim fro exemption by Mitsubishi for the payment of interst on loans. I: WON Mitsubishi is a mere agent of Eximbank H: NO. The contract between the parties does not contain any direct reference to Exim Bank, it is strictly between Mitsubishi as creditor and Atlas as the selle r of copper. The bank has nothing to do with the sale of copper to Mitsubishi. A tlas and Mitsubishi had reciprocal obligations- Mitsubishi in order to fulfil it s obligations had to obtain a loan, in its independent capacity with Exim bank. Laws granting exemption from tax are construed strictly against the taxpayer and liberally in favour of the taxing authority. SEC. 28 D5 b INTERCORPORATE DIVIDENDS: FIT 15% imposed on the amount of cash and or prop dividends received from a domes tic corporation. SUBJ TO THE CONDITION: the country where the NRFC is domiciled allows a credit a gainst the tax due from the NRFC taxes deemed paid or deemed to have been paid i n the Phils. Gen rule: 35 % FIT Exception: 15% under the tax deemed paid rule/ reciprocity rule/ tax sparring rul e JHONSONS CASE 2 Kinds of Categories: 1st : Japan, US, Germany, Phils liable for income within and income without 2nd : countries liable only for income within. MARUBENI Case: 2 Issues 1. Is the payment of 10% FIT correct? - No because it was a branch and RFC but still Marubeni was NRFC under the old law which is liable to pay 35%, but SC said liable only to 25% because of the ta x treaty You cannot refund right away 15% BPRT and 10% Intercorporate Dividends tax has di fferent basis In P&G who are involved DC (P&G Phil) and NRFC (P&G US) DC declares dividends to NRFC

35% was withheld and remitted to the BIR What did they discover? (after paying) they discovered that they are liable only for 15% so they have a refund of 20% Q:In the 1st case did the SC allowed the refund? A:NO, denial anchored on 2 grounds: One claiming for refund was not the proper party There was a showing or proof as to the existence of the tax deemed paid rule Q:In 2nd case was there a refund? A:YES, the SC reversed itself Income tax is FIT: the withholding agent is the proper party because he is liabl e to pay said taxes actual proof of payment not necessary, what is necessary is the law of the domic ile of the country providing fro tax credit equal to 20% of the tax deemed paid. Q:What is the rate if the law is silent? A:35% FIT The rate will only be 15% if theres a law recognizing the same but this refers to the case of those belonging to the first category. WANDER CASE Q:Who are the parties? A:DC(Wander) and FC (Glaxo)- they belong to different categories The BIR tried to collect 35% because the law is totally silent about the tax cre dit H: The SC said that the tax should be 15% which applies 2 instances: Foreign law do not provide for tax credit- 35% law provides but the law is silent- 15% law is silent because there is no law- 15% law is silent because thers no law because the subj matter is not taxable- 15% SEC. 29 IAET Q:What is the rate? A:10% of the gross income (taxable income) It is imposed upon the improperly accumulated taxable income of the corporation Q:Applies to what Corp? A:to DC only under RR 2- 2001( classified as closely held corporations) Q:Is it in the nature of sanction? A:Yes, it is imposed to compel the corporation to declare dividends. Q:Why? A:because if profits are distributed to the shareholders, they will be liable fo r the payment of Dividends tax. Now, if the profits are undistributed the shareh olders will not incur liability on taxes with respect to the undistributed profi ts of the Corp. In a way it is in the form of deterrent to the avoidance of tax upon shareholder s who are supposed to pay dividends tax on the earnings distributed to them. Q:What is taxable income? A:SEC. 31 defines taxable income as the pertinent items of gross income specifie d in this Code, less the deductions and/or personal and additional exemptions, i f any, authorized for such types of income by this Code or other special law

Q:When not liable to pay IAET? A:There are 2 groups of DC exempt from payment of IAET (RR2-2001) A) Corporations failure to declare dividends because of reasonable needs of busi ness Reasonable needs means are construed to mean immediate needs of the business incl uding reasonable anticipated needs Q:What constitutes reasonable accumulation of the corporations earnings? Examples ? A: Allowance for the increase in the accumulation of earnings up to 100% of the pai d- up capital of the corporation. earnings reserved for the definite corporate expansion projects or programs appo ved by the Board Earnings reserved fro buildings, plants, or equipment, acquisition approved by t he Board Earnings reserved for compliance with any loan agreement or pre- existing obliga tions Earnings required by law or other applicable statutes to be retained. In case of subsidiaries of foreign corporation, all undistributed earnings or pr ofits intended or reserved for investments NOTE: the corporations belonging in the 1st group are normally liable but they c an show that the accumulation of earnings is justified for reasonable needs of b usiness, they incur no liability and exempt from payments of the same. B) Corporations which are exempt whether or not it is for reasonable needs of th e business: 1. Banks, and other non- bank financial intermediaries. 2. Insurance companies 3. Publicly- held corporations 4. Taxable partnerships 5. General Professional Partnerships 6. Non- taxable joint- ventures 7. Enterprises registered with a) PEZA b) Bases Conversion Devt Act of 1992 (RA 9227) c) Special Economic Zone declared by law Q:What is a closely- held corporations? A:Those corporation at least 50% in value of the outstanding capital stock or at least 50% of thetotal combined voting power all classes of stock entitled to vo te is owned directly, or indirectly by or for not more than 20 individuals NOTE: Publicly held Corp. has more than 20 shareholders Q:What is the time for paying this tax? A:Calendar Year: Jan 25, 2005- Dec 31, 2005. Today is 2006. You have 1 year to d eclare after the close of the taxable year. 2006 is the grace period. You will p ay on January 2007. Q:If youre not mentioned to be exempted, will you still be liable? A:No, if you invoke adjustments SEC 30. EXEEMPTIONS FROM TAX ON CORPORATIONS Determine the Corporations exemptions under Sec. 30 27 C and 22B.

Sec 30, the corporations shall not be taxed under this title (tax on income) in respect to income receive by them as such. Sec 27, the corporations enumerated are always exempt. Thus exemption is uncondi tional Sec 22B GPP, as a general rule is not a corporation except if it earns income from other business Joint Venture w/ service contract w/ government not a corporation, otherwise, it is liable. Q:What is the reason for not including the corporations exempt under section 27C and Section 22B under Section 30? A:Because there is an exemption which does not apply to all exempt corporation. The exemption under Section 30 is not absolute while the exemption under Section 27 C is absolute and without any conditions. In addition, Section 22B provides that a joint venture is generally taxable unless it has a service contract with the government, a generally taxable corporation cannot be joined with the group as generally not taxable corporation. General Professional Partnership is exem pt but the exemption is not the same as provided by Section 30. TAKE NOTE: Las Paragraph of Section 30. exemption to the exemption: income of whatever kind and character of the foregoin g organizations from: 1. any of their properties, real or personal; 2. any activities conducted for profit regardless of the disposition of said income, shall be subject to tax. Q:Enumerate the exempt corporations under Section 30; What is the requirement? A: 1. Labor, agricultural or horticultural organization not organized principally f or profit; 2. Mutual savings bank not having a capital stock represented by shares, and coo perative bank without capital stock organized and operated for mutual purpose an d without profit; 3.a beneficiary society, order or association, operating for the exclusive benef it of the members such as fraternal organization operating under lodge system. (lodge system: operating world wide) or a mutual old association or a non-stock corporation: organized by employees; providing for the payment of life, sickness, accident or other exclusive benefit s to its employees and their dependents; 4. Cemetery (a) company owned and (b) operated exclusively for the benefit of i ts members; 5. Non-stock corporation or association organized and operated exclusively for Religious, Charitable, Scientific, Artistic or Cultural purposes, or for the Reh abilitation of Veterans (RCSACR), no part of its net income or asset shall belon g ot or inure to the benefit of any member, organizer, officer, or any specific person; 6.Business league, chamber of commerce, or Board of trade, (a) not organized for profit and (b) no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any stock holder or individual; 7.Civil league or organization not organized for profit but operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare. CIR vs. YMCA Q:What is the basis of Manila BIR for the imposition of the tax? A:last paragraph of Section 30, because YMCA was conducting an activity for prof it.

F:the CTA and the CA invoked the doctrine laid down in Herrera and Abra Valley c ase which involves an exemption from the payment of Real property Tax. H:The SC revised the ruling. YMCVA is liable to pay income tax applying the las t paragraph of Section 30. YMCA Is exempt from the payment of property tax, but not to income tax on rental s from its property. The tax code specifically mandates that the income of exempt organizations (unde r section 30) from any of their properties, real or personal, shall be subject t o tax, including the rent income of the YMCA from its real prop. 8. a non-stock and non profit educational institution; 9. govt educational institution; 10.Farmers or other mutual typhoon or fire insurance company, mutual ditch or irr igation company, or like organization of a purely local character, the income of which consists solely of assessment, dues and fees, collected from members for the sole purpose of meeting its expenses; 11.Farmers, fruit growers or like association organized and operated as a sales ag ent for the purpose of marketing the products of its members and turning back to them the proceeds of sales, less the necessary selling expenses on the basis of the quantity of produce finished by them. TAKE NOTE: income of sales agent is exempt.

Section 31: TAXABLE INCOME CHAPTER VI: COMPUTATION OF GROSS INCOME SECTION 32: GROSS INCOME Q:What is the tax treatment? Are these taxable income? Are these included in the gross income? Is it included in the ITR? Is it subject to NIT? A:Sec. 32 A answers the questions. Q:What is the income tax referred to here? A:NIT. The section refers only to the payment of NIT. It speaks of the NIT. Q:If the is mentioned under Section 32 A, does it follow that it is automaticall y included in the GIT? A:No, Section 32 A states Except when otherwise provided in this title Q:What are A: 1. Income 2. Income 3. Income the income that are not included, not subject to NIT? that are subject to FIT. that are considered an exclusion; and that are exempt.

Q:When do you not apply Sec. 32 A? A:it applies to all except: 1. NRANETB 2. NRFC they do not pay NIT, they pay by way of GIT. Q:What are included in the Gross income? A: 1. Compensation for services in whatever form paid including but nor limited to fees, salaries, wages, commissions, and similar items. [Sec. 32 A (1)] Q:What is compensation?

A:all remuneration for services performed by an employee for his employer under an employer-employee relationship. TAKE NOTE: compensation is included in the ITR if the taxpayer is not liable fo r NIT. Thus, if subject to NIT, included in the ITR. Q:Is there an instance where the salaries of a RC is not included in the ITR? A:Yes, if the salary is subject to FIT, like when the RC is employed in Multinat ional, offshore banking, and petroleum companies. 2. Gross Income derived from the conduct of trade or business or the exercise o f a profession; [Sec. 32 A (2)] Q:What is the income tax here? A:NIT, included in the ITR. 3. Gains derived from dealings in property. [Sec. 32 A (3)] Q:Did the law distinguished? A:No, the law did not distinguished between real and personal property. TAKE NOTE: 1. Sale of real property 2. Sale of shares of stock (personal prop.) if the elements are present, subject to FIT. Thus, it is not included in the ITR , the withholding agent will be responsible for this. Q:Income form the sale of property, do you include this in the ITR? A:it depends a. if subject to FIT, not included. Withholding agent accomplish the forms subject to FIT if the following elements are present: it is a capital asset; located in the Phil.: and sold by individual, trust, estate, DC. b. if subject to NIT, included in the ITR. Elements are not present, like when the real prop. is an ordinary asset or when i t is capital asset if the taxpayer is RFC. TAKE NOTE: R-R 17-2003 Real property sale subject to FWT, the buyer accomplishes the ITR. 4. interest; [Sec. 32 A (4)] Q:What interest is being referred to here? A:interest which is included in the computation of gross income is interest earn ed from lending money and interest from bank deposit which does not constitute p assive income. Bank interest from sources, without or abroad. Q:Bank interest from Solid Bank, is it included in the ITR? A:No, because it is included or considered an income within, thus subject to FIT . Thus, not included in the ITR. 5. Rents. [Sec. 32 A (5)] subject to NIT, included in the ITR. 6. Royalties; [Sec. 32 A (6)]

Q:What is being referred to here? A:royalties which does not constitute passive income. Royalties derived from in come without. subject to NIT. Thus not included in the ITR. Q:Who are the taxpayers? A:Liable from income w/in and w/out and the rest are exempt. RC DC 7. Dividends. [Sec. 32 A (7)] Q:What kind of dividends? A:one that does not constitute a passive income. TAKE NOTE: 1. DC individual taxpayer = FIT 2. DC DC & RFC = EXEMPT 3. DC NRFC = FWT only dividends issued by a FC to an individual taxpayer (RC OR RA) is included in the computation of the gross income. Thus, included in the ITR. 8. Annuities. [Sec. 32 A (8)] Q:What kind of annuities? A:annuities which are not exempt from tax are included in the computation of the gross income. (included in the ITR) 9. Prizes and Winnings [Sec. 32 A (9)] Q:What kind of prizes and winnings? A: a. those that does not constitute passive income; and b.those that are not considered as an exclusion. Thus, exempt. Passive Income 1. Prizes derived from sources within and over 10,000.00 2.Winnings derived from sources within. Exempt: a. winnings: PCSO and Lotto winnings. b. prizes: those primarily for recognition of (1)religious, (2)charitable, (3)scientific, (4 )educational, (5)artistic, (6)literary, (7)civic achievement are exempt PROVIDED : 1. the recipient was selected without any action on his part to enter the cont est or proceedings; and 2. the recipient is not required to render substantial future services as a con dition to receiving the prize or award. prizes and awards granted to athletes are also exempted provided: 1.local or international sports competition or tournament; 2. held in the Philippines or abroad; and 3.sanctioned by the national sports association. Q:When is a prize subject to NIT?

A:1. when derived from income without; 2. when less than 10,000.00; 3. when the income earner is a DC or RC. Q:When is winning subject to NIT? A:1. When derived from income without; 2. when the income earner is a DC or RC. 10. Pensions [Sec. 32 A (10)] Q:What kind of pension? A:Included in the gross income if not exempt never subject to fit (?) 11. Partners distributive share from the net income of the general professional partnership (GPP). Q:What is being referred to? A:GPP exempt from payment of corporate income tax shares of partners subject to NIT Sec. 26 SEC 32 B EXCLUSIONS FROM GROSS INCOME Q:What do you mean by exclusions? Are these exempt from income tax? A:these are not included in the gross income, THUS, exempt. TAKE NOTE: Exemptions, exclusions, deductions, have the same characteristics al l tax do not apply. 1. Life insurance [Sec. 31 B (1)] Q:What is the requirement? A:only one requirement for exemption: that the proceeds of the life insurance be payable upon the death of the insured. Q:Does it matter who the beneficiary is or paid in a lump sun or single sum? A:No. it does not matter. Exception: amounts held by the insurer under an agreement to pay interest thereo n, the interest payment shall be included in the gross income. 2. Amount received by insured as return of premium [Sec. 32 B (2)] Q:if the insurance is payable within a certain time, say 10 years and thereafter the insured did not die, how much will be excluded? A:only the amount received by the insured as a return of the premiums. Ex. 1 M 100 thousand = capital It is exempt (100K) 900K is taxable. Q:Why is it excluded? A:because the amount received merely represents a return of capital. Q:is this subject to Estate Tax under Sec. 85 E? do we have the same requirement ? A:no, the requirement for exemption is not the same under Section 85 E. 3. Proceeds of life insurance: decedent insured himself, inclusion or exclusion

will depend on who the beneficiary is. a. the beneficiary is the estate. subject to Estate tax, included in the gross estate regardless of whether or not the designation of the beneficiary is revocable or irrevocable. b. the beneficiary is a third person other than the estate. b.1 Revocable Designation subject to estate tax, included in the gross estate. Reason: because of the insureds power to modify or change the beneficiary. b.2 Irrevocable Designation not subject to Estate tax, not included in the gross estate. Reason: the insured loses the power to control, modify and change the beneficiar y. Q:Is it subject to VAT? A:1. Non-life insurance yes, subject to VAT under 108 (A). 2. Life insurance NO, subject to percentage tax under Sec. 123 of the Tax Code. 4.Gifts, Bequest and Devises [Sec. 32 B (3)] Q:Why is the donee exempt from income tax? A:Because the law classify it as an exclusion, not important to know whether pro perty is real or personal. What is exempted is the value of property acquired by gift, bequest or devise TAKE NOTE: A. GIFTS are excluded because they are subject to donors tax. B. BEQUEST and DEVISE are excluded because they are subject to ESTATE tax. Q:what is included in the gross income? A:income from such property. gift, bequest, devise or descent of income from any property in case of transfers of divided interest. 5.Compensation for injuries or sickness [Sec. 32 B (4)] Q:is this the same as those provided under the workmens compensation act (wca)? A:YES. There are 3 groups: a. Health or accident insurance or those under workmens compensation. b. personal injuries and sickness; and c. Damages to prevent injuries and sickness. Q:What does injury include? A:The term injury includes death, even if not injured, if the person dies this w ill be available. Q:when will the damages recovered be exempt? A:General Rule: all damages awarded are tax exempt. Exception: damages representing loss of income. Q:Why is it considered an exclusion? A:because this is just an indemnification for the injuries or damages suffered. 6. Income exempt under a treaty [Sec. 32 B (5)] Q:What is excluded? A:income of any kind required by treaty binding upon the Phil. Government. 7. Retirement benefits, pensions, gratuities [Sec. 32 B (6)]

Q:Why do we need to distinguish retirement pay, separation pay and terminal leav e pay? A:because they have different requirements for exemption. Q:What is retirement pay? A:the sum of money received upon reaching the maximum age of employment. a. Under RA4917 (with Retirement Plan) 1.the private benefit plan is approved by the BIR (RR2-98); 2. the retiring official or employee has been in the service of the same employe r for the last 10 years; 3. he is at least 50 years old at the time of retirement; and 4.the official or employee avails himself/herself of the benefit only once. b. Under RA7641 1. the retiring years old; 2. the employee entitled to 15 (without retirement plan) official employee is at least 60 years old but not more than 65 or official must have served the company for at least 5 years; days salary and of the 13th month pay for every year of service.

TAKE NOTE: the retirement benefits under RA4917 and RA7641 are exempt from incom e tax provided the requirements are present. SEC. 32 B(6)(c) retirement benefits given by foreign government, foreign corporation, public as w ell as private to RC, NRC, RA residing permanently in the Philippines - exempt w ithout further qualifications automatic exclusions. SEC. 32 B(6)(d,e,f) retirement benefits given by the Philippine Govt through the GSIS, SSS and PVAO ar e exempt without further qualifications = automatic exclusions. Gross Income include both capital and ordinary gains, Sec. 31 says gross income-d eductions, that which is ordinary loss. - may be deducted from capital gains and ordinary gains. Q:What is separation pay? A:on given when one is terminated from the service because of (1) illness, (2)de ath, (3) physical incapacity or injury, or (4) causes beyond the control of the employee. Q:Are there any requirement for separation pay granted by foreign govt or corp? A:None, the separation pay granted by the aforementioned institutions are exempt without further qualifications (other similar benefits). Q:is separation pay an exclusion, therefore, exempt? A:No. GENERAL RULE: Separation pay not exempt (?) Exception: 1. Automatic exclusions, thus exempt if due to: illness death physical incapacity or injury. 2. Conditional exclusion causes beyond the control of the employee- excluded within employees control included.

Examples: 1. registration CBA provides separation pay, within the control = included. 2. installation of labor saving devises or bankruptcy beyond the control = exclu ded. Q:What is terminal leave pay? A:the accumulated vacation leave and sick leave benefits converted to cash or mo ney to be given either every year or upon retirement or separation. Terminal Leave Pay granted upon retirement or separation: uder PD220, TLP in the Govt or in the Private Sector shall be exempt from income t ax if given or granted upon retirement or separation. TLP granted on a yearly basis: 1. employee in the private sector: accumulated sick leave subject to income tax. Accumulated vacation leave: if more than 10 days (meaning 11 pataas) subject to income tax; If 10 days or less exempt. 2. Govt Employee: governing law: EO 291 of Pres. Estrada, RMC 16-2000. Rule: Govt workers (both officers or non-officers) granted TLP on a yearly basis exempt from income tax. there is no qualification as to vacation or sick leave. Take Note of 3 cases. be reminded of EO 291, Sec. 2. 78.2 par. 97, RR2-98, RR16-200 (3). Case of Zialcita retired from DOJ, contention: TLP should be exempt from income tax pursuant to th e old law. SC: on a different ground TLP is exempt because it is similar to Retirement pay, thus exempt but the rulings application is limited only to DOJ employees. Borromeo case: Same as the Zialcita case Issues: WON the TLP is subject to income tax and WON COLA and RATA are included? SC: RULED TLP is Exempt! Modified: the rule applies not only to DOJ officers but also to CSC commissioner s. COMMISSIONER v. CASTAEDA - Castaeda DFA officer in Phil. Embassy in England. 1. TLP is exempt. 2. Ruling applies to DFA officers. Q:Does the rule or decision applies to Govt officials only? A:No. PD220: Exemption applies to both private and public sectors(?) it does not matter if TLP is vacation or sick leave. RR2-98, Sec. 2.78.1 par. (a)(7) JAN, 1998 the rule applies to both private and public sectors. EO291 (SEPT., 2000) Officer in govt receiving TLP is always exempt whether or not vacation or sick lea ve is granted. Modified RR2-98: TLP will only apply to private sectors

if granted on a yearly basis may be subject to tax: VACATION LEAVE 1. MORE THAN 10 DAYS = TAXABLE 2. LESS THAN 10 DAYS = EXEMPT 8.Miscellaneous items (Sec. 32 B (7) (a) income derived by foreign Govt [Sec. 32 B (7) (a)] Q:What kind of income? A: 1. investments in: loans stocks bonds other domestic securities 2. interest from deposits in Banks in the Philippines. Q:Who are income earners? A: 1.foreign government 2.financing institutions owned, controlled or enjoying re-financing from foreign govts; and 3.intl or regional financial institutions established by foreign govts (establishe d in the Philippines) TAKE NOTE: if plain foreign corp., subject to FIT 20%. EXAMPLES of exclusions: a. Brunei Govt earns interest by depositing money in Makati Bank Exclusion. b. SMC- Stock dividends to 3. Brunei Govt. exclusion c.Income derived by the Govt or its political subdivisions (Sec. 32 B (7) (b) a. exercise of public utility b. exercise of any essential govt function. accruing to the govt. dprizes and awards (Sec. 32 B 7 c) primarily for religious, charitable, scientific, educational, artistic, literary or civic achievements: 1. recipient was selected without any action on his part to enter the contest or proceedings; 2. the recipient was not required to render substantial future services as a con dition to receive the prize or award. D. 1. 2. 3. 4. prizes and awards in sports (Sec. 32B 7 d) granted to athletes; local or intl competitions; held here or abroad; sanctioned by the natl sports associations.

E. 13th month pay and other benefits (Sec. 32B 7 e) Q: Do you include Christmas bonus in your ITR? A: No, because the law says 13th month pay and other benefits/similar benefits xmas bonus is included in the category. Q: Who can increase the 30,000 limit? A: The Sec. of Finance. Q: Applicable to whom? A: 1. govt; and 2. Private institutions.

F. GSIS, SSS, Medicare and other contributions (Sec. 32 B 7 f) must be deducted from the GI not NIT because it is an exclusion. -creditable withholding tax is an exclusion- must be deducted first from the GI before you compute the NIT. Otherwise, you are including in the GI something tha t is excluded from the same. G. Gains from the Sale of bonds, debentures, or other Certificate of indebtednes s. (Sec. 32 B 7 g) Q: Why 5 years? A: certificate of indebtedness is similar to Bank Interest in a long term deposi t. - Sec. 32 B 7 g is similar or the same as 24 B in long term deposit. H. Gains from redemption of shares in mutual fund (Sec. 32 B 7 h) 1. Fiscal Year means an accounting period of 12 months ending on the last day of any month other than December. 2. Calendar year a period of 12 months beginning on January and ending on Decemb er. Q: Business expense incurred in February 2006, is it possible to include it for April 2006? A: yes, it is possible or it is possible if fiscal year is employed, if it falls under the fiscal year and all the elements are present. - related to trade or business. REASON: Capital loss has no connection to the trade or business. TAKE NOTE: for taxpayers liable for income within and without (RC & DC)), they can claim ded uction for expenses incurred within and without. for taxpayers who are liable only for income within, they can claim a deduction f or expenses incurred within the Philippines. Sec. 34 A EXPENSES 1. For those business expenses not enumerated under A. You need to prove that it is an ordinary and necessary expense. 2. For those enumerated under A, all you have to prove is that it is incurred d uring the taxable year. Feb. 12, 2007 (Sec. 34 A, Expenses) Q: Did the law define what is reasonable? A: No. for salaries and wages all that is required by law is for it to be reason able. - for other forms of compensation, there must be services actually rendered.

AGUINLDO Case F: involves a corporation engaged in selling fish nets, and the corporation have

a land sold through a broker. there was substantial profits gained from the sale of a land which was sold by a broker. The profit was in turn given to the workers as special bonus. the corporation claimed the bonus as a deduction. ISSUE: Should the deduction be allowed? H: The SC did not allow the deduction, for other forms of compensation, it must be made or given for services actually rendered. in this case, it was proven that the sale was not made by the employees, no effor t or services actually rendered by them because the sale was made through a brok er. Q: Reasonable Travel Expenses, What is the requirement? A: 1. Travel must be in pursuit of business, trade or profession. 2. Travel expense while away from home. Q: Is there a travel expense which was not in pursuit of business? A: yes, those which are considered as fringe benefits (FB), expenses for foreign travel is considered a FB only if it is not in pursuit of the trade or business . Q: can you claim it under Sec. 34 A (1)(a)(ii)? A: No, you can claim it under Sec. 34 A (1)(a)(i) last paragraph. Q: A: 1. of 2. Q: at A: 1. 2. 3. Reasonable Allowances for rentals for meralco bills, requirements? required as a condition for the continued use or possession, for the purpose the trade, business or possession of the property. taxpayer has not taken any title or no equity other than a lessor. Reasonable allowance for entertainment, amusement and recreation expenses, wh is the requirement? connected with the development, management, and operation of the trade (DOM); Does not exceed the limits or ceiling set by the Secretary of Finance; and Not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public policy or public order.

Q: How about bribe, kickbacks, and other similar payments A: even without this provisions, kickbacks will not pass the requirement of (i) ordinary and (ii) necessary hence not deductible EXPENSES ALLOWABLE TO PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION Q: Why only private educational institution is mentioned and no other taxpayers? A: it refers to section 27 for Private Educational Institution given to the educ ational institution. GENERAL RULE: 36 A (2) and 36 A (3) expenditures for capital outlays not deducti ble as business expense EXCEPTION: Private Educ. Institution can claim it under Sec. 34 A (2) BUSINESS EXPENSE vs. ALLOWANCE FOR DEPRECIATION BUSINESS EXPENSE 1. No carry-over

2. can be claimed for one year only. 3. if the amount of capital outlay is substantial, it cannot accommodate all of the expenses incurred. ALLOWANCE FOR DEPRECIATION 1. There is carry over 2. you can claim it for a longer period depending on the life span of the proper ty. 3. it can accommodate all of the expenses incurred. taxpayers allowable deduction for interest expense shall be deducted by an amount equal to 42% (RR 10-2000) of the interest income subject to FIT. Q: Who claims this deduction? A: the debtor claims this deduction. Q: What kind of interest is this? A: interest on loan. interest on debt - when one borrows money to finance his business interest in con nection with the taxpayers profession trade or business. REDISCOUNTING OF PAPERS : (Sec. 34 B 2 a) a borrower or taxpayer can claim the interest paid in advance as itemized deducti on when he filed his income tax return (ITR) depending on whether or not the pri ncipal obligation has been paid. 1. if the entire amount or entire principal obligation has been paid the entire amount of interest can be claimed as itemized deduction. 2. if only of the obligation had been paid, then the entire amount of of that in terest can be claimed as a deduction. 3. if no payment had been paid on the principal obligation, the advance interes t paid cannot be claimed as a deduction on the years that it was paid. REQUIREMENTS FOR REDISCOUNTING OF PAPERS: 1. incurred within the taxable year. 2. individual taxpayer reporting income on a cash basis. No deduction shall be allowed in respect to the following interest: 1. if within the taxable year an individual taxpayer reporting income on the cas h basis incurs an indebtedness on which an interest is paid in advance or throug h discount or otherwise. 2. if both taxpayer and the person to whom the payments has been made or is to b e made are persons specified under Sec. 36 (B): a. member of a family b. bet. an individual and a corp., more than 50% in advance of the outstanding s tock of which is owned directly or indirectly by or for such individual; c. Bet. 2 corp., more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock of each of whic h is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for the same individual. d. bet. the grantor and a fiduciary of any trust; e. bet. the fiduciary of a trust and the fiduciary of another trust if the same person is a grantor with respect to each trust; or f. bet. a fiduciary of trust and a beneficiary of such trust.

Q: Who are not allowed to claim interest under sec 36 B? A: interest incurred between related parties. Q: What if half-brother? A: not allowed to claim deduction for interest. TAKE NOTE: interest incurred from the exploration of petroleum refers not just i n interest incurred on loan of money but also interest incurred for installment payments. Q: Who are related parties? A: individuals and corporations. OPTIONAL TREATMENT OF INTEREST EXPENSE: 1. interest incurred to acquire property used in trade, business or exercise of profession can be claimed a an itemize deduction on interest; or depreciation (as capital expenditure?) Q: What is this interest income? A: the money borrowed was deposited in a bank so that it will warn interest. (RR 13-2000) ILLUSTRATION: 1. loan of 1M from a bank with an interest of 20% 2. 20% of 1M is Php200,000 but you cannot claim this whole amount as a deduction . 3. when you deposited the 1M in the bank, it earned a bank interest subject to F IT worth Php10,000.00. 4. 42% (RR) of 10,000 = 4,200 (RR 9337) 5. Php200K-4,200= Php195,800/ this is the amount you can claim as a deduction. 34 C TAXES: REQUISITES: 1. taxes must paid or incurred within the taxable year 2. it must be incurred in connection with trade or business. 3. can be claimed as: a deduction; or 34 C 1&2 tax credit 34 C 3&7

Q: Where should it be deducted? A: 1. if claimed as a deduction, it should be deducted from the gross income; 2. if claimed as a tax credit, it should be deducted from the Net Income Tax due (bottom of the formula) MERCURY DRUG CASE - Discount of senior citizens SC: discount claimed by senior citizens shall create a tax credit and must be de ducted at the bottom of the formula. Q: What is a tax deduction? Example? A: Tax deduction is allowed if the taxes were paid or incurred within the taxabl e year and it must be connected to the trade, business or profession of the tax payer.

Example is business tax. Q: Who are entitled to claim it? A: those liable to pay NIT. (Tax credit only for NIT) Q: What is a tax credit? A: refers to the taxpayers right to deduct from the income tax due the amount of tax the taxpayer paid to foreign country, subject to limitations. Q: What is the tax credit being referred to under 34 C (3)? A: credit against taxes for taxes of foreign country. Q: What are the other tax credit under the code? A: 1. RA 6452 selling goods and commodities to senior citizens, the discount claime d is treated as a tax credit. 2. income tax paid to foreign country. 3. Input tax on Vat 4. Creditable w/holding tax system under NIT 5. Tax credit certificate. Q: Who are allowed to claim it? A: RC and DC only. Q: suppose you paid the 100K NIT to US, can you claim as a deduction the whole 1 00K? what is the formula? same procedure for (1) income tax paid to foreign country; (2) estate tax paid to foreign country; and (3) Donors tax paid to foreign country. A: Formula: STEP 1 GI from sources w/in NIT: _____________________ GI from entire world STEP 2 Quotient x RATE = amount w/c can be claimed as a deduction A: you cannot claim the whole 100K, you can only claim the product of the quotie nt times the rate TAKE NOTE: deduct at the bottom of the formula ( sa computation ng GI) Q: Suppose you are a RC, you pay NIT to US, will you be able to claim it as a ta x deduction? A: 1. generally, you can claim it as tax credit. 2. you can claim under Sec. 34 C (1) b if the taxpayer did not signify in his return his intention to avail himself of t he benefit of tax credit for taxes paid to foreign country. taxes incurred not related to the trade or business, you have the option to: a. claim it as tax credit; or b. claim it as a deduction law gives you this privilege.

Q: When is taxes not allowed as a deduction? A: Sec. 34 C (1) 1. Income tax; 2. Income tax imposed by authority of any foreign country; 3. Estate and Donor tax; and 4. taxes assessed against local benefits of a kind tending to increase the value of the property. Q: Who are not allowed to claim deductions? A: Under 34 C (3) - NRC, NRA; and N/RFC TAKE NOTE: 1. NRAE and NFC allowed deduction only if and to the extent that they are connec ted with income from sources within the Phils. 2. Taxes that had been allowed as deduction but are later in refunded should be treated as part of the gross income during the year that it is received (34 1 la st paragraph) Q: Which would you choose? Tax credit or deduction? A: tax credit because it is deducted from the taxable income while deductions ar e deducted from the GI. FORMULA: GI-DEDUCTION = NET INCOME x RATE = TAXABLE NET INCOME TAX CREDIT) 34 D LOSSES Q: Is always a requirement that it is incurred in pursuit of trade, bus. or prof ession? A: No. Sec. 34 D(1) provides for 2 kinds of losses: a. incurred in pursuit of trade, bus. or profession; b. property connected with t,b,p, if the loss arises from fire, storms, shipwr ecks or other casualties or from robbery, theft or embezzlement (arising from na tural calamity). Q: A: 1. 2. 3. What is the requirement? Loss actually sustained during the taxable year Not compensated for by insurance or other forms of indemnity. Not claimed as a deduction for estate tax purposes.

Q: This is your itemized deduction which can be claimed as a deduction from? A: Gross income TAKE NOTE: The itemized deduction of losses, however, is not confined to section 34B. it is also found under section 86A (1) (e) which also pertains to deductions availa ble under the estate tax law. Losses within six (6) months after the death of the decedent can be claimed as it emized deduction of losses under Section 34B. However, may be claimed as deducti on under estate tax return provided that the same are not claimed as itemized de duction of losses under Section 34B. Q: A: 1. 2. 3. How many carry-overs do we have under the Code? 3. Namely: Section 27 E (32) Carry forward of excess minimum Tax Section 39 D Net Capital Loss Carry-over Section 39 D 3 Net Operating Loss Carry-Over.

KINDS OF LOSSES AND THEIR CARRY-OVERS:

A. ORDINARY LOSS NOLCO ( #3 above) Q: Why is there a need for a carry over under Sec. 34 D # when you can claim the loss from both capital and ordinary loss? A: if the loss exceeds the income for the taxable year, you cannot deduct the en tire amount of loss from your income for that year so the excess may be deducted for the taxable year following the loss. B. CAPITAL LOSS NET CAPITAL LOSS CARRY OVER NET CAPITAL LOSS CARRY-OVER NET OPERATING LOSS CARRY-OVER 1. taxpayers is an individual only not corporation. 2. involves net capital loss 3. carry-over as loss from sale of capital asset in the next succeeding year 4. can only be deducted from capital gains. 1. taxpayer may be an individual or corp; 2. losses incurred or connected with T or B; 3. Business losses not previously off-set as a deduction from the GI carried ove r as such for the next 3 consecutive years; 4. can be deducted from capital gains and/or ordinary gains. NET OPERATING LOSS CARRY REQUIREMENTS: 1.Net operating loss of the business or enterprise incurred w/in the taxable yea r 2. not previously off-set as a deduction from the GI 3. carried over as a deduction from the GI for the next 3 consecutive taxable ye ars immediately following the year of such loss. Q: Can the period be extended? A: yes, for mines other than oil and gas well. 1. net operating loss w/out the benefit incentives provided by law; 2. incurred in any of the first 10 years of operation. 3. carried over as a deduction from the GI for the next 5 years following such l oss. 4. no substantial change in the ownership of the business or enterprise. Q: What is the limit? A: 75% of the nominal value of outstanding shares is held by or on behalf of th e same persons/ corporation individual no problem, problem lies with corporations or enterprises. ABANDONMENT LOSSES 1. contract area where petroleum operations are undertaken is partially or wholl y abandoned; all (1) accumulated exploration and (2) development expenditures pertaining ther (# 2 above)

eto shall be allowed as a deduction. 2. a producing well is subsequently abandoned: unamortized cost and undepreciated cost of equipment directly used therein shall be allowed as a deduction in the years it was abandoned. TAKE NOTE: 1. if abandoned well is reentered and production is resumed; or 2. if equipment or facilities are restored into service in the year of resumptio n or restoration and shall amortized or depreciated. Q: What A: Last tion in year of is the Tax benefit rule? Par. of Sec. 34 E (1): recovery of bad debts previously allowed as deduc the preceding year shall be included as part of the gross income in the recovery to the extent of the income tax benefits of said deduction.

Q: What is a Bad Debt? A: Bad debts shall refer to those debts resulting from the worthlessness or inco llectibility in whole or in part of amounts due the taxpayer by others, arising from money lent or from uncollectible amounts of income from goods sold and serv ices rendered. CHINA BANK VS. CA bad debts can only be claimed if pursuant to a contract of loan - no bad debts for loss of instruments. Q: Who claims it? A: a. creditor b.money lender Q: What year can it be claimed? A: can be claimed in the year it was actually sit ascertained to be worthless an d charged off, meaning cancelled in the books of account. Q: Do you need to file an action before you can claim? A: No, all you have to do is prove that you did exert effort to claim or recover the same. Q: What cannot be deducted as bad debts? A: debts not incurred in connection with the trade, business and profession of tax payer. transactions, mered into between parties mentioned under Section 36 (B) namely. between members of the family between an individual who owns more than 30% of outstanding capital stock of a c orporation and that corporation between two (2) corporations more that 50% of the outstanding capital stock of w hich is owned by or for the same individual between a grantor and fiduciary of any trust between two (2) fiduciaries of two (2) trusts who has the same grantor between a fiduciary of a trust and above fiduciary of such trust SECURITIES BECOMING WORTHLESS ascertained to be worthless and charged off within the taxable year capital asset taxpayer, other than a Bank or trust company incorporated under Phil. Laws substantial part of business is the receipt of deposit considered as a loss from the sale of capital assets on the last day of such tax able year

34 F DEPRECIATION Q: What is depreciation? A: It is the gradual dimension in the service or useful value of tangible proper ty due from exhaustion, wear and tear and normal obsolescence. Q: What kind of property is involved? A: 1. Real property except parcel of land 2. Personal Property REQUISITES: depreciation deduction must be reasonable for the exhaustion, wear and tear, including reasonable allowance for obsolesce nce property used in the trade of business Q: What do you mean by reasonable allowance? A: it shall include, but not limited to, an allowance computed in accordance wi th rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommenda tion of the Commissioner, under any of the following methods: 1.Straight-line method 2.Declining balance method 3.Sum-of-the-year-digital method; and 4.any other method which may be prescribed by the Secretary of Finance upon reco mmendation of the Commissioner DEPRECIATION OF PROPERTIES USED IN PETROLEUM OPERATIONS 1. properties directly related to production of petroleum 2. allowed under (1) straight line or (2) declining balance method 3. useful life of properties used or related to production of petroleum shall be ten (10) years or such shorter life as may be permitted by the Commissioner. 4. for property not used directly in the production of petroleum (1) depreciated under the straight line method, and useful life is only five (5) years DEPRECIATION OF PROPERTIES USED IN MINING OPERATIONS ALLOWANCE FOR DEPRECIATION: 1.all properties used in mining operations other than petroleum operations shall be computed as follows: a. if the expected life is ten (10) years or less normal rate of depreciation b. if the expected life is more than ten (10) years depreciated over any number of years between five (5) years and the expected life. REQUIREMENTS: 1. depreciation is allowed as a deduction from 61; and 2.contractor notifies the Commissioner at the beginning of the depreciation peri od which depreciation rate shall be used. DEPRECIATION DEDUCTIBLE BY NRAETB OR RFC reasonable allowance for the deterioration of property arising out of its use or employment or non-use in the business, trade or profession property is located in the Philippines 34 G DEPLETION OF OIL and GAS WELLS and MINES only deduction which is a not self executing deduction

Q: What is depletion? A: the exhaustion wear and tear of natural resources as in mines, oil, and gas w ells the natural resources called wasting assets DEPRECIATION vs. DEPLETION 1.involves property 1. involves natural resources 2. ordinary wear and tear of equipment 2. ordinary wear and tear of natural resources TAKE NOTE: Equipment used in mining operation is deductible in depreciation Q: Method for computing depletion? A: cost depletion method Q: to whom allowed? A: only mining entities owning economic interest in mineral deposits Economic interest: capital investments in mineral deposits 34H CHARITABLE & OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TAKE NOTE: 1.unique because deducted from the taxable net income and not from the gross inc ome second step of the formula deduction Q: Who is claiming the deduction? A: the donor Q: Who are the Donees? A: 1.Government of the Philippines or any of its agencies or any political subdi vision thereof exclusively for public purpose 2. Accredited Domestic corporation or association organized and operated exclusi vely for religions, lion, charitable, scientific, youth and sports development, cultural or educational purposes or for the rehabilitation of veterans, or to s ocial welfare institution, or to non-government organization and no part of its net income inures to the benefit of any private stock holder or individual Q: How many kinds of deduction? A: Two (2) kinds: 1.partial deduction 10% of taxable income in case of an individual 5% of taxable income in case of corporations 2. full /total deduction Q: Which of the two kinds is the General Rule? A: General Rule: Partial deduction Exception: Total /Full deduction Q: Suppose Mr. A made a cash donation of P1M. How much can he claim as a deduct ion? A: First determine the taxable income of Mr A since he is an individual, he can only deduct 10% of his taxable income. Q: What if the Donee is not one of those mentioned under the law, can he claim a deduction?

A: No. TAKE NOTE: Donee is never an individual. Q: If the Donor is a pure compensation income earner and he donates P100,000 to the church, can he claim it as a deduction? A: No. pure compensation income earner can only claim a deduction under Sec 34 M Q: If Donee is the Philippine Government, what is the requirement? A: it must be made exclusively for public purposes Q: What if the Donee is a province? A: there must be a qualification that it is for public purpose Q: If the Donee is a Domestic Corporation, what is the requirement? A: no part of its income inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or ind ividual Q: What are those contributions which can be deductible in full? A: 1.Donations to the Government no conflict with partial (different requirement ) Partial donated for exclusively public purposes Full, used in undertaking priority activities of NEDA 2.Donations to certain Foreign Institutions or International Organization s in compliance with agreement, treaties or commitment entered into by the Philippi ne Government and such donees 3.Donations to Accredited Non-government organizations Non-government organizati on, non-profit domestic corporation REQUIREMENTS: 1. organized and operated exclusively for scientific, research, educational, cha racter building and youth and sport development, health, social welfare, cultura l or charitable purposes or a combination thereof 2. no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private indiv idual 3. uses the contributions directly for the active conduct of the activities cons tituting the purpose or function for which it is organized and operated 4. annual administrative expense does not exceed 30% of the total expenses and 5. in case of dissolution, the assets of which would be distributed to: a) another nonprofit domestic corporation organized for similar purpose or purpo ses b) to the state for public purpose c) distributed by the court to another organization to be used in such a manner which would accomplish the general purpose for within the dissolve organization was organized 34I RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT In the old law, this is not allowed as a deduction. To remedy this, they felt tha t those should be a separate deduction for research and development. REQUISITES: tax payer may treat research and development expenditures as ordinary and necessa ry expenses provided: 1. it is paid or incurred during the taxable year 2. incurred in connection with trade, business or profession; and

3. not chargeable to capital account. Q: Treated as such when? A: during the taxable year it is paid or incurred AMORTIZATION OF CERTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES at the election of the taxpayer, the following shall or may be treated as deferre d expenses: a. paid or incurred by the taxpayer in connection with his trade, business or pr ofession; b. not treated as expenses under par 1 and c. chargeable to capital account but not chargeable to property of a character w hich is subject to depreciation or depletion Q: How to compute taxable income: A: deferred expenses shall be allowed as deduction ratably distributed over a pe riod of not less than 10 months as may be elected by the taxpayer (beginning wit h the month the taxpayer first realizes benefits from expenditures.) the election or option may be exercised for any taxable year after the effectivit y of the code but not later than the time prescribed by law for filing the retur n for such taxable year. LIMITATION ON DEDUCTION Q: When not deductible? A: 1.Any expenditure for the (1) acquisition or improvement of land or (2) for the improvement of property to be used in connection with research and development of a character which is sub ject to depreciation and depletion and office site 2. Any expenditure paid or incurred for the purpose of undermining the existence , location, extent or quality of any deposit of one or other mineral including o il or gas. not for mineral exploration 34 J PENSION TRUST Q: Claimed by Whom? A: the employer Q; What is a Pension Trust contribution? A: a deduction applicable only to employer on account of its contribution to a p rivate pension plan for the benefit of its employee deduction is purely business in character. Q: Requisites? A: 1.the employer must have established a pension or retirement plan to provide for the payment or reasonable pension of his employees 2. pension plan must be reasonable and actually sound; 3. it must be funded by the employer 4. the amount contributed must no longer be subject to his control or dispositio n 5. the amount has not yet been allowed as a deduction and 6. the amount has or is apportioned in equal parts over a period of 10 consecuti ve years beginning with the year in which the transfer or payment is made.

34 K ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DEDUCTIBILITY OF CERTAIN PAYMENTS allowed as a deduction only if shown that the tax required to be deducted and wit hheld there from has been paid to the BIR in accordance with Section 58 and Sect ion 81 34 L OPTIONAL STANDARD DEDUCTION KINDS OF DEDUCTIONS: 1.Itemized deduction 2.Optional Standard Deduction 3.Personal /Additional Deduction OPTIONAL STANDARD DEDUCTION: can be availed of by an individual who may elect a standard deduction in an amoun t not exceeding 10% of his gross income may apply in lieu of the other deductions under Section 34 the taxpayer must signify in his return his intention to elect the optional stand ard deduction, otherwise, he shall be considered as having availed of the itemiz ed deduction. Q: Who can claim this deduction? A: all individual taxpayers except non resident alien not engaged in trade or bu siness (NRANETB) Reason: he is not liable to pay by way of the NIT, thus, follows he cannot claim this deduction because he is liable to pay by way of GIT. TAKE NOTE: can co-exist with personal and / or additional exemption 34 M PREMIUM PAYMENTS ON HEALTH AND /OR HOSPITALIZATION INSURANCE OF AN INDIVIDU AL TAXPAYER for (1) Health and /insurance (2) Hospitalization REQUIREMENTS: 1. amount of premiums, paid by taxpayer for himself and members of his family, 2. amount of premiums should not exceed (1) P2,400 per family or (2) P200 a mont h 3. gross income of the family for the taxable year is not more than P250,000 Q: Who can avail of this deduction? A: 1.individual taxpayer earning purely compensation income during the year; 2. individual taxpayer availing itemized or optional standard deduction; and 3. individual taxpayer earning both compensation income and income from business SECTION 35 ALLOWANCE FOR PERSONAL EXEMPTION FOR INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYER Q: When do we apply this? A: apply if individual taxpayer is paying by way of NIT Q; Who are taxpayer? A: those mentioned under Section 24 (A) 1. RC 2. NRC 3. OCW 4. RA all can claim both personal and additional exemption

Q: Why not include NRAETB? Can the latter claim any exemption? A: NRAETB is not included because Section 35 A refers to Section 24 A NRAETB can claim personal deductions but not additional exemptions pursuant to Se c 35 D REQUIREMENTS: 1.NRAETB should file a true and accurate return 2. the amount to be claimed as personal exemptions should not exceed the amount provided for under Philippine Laws TAKE NOTE: AEMOP: can be a RA or NRAETB BASIC PERSONAL EXEMPTIONS: Single individual; or individual judicially decreed as legally separated with no qualified dependents. 20, 000 For head of the family can be single or legally separated with qualified depende nts. 25, 000 For each married individual if only one of the spouse, earns or derives gross in come, only such spouse can claim the personal exemption. 32, 000 Q: Who is the head of the family? A: 1.unmarried or legally separated man or woman 2. With (1) one or both parties or (2) With one or more brothers and sisters (3) with one or more legitimate, recognized, natural or legally adopted chil dren 3. living with and dependents upon him for their chief support 4. whose such brother or sisters or children are (1) not more than 11 years old and (2) not gainfully employed, (3) unmarried 5. OR, regardless of age, the same are incapable of self support because of ment al or physical defect. Q: Why do we have to determine who the head of the family is? A: only legally separated individuals can claim additional exemptions if they ha ve qualified dependents. TAKE NOTE: R.A. 7432 and RR 2-98: a senior citizen can also be a dependent. Q: Can a widower claim exemptions? A: exemptions must be strictly construed, widower not included in the list under Section 35 A but can claim under sec 35B widower, married or used to be married MARRIED INDIVIDUALS each legally married individuals can claim the personal exemption. Husband and wife = P64,000 Q: Who are allowed to claim? A: Normally , it is the husband who claims unless he executes a waiver that the

wife will claim the same (RR2-98) Additional Exemptions: (35B) -additional exemption of P8,000 for each dependent not execeeding four (4) Q:Who can claim the same? A: 1.Married couples: only one of the spouses can claim it; 2.legally separated individuals: can be claimed by the spouse who has custody of the child or children the additional exemption claimed by both shall not exceed the maximum additional exemption herein allowed. Q: Define dependents A: legitimate, illegitimate or legally adopted child chiefly dependent upon and living with the taxpayer if such dependent is (1) not more than 21 years of age, (2) unmarried, and (3) not gainfully employed or (4) if such dependent, regardl ess of age is incapable of self support because of mental or physical defect. Q: What if widower has illegitimate children, can claim additional exemption ? A: can claim, can be considered as head of the family w/ dependent Q: What if the children are temporarily away from the parents? A: still considered living with parents, can claim exemption CHANGE OF STATUS: (SEC 35 C) Q: Reckoning Period? A: end of the year or close of such year when red.

such change of status occur

TAKE NOTE: always choose the higher amount of exemption if you are filing a return covering the period within which the change of status occurred 1. if the taxpayer should (1) marry or (2) have additional dependents during the taxable year, he may claim the corresponding exemption in full for the year. Illustration: 1.Single Jan 1, 2005 2.Married June 1, 2005 on April 15, 2006 status: legally married can claim P 32, 000 2. if the taxpayer should die during the taxable year, estate can claim personal exemption. Illustration 1.Jan. 25, 2005 taxpayer married w/ one child can claim on April 15, 2006 P32,000+ P8,000 In this case, as if the change of status occurred at the close of taxable year. If taxpayers spouse or child dies within the taxable year or the dependents becam e (1) gainfully employed (2) got married or (3) became 21 as if the change as st atus occurred at the close of taxable year. Illustration: 1. Taxpayers tragic story wife died Jan. 25, 2005 and child died the next day th en another child eloped and get married. 2. Taxpayer despite the tragedy can claim ton of money on April 15, 2006.

P 32,000 P 16,000 (8,000 per child) 48,000 Section 36. Items not Deductible 36 A. General Rule: In computing net income, no deduction shall be allowed: (1) Personal, living or family expenses not related to trade or business (2) Section 36 A (2) and Section 36 A (3) General Rule: No deductions allowed fo r 1. Any amount paid out for new buildings or for permanent improvements, or bette rments, made to increase the value of any property or estate 2. Any amount expanded in restoring property or in making good the exhaustion th ereof for which an allowance is or has been made. Exceptions: Option granted to Private Educational Institution to deduct the same as capital outlays. TAKE NOTE: Amount paid for new buildings, can be deducted if it involves intangible drilling and development cost incurred in petroleum operations (Sec 34 6 (A) PREMIUMS PAID ON LIFE INSURANCE POLICY : covering the life of any officer or employee or any person financially invested in any trade of business carried on by the taxpayer. taxpayer is directly or indirectly the beneficiary under such policy. LOSSES FROM SALES OR EXCHANGES OF PROPERTY (between related parties) 1) between family members Q: Who is considered the family of the taxpayer? A: a. brothers and sister (whole is blood) b. spouses c. ancestors d. lineal descendants Q: are uncles or nieces included? A: no IN DONORS TAX Relatives includes relatives by consanguinity within the 4th civil code. Nephew is a stranger and relative ang nephew. 2) individual and corporations Gen. Rule: NO DEDUCTION Except: distribution in liquidation or less than 50% of the outstanding capital stock 3) 4) 5) 6) Two corporations Grantor or Fiduciary Two fiduciaries of two trust Fiduciary and beneficiary of trust

Sec. 37 Special provisions regarding deductions of insurance companies. Codal Provisions Section 38: Losses From Wash Sales of Stock or Securities Q: What is a wash sale?

A: It is a sales or other disposition of stock securities where substantially id entical securities are purchased within 61 days, beginning 30 days before the sa le and ending 30 days after the sale. Q: What period? A: 61 day period beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the sale Q: Jan 20 you purchased share of stock, and disposed of the same on Feb 5, 2005. Is this a wash sale? A: No Q: If it is a loss in wash sale, happens? A: General Rule: (Sec 131 RR No. 2) gains from wash sale are taxable but losses are non-deductible Exception: unless claim is made by a dealer in stock or securities and with respect to a tra nsaction made in the ordinary course of the business of such dealer Q: Reason why losses in wash sale cannot be deducted? A: 1. to avoid too much speculation in the market 2. taxpayer not telling the truth, because he may say he incurred a loss instead of a gain Section 40. Determination of Amount and Recognition of Gain or Loss GENERAL RULE: This is totally irrelevant if the income is subject to fit. In fit gain is presumed. EXCEPT: sale of shares of stock where you have to determine actual gain or loss Q: When is there a gain? A: excess of the amount realized over the basis or adjusted basis for determini ng gain. (amount realized from the sale or other disposition of property) Q: When is there a loss? A: the amount realized is not in excess of B or AB Illustration: 1987 Bar (Juan dela Cruz sold jewelry for 300,000 ) contract of sa le amount realized is 300,000 Q: What will be the basis of the gain? A: Sec. 40 B (1), property was acquired by purchase Cost: purchase price + expenses Q: If there is a gain, is the whole gain subject to income tax? A: it depends if ordinary asset = 100% is subject to income tax if capital assets short term(less than 12 months) : 100% taxable long term (more than 12 months): 50% taxable Q: suppose property sold is a parcel of land will the rule be the same? A: No, and it depends ordinary asset: apply the cost capital asset: 6% FMV or selling price which ever is higher Q: Do we apply the holding period? A: No, holding period does not apply to the sale of real property. This is an a bsolute rule: If realty is ordinary holding period does not apply.

If realty is capital asset 6% FMV or selling price applies. Holding period applies only to sale of personal property which is a capital asset except sale of shares of stocks. Holding period also do not apply to corporations. Q: If the property is acquired through inheritance, what is the basis? A: Sec 40 B (2) fair market value or price as of the date of acquisition. Q: Suppose it was a sale of personal property, do we apply the same principles? A: No. Q: What if it involves a sale of real property? A: Apply the same principles Suppose it was a result of swindling, theft, robbery or estafa, y the same principles? A: Law is silent, take note of the old CIA ruling on this one do we appl

Q: Feb 14, 2006, your GG gave you a jewelry in Sept your GG breaks up with you. GG request the jewelry be returned but you already sold it for P200,000. Will t he entire P200,000 be included in gross income? A: Basis: (1) same as if it would be in the hands of the Donor (FMV as of date o f acquisition); or (2) last owner who did not acquire the same by gift (cost) Q: If it involves a parcel of land? A: apply the same rules Section 40 B (4) what is the basis? Property was acquired for less than an adequate consideration in money or moneys worth: the basis would be the amount paid by the transferee for the property. Q: Section 40 B (5) what is the basis? A: 40 C (5) if the property was acquired in a transaction where gain or loss is not recogniz ed (pursuant to a merger or consolidation plan) corporation, party to a merger or consolidation, exchanges property solely for s tocks in another corporation, also a party to the merger or consolidation is a party to the merger or consolidation, solely for the stocks of another cor poration also a party to the merger or consolidation, or Security holder of a corporation, party to a merger or consolidation, exchanges his securities solely for stock or security in another corporation, also a party to the merger or consolidation. person transfers property to corporation to gai n control 40 C EXCHANGE OF PROPERTY GENERAL RULE: In sale or exchange of property, the control amount of gain or los s shall be recognized. gain is taxable losses are deductible Exception: If permanent to a merger or consolidation plan, no gain or loss shall be recognized gain is exempt losses are not deductible REQUISITES: the transaction involves a contract of exchange the parties are members of the merger or consolidation the subject matter is only limited or confined with the one provided for by law

Merger and Consolidation in corporation code and tax code are not the same. Sec 40 (2) (a) a corporation which is a party to a merger or consolidation, exchanges property s olely for stock in a corporation which is a party to the merger or consolidation Illustration: Transferor gives 1M Transferee gives 700,000 = not

taxble gain P300,000

If other property received by transferee (40 C (3) (a) TRANSFEREE if the party receives not just the subject matter permitted to be received: lie i f the party receives money and /or property, the gain, if any, but not the loss, shall be recognized (meaning taxable) but in an amount not in excess of the sum of the money and the FMV of such other property received. (40 C (3) (b) TRANSFEROR 1.Transferor corporation receives money and / or property, distributes it pursu ant to the merger or consolidation plan no gain to the corporation shall be recognized 2. Transferor corporation receives money and / or property, does not distribute it pursuant to the merger or consolidation plan the gain shall be recognized but in an amount not in excess of the sum of such mo ney and the FMV of such other property so received. Q: What is the rule? A: 40 C (3) (a) gain taxable loss not deductible 40 C (3) (b) It depends on how distributed: pursuant to the merger or consolidation plan: gain exempt loss not deductible not pursuant to merger or consolidation plan: gain taxable loss not deductible. Sec 40 C (1) (b) a shareholder exchanges stock in a corporation which is a party to a merger or c onsolidation, solely for the stock of another corporation which is a party to th e merger or consolidation Sec 40 C (2) (c) a security holder of a corporation which is a party to the merger or consolidati on, exchanges his securities in such corporation, solely for stock securities in another corporation. The rule is similar in 40 C (3), (a), (b) and (c) although different property are involve, that is why the last paragraph of 40 C is a separate paragraph. Therefore, Sec 40 C (3) (a,b,c) the rule is gain exempt loss not deductible 40c last paragraph the transferee becomes a stockholder, parties are not members of the merger

the individual wants to be a shareholder but does not want to purchase shares but willing to give up property as a result of the exchange , the person gains cont rol of the corporation The rule is: gain is exempt loss not deductible Requisites: There is A contract of exchange where property was transferred by the person in exchange of stock or unit of participation in a corporation. As a result, the person alone or together with others (not exceeding of 4 person s) gains control of the corporation. Q: What is control? A: ownership of stocks in a corporation possessing at least 51% of total voting power. Sec 40 B (5) non applicability of income tax is only temporary Reason : Basis will be 40 C (5) 40 C (5) (a) Transferor basis of stock or securities received by the transferor: same as the basis of the property, stock or securities exchanged: decreased by the (1) money and (2) FMV of the property received; and increased by (a) amount treated as dividend and (b) amount of gain recognized 40 C (5) (b) Transferee as it would be in the hands of transferor increased by the amount of gain recogni zed. Sec 40 (c) (4) Assumption of Liability Taxpayer, in connection with the exchanges described receives securities or stoc ks permitted (no gains recognized) it is sole consideration of the same the othe r party assumes liability of the same the acquisition of liability not treated a s money and / or other property the exchange still falls within the exceptions. If amount of liabilities assumed + amount of liabilities to which property is su bjected to exceeds - adjusted basis of the property transferred the excess shall be considered a gain from the sale of a capital asset or of property which is n ot a capital asset, as the case may be. SECTION 41 INVENTORIES Purpose: Change of inventory to determine clearly the income of any taxpayer/ t o reflect the true income. Limitation: once every 3 years approval of the secretary of finance Section 43 Accounting Periods Fiscal year use of calendar year no annual accounting does not keep books of account individuals Use of method as in the opinion of the commissioner clearly reflects the income: no accounting method has been employed the method does not clearly reflect the income

Sec 44 Period in which items of Gross Income included and Sec 45 Period for whic h Deductions and Credit Taken Under Sec 44 amount of all items of gross income shall be included in the gross income for the taxable year in which they are received by the taxpayer Under Sec 45 deductions shall be taken for the taxable year in which paid or accru ed or paid or incurred. Sec 44 and Sec 45 are mentioned in the code because of the death of the person. Illustration: Facts: taxpayer dies in the middle of the year January 1, 2006 June 15, 2006 June 26, 2006 to Dec 31, 2006 the estate is the taxpayer So the income and deductions from Jan 1 to June 25,, included in the computation Section 46 Change of Accounting Period Q: Who is the taxpayer? A: corporation (taxpayer other than individual) Q: What kinds of accounting period? A: 1.fiscal year 2. calendar year Q: Changes contemplated? A: 1. fiscal to calendar 2. calendar to fiscal 3. fiscal to another fiscal with the approval of the Commissioner, net income shall be computed on the basis of the new accounting period. Q: Calendar to calendar, correct? A: not correct statement Section 47 (A) Taxpayer: Corporation Fiscal to calendar separate final or adjusted return shall be made for the period between the so cl ose of the last fiscal year for which the return was made and (2) the following Dec 31. Calendar to Fiscal separate final or adjusted return shall be made for the period between the close of the last calendar year and the date designated as the close of the fiscal yea r. Fiscal to fiscal separate final or adjusted return shall be made for the period between the close of the former fiscal year and the date designated as the close of the new fiscal year. File return indicating the change in accounting method Section 48 Accounting for Long Term Contracts Q: Who are the professionals involved? A: applies to architects and engineers Q: What is a long term contract?

A: it means building, installation or construction contracts covering a period i n excess of one (1) year. Q: Basis of income? A: a. persons whose gross income is derived in whole or in part from such contra ct shall report such income upon the basis of percentage of consumption. b. the return shall be accompanied by a certificate of architects or engineers s howing the percentage of completion c. deduction of expenditures made during the taxable year, on account of the con tract is allowed Section 49 Installment Basis contemplates a seller of the property Q: Is it important to know if the A: Yes property is personal or real?

Q: Sale of Real Property is it important to know if it is a casual sale or regu lar sale? A: No Requirement: The initial payments do not exceed 25% of the selling price. Q: If the initial payment exceeds 25% what do you call it? A: called deferred sale Q: Consequence? A: you must pay the whole amount of the tax Q: Sale of Personal Property, is it important to know if it is a casual or regul ar sale? A: Yes Casual Sale has Requirements: selling price exceeds P1,000 initial payment not exceeding 25% selling price Regular sale no requirements Case of Baas subject matter sold by way agreement cash deposit post dated promissory notes (installments) 1st installment promissory note was disconnected 2nd installment exchanged with cash - these two exceeds the selling price you only compute cash H: Initial payment exceeds 25% installment basis is not applicable RR 2; Section 175: In payment by way of installment promissory note, bills of ex change and checks will not be considered in computing the 25% initial downpaymen t. Section 50 Allocation of Income and Deductions

tremendous power of the Commissioner to allocate the income and deduction of seve ral corporations having the same interest. Q: Same interest? A: stockholders substantially the same Q: Limitations? A: None That is why it is a great source of corruption Section 51 Individual Returns Who are required to file? (ITR) RC NRC RA NRAETB sources within Q: Who is not mentioned in Sec 51 but liable to pay by way of NIT? A: OCW/ seaman Exception: RC OR ALIENS: engaged in trade or practice of profession in Phil. Shall file ITR regardless of the amount of gross income. Q: If OFW is exempt from filing a return, what is he required to file? A: Information Return Q: who are not required to file a return? A: an individual whose gross income does not exceed his total personal and addition al exemptions for dependents worker (compensation income earners) regardless of the amount of compensation s hall not required to file ITR because the management files it. (RR 3-2002) individuals whose sole income is subject to FIT individuals who are exempt from income tax Exception: IT the management files an incorrect return the employee has two or more employer 51 A (3) A: not required to file ITR may be required to file information return 51 1. 2. 3. 4. or 5. B - Where to file? authorized agent bank revenue district officer collection agent duly authorized treasurer of the city or municipality where taxpayer resides has principal place of business office of commissioner if no legal residence or place of business in Phil

51 C Q: When to file? A: filed on or before the 15th day of

April each year

51 C (1) NIT Payers using CY two days provided (calendar) 1. on April 15; or 2. before April 15 (January, Feb or March) not December because the calendar year is not yet over

Fiscal year: 15th day of the 4th month following the close of the fiscal year. 51 C (2) individuals subject to tax on capital gains Exception: General Rules Sec 58 1. Sale of shares of stocks return filed within 30 days after each transaction and Final consolidated return on or before April 15 2.Sale of Real Property return filed within 30 days following each sale 51 D Husband and Wife 1. Pure compensation income earner separate return RR 3-2000 pure compensation i ncome earner regardless of amount of income not file ITR. 2. Not pure compensation: joint return 51 E. Return of Parent to Include Income of Children unmarried minor receives income from property received from living parent includ ed in the parents ITR. Exception: 1.Donors tax has been paid 2.Property exempt from donors tax 51 F. Persons Under Disability Q: Who makes the return? A: 1.duly authorized agent 2. duly authorized representatives 3. guardians 4.other persons charged with the care of his person or property both incapacitated taxpayer and agent will be liable for: 1.erroneous return 2. false or fraudulent return 51 G Signature Presumed Correct prima facie evidence the return was actually signed by the taxpayer Section 52 Corporation Return go back to Sec 51 A (2) General Rule: Sec 58 Final Income Tax return and creditable withholding tax return is filed monthly Exception: Sale of Shares of Stocks (Sec 51 A (2)) Sale of Real Property RR -17-2003: Sale of Real Property subject to final withholding tax, the buyer is deemed the agent. Sale of Shares of Stocks Q: Reasons for filing Final Income tax or Final Consolidated Return? A: Reasons: FIT whose actual determination of gain or loss in connection with Sec 24 C the basis of the tax is not the gross income but the net capital gains realized. In connection with Sec 40: actual determination of loss or gain file a return within 30 days from date of transaction

TAKE NOTE: In all other income subject to FIT, the gains are presumed INCOME OF MINORS Q: Minor below 18: Will it be included in the Minors ITR? A: it depends income from property received from parents included in parents ITR Except: a.Donors tax paid b.Property exempt from donors tax income from minors own industry Minors ITR accomplished by guardian or parents Q: if the individual is exempt from income tax, can be required to file a return ? A: General Rule: No Exceptions: 1.engaged in trade or business; or 2.exercise of profession Sec 51 A (2) SEC 52 CORPORATION RETURNS A.Requirements Taxpayer: DC or RFC (except NRFC) ITR Filed: 1. TRUE AND ACCURATE quarterly income tax return final or adjusted income tax return Filed by: 1.President; 2.Vice President 3. Other principal officer ITR must be sworn by such officer and the treasurer or assistant treasurer B. Taxable Year 1. fiscal; or 2. calendar corporation cannot change accounting method employed without the approval or pri or approval of the commissioner (Sec 47) C. Return of Corporation Contemplatory Dissolution or Recognition 1.Within 30 days after: a. the adoption by the corporation of a resolution or plan for its dissolution; or b. liquidation of the whole or any part of its capital stock, including a corpor ation which has been notified of possible involuntary dissolution by the SEC; or c. for its reorganization 2.Render a correct return verified under oath setting form: a. forms of the resolution or plan; b. such other information prescribed 3.Secure a tax clearance from the BIR and file it with the SEC 4.Thereafter, SEC issued a Certificate of Dissolution or Reorganization. D. Sale of Stocks ITR look at the previous notes about it Section 53 Extension of Time to File Returns

Q: To whom granted? A: Corporations Grounds: Meritorious case subject to the provisions of Sec 56 Time Extension Section 54 Returns or Receivers, Trustees in Bankruptcy or Assignees the aforementioned persons shall make returns of net income as and for such corpo ration in the same manner and form as such organization is required to make. Section 55 Returns of General Professional Partnership file a return of its income setting forth items of gross income and of deductions allowed by this title (Title II Tax on I ncome) Names of partners Taxpayer identification number (TIN) address of partners shares of each partners GPP is exempt from corporate income tax Q: Why is the GPP obliged to file a return? A: to determine the shares of each partners Section 56 Payment and Assessment of Income Tax for Individuals and Corporations A. Payment of Tax Q: Who pays the tax of tramp vessels? A: 1.the shipping agents and or the husbanding agent 2.in their absence, the captains thereof those people are required to file a return and pay the tax due before departure Q: A: a. b. What is the effect of failure to file the return and pay the tax due? 1.Bureau of Customs may hold the vessel and prevent its departure until: proof of payment of tax is presented; or a sufficient bond is filed to answer for the tax due.

Installment Payments Tax due: more than P2,000 Taxpayer: individuals only (other than corporation) Elect to pay the tax in two (2) equal installments 1st installment: paid at the time the return is filed 2nd installment on or before July 15 following the close of the calendar year Q: What is the effect of non payment on the date fixed? A: The whole amount of tax unpaid becomes due and demandable together with the d elinquency penalties. Payment of capital gains tax : Q: Paid when? A: on the date the return is filed Avail exemption for capital gains: no payments shall be required; if you fail to qualify for exemption tax due shall immediately become due and pa yable and subject to penalties seller pays tax submit intention or proof of intent within six (6) months from the registration of document transferring Q: when is the real property entitled to refund? A: upon verification of compliance with the requirements for exemption.

Report gains on installments under Sec 49 tax due from each installment payment s hall be paid within 30 days from the receipt of such payments. No registration of document transferring real property without a certification from commissioner or his duly authorize representative t hat transfer has been reported tax has been paid B. Assessment and Payment of Deficiency Tax Return is filed, the commissioner examiner and assess the correct amount of tax tax deficiency discovered shall be paid upon notice and demand from the commissio ner. 3 INSTANCES 1. file the 2. file the 3. not file CONTEMPLATED return and pay the tax return but not pay the tax the return and not pay the tax

Section 57 Withholding of Tax at Source A. Withholding of Taxes subject to the Rules and Regulations the Section of Finance may promulgate, upon recommendation of commissioner: Require the filing up of certain income tax ret urn by certain income payees. Q: Enumeration is all about what? A; Enumer ation about Final Income Tax Except: Gross Income Tax 25 B (NRANETB) 28 B (NRFC) B. Withholding of Creditable Tax at Source The Sec. of Finance, upon recommendation of the commissioner require the withhold ing of a tax on the items of income payable to natural or juridical persons, res iding in the Phil, by payor-corporation/ person the same shall be credited agains t the income tax liability of the taxpayer for the taxable year. At the rate of not less than 1% but not more than 32% thereof. Q: What is the maximum? A: Maximum: now 35% pursuant to RA 9337 Q: When will you allow withholding beyond 15%? A: For NIT 15% is the maximum FIT the amount of withholding is totally GIT - equal to the amount of tax Tax Free Covenant Bond the bonds, mortgages, deeds of trust or other similar obligations of DC or RFC contains a contract or provision where the obligor (debtor) agrees to pay the tax imposed herein normally between the creditor and debtor Q: Who pays A: Creditor ity and the property to the tax? pays the tax by virtue of an agreement the debtor assumes the liabil creditor is now free from payment of tax before it can transfer the the buyer.

Section 58 Returns and Payment of Taxes Withheld at Source A. Quarterly Returns and Payment of Taxes Withheld at Source 1. covered by a return and paid to: a. authorized agent bank b. revenue district officer c. collection agent d. duly authorized treasurer of city or municipality where withholding agent has : his legal residence; or principal place of business; or if corporation , where principal office is located 2.Tax deducted and withheld held as a special fund in trust for the government until paid to the collecting o fficers. 3.Return for final withholding tax filed and paid within 25 days from the close of each calendar quarter 4.Return for Creditable withholding taxes filed and paid not later than last day of the month following the close of the qu arter during which withholding was made 5. Commissioner, with approval of Sec Finance require withholding agents to pay or deposit taxes at more frequent intervals wh ere necessary to protect the interest of the government B. Statement of Income Payments Made and Taxes Withheld Withholding agent shall furnish payee a written statement showing: 1. income or other payments made by WHA during such quarter or year and 2. amount of tax deducted and withheld statement given simultaneously upon payment at the request of the payee. Creditable withholding taxes corporate payee not later than the 20th day following the close of the quarter individuals payee not later than March 1 of the following year Final Withholding taxes the statement should be given to the payee on or before January 31 of the succeed ing year. C. Annual Information Return Withholding agent shall submit to the commissioner an annual information return c ontaining : 1. the list of payees and income required 2. amount of taxes withheld from each payees 3. other pertinent information required Final Withholding Tax: AIR filed on or before January 31 of the succeeding year Creditable withholding tax: AIR not later than March 1 of the year following the year for which the annual report is being submitted Commissioner may grant WHA reasonable extension of time to furnish and submit the return required herein.

D. Income of Recipient Income upon which any creditable tax is required to be withheld at source shall be included in the return of its recipient. the excess of the amount of tax so withheld over the tax due on his return shall be refunded income tax collected at source is less than the tax due on his return difference shall be paid all taxes withheld considered trust fund maintained in separate account not commingled with other funds of WHA E. Registration with Register of Deeds No registration of any document transferring real property shall be effected by t he Register of Deeds unless the commissioner or his duly authorize representativ e has certified that the transfer (1) has been reported and (2) tax due has been paid Register of Deeds requires payment of tax before transfer of property Section 59 Tax on Profits Collectible from Owner of other Persons Tax imposed under this title upon gains, profits and income not falling under the foregoing and not returned and paid by virtue of the foregoing shall be assessed by personal return Intent and Purpose of this Title All gains, profits and income of a taxable class shall be charged and assessed w ith the corresponding tax. Said tax be paid by the owner of the gains, profit or income or the person havin g the receipt, custody, control or disposal of the same Determination of Ownership: determined as of the year for which a return is required to be filed

Topics under Tax 2: Estate Tax Sections 84-97 see sec. 104 read the case of Campos Rueda vs. CIR GR # L-13250(4 2S238) Upon reading sec. 85 (B) read Vidal de Roces vs. Posadas 58 Phil. 108 Dizon vs. Posadas 57 Phil 465 Sec. 85 (G) compare with sec. 100 sec. 85 (H) compare with sec. 86 (C) Upon reading sec. 86 see RR 2-2003 Upon reading sec. 94 see Marcos vs. Sandiganbayan 273 SCRA 47 Sec. 97 Donors Tax Law Sections 98-104 G and Cumulative methods of filing donors tax returns sections 99 (A), 103 (A) (1 ) and RR 2-2003 Sections 100 and 85 (9) Remedies Under the Internal Revenue Code Sections 202-229 RR 12-99 Phoenix vs Comm 14 SCRA 52 Basilan vs. Comm. 21 SCRA 17 Yabut vs. Flojo 115 SCRA 278 Union Shipping vs. Comm 185 SCRA 547 Comm. vs. TMX 205 SCRA 184 Comm. vs. Philamlife 244 SCRA Comm. vs. CA & BPI 301 SCRA 435 BPI vs. Comm. 363 SCRA 840 -Prescription sections 203 and 222 of NIRC, sec. 194 of the LGC, sec. 270 of the LGC, sec. 1603 of Tariff and Customs Code -Protest sec. 228 of NIRC and RR 12-99 sec. 195 of LGC, 252 LGC, sec. 2313 of Ta riff & Customs Code and RA 7651 Remedies under Local Taxation Sections 128-196 of LGC Proceed 1st to sec. 186 read Bulacan vs. CA 299 SCRA 442 Then proceed to 187 Then to 151 128 Under sec. 133 (e) read Palma vs. Malangas 413 SCRA 572 Under 133 (h) read Pililia vs. Petron 198 SCRA 82 Under 133 (i) read First Holdings Co. vs. batangas City 300 SCRA 661

Under 133 (l) read Butuan vs. LTO 322 SCRA 805 Under 137 read sec. 193 of LGC Misamis vs. Cagayan de Oro 181 SCRA 38 Reyes vs. San Pablo City 305 SCRA 353 Meralco vs. Laguna 306 SCRA 750 PLDT vs. Davao City 363 SCRA 522 Co-relate sec. 139 and 147 of LGC Under sec. 140 of the LGC see sec. 125 of the Internal Revenue Code Under sec. 150 of the LGC read the following: Phil. Match vs. Cebu 81 SCRA 99 Allied Thread vs. Manila 133 SCRA 338 Sipocat vs. Shell 105 Phil. 1263 Iloilo Bottles vs. Iloilo City 164 SCRA 607 Remedies under Real Property Tax Sections 197-294 Sec. 235 LRT vs. Manila 342 SCRA 692 Cebu City vs. Mactan 261 SCRA 667 Remedies under Family Customs Law

Local Taxation

Real Estate Taxation

Tariff & Customs Code Special Customs Duty sec. 301-304 of TCC Regular Customs Duty sec. 104 of TCC RA 7631 Court of Tax appeals ( RA8232)

Value Added Tax Sections 105-115 Read RA 9337 Read ABAKADA vs Comm. GR 168056, Sept. 1, 2005

ESTATE TAX SECTION 84 There are 3 Subjects which uses the estate Income tax to be held by the estate under judicial settlement and during the pen dency of judicial settlement Estate Tax Under the Local Government Code- The real estate Tax There are 3 transfer taxes Estate tax (sec 84 to 97 of NIRC) Donors Tax (sec 98-104 NIRC) Transfer of a realty to be imposed by provinces and cities (sec 135, LGC) Note: beginning the year 1973, former Pres. Apo Lakay Marcos abolished inheritan ce tax and dones tax by virtue of PD 69 RATES OF ESTATE TAX Q: What is the formula for Estate tax? A: Gross Estate (Sec 85) - Deductions (Sec 86, par a b c) ========================= Net Estate (taxable estate) X Rate (dont include the 1st 200,0000 for this is exempt) ========================= Taxable net estate - Tax credit (if any) ======================== Tax due SEC. 104. Definitions. - For purposes of this Title, the terms "gross estate" an d "gifts" include real and personal property, whether tangible or intangible, or mixed, wherever situated: Provided, however, That where the decedent or donor w as a nonresident alien at the time of his death or donation, as the case may be, his real and personal property so transferred but which are situated outside th e Philippines shall not be included as part of his "gross estate" or "gross gift ": Provided, further, That franchise which must be exercised in the Philippines; shares, obligations or bonds issued by any corporation or sociedad anonima orga nized or constituted in the Philippines in accordance with its laws; shares, obl igations or bonds by any foreign corporation eighty-five percent (85%) of the bu siness of which is located in the Philippines; shares, obligations or bonds issu ed by any foreign corporation if such shares, obligations or bonds have acquired a business situs in the Philippines; shares or rights in any partnership, busin ess or industry established in the Philippines, shall be considered as situated in the Philippines: Provided, still further, that no tax shall be collected unde r this Title in respect of intangible personal property: (a) if the decedent at the time of his death or the donor at the time of the donation was a citizen and resident of a foreign country which at the time of his death or donation did no t impose a transfer tax of any character, in respect of intangible personal prop erty of citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country, or (b) if the laws of the foreign country of which the decedent or donor was a citizen and resident at the time of his death or donation allows a similar exemption fr om transfer or death taxes of every character or description in respect of intan gible personal property owned by citizens of the Philippines not residing in tha

t foreign country. *Sec 104 governs both estate tax and donors tax TAXPAYERS ESTATE DONORS Resident Citizen Resident citizen Non-resident Citizen Non-resident Citizen Resident Alien Resident Alien Non-resident Alien Non-resident Alien Domestic Corporation Foreign Corporations A Corporation is not capable of natural death therefore not liable to estate tax , but it may enter into a contract of donation The importance why taxpayers should be distinguished: SEC 104: both estate and donors Sec 85: for estate: decedent is a NRA for estate Donor is a NRA or FC Their liability is with respect to property deemed located in the Philip pines as when the properties are located abroad they are exempt. To the rest of the taxpayers shall have liability on property located inside or outside the Philippines The liability to pay estate tax is different from the question on whether if you were the administrator, do you include that in the estate tax return: If the decedent is a NRA, the liability is that all property located in the Phil ippines is subject to estate tax under sec 104 and sec 85. For the inclusion und er par d, sec 86, includes all properties located here or abroad for purposes of determining deductions *Sec 104 is relevant ONLY to NRA and FC, because they shall only be liable for p roperties located within, with regard to those located outside, exempt. SITUS OF TAXES: SEC 104 = Situs of estate and Donors Tax SEC 42 = Situs of Income Taxation SEC 150 (LGC) = Situs of Local Taxation What are the Intangible Personal Property deemed located in the Philippines: FRANCHISE to be exercised in the Phils.; L> A legislative enactment authorizing a person, natural or juridical to engage in trade or business. If it is exercised outside, it is deemed located outside the Philippines. BONDS, NOTES and OBLIGATIONS issued by Domestic Corporations No further requirement. Automatic BONDS, NOTES and OBLIGATIONS issued by Foreign Corporations at least 85% of the business of the corporation is located in the Philippines; o r

such acquired business situs in the Philippines Shares or rights in a business, partnership or industry established in the Phili ppines EXEMPTIONS: (NRA/FC SEC104) RECIPROCITY Foreign law of such foreign country do not impose transfer tax on intangible per sonal property owned by Filipinos who are not residing in that foreign country p rovided that the resident is a foreigner is a resident of that foreign country; O R Foreign law of that foreigner or foreign corporation allows exemption on intangi ble personal property owned by Filipinos who are not residing in that foreign co untry provided that the resident is a foreigner is a resident of that foreign co untry BAR QUESTION 1996: A German national donated his shares of stocks in a foreign corporation to his Filipina girlfriend. Since the donor is a NRA, is the donors tax law of the Phili ppines applicable? (analyze that of the donor not the donee as we do not have d onees tax nowadays) GENERALLY, the NRA is not liable because shares of stocks in a foreign corporati on is, as a rule, deemed located abroad. However, by way of exception when at le ast 85% of the business is located in the Philippines or it acquired business si tus in the Philippines. If the foreigner is a german national but he is residing in the United States, i s the exception applicable? NO, the German national must be residing also in Germany, and secondly, it is re quired that the intangible personal property owned by Filipinos in Germany is ex empt from transfer tax in that foreign country and provided that the Filipino is not residing in that country. CAMPOS RUEDA V. CIR (G.R. No. L-13250) 2009 BAR Antonio Campos Rueda as administrator of the estate of the deceased Doa Maria Cer deira, from the decision of the respondent Collector of Internal Revenue, assess ing against and demanding from the former the sum P161,874.95 as deficiency esta te and inheritance taxes, including interest and penalties, on the transfer of i ntangible personal properties situated in the Philippines and belonging to said Maria Cerdeira. a Spanish national, by reason of her marriage to a Spanish citiz en and was a resident of Tangier, Morocco from 1931 up to her death on January 2 , 1955. At the time of her demise she left, among others, intangible personal pr operties in the Philippines. On September 29, 1955, petitioner filed a provisional estate and inheritance tax return on all the properties of the late Maria Cerdeira. On the same date, resp ondent, pending investigation, issued an assessment for state and inheritance ta xes which tax liabilities were paid by petitioner. On November 17, 1955, an amen ded return was filed wherein intangible personal properties with the value of P3 96,308.90 were claimed as exempted from taxes. On November 23, 1955, respondent, pending investigation, issued another assessment for estate and inheritance tax es in the amounts of P202,262.40 and P267,402.84, respectively, or a total of P4 69,665.24 . In a letter dated January 11, 1956, respondent denied the request f or exemption on the ground that the law of Tangier is not reciprocal to Section 122 of the National Internal Revenue Code. Hence, respondent demanded the paymen t of the sums of P239,439.49 representing deficiency estate and inheritance taxe s including ad valorem penalties, surcharges, interests and compromise penalties . In a letter dated February 8, 1956, and received by respondent on the followin g day, petitioner requested for the reconsideration of the decision denying the claim for tax exemption of the intangible personal properties and the imposition of the 25% and 5% ad valorem penalties. However, respondent denied request, in his letter dated May 5, 1956 and received by petitioner on May 21, 1956. Respon

dent premised the denial on the grounds that there was no reciprocity [with Tang ier, which was moreover] a mere principality, not a foreign country. Consequentl y, respondent demanded the payment of the sums of P73,851.21 and P88,023.74 resp ectively, or a total of P161,874.95 as deficiency estate and inheritance taxes i ncluding surcharges, interests and compromise penalties. ISSUE: The principal question as noted dealt with the reciprocity aspect as well as the insisting by the Collector of Internal Revenue that Tangier was not a fo reign country within the meaning of Section 122. Ruling: Contention of the Collector of Internal Revenue, the appealed decision s tates: "In fine, we believe, and so hold, that the expression "foreign country", used in the last proviso of Section 122 of the National Internal Revenue Code, refers to a government of that foreign power which, although not an internationa l person in the sense of international law, does not impose transfer or death up on intangible person properties of our citizens not residing therein, or whose l aw allows a similar exemption from such taxes. Court of Tax Appeals admitted evi dence submitted by the administrator petitioner Antonio Campos Rueda, consisting of exhibits of laws of Tangier to the effect that "the transfers by reason of d eath of movable properties, corporeal or incorporeal, including furniture and pe rsonal effects as well as of securities, bonds, shares, were not subject, on tha t date and in said zone, to the payment of any death tax, whatever might have be en the nationality of the deceased or his heirs and legatees." It is, therefore, not necessary that Tangier should have been recognized by our Government order to entitle the petitioner to the exemption benefits of the prov iso of Section 122 of our Tax Code. SEC 85: Gross estate gross estate include real and personal property, whether tangible or intangible, or mixed, wherever situated (Sec 104) NRA: Decedent / Donor property situated outside of Philippines not included on t he gross estate Q: Tax credits under Philippine Estate tax? 1. Estate paid to a foreign country (sec b, par E) 2. The input tax under VAT (sec 110, par b) 3. Tax credit against any internal revenue tax (sec204) Q: In case of Controversy, whether the applicable tax is estate tax or donors tax , why is it that the government always insists the payment of estate tax and the taxpayer always insist on the Donors tax? The rate of the estate tax is higher than the donors tax (subj. to certain e xceptions) Gross estate in sec 85 is LONGER that the gross gift in sec 98 par b Q: Why is it that the gross gift provided for in a short par and why the gross e state provided in a very long par? There are 3 reasons: If the property is transferred AFTER the death of the transferor regardless of a ny surrounding circumstance, the applicable Transfer tax shall always be ESTATE T AX, but if transferred DURING THE LIFETIME of the transferor, we DO NOT ALWAYS ap ply DONORs TAX We CANNOT apply the donors tax made AFTER the death of the transferor, the rule i s ABSOLUTE, ESTATE tax shall be applied Section 85 Gross Estate (inclusion) A.Decedents interest (SEC 85 par a)

The law did not say decedents ownership, therefore this does not only include pro perties owned by the decedent at the time of his death, but also it may include property by which the decedent has only interest on the property Example: CONTRACT OF USUFRUCT If the contract of usufruct is for a fixed period of time, lets say for 5 years, and after 2 years, the usufructury died. Is the contract of Usufruct terminated by the death of the usufructury? NO, it is for a fixed period of time and the usufructury died only after 2 years when the contract is for 5. Hence the use of the property shall be inherited by the heirs of the usufructory Normally, upon the death of the naked owner or the usufructury, the contract of usufruct is terminated) If the usufructury dies, the merger of the usufructury in the naked owner is EXE MPT (Sec 87 par a) INCLUDES: property (1) owned at the time of death and (2) property not owned at the time of death Q: is there a conflict between Sec 88 a and Sec 87 a? How do you reconcile? A: No conflict 1.Section 87 a contemplates a situation where the usufruct is terminated by the death of the party. 2.Section 88a contemplates a usufruct for a fixed period and the contract still exist. Contract of lease included Q: How do you determine the value of usufruct? A: Sec. 88 a provides to determine the value of the right of usufruct, take int o account the probable life of the beneficiary. Transfer during the life time Normally Donors tax However there are exceptions: 1.transfer in contemplation of death (85B) 2.revocable transfer (85 C) 3.transfer for insufficient consideration TRANSFER IN CONTEMPLATION OF DEATH (SEC 85 par b)

Q: What are transfers deemed in contemplation of death? A: By virtue of Supreme Court decision; and By the Tax Code when property was transferred during the lifetime but the deced ent: retains possession or receive income or fruits of property; or retains the right to designate persons who will possess the property or the righ t to receive fruits or income Revocable Transfers SUPREME COURT DECISION: Roces case: F: during lifetime, the following document were instituted or executed simultane ously 1.will and 2. donation The heirs insisted to pay Donors tax, Posados the collector tried to collect inhe ritance tax. unique thing: Donees were also the heirs in the last will and testament

Donees wanted to pay donors tax because it is always lower than the estate tax ex cept when the donee is a stranger H: this is a transfer in contemplation of death Dizon Case: F: A Deed of Donation was executed by Dizon. Dizon died several days thereafter and the son is claiming that the tax that sho uld be imposed is the donors tax/ son claims Donors tax H:Transfers in contemplation of death 1. revocable transfers are included in the gross estate Reason: the decedent retains tremendous power and control over the property 2. Irrevocable transfers are not included in the gross estate: exempt Reason: the decedent losses control over the property Notice Not Required because the person has the control over the property D. Property passing under general power of appointment 2009 BAR If you read the code, it is similar to Sec 85 par. B, however the one to be unde rstood here is that part of the title general power of appointment Same with fidei commissary substitution 3 parties: 1.testator / decedent 2.1st heir upon death, he being the fiduciary, it is exempt (sec87 par b) 3.2nd heir

Q: Why exempt? A: The first heir as fiduciary did not choose as who will be the second heir (fi deicomissary) since it was the testator who chose the latter Under US Laws: The 1st heir died and property would be transferred to the second heir The estate of the 1st heir is liable for estate tax for the reason that he is the one who chooses the 2nd heir TAKE NOTE: To determine whether included in Estate or not, know who has the choi ce to designate the 2nd heir: if decedent instructs the 1st heir that he can transfer the property to whomever he wants included in gross estate 1st heir choice included in gross estate E. Proceeds of Life Insurance Under income tax, this is an exclusion (sec 32 par b1 & b2) subject to certain requirements. If upon the death of the testator insurance has been paid it is exempt. 1. The decedent insured himself; and 2. Beneficiary is the estate represented by the executor or administrator whethe r revocable or irrevocable: included in gross estate whether designation is revocable or irrevocable Beneficiary is 3rd person or those other than the estate: revocable included in the gross estate irrevocable not included in the gross estate

*for the same reason of control over the proceeds Q: Are the requirements the same as income tax under sec 32 b1 & b2? A: No, B1 requires only one requirement to be exempt from INCOME tax: It is paya ble upon the death regardless of who is the beneficiary, revocable or irrevocabl e, by installment or amortization), with PROVISO, if there is an agreement as to the INTEREST, then that interest is no l onger exempt. EXAMPLE: The proceeds of life insurance is Php1M, and the insurer and the insured agreed that there will be payment of interest of 65K. The 65K interest is no longer exe mpt as PROCEEDS and INTEREST are DIFFERENT In Sec 32 par B2, insurance paid after a fixed number of time, say 10 years, and after that 10 years, the insured is still alive and kicking, he was paid 1M. Is the entire amount of 1M exempt from income tax? NO, the entire amount is not exempt. Determine first the actual premium paid during the existence of the contract, le t us say Php100K was paid as premium and the Php900K was the equivalent of the r eturn. The 100K is the one exempt and the 900K is the one subject to income tax (sec 32 par A8)

Is it subject to VAT? The one subject to VAT is the NON-LIFE Insurance except CROP Insurance (Sec 108 , Par A, Middle part) Q: What about LIFE? It is not subject to VAT since it is already subject to percentage tax which is in the nature of a BUSINESS TAX under sec 123. BASIS: the Principle : If one is subject to percentage tax then, as a general ru le, it is no longer subject to VAT or Vice Versa F. Prior Interest > irrelevant provision The one referred to in this paragraph are the items provided for in Sec 85 par B (transfer in contemplation of death), par C (revocable transfer), par E (procee ds of life Insurance), as to whether it happened before or after the codificatio n/effectivity of the code for the first time in 1989. G. Transfer for insufficient consideration Q: Similar or in connection with Sec 100 (Donors tax) can you apply the two (2) p rovisions simultaneously? A: No, alternative application, one or the other but not both (Estate OR Donors) depending upon the time of transfer OR motive of the transferor: estate tax When motive of the transferor for transferring the property for LESS than the ad equate consideration, it SHALL be because of impending death or maybe due to a terminal disease Donors tax When the motive for transfer is because of generosity or kindness, because the

buyer or transferee is a relative or friend HOWEVER, the code provides that in case of bona fide sale for an ADEQUATE and F ULL consideration in money or moneys worth, the same shall not be considered as T ransfer for inadequate consideration Example: A parcel of land in metro manila was sold by the owner for a selling p rice which is very much lower than the adequate fair market value, with the FMV of 1M but it was sold for Php600K because the buyer is a relative. Is it subject to transfer tax? A: The facts of the question are very clear. There is no need to qualify. Due to the relation of the parties, it was transferred for less than the adequate cons ideration. Sec 100 says that DONORs Tax is applied if the real property is other than the on e mentioned is Sec 24 par D1 (real property located in the Philippines which is a CAPITAL ASSET). If Real Deed of Donation was executed -Donors Tax will apply. Why? It is not subject to Donors Tax because the applicable tax is the FIT which is 6% erroneously known as capital gains tax What does Sec 24, par D1 say? The tax applicable for the sale, barter or exchange, and other modes of disposit ion (which includes Transfer for Less than the Adequate Consideration) The basis being the GROSS SELLING PRICE or the FAIR MARKET VALUE, whichever is H IGHER Q: Will your answer be the same if Shares Of Stocks are sold? A: No, answer not the same, Shares Of Stocks is not the type of property contemp lated in Sec 24 D (1) in this case, the amount by which the FMV of prop exceeds the value of the consid eration, it shall be deemed a gift and included in the computation of the gross gift: subject to Donors Tax Q: What is the subject matter in 85 G? A: paragraphs 85 B, 85 C, 85 D Sale in good faith as a defense: 1.under Section 100 is not a defense as the phrase except in a bona fide sale 2. under Section 85 G, it is a defense H. Capital of Surviving Spouse correlate with Sec 86 C both speak of legally married individual only What are these properties? pertains to the separate property of spouse who survived Let us make a correction: capital here is used in its generic sense, to include the paraphernal property o f the wife surviving spouse may be man or woman (di lagging namamatay yung wife. Paminsan mi nsan lang.)

Is the capital or paraphernal property or share in the marriage settlement, as the cas e may be, subject to ESTATE TAX? A: No, in all cases because under sec 85 par h, the separate property of the sur viving spouse, the law says, it is not to be included in the gross estate and th erefore, EXEMPT. What about Section 86 par c? That the share of the surviving spouse in the conjugal partnership (50%) should be included but not subject to estate tax because it is a deduction Why should we include the share of the surviving spouse then deduct it? The relevance lies in determining whether or not it complies with the requiremen ts under section 89 and section 90: Written notice of death is required when the GROSS ESTATE exceeds Php20K, OR, wh en TRANSFER is subject to tax (Sec 89); Estate Tax return determine whether gross value is at least P200,000 (Sec 90); or regardless of the value of the estate, it consist of registered or registrable p roperty such as real property, motor vehicle, shares of stock or other similar p roperty Further, if gross value is at least 2M, the return will be supported by a statem ent certified by a CPA. SECTION 86 Q: Who are the taxpayers under 86 A? A: 1.RC 2.NRC 3.RA Q: Who is the taxpayer under 86 B? A: NRA Q: Why do we need to know this? A: NRA cannot avail of the following deductions: 1.family income 2.standard deduction 3.hospitalization 4.retirement pay under RA 4917 A. Deductions Allowed to the Estate of a Citizen or Resident A1. Expenses, Losses, Indebtedness and Taxes (ELIT) a) FUNERAL EXPENSES (par A1 a) 1.Actual Funeral Expenses (die now pay later); or 2.amount equal to 5% of gross estate apply whichever is lower Limitation: a) Amount equal to 5% of gross estate should not exceed P200,000 (basis is the g ross value) RR 2-2003 States those expenses incurred before the burial Sets limitation as to amount Not to exceed Php200K as to the value meaning without deductions and in NO case exceed 5% of the gross estate value Q: Suppose it is only Php155K, is there an instance wherein it would not be allo

wed? A: YES, if the amount exceeds 5% of the gross estate value Q: Why is the gross estate of the Absolute Community would be included in the Ne st Estate then to be deducted? A: To determine the gross estate. The importance is; to determine the limitation of the funeral expense because the basis is not the net estate but the gross value of the estate; to determine on whether the heirs of the decedent will make a written notice of the death of the person to the BIR (sec 89) that it should be at least with a g ross value of 20,000 for purposes of filing the return, the general rule that the gross value is at l east 200,000 (sec 90) If the gross value of the estate is at least 2M, the certification issued by a C PA (sec 90)

Going Back to RR 2-2003 The actual funeral expense shall include: purchasors mourning apparel (black clothes) Food and drinks Publication for death notices Telecommunication expenses incurred informing relatives of the deceased; Cost of burial plot, tombstones, monument or mausoleum but not their upkeep (onl y to the value where he is buried) Interment or cremation charges And other necessary expenses incurred for the purpose of the rites and ceremonie s incident to the interment/burial Death anniversary and those incurred after the burial, as it necessarily follows , shall not be included as a deduction b) JUDICIAL EXPENSES (par A1 b) > Both the NIRC and RR 2-2003 provides judicial expenses as deductions (both tes tamentary and intestate) > no limitation as to the amount of the expense Q: What about if it is extra-judicial settlement of estate, are these also deduc tible? A: YES, although the NIRC and RR 2-2003 is silent, the SC, in the case of Pajona r vs Commissioner (328 S 666), considered extra-judicial settlement as deductibl e. Pajonar vs Commissioner (328 S 666) F: Pedro Pajonar, a member of the Philippine Scout, Bataan Contingent, during th e second World War, was a part of the infamous Death March by reason of which he suffered shock and became insane. His sister Josefina Pajonar became the guardi an over his person, while his property was placed under the guardianship of the Philippine National Bank (PNB) by the RTC31, in Special Proceedings. He died on January 10, 1988. He was survived by his two brothers Isidro and Gregorio, his s ister Josefina, nephews Concordio Jandog and Mario Jandog and niece Conchita Jan dog. On May 11, 1988, the PNB filed an accounting of the decedent s property under gu ardianship valued at P3,037,672.09. However, the PNB did not file an estate tax return, instead it advised Pedro Pajonar s heirs to execute an extrajudicial set tlement and to pay the taxes on his estate. On April 5, 1988, pursuant to the as

sessment by the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), the estate of Pedro Pajonar pa id taxes in the amount of P2,557. On December 19, 1988, pursuant to a second assessment by the BIR for deficiency estate tax in the amount of P1,527,790.98. Josefina Pajonar, in her capacity as administratrix filed a protest on January 11, 1989 with the BIR praying that the estate tax payment in the amount of P1,527,790.98, or at least some portion of it, be returned to the heirs. However, on August 15, 1989, without waiting for h er protest to be resolved by the BIR, Pajonar filed a petition for review with the CTA, praying for the refund of P1,527,790.98, or in the alternative, P840,20 2.06, as erroneously paid estate tax. On May 6, 1993, the CTA ordered the Commissioner of Internal Revenue to refund J osefina Pajonar the amount of P252,585.59, representing erroneously paid estate tax for the year 1988. Among the deductions from the gross estate allowed by the CTA were the amounts of P60,753 (notarial fee for the Extrajudicial Settlemen)t and P50,000 (attorney s fees in Special Proceedings for guardianship). On June 15, 1993, the CIR filed a motion for reconsideration, that the notarial fee for the Extrajudicial Settlement and the attorney s fees in the guardianship proceedings are not deductible expenses. On June 7, 1994, the CTA issued the assailed Resolution ordering the CIR to ref und Pajonar,, the amount of P76,502.42 representing erroneously paid estate tax for the year 1988, the validity of the deduction of the notarial fee for the Ext rajudicial Settlement and the attorney s fees in the guardianship proceedings. C IR filed a petition for review, where on December 21, 1995, the Court of Appeals denied the Commissioner s petition Issue: Whether or not extra-judicial expenses may be allowed as a deduction H: This law has been copied from U.S. In US, expenses to be claimed as a deduct ion both judicial and extra judicial expenses. The notarial fee paid for the ext rajudicial settlement is clearly a deductible expense since such settlement effe cted a distribution of Pedro Pajonar s estate to his lawful heirs. Similarly, th e attorney s fees paid to PNB for acting as the guardian of Pedro Pajonar s prop erty during his lifetime should also be considered as a deductible administratio n expense. PNB provided a detailed accounting of decedent s property and gave ad vice as to the proper settlement of the latter s estate, acts which contributed towards the collection of decedent s assets and the subsequent settlement of the estate. The December 21, 1995 Decision of the Court of Appeals is AFFIRMED. C. Claims against the estate (par A1 c) This means that the decedent here is the debtor or the Estate is the debtor Q: If the decedent is the debtor, is the executor or administrator allowed to cl aim the indebtedness as a deduction? A: YES, provided Requirements: 1. include the amount of indedbtedness in the gross estate; 2. at the time the indebtedness was incurred the debt instrument was duly notari zed; 3. loan contracted within 3 days before death, the administrator or executor s hall submit a statement showing how the proceeds of the loan was dispensed 4. RR 2-2003 (additional Requirement) The creditor, whether a natural or juridical person, should execute a certificat ion or an affidavit to the effect that the decedent is the debtor If creditor is a CORPORATION, all officers of the corporation must sign d) Claims against insolvent person (par A1 d) The decedent/Estate is the creditor RR 2-2003 Requirement: the only requirement is that the (only) amount of loan is included in the gross e state

notarization and certification not required e). Unpaid Mortgage, taxes and losses (par A1 e) 3 expenses provided : Mortgage Indebtedness Taxes which accrued before the death of decedent Loss by virtue of natural calamities NOTE: To be recognized as a deduction must first be included in the gross estate If the loan is an accommodation loan, it must be included as a receivable of the estate Unpaid mortgage 1. Value of the decedents interest in the property is undiminished by such mortga ge; 2. Included in the value of the gross estate; Illustration: 1 million FMV but mortgage is only 600,000 you include 1 million Q: In unpaid mortgage who is the mortgagor? decedent mortgagor-debtor where until he died, he failed to pay the mortgage i ndedbtedness Q: is it an allowable deduction? A: YES, provided that the amount of the value of the property is included in the Gross Estate Q: A land valued at 1M as mortgage for 50K. A: In order to be a deduction to be allowed: Include the value of the property undiminished; Do not deduct the value of the mortgage Hence, the entire amount of 1M should be included Taxes Q: Is real estate tax a deduction? A: Yes, it accrued prior to the decedents death Q: the taxes referred to in these section are those which accrued prior to the d eath of the decedent. Is estate tax included? A: NO. Estate tax accrues upon the death of the decedent. It will only be allowe d if it accrued prior to the decedents death. Losses By virtue of natural calamity to be deductible: losses incurred during the settlement of the estate; arising from fire, storms, shipwreck or other casualties, or from robbery, theft or embezzlement Such loss is NOT compensated by insurance; At the time of the filing, such losses have been claimed as a deduction for inco me tax purposes (sec 34 par d); Such losses were incurred not later than the last day of payment of the estate t ax (sec 91A), six months after death of the decedent. A2. Property Previously Taxed (par A2) Q: Why is this the most favorite in the BAR?

A: Because it covers both ESTATE and DONORs Tax Partially known as Vanishing Deduction Return Applicable to both Estate and Donors Tax Applies to natural persons Acquires property by virtue of Inheritance or donation After acquisition, that person who acquired the property died Within 5 years 20% deduction of the value of property Within 4 years 40% Within 3 years 60% Within 2 years 80% Within 1 year 100% Q: What if acquired through purchase or any n donation or inheritance? A: Not apply, the property must be acquired 2.Estate tax or Donors tax already paid by 3.Any person who died within five (5) years other modes of acquisition other tha by inheritance or donation the Estate of the Decedent (1st par) prior to the death of the decedent

Example: X, died in January 2008. Prior to his death, he received a property fr om Y in March of 2007. How much will be deducted from the gross estate? A: The amount which can be deducted from the gross estate is 100% of the value o f the property received by X. Since X died within 1 year from the time the prope rty was donated, from the table 100% of the property can be claimed by the execu tor as vanishing deduction, provided, that the donors tax or estate tax imposed b y the code was paid for the transfer. BAR QUESTION: Suppose the person who died within 1 died and it was inherited by the son, suppo se the son also died within a year or 2 years, should we still apply the vanishin g deduction A: No more. (last Sec 86 par A2) Q: A: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What are the amounts? Prior Decedent died within: 5years 20% 4years 40% 3 years -60% 2 years 80% 1 year -100%

Q: Suppose the person died within 1 year and it was inherited by son, suppose th e son also died within 1 year or may be 2 years, should we apply the vanishing d eductions? A: No more (last par Sec 86 A2) A3. Transfer to the Govt, Political Subdivision, including Agencies and Instrumen talities Exclusively for PUBLIC PURPOSE (PAR A3) Important is the phrase public purpose Compare to sec 87 par d Sec 86 Par A3 Sec 87 Par d Exclusive for public purpose Social welfare Charitable institution Cultural Institution ---nothing follows--Not more than 30% shall be used for administrative purposes

amount of all bequest, legacies, devises or transfers Recipient: government or any political subdivision exclusively for public purpose Take Note: 30% of which not used for administrative purpose is not a requirement A4. FAMILY HOME (par A4) amount equivalent to the current FMV of the Family Home of decedent. Limit: FMV should not exceed 1 million otherwise the excess will be subject to e state tax. Q: If the house is only 700K A: ONLY up to 700K shall be considered a deduction Q: If it is 1.6M? A: Maximum of 1M shall be considered a deduction, the excess shall be subject to estate tax RR 2-2003 Requirements: Person is legally married General Rule: if single not allowed to claim Except: if head of the family Family Home actual residence of the decedent Certification of Barangay Captain of locality The amount of the family home must be included in the estate Q: Filipino who is a permanent resident of the United States, when he died, the administrator argued that under Sec 86 par A, it includes there, non-resident ci tizen, is he allowed? A: NO. The family home must be the ACTUAL residence of the decedent (RR 2-2003) an not only that, generally, he must be LEGALLY married or a single person who i s the head of the family Q: Is there conflict with NRA? A: NRA in RR 2-2003 is specific, Sec 86 par A1 A5. STANDARD DEDUCTIONS (par A5) Don not confuse with optional standard deduction (sec 34 par L) as that pertain to income taxation Up to the extent of 1M BOTH RR 2-2003 and the NIRC do not require further requirement, HENCE, automatic (RC, NRC, RA) Sec 86 par A A6. MEDICAL EXPENSES (par A6) Requirements: 1. amount not exceeding P500,000 2. medical expenses incurred by the decedent within one (1) year prior to his de ath. 3. must be duly substantiated with receipt BAR QUESTION 2003: A person was hospitalized for 2 years, and after the lapse of 2 years, that pers on died in the hospital. His expense is 110K. Can the 400K be claimed as a deduc

tion of hospitalization expenses? A: NO. The computation of the amount shall not exceed 500K, as provided by law, and should only be within 1 year to be computed up to the death of the decedent, hence, you have to determine how much is spent within the span of 1 year immedi ately before his death since the facts state two years. A7. RETIREMENT PAY (par A7) Not all retirement pays are DEDUCTIBLE Other than RA 4917, not considered deductions UNDER RA 4917 (RETIREMENT PAY WITH PRIVATE PLAN) Requirements: 1. plan duly approved by the BIR 2. person at least 50 years old 3. must at least be 10 years in service 4. may be availed only once TAKE NOTE: This is a deduction in the nature of exemption, all other retirement plan is excluded Q: If your relative receives a retirement plan from the GSIS or the SSS? A: These are not deductions (Sec 32 par B6(a) GSIS- group sex isnt safe SSS safety sex services BIR blow job is recommended *Check retirement pay as a deduction for the two kinds of retirement plan B. Deductions Allowed to Non-resident Estates > the decedent is a non-resident alien ALLOWED NOT ALLOWED E L I T (A1) Family home (A4) Vanishing deductions (A2) Standard deduction (A5) Transfers for public use(A3) Hospital expenses (A6) Retirement pay (A7)

Q: What about the one mentioned in sec 86 A1? A: that is a deduction here, because paragraph B says, deductions provided for in the succeeding subsection A1, the enumeration beginning from actual funeral expe nses to mortgage indebtedness. C. Shares in the Conjugal Property The share of the surviving spouse in the conjugal partnership (50%) should be in cluded but not subject to estate tax because it is a deduction Why should we include the share of the surviving spouse then deduct it? the relevance lies in determining whether or not it complies with the requiremen ts under section 89 and section 90: Written notice of death is required when the GROSS ESTATE exceeds Php20K, OR, wh

en TRANSFER is subject to tax; Estate Tax return determine whether gross value is at least P200,000 (Sec 90); or regardless of the value of the estate, it consist of registered or registrable p roperty such as real property, motor vehicle, shares of stock or other similar p roperty Further, if gross value is at least 2M, the return will be supported by a statem ent certified by a CPA. D. Miscellaneous Provisions For NRA: No deduction shall be allowed unless, the executor, administrator or he ir, included in the return the value at the time of his death that part of his g ross estate not situated in the Philippines. For proper deduction must include E. below E. Tax Credit for Estate Tax Paid to Foreign Country SECTION 87 (go back to discussion on Sec 85 par D) EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN ACQUISITION AND TRANSMISSIONS (as discussed, exempt) 1. Merger of usufruct in the owner of the naked title; 2. transmission or delivery of the inheritance or legacy by the fiduciary heir o r legatee to the fideicommissary; 3. transmission from the first heir, legatee or legacy donee in favor of another beneficiary, in accordance with the desire of the predecessor; 4. All bequest, devises, legacies or transfers to (1) social welfare (2) cultura l and (3) charitable institution Requirements: 1.no part of the net income insures to the benefit of any individual; 2.not more than 30% of donation (BDL) shall be used by such institutions for adm inistration purposes. Q: Why is it that when more than 30%, it is no longer a deduction? A: The very purpose for which the property has been donated, that it will be for charitable, social welfare and cultural, will be rendered meaningless or negato ry SECTION 88 DETERMINATION OF THE VALUE OF THE ESTATE Q: How to determine the usufruct (sec 88 par A) A: It is based on the BASIC STANDARD MORALITY TABLE being used in the United Sta tes Q: Due to the merger with the owner of the usufruct is exempt, how come the valu e will be determined? A: The value of the usufruct shall be determined for the purpose of imposition o f the estate tax ( Sec 88 par k) A.Usufruct 1.Determine value of right of usufruct: consider the probable life of the beneficiary based on the latest Basic Standard Mortality Table B.Properties

fair market value of the Estate at the time of death 1.FMV determined by Commissioner 2.FMV schedule of values fixed by the Provincial or City Assessors Q: The BIR, after 5 years from the death of the decedent assessed now the proper ty, personal property, at the time of death, it is only valued at 1M, 5 years th ereafter, it was already 4M. Is the BIR correct? A: No. The basis there must be at the time of the death Of the decedent This is for personal property as a rule RR 2-2003 A different tule in determining the value of the shares of stocks (also personal property) It all depends on whether listed or unlisted in the local stock exchange UNLISTED COMMON SHARES basis shall be based on its BOOK VALUE UNLISTED PREFERRED SHARES basis shall be the PAR VALUE LISTED SHARES OF STOCKS fluctuates The value of the shares listed in the stock market fluctuates Determine the highest and lowest. You use the highest immediately before the dea th (arithmetic Mean) Real Property (Sec 88 par B) It should be the valuedetermined by the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue- Z onal Value; or The value determined by the city assessors office Whichever is HIGHER SECTION 89 NOTICE OF DEATH TO BE FILED Q: What is the Basis? A: the gross estate of the person Q: A person died, do you inform the BIR in writing? A: It depends. If the GROSS value of the estate is at least 20,000. Q:When is the notice required to be filed? A: 1. all cases of transfer subject to tax 2.although exempt, when gross values of the estate exceeds P200,000 Q: When filed? A: within two (2) months 1. after decedents death 2. same period after qualifying as executor or administrator give a written notice Q: If the Net Estate is at least P17,000 will you in form the commissioner? A: yes, the gross is at least 3-4 million Q: Why? A: The gross will have: The STANDARD DEDUCTION OF 1M The deduction of the FAMILY HOME 1M Where the GROSS value of the decedent belongs to par A (2M) the net estate woul d be Php0.00 SECTION 90 ESTATES TAX RETURNS Q: When required to file return? A: 1. all cases of transfer subject to tax

2. even though exempt, gross value of the estate exceeds P200,000 3. regardless of gross value of the estate, when the same consists of registe red or registrable prop such as: 1.real property 2.motor vehicle 3. shares of stocks 4. other similar property where clearance from BIR necessary for transfer of own ership in the name of the transferee return must set forth the following: 1.value of the gross estate at time of death 2.deductions allowed 3.information necessary to establish correct taxes Q: What if Estate is exempt because it is of minimal value (200,000 and below:Se c 84), is it required to file a return? A: General Rule: No Exception: a. gross value exceeds P200,000 b.estate contains registrable property Q: what if the gross value is below 200,000? A: General Rule: Filing is not required, EXCEPT if the property involved constit ute resgistrable property like shares of stocks, motor vehicle and parcels of la nd Q: if the estate or gross estate exceeds 2 million, what is the requirement? A: return must be duly certified by a CPA SECTION 91 Time of Filing GENERAL RULE: The time for paying the estate tax is at the time the return is fi led > > > PAY AS YOU FILE filed within 6 months from decedents death within 30 days for filing the return within 30 days after promulgation of such order 1.certified copy of the schedule of partition and 2.order of court approving the same Extension of Time Filing Time: 30 days Grounds: meritorious cases Who grants: Commissioner Extension for PAYMENT of the tax Extra-judicial shall not be more than 2 years Judicial shall not exceed 5 years Q: If the extension for payment is granted, what is the obligation of the admini strator/executor? A; File a bond not more than double the amount of tax Sec 91 par C says: The primary liability falls upon the administrator/executor, if he failed to pay the subsidiary liability falls upon the heirs. The primary liability of the adm inistrator/executor is not personal, hence he must be reimbursed. Q: is the obligation of the heirs to pay the tax, joint or solidary? A: JOINT. Sec 91 par C says the obligation of the heir to pay the tax liability s hall not be more than the share in the estate only up to the extent of his share.

Place of filing: return shall be filed with: 1.authorized agent bank 2.revenue district officer 3. collection officer 4. duly authorized treasurer city or municipality in which decedent was domiciled at the time of his death Q: What if non resident? A: NR with no legal residence here, with the office of the commissioner. Q:Let us say there are 3 compulsory heirs, namely A, B, and C. A renounces his i nheritance coming from the parents, but A renounces his inheritance in favor of his 2 siblings, brother and sister B and C. Is this subject to donors tax? A:NO. It is exempt. Q:But if in the given example, A said I am renouncing my inheritance, but I am gi ving it to my sister B, is this subject to donors tax? A:YES. Renunciation is to the disadvantage of the brother. SECTION 92 DISCHARGE OF THE EXECUTOR or ADMINISTRATOR Q: If you want to be relieved from liability as an executor/administrator? A: 1. File a written application with the BIR stating that you want to be absolv ed from the liability to be done within 1 year If there has been a RETURN filed Must be done within 1 year from the time the reurn has been filed If RETURN has not been filed The 1 year should be counted fron the filing of the written application SECTION 93 DEFICIENCY ASSESSMENT Deficiency amount which the estate tax exceeds the amount shown in the return, n o amount was shown or if there is no return, the amount by which the tax exceeds the amounts previously assessed Where the taxpayer shall receive a notice of assessment These 3 provisions say that if you file the reurn and pay the tax, but the tax i s not enough, you are going to receive an assessment, again OR If you filed the re turn but did not pay the tax OR you did not file the return nor paid the tax: INCOME TAX (sec 58 par B) ESTATE TAX (Sec 93) Donors Tax ( sec 104, last portion) SECTION 94 PAYMENT BEFORE DELIVERY BY EXECUTOR/ADMINISTRATOR The judge may authorize the administrator to deliver or distribute to any party in interested in the estate PROVIDED that a CERTIFICATION from the Commissioner that the estate has been paid MARCOS vs. SANDIGANBAYAN (273 SCRA 47) F: BIR to collect estate tax but the estate is under judicial settlement. Is it necessary for the BIR to ask permission from the RTC judge holding the case. H: NO. The function of the judge in the judicial settlement is different from th e function of the BIR. The judge shall partition the property and the BIR to col lect the tax

SECTION 95 Persons obliged to Notify the BIR Q: Who are these persons obliged to notify the BIR in case they encounter execut ion of documents, certain acts or transactions which will reveal the payment of estate tax? A: 1.an attorney who executed the extrajudicial partition or a judicial settlement where he was obliged to file a petition or pleading with the court; 2. A notary public who notarized the the settlement of estate whether judicial o r extrajudicial 3.The city provincial engineer who made the cadastral survey for purposes of par tition Section 96 Restitution If after payment, new obligations of the decedent appears, upon satisfaction of which, they shall have the right to restitution of the proportional part of the tax paid. SECTION 97 Decedents Bank Accounts Incidentally, in section 94, before the judge shall distribute the property, the judge should secure the certification of payment of estate tax. The proof to be presented here by the parties is not the estate tax received, th at is not enough, the law says certificate of payment of tax, which mean to say, you have to present the receipt. RECEIPT= the certification in the nature of an affidavit signed by the BIR offic er that indeed the tax has been paid. (relate to sec. 94) Q: Is there an instance that the executor, administrator or heir can withdraw wi thout the certificate of payment or even without the payment of estate tax? A: The law says you are allowed to withdraw money not exceeding 30K. (before it was 20K) Q: What if the bank account is a checking account? A: There is a remedy although it is illegal and immoral. Text me if you want to know (

DONORS TAX SECTION 98 Imposition of Tax (A) There shall be levied, assessed, collected and paid upon the transfer by a ny person, resident or nonresident, of the property by gift, a tax, computed as provided in Section 99. (B) The tax shall apply whether the transfer is in trust or otherwise, whether the gift is direct or indirect, and whether the property is real or personal, t

angible or intangible. Q: What is the formula? A GROSS GIFT (SEC98 par B) DEDUCTIONS (SEC 101, par A & B) ============== NET GIFT (TAXABLE GIFT) X RATE (1ST 100,000 is exempt) ============== TAXABLE NET GIFT TAX CREDIT (if any) ============== DONORs TAX Q: What are the tax credits possible Sec 101, par C Donors tax paid to a foreign country Sec 110 par B, last phrase Input tax under the VAT system where it may be claimed against any of the intern al revenue tax Sec 204 (Tax Credit Certificate) Tax credit may be claimed against any internal revenue tax except withholding ta x SECTION 99 Rates of Tax Payable by Donor. - (A) In General. - The tax for each ca lendar year shall be computed on the basis of the total net gifts made during th e calendar year in accordance with the following schedule. If the net gift is:

OVER BUT NOT OVER TAX SHALL BE PLUS EXCESS OF P 100,000 EXEMPT P 100,000 200,000 0 2%

P100,000 200,000 500,000 2,000 4% 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 14,000 6% 500,000 1,000,000 3,000,000 44,000 8% 1,000,000 3,000,000 5,000,000 204,000 10% 3,000,000 5,000,000 10,000,000 404,000 12% 5,000,000 10,000,000 1,004,000 15% 10,000,000 Q: What are the properties to be included? Real Personal Tangible Intangible Note: Sec 99 A and Sec 103 par A1 The understanding of the splitting method of filing a donors tax return and the cumulative way of filing the return Under the tax code, it is only the two rated gift in one calendar year, that is the cumulative In RR 2-2003: Under the estate tax, there is no such thing as cumulative or splitting, tha t is not so true in donors tax Q: What is the reason why there is cumulative or splitting? A: In donors tax, there are two rates (Sec 99 par B) The fluctuation rates from 2 to 15 if the degree is a relative; The flat rate of 30% if the done is a stranger Generally, for donations made to relatives, the cumulative mode is relevant. How ever, by way of exception, when the amount of donation is 10M and above, the cum ulative method is no longer relevant since in that cae, the rate applicable is 1 5%, hence it is as if the rate is fixed.

If the Donee is: SECTION 99A RELATIVE After division into 2 or 3, just once or several donations, PROVIDED, the net gi ft after division is 10M or lower than 10M, then the rate will vary depending up on the availability of other deductions. Q: Who are the relatives? Brother, sister (full or half-blood), spouses, ancestor and lineal descendant Relative by consanguinity in the collateral line within the 4th degree of relati onship Q: What do you mean by SPLITTING? Splitting is allowed when 2 or more donations will be executed in 2 or more CALE NDAR years, whether the done is a relative or a stranger, in both cases it may b e applied, however it is only material if it a relative. Example: 1st donation was on December 27, 2005, the 2nd donation was on January 3, 2006. What should be the method to be employed? A: Splitting method After division, it was below 10M net gift, and we cannot give the exact figure s ince it will depend upon the availability of deductions, what will be the rate? A: the rate maybe 8 or maybe 6 depending on the availability of the deductio ns Q: What do you mean by CUMULATIVE? A: 2 or more donations made within ONE calendar year Example The amount of the donors tax is 8,000; on December 27, 2005, the taxpayer immedia tely filed the return and paid the tax of 8,000; on January 3, 2006, he made ano ther donation to the same done, a relative; the value of the property being belo w 10M, applying the new rate depending upon the availability of other deductions , he also paid 8,000; in cumulative, can you do that? A: NO, it shall be more than 16,000 In January 2005, you made a donation to a relative to which the tax should be p aid within 30 days, so you paid 8,000; May 2005 you made another donation, what do you include? A: You have to include the value of the property on the donation made in Ja nuary 2005 because both donations were made in the same calendar year If after computing, it says there 24,000, are we going to pay the 24,000? A: NO, you will only pay 16,000 because we have previously paid 8,000 alre ady SQ: Sir, anong Kalokohan ba yan? NO, hindi ito kalokohan because the rate of the tax will be increased as the v alue of the property donated increases because the 2 donations were cumulative. SECTION 99B STRANGER (B) Tax Payable by Donor if Donee is a Stranger. - When the donee or beneficiary is stranger, the tax payable by the donor shall be thirty percent (30%) of the n et gifts. For the purpose of this tax, a "stranger", is a person who is not a:

(1) Brother, sister (whether by whole or half-blood), spouse, ances tor and lineal descendant; or (2) Relative by consanguinity in the collateral line within the four th degree of relationship. It does not follow; you cannot do that because the donors tax that should be paid is a flat rate of 30% Q: A donation was made on December 27, 1994d, several days thereafter on Janary 3, 1995, another donation was made, the done is the SON; now the BIR examiner sa id, since the donation was made between several days only, why not include the va lue of the property you have donated on December 27, 1994 to this donation on Ja nuary 3, 1995. Is the examiner correct? A: NO, where the donation were made in different years, you cannot apply the cumulative whether the done is a relative or not (RR 2-2003) The donation was made through splitting, one was mad 12/27/2000, the second one was made 1/3/2001. After division, the net gift for each donation wer exactly 10 0K each (net gift divided into 2). Do you now say that the taxpayer will pay les s because the method applied was splitting? A: NO as the donation is exempt. Sec 99 par B provides that if the NET GIFT is at least 100k or below it is EXEMPT. Do not get me wrong; cumulative and splitting applies to BOTH relatives and stra ngers, only that it is material when the done is a relative. SECTION 99 par C Contribution for Purposes of Election (C) Any contribution in cash or in kind to any candidate, political party or coal ition of parties for campaign purposes shall be governed by the Election Code, a s amended Q: if the done is a candidate in the next election, is the donor exempt? A: While it is true that SEC 99 par C is totally silent about it, and theref ore if the law is silent, we do not presume exemption (there has to be an explic it provisions in the law) but considering the election code as mended in 1992 by RA 7166, sec 13 where it says, if the the done is a candidate, a political party or a coalition of political parties, the donation is EXEMPT from donors tax PROV IDED the donation was properly reported to the office of the COMELEC SECTION 100 Transfer for inadequate consideration Where property, other than real property referred to in Section 24(D), is transf erred for less than an adequate and full consideration in money or money s worth , then the amount by which the fair market value of the property exceeded the va lue of the consideration shall, for the purpose of the tax imposed by this Chapt er, be deemed a gift, and shall be included in computing the amount of gifts mad e during the calendar year. (Compare with Sec 85 G) Transfer for less than the adequate consideration Dont confuse with Sec 83 par G, estate Do not impose the tax simultaneously

It should be only either of the two depending upon the motive or intent of the t ransferor ESTATE TAX- motive is impending death DONORs TAX- motive is generosity or kindness 2002 and 2009 Bar Question: What are the properties which may be the subject of a transfer for less th an the adequate consideration where the applicable transfer tax shall be donors t ax? A: Any kind of property, real, personal, intangible or tangible) provided it is not the one mentioned in Sec 24 par D1 ( real property located in the Philippin es which is a capital asset) Q: How about that stated in Sec 85 par G? Any kind of property also provided it is the one mentioned in sec 85 par B, tran sfer in contemplation of death, C (revocable transfer) and D (property passing u nder the general power of appointment) Q: How about the defense of Bona Fide Sale in good faith? A: This is a defense only for sec 85 par G and not a defense for Sec 100 because nothing is mentioned. SECTION 101 Exemption of Certain Gifts The following gifts or donations shall be exempt from the tax provided for in th is Chapter: (A) In the Case of Gifts Made by a Resident. In this section, we have to determine if the donor belongs to Paragraph A or B. Q: Who are the six persons liable to pay donors tax Taxpayer Section Check Resident Citizen 101 par A Resident Alien 101 par A Domestic Corporation 101 par A PD 1457 Nonresident Corporation 101 par A 86 par A Nonresident Alien 101 par B Foreign Corporation 101 par B Section 101 par A1 (1) Dowries or gifts made on account of marriage and before its celebration or wi thin one year thereafter by parents to each of their legitimate, recognized natu ral, or adopted children to the extent of the first Ten thousand pesos (P10,000) : Q: What is the importance of determining whether the taxpayer belongs to par A

or B? A: The requirement of deductibility where the done is classified under section 103A3, there are five requirements. If the donor is under B, the requirement is only reduced by one. If the donor belongs to par A, the deduction of a dowry provided for in sec 101 par A1, is not a deduction if the donor belongs to par B With regard to the 3rd par (sec 101 par A3), where the donees or transferees are educational institution, social welfare, charitable, rehabilitation, religious institutions, organization for the rehabilitation of the veterans. Take note tha t there are 5 requirements if the done belongs to par A, now if the done belongs to par B then those requirements is down to one. 1989 BAR QUESTION: The father of the family died. The surviving spuse entered into a marriage contr act. After several years, because she could no longer endure the cold mornings o f November (not included in the bar question). During the celebration, one of th e children donated a property. Assume that the property donated did not exceed t he limitation of 10K Is it a dowry which is a deduction? A: No. Under sec 101 par A1, the donor should be the father, mother or both, don ating property to the legitimate, recognized natural and adopted children PROVID ED: The amount of the property donated did not exceed 10K AND It must be given or donated at the time of the celebration of marriage or within 1 year from the celebration of marriage. SECTION 101 par A2 (2) Gifts made to or for the use of the National Government or any entity created by any of its agencies which is not conducted for profit, or to any political s ubdivision of the said Government; and Note:: Donee is the National Government, Political Subdivisions and the Agencies and In strumentalities NOT CONDUCTED FOR PROFIT Under Sec 86 A3 it says there exclusively for public purpose SAME RULES APPLY, hence, EXEMPT SECTION 101 par A3 Gifts in favor of an educational and/or charitable, religious, cultural or socia l welfare corporation, institution, accredited nongovernment organization, trust or philanthropic organization or research institution or organization: Provided , however, that not more than thirty percent (30%) of said gifts shall be used b y such donee for administration purposes. For the purpose of the exemption, a n on-profit educational and/or charitable corporation, institution, accredited non government organization, trust or philanthropic organization and/or research ins titution or organization is a school, college or university and/or charitable c orporation, accredited nongovernment organization, trust or philanthropic organi zation and/or research institution or organization, incorporated as a nonstock e ntity, paying no dividends, governed by trustees who receive no compensation, an d devoting all its income, whether students fees or gifts, donation, subsidies or other forms of philanthropy, to the accomplishment and promotion of the purpo ses enumerated in its Articles of Incorporation. Q: What are the requirements so that the donor may be exempted? Not more than 30% of the property donated shall be used for administrative purpo ses The done must be NONSTOCK and NONPROFIT

Must be governed by trustees who do not receive compensation Done do not distribute any dividend The gross received as income shall only be used in accordance with the purposes embodied in the articles of incorporation SECTION 101 par B (B) In the Case of Gifts Made by a Nonresident Not a Citizen of the Philippines. (1) Gifts made to or for the use of the National Government or any entity created by any of its agencies which is not conducted for profit, or to any political s ubdivision of the said Government. (2) Gifts in favor of an educational and/or charitable, religious, cultural or so cial welfare corporation, institution, foundation, trust or philanthropic organi zation or research institution or organization: Provided, however, That not more than thirty percent (30%) of said gifts shall be used by such donee for adminis tration purposes. Q: if donor is FC or NRA is dowry a deduction? A: Dowry is NOT a DEDUCTION Q: A chinese RA who lives in Manila entered into a contract of marriage. During the celebration, the father who is a permanent resident of Taiwan donated to th e newlywed couple, let us say, it is 200 000. Is a dowry deemed to be a deductio n? A: NO. The DONOR is a NRA as the facts states he is a resident of TAIWAN. Since he belongs to those listed in par B, that dowry is not a deduction and therefore not EXEMPT SECTION 101 par C (C) Tax Credit for Donor s Taxes Paid to a Foreign Country. (1) In General. - The tax imposed by this Title upon a donor who was a citizen or a resident at the time of donation shall be credited with the amount of any don or s tax of any character and description imposed by the authority of a foreign country. (2) Limitations on Credit. - The amount of the credit taken under this Section sh all be subject to each of the following limitations: (a) The amount of the credit in respect to the tax paid to any country shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken, which the net gifts situated within such country taxable under this Title bears to his entire net gifts; and (b) The total amount of the credit shall not exceed the same proportion of the ta x against which such credit is taken, which the donor s net gifts situated outsi de the Philippines taxable under this title bears to his entire net gifts. Note: Relate to Sec 86 par E A tax credit where the donors tax paid to a foreign country SECTION 102 Valuation of Gifts Made in Property. - If the gift is made in property, the fair market value thereof at the time of the gift shall be considered the amount of the gift. In case of real property, the provisions of Section 88(B) shall apply to the valuation thereof. Relate to Sec 84 par B In determining the value of the property donated, for purposes of imposition of tax, both estate and donors tax provides for the same procedure for personal as w ell as real property. They also have common rrules for shares of stock under the revenue regulation, even under the imposition of FIT 6%.

When we say the value determined by the CIR or the City assessor whichever is hi gher. Usually, this is the one chosen by the commissioner known as the Zonal val ue. SECTION 103 Filing of Return and Payment of Tax. - A) Requirements. - any individual who make s any transfer by gift (except those which, under Section 101, are exempt from t he tax provided for in this Chapter) shall, for the purpose of the said tax, mak e a return under oath in duplicate. The return shall se forth: (1) Each gift made during the calendar year which is to be included in computing net gifts; (2) The deductions claimed and allowable; (3) Any previous net gifts made during the same calendar year; (4) The name of the donee; and (5) Such further information as may be required by rules and regulations made pur suant to law. (B) Time and Place of Filing and Payment. - The return of the donor required in t his Section shall be filed within thirty (30) days after the date the gift is ma de and the tax due thereon shall be paid at the time of filing. Except in cases where the Commissioner otherwise permits, the return shall be filed and the tax paid to an authorized agent bank, the Revenue District Officer, Revenue Collecti on Officer or duly authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality where the do nor was domiciled at the time of the transfer, or if there be no legal residence in the Philippines, with the Office of the Commissioner. In the case of gifts m ade by a nonresident, the return may be filed with the Philippine Embassy or Con sulate in the country where he is domiciled at the time of the transfer, or dire ctly with the Office of the Commissioner. NOTE: It simple PAY-as YOU-FILE The law says the tax should be paid within 30 days and the return must be filed within 30 days. Q: Is there an extension in the filing? A: None, the extension was abolished by the CTRP SECTION 104 Definitions. - For purposes of this Title, the terms "gross estate" and "gifts" include real and personal property, whether tangible or intangible, or mixed, wh erever situated: Provided, however, That where the decedent or donor was a nonre sident alien at the time of his death or donation, as the case may be, his real and personal property so transferred but which are situated outside the Philippi nes shall not be included as part of his "gross estate" or "gross gift": Provide d, further, That franchise which must be exercised in the Philippines; shares, o bligations or bonds issued by any corporation or sociedad anonima organized or c onstituted in the Philippines in accordance with its laws; shares, obligations o r bonds by any foreign corporation eighty-five percent (85%) of the business of which is located in the Philippines; shares, obligations or bonds issued by any foreign corporation if such shares, obligations or bonds have acquired a busines s situs in the Philippines; shares or rights in any partnership, business or ind ustry established in the Philippines, shall be considered as situated in the Phi lippines: Provided, still further, that no tax shall be collected under this Tit le in respect of intangible personal property: (a) if the decedent at the time o f his death or the donor at the time of the donation was a citizen and resident of a foreign country which at the time of his death or donation did not impose a transfer tax of any character, in respect of intangible personal property of ci tizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country, or (b) if the la ws of the foreign country of which the decedent or donor was a citizen and resid ent at the time of his death or donation allows a similar exemption from transfe r or death taxes of every character or description in respect of intangible pers onal property owned by citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country.

The term "deficiency" means: (a) the amount by which tax imposed by this Chapter exceeds the amount shown as the tax by the donor upon his return; but the amoun t so shown on the return shall first be increased by the amount previously asses sed (or collected without assessment) as a deficiency, and decreased by the amou nts previously abated, refunded or otherwise repaid in respect of such tax, or ( b) if no amount is shown as the tax by the donor, then the amount by which the t ax exceeds the amounts previously assessed, (or collected without assessment) as a deficiency, but such amounts previously assessed, or collected without assess ment, shall first be decreased by the amount previously abated, refunded or othe rwise repaid

Value Added Tax (Amended by Republic Act 9337) Q: What is the formula for VAT? A: OUTPUT TAX INPUT TAX ========== VAT Payable SEC. 105. Persons Liable. - Any person who, in the course of trade or business, sells barters, exchanges, leases goods or properties, renders services, and any person who imports goods shall be subject to the value-added tax (VAT) imposed i n Sections 106 to 108 of this Code. The value-added tax is an indirect tax and the amount of tax may be shifted or p assed on to the buyer, transferee or lessee of the goods, properties or services . This rule shall likewise apply to existing contracts of sale or lease of goods , properties or services at the time of the effectivity of Republic Act No. 7716 . The phrase "in the course of trade or business" means the regular conduct or pur suit of a commercial or an economic activity, including transactions incidental thereto, by any person regardless of whether or not the person engaged therein i s a nonstock, nonprofit private organization (irrespective of the disposition of its net income and whether or not it sells exclusively to members or their gues ts), or government entity. The rule of regularity, to the contrary notwithstanding, services as defined in this Code rendered in the Philippines by nonresident foreign persons shall be co nsidered as being course of trade or business. Q: VAT is applicable to what kind of transactions? A: 1. 2. 3. 4. VAT is applicable to the following transactions Sale of Commodities of goods Sale of Services Exportation Importation

Q: For VAT to apply, what are the requisites? A: Transactions must be VAT transactions (preceding question) GENERALLY, must be done in the course of trade or business Q: Is there an instance where VAT applies although such sale is not made in the REGULAR course of trade or business? A:

IMPORTATION INCIDENTAL TO BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS DEEMED SALE although ISOLATED ONE SERVICES in the PHILS. BY NRA

TAXATION UNDER THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE: Local Tax Real Property Tax LOCAL TAXATION (186, 187, then go to 151, 128 down) Q:Mayor Binay of Makati ordered the collection of elevator tax (for elevator in the city hall). Is the order of Mayor Binay legally tenable? A:NO. There should always be a tax ordinance after conducting a public hearing . (186) tax ordinance Q:Can BIR collect the tax even in the absence of a revenue regulation? A:YES. Q:Can a province, city, municipality or barangay collect the tax if there is no tax ordinance? A:NO. Q:Why is it that there should be a tax ordinance as required by 186? A:The rationale is not mentioned in 186, but if you read the other provisions of the LGC, you will come to set of conclusions of the reason why there must be a t ax ordinance. In most of these provisions, it always say: one-half if the town or municipality shall collect a tax of not exceeding 1% of the gross receipt. TAKE NOTE: There is no exact amount; hence, it is the tax ordinance which will fix the exact amount. public hearing In Congress, the requirement is not absolute (by discretion only). Under local taxation (last phrase of 186), the requirement is ABSOLUTE. REYES vs. SECRETARY (320 SCRA 486) F:In the municipality of San Juan (just beside Mandaluyong) there was a tax ordi nance passed. Reyes, a resident, claims that there was no public hearing conduc ted, he maintains that under 186 last phrase, there should always be a public hea ring. H:The SC said: yes, that requirement is an absolute one, but since the petitioner failed to produce evidence to support his allegation, if there is no proof pres ented other than his own statement, we hereby rule that the ordinance was passed in accordance to the procedure mandated by law. While it is true that a public hearing is an absolute requirement, he who alleges, must prove the same. Q:If you dont agree with the validity or the Constitutionality of the tax ordinan ce, what will be your remedy? A:Within 30 days from the effectivity of the ordinance, the taxpayer should file an appeal with the office of the Secretary of the DOJ (187)

REYES vs. SECRETARY (320 SCRA 486) F:Reyes asserted the validity and Constitutionality of the tax ordinance only af ter the lapse of thirty (30) days (perhaps his lawyer was thinking that an ordin ary statute may be contested anytime with the RTC, CA or SC). H:With regard to a tax ordinance, w have a specific rule, failure to assail the validity with the specific period of time, is fatal to the taxpayer. Since it w as filed beyond the 30day period, we do not disturb the validity of the ordinanc e. Q:Within what period should the Sec. of Justice decide? A:Within 60 days from the time the appeal was filed. Failure to decide within t his time, the taxpayer has the remedy to file an action with the regular courts. If the decision was made within the 60 day period, and receives the decision, his remedy is to file an appeal within 30days form the receipt of the decision to c ourt of competent jurisdiction RTC. Beginning April 23, 2004, from the ruling of the RTC, pursuant to RA 9282 (the la w uplifting the standards of the CTA), the ruling of RTC on local tax cases, is appealable to the CTA en banc. TWO APPEALS DECIDED BY THE CTA EN BANC: decisions of RTC involving local tax cases decision of the Central Board of Assessment Appeals. From CTA en banc, the appeal must be file with the SC within 15days. Go to 151: The city could impose the tax already imposed by the province of by the municipa lity. Q:What are the numerous taxes imposable by the province which a city now allowed to impose? A:Those enumerated in 135 to 141 of the LGC Reasons why a municipality wanted to be converted into a city: 1.151 2.233 (real estate tax) In addition, the law says that the city could increase the rate of the tax by not more than 50% of the maximum EXCEPT those enumerated in 139: professional tax amusement tax A.General Principles (128-130) reiteration of the Constitutional tax provisions notice that the Constitutional limitations on taxation do not only apply to the n ational government but also to local government units. B.Definitions (132) Local Taxing Authority (132) for a province, it is the provincial board or the provincial council (sanggunian g panlalawigan) for a city, we have the city council (sangguniang panlusod) for the municipality, we have the municipal council (sangguniang pangbayan) for the barangay or barrio, we have the barangay council. C.Common limitations on the taxing power of the LGUs (133)

Under the old law this was 5 of the Local Tax Code. Q:Why common? A:Because the limitations or prohibitions apply to all LGUs, the provinces, citi es, municipalities and barangays. Two Common Crimes (under 133) absolute prohibition relative prohibition It shall be unlawful for the LGUs to collect: I.Income Tax EXCEPT when levied on banks and other financing institutions (133(A) ) the term other financing institution shall include money changer, lending investor , pawnshop (131(E)) rate of tax:does not mention rate of tax, so long as it is fair, just and reasonab le It cannot be prohibited taxation, because the element of imposed by the same taxing power is not present. One is imposed by the national government and the other is by the LGU. II.Documentary Stamp Tax (133(B)) absolute prohibition III.Estate tax, inheritance, donations inter vivos, donations mortis causa EXCEP T in 135 (133(C)) transfer tax on the transfer of realty to be imposed by provinces and cities (135) NOTE:this is not a real estate tax, this is a local tax. IV.Custom duties, charges or fees for the registration of vessels or ships, whar fages fees and wharage dues EXCEPT if the wharf had been established, maintained and operated by the locality (133(D)) wharfage due is a custom fee imposed on the weight of the cargoes. wharf a pier special levy on public works (240) allows provinces cities and municipalities to impose a special real estate tax kn own as special levy or public works let us say the municipality established a pier for a minimal value of P10M; out of P10M, under 240, 60% of this may be recovered; the other 40% may be recovered by warfage due. v.Tax, fee or charge for goods or commodities coming out or passing through the territorial jurisdiction even if in the guise of a toll or a fee (133(E)) an absolute prohibition commodities marketed in a public market, lets say in the city of Pasig, where the commodities came from Laguna then to Tanay, Cainta, Taytay; just imagine if each of the towns will impse 1peso for every head of a chicken or 50cents for every bundle of vegetable. PALMA DEVT CORP v. MALANGAS ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR (113 SCRA 572) F:Municipal council passed a tax ordinance entitled police surveillance fee which provide that ALL motor vehicle passing through a particular street in the town p roper of Malangas which will lead to the pier or wharf will pay a certain sum of money whether it is camote, copra, palay,or rice. One of the owners of the moto r vehicle is Palma Devt Corp. carrying copra, banana and coconut to be loaded in a ship docked at pier of Malangas. The lawyer of petitioner assailed the validit y of the ordinance stating that it is a clear violation of 133(E). H:It is not the title of the ordinance which is controlling but it is the essenc e of the substance of the tax ordinance. The tax ordinance clearly violated 133(E ), therefore, the SC had no option but to declare the tax ordinance null and voi d for being in violation of the law. VI.Taxes, fees or charges on agricultural and aquatic products when sold by marg inal farmers or fishermen (133(F)) Q:Don Antonio Florendo, a person coming from Pampanga who settled in Davao City, employed thousands of workers in the different banana plantation. Can the LGU i

mpose tax on the agricultural product which is a banana? A:YES. The LGU can impose because Don Antonio is not a marginal farmer. It is on ly prohibited if it is sold by a marginal farmer. Marginal Farmer a farmer or a fisherman for subsistence only, whose immediate mem bers are the immediate members of the family (131(P)) VII. Tax, fee or charge on pioneer and non-pioneer enterprise duly registered wi th the board of investments for a period of 6yrs and 4yrs respectively (133(G)) relative prohibition because after the period, the LGU concerned may now impose t he tax. VIII. Excise tax on articles and tax, fees and charges on petroleum products (133 (G)) relative prohibition since under 143(H), it says there that taxes which are prohib ited such as excise tax, percentage tax and value added tax nonetheless, the LGU may impose a tax not exceeding 2% of the gross receipt (for cities 3%). My former student an assistant in the city legal attorney in a city in Metro Mani la, received a summon from the RTC (on complaint of a supermarket in Metro Manil a) questioning the validity of the tax ordinance under 143(H) since the rate impo sed was 3% I said, ineng, una file kayo ng motion to dismiss. Nak ng puta, absent ka na nama n ata eh, you invoke 151 stating that a city can impose a tax higher than the rat e provided for by law not more than 50% of the maximum (50% of the maximum of 2% is 1, therefore, 2+1 is 3%) BULACAN v. CA (299 SCRA 442) *first case decide by the SC which interpreted both the LGC and the NIRC. F:The then governor, Obet Panganiban together with his provincial council passed an ordinance imposing tax on quarrying under the provision of 138 of the LGC. Th e problem is that the ordinance applies to ALL entities quarrying in the provinc e. One of the taxpayers, Republic Cement obliged to pay the tax, argued that und er 138 of the LGC, the tax on quarrying on which the province may be allowed shal l only be with regard to quarrying private land, and not only that but under 133( H), there is a prohibition to impose excise tax and tax on quarrying under the I RC is an excise tax. H:The tax on quarrying allowed to provincial governments shall only be with rega rd to lands which are public lands, and since this is a private tax on quarrying refers to a lot without any distinction. Hence, if the LGC made a qualification as to the kind of land (where it says it should be public land), by implication , it should refer to private land under 151 (although the law did not distinguish ); and since it is a tax by the national government, it should be collected by t he BIR (not the LGU), and also the SC agreed that it is an excise tax where LGUs are prohibited from collecting; thus, the SC declared the tax ordinance null and void for being contrary to law. Sir, why is it a problem when the law is clear that under 138, it shall only apply to public land? Perhaps the provincial council thought that the subject matter of the tax ordina nce may be a subject matter provided in any book including the IRC, or worse, th at it may impose a tax on a subject matter not mentioned in any book. Moral lesson:although a tax ordinance may be passed even if the subject matter i s not provided for in any law, it has to comply with the limitations. PETRON v. PENILLA (198 SCRA 86) * The facts here arose under the old law under 5 (now 133) of the local tax code ( PD 231) F:Petron has a factory/plant in Penilla where the raw materials petroleum produc ts are being converted into refined petroleum products. The municipal council of Penilla imposed a tax by way of a tax ordinance saying that they are invoking t he old 19 (now 143(A)) stating that municipalities are authorized to impose tax of the manufacture of any commodity, hence, since it is manufacture of a petroleum product, the LGU must e authorized. However, Petron objected since under 5 (now 1 33(H)), the prohibition includes the prohibition to impose excise tax and not on ly that, under this par., the tax on petroleum products is an excise tax. Under this par., the law is clear it does not only prohibit the imposition of tax, fee

or charge over petroleum products. H:The controlling provision here the old 19 (now 143(A)) that LGUs are authorized to impose the business tax for the manufacturing over any kind of commodity by a nd petroleum product is any kind of commodity. Q:What do you think? A:I dont agree with this ruling because between 133(H) and 143(A), it is the former which is more specific. IX. Value added tax and percentage (133(I) EXCEPT 143(H) Relative prohibition. X.Tax, fee or charge on common carriers whether by land, water or air (133(J)) FIRST HOLDING CO. v.BATANGAS CITY (300 SCRA 661) * 2nd SC ruling discussing both the IRC and LGC. F:This revealed to the public the existence of 2 very big oil pipelines coming f orm Batangas City with a distance of more than 100km, one going to Pandacan Oil Depot and the other one is going to Brgy. Bicutan, Taguig. The Batangas City cou ncil deemed it necessary to impose a tax on the gross receipt of the 1st holding company for the operation of the oil pipeline, but the operator argued that the oil pipeline is not a common carrier. H:The SC reasoned out like in the case of Pajunar v. Comm (328SCRA666), saying t hat we have copied the code of carrier law form the US where the definition of a common carrier is one habitually carrying not only individuals or passengers but also goods or commodities, and since the oil pipelines is habitually carrying p etroleum products which is a commodity, we rule this as a common carrier which i s under 133(J), LGU is prohibited from imposing tax on common carriers, and not o nly that but under 170 of the LGC, the law is very explicit, that ALL LGUs are pr ohibited to impose percentage tax on common carriers. With that, the tax ordinanc e passed was declared null and void for being contrary to law. XI.Premiums on re-insurance (133(K)) absolute prohibition. XII. Tax, fee or charge on registration of motor vehicles and for the issuance o f license and permit for driving thereof EXCEPT tricycles. (133(L)) BATUAN CITY v. LTO (322 SCRA 805) I:Which function was delegated to the LGU? The LTO registering motor vehicles or t he LTFRB granting franchise and regulation of common carriers? H:Under 133(L), the function of the LTO is prohibited, an therefore what may be d elegated to the LGU is the function of LTFRB. XIII.Tax, fee or charge on exportation of products and is actually exported EXCE PT under 143(C) where the LGU is authorized to impose business tax on exportation (133(M)) XIV.Tax, fee or charge on cooperatives duly registered under the cooperative cod (RA 6938) and Business Kalakalan (RA 6810) (133(N)) A cooperative is exempt from local tax, provided it is duly registered with the c ooperative code and the cooperative development authority or Business Kalakalan (n ot kalkalan) XV.Tax, fee or charge over the national government, political subdivisions and a gencies and instrumentalities of the government (133(O)) Relative prohibition since it admits of an exception under 154 of the LGC where it says that a LGU may be authorized to impose a fee or charge for the operation o f a public utility provided it is owned, maintained and operated by such LGU. NAIA v. PARANAQUE (JULY 2006) H:SC ruled in favor of the airport. Paranaque being a LGU cant impose tax on a go vernment instrumentality. Airport owned by the government is not an agency, it b eing an instrumentality. Q:May the government tax itself it the taxing power is the local government? A:NO. The local government cannot impose tax on the national government, and wit h more reason that it cannot impose a tax with equal LGU. D.Taxes that can either be imposed by Provinces or Cities I. tax on transfer of realty (135)

Note that this is not a real estate tax, this is a local tax for the simple reaso n that it is not provide for under the topic of real estate tax (198-280) Law says it should not exceed of 1% of the consideration (NOTE: do not use zonal va lue since this is used only under the IRC, not the LGC. Q:Since all the provinces and cities must follow the limitation of the rate (not exceeding of 1%), is it violative of the equal protection clause? A:NO, because the sangguninan had to determine the actual rate considering the s tatus of the province. Q:Why is that Makati fix the rate of 75% or 3/4 of 1%? A:Because cities are authorized to increase the rate of 50% of the maximum, that is 50% of is 25% (50+25 is 75%). NOTE:Do not apply transfer of realty pursuant to RA 6657 (CARP) this is the Comp rehensive Agrarian Reform Program this is exempt. II.tax on printing an publication (136) Normally, a province cannot impose this because the tax on business can only be i mposed by a city or municipality EXCEPT this one, on printing and publication of magazines and periodicals. III.franchise tax (137) The old national franchise tax under the old tax code was already abolished. We still have franchise tax other than this one, known as national franchise tax provided for in the republic act granting franchise. Two kinds of Franchise Tax: local franchise tax (under LGC 137) national franchise tax (provided for in the statute or republic act authorizing the franchise) Q:May LGUs impose local franchise tax? A:We have to consider here many supreme court decisions and also 193 of the LGC. Under 193, it says there unless especially provided for in this code, exemptions g ranted to natural juridical persons are hereby withdrawn (abolished) EXCEPT: local water districts cooperatives registered under the cooperative code (RA 6938) non-profit and non-stock educational institution. BASCO v. PAGCOR (197 SCRA 52) F:The city council passed a tax ordinance imposing tax on PAGCOR, an agency of t he government. PAGCOR objected saying that the local city is prohibited under th e old local authority act to impose tax on an agency of the government. H:The SC declared null and void the tax ordinance saying Manila cannot do that. CEBU v. MACTAN (261 SCRA 667) F:Cebu government was trying to collect real estate tax from the Mactan airport (note: real property tax is a territorial tax, meaning it should only be collect ed within its territorial jurisdiction). Lawyers of Mactan airport argued that u nder 13(O), Cebu, a LGU, cannot impose tax on an agency of the government, and th ey also invoked the ruling in BASCO. H:The lawyer of Mactan airport is devoid of any merit at all, it is 100% erroneo us since the real estate tax is not a local tax, hence, why invoke a SC ruling a nd codal provision which can only be applied to local tax. Therefore, Mactan air

port should pay Real Property Tax. Before the codification in 1991 (to take effect January 1, 1992), local taxation was embodied in a separate book known as Local Tax Code (PD 231) while real prop erty tax was provided for in a separate book known as Real Property Tax Code (P D 464) LRT v. CITY OF MANILA (342 SCRA 692) F:The Manila city government tried to collect real property tax but the manageme nt of the LRT said no you cannot do that to us since it is exclusively for public use. H:NO, you are not exclusively for public use since every time a person wants to use the LRT he has to pay. Q:Why not use the defense that it is owned by the government? A:Because in real estate tax, the defense that it is owned by the government is not a defense. The LGC in 199(B) and in 217, both provisions says that the basis for the impositi on of real estate tax is the ACTUAL USE of anybody who is using that (maybe in t he concept of usufructuary or in the concept of a lessee, or in the concept of a n owner); the basis is not ownership. in 134, the taxes here must not only be imposed by provinces, it may also be impos ed by cities in line with 151 those enumerated in 135 to 141. CAGAYAN DE ORO ELECTRIC CO. v. MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL (181 SCRA 38) * This was the prevailing rule for more than 10years from 1988 H:In the franchise or the republic act, there are only two (2) kinds of franchis e, one is a franchise which provide for a condition that this tax (referring to the franchise tax) shall be in lieu of all other taxes, and the other franchise is the one which do not provide for such provision; the province or the city can impose local franchise tax if the franchise belong to the second example. REYES v. SAN PABLO CITY (305 SCRA 353) * Here the SC uniformly ruled H:A provision on exemption under 193 dont only refer to exemptions provided for by different statutes, but it includes those which claim exemptions by virtue of t he case of Cagayan de Oro (because SC decisions are also laws). PLDT v. DAVAO (363 SCRA 750) F:The franchise holders of Smart and Globe are claiming exemptions from the loca l franchise tax because they are saying that they are holding a franchise which says that it is a franchise enacted by the house of Congress in 1995 which carri es with it an exemption form local franchise tax. H:By the very explicit provision of 193, the removal of exemptions granted by dif ferent statutes and also by SC decisions applies only to statutes and decided by the SC on or before Jan. 1, 1992, because 193 says upon effectivity of this law. F or exemptions covered by 193 therefore, Smart and Globe are authorized to claim e xemptions because the statue (RA 7082) was enacted on 1995. IV.tax on sand, gravel and other quarry resources (138) We are through with that in the case of Bulacan V.professional tax (139) this must be correlated with the tax under 147. NOTE that this is an exemption to the rule that a city may increase the rate of t he tax under 151 of the LGC, the increase is not allowed.

both 139 and 147 are taxes imposed on persons exercising professional calling. Section 139 Section 147 are to be imposed by provinces and cities are to be imposed by municipalities and cities are applicable to workers who must pass a government examination (e.g. engineers , physicians, etc) are applicable to persons who are working but are not required to take governmen t examinations there is a maximum (P300) NOTE: it is not always 300, since the exact amt must be fixed by the ordinance. It does not provide for any amount, the only requirement is that it must be reas onable VI.amusement tax (140) under the IRC, there is also amusement tax under 125. PBA v. QUEZON CITY (137 SCRA 358) F:The city government enacted a tax ordinance trying to collect amusement tax in cluding amusement tax on the PBA (in Araneta, Cubao); but PBA and no, we are alre ady paying amusement tax to the national government through the BIR because of 12 5 of the IRC H:QC government can no longer collect on the ground that it is already being col lected by the national government and secondly, in the enumerations of amusement under 140, you will never see professional basketball. Most of all, it is the in tention of the author that it is only the national government. *nak ng putang katangahan yan.. the local tax code PD 231 was enacted in 1974 wh en we dont have any professional basketball.. since professional basketball was b orn May 1975. * ano ba dapt tama diyan? both the national government and the QC government can collect. There is no violation of the prohibited double taxation, because the t axing powers are different, and not only that 140 speaks of amusement tax on admi ssion fee but under 125, it is abut gross receipts. VII. delivery van (141) Q:What if not a delivery van, but sako lang?

A:The applicable tax is under 143(G) (peddlers tax, one imposed by municipalities and cities. If may dalang sasakyan, yari siya ng province sa tax. NOTE:135-141, these are taxes that can be imposed by PROVINCES and CITIES. 143-150 are taxes to be imposed by MUNICIPALITIES, which can also be imposed by C ITIES. E.Taxes that can either be imposed by Municipalities or Cities I.Business Tax (143(A-H)) manufacturing, repacking, processing, including the manufacturer of permitted li quor and also its dealer wholesaling exportation retailing contractors tax tax on banking institution and financing institution

peddlers tax the exemption under 133(i) Q:If you have two branches, how many business taxes do you have to pay? A:You pay only one business tax (146) ILO-ILO BOTTLERS v. ILO-ILO CITY (164 SCRA 607) F:Ilo-ilo Bottlers was already paying a business tax on manufacturing under 143(A ) to the city government by virtue of a tax ordinance. Later on, they are oblige d to pay by virtue of another tax ordinance imposing business tax on wholesaling . Naturally, Ilo-ilo Bottlers argued, how could it be, if you manufacture, it nec essary follows that you sell the commodity so, with the payment of the business tax on manufacturing, it carries with it the business of wholesaling. H:NO, you have to determine the marketing system of the company. If wholesaling is also being done in the place of manufacture, the business tax on wholesaling should no longer be paid it should only be the business tax on manufacturing. Bu t if the marketing system of the company provides that wholesaling shall be done in a separate place (maybe several kilometers away), the manufacturer must stil l pay the business tax on wholesale because now it could be argued that they hav e the separate business of wholesaling. Q:On the business of retailing, should the business tax of retailing be imposed by the city or by the municipality OR by the barangay in the city or the barrio in the municipality? A:143(D) must be correlated with 152, the tax to be imposed by the barangay. It depends: a.city if the gross receipt of the retailer exceeds P50T in a minimum of one year, it is the right and privilege of a city to impose the business tax on retailing. b.barangay if the gross receipt of the retailer did not exceed P50T, it is the barangay coun cil where the business of retailing is located. c.municipality if the gross receipt of the retailer did not exceed P30T within a period of one y ear. d.barrio if the gross receipt of the retailer did not exceed P30T within a period of one y ear. NOTE:These distinctions do not apply in wholesaling. These are only for retaili ng. Paragraph H:for the imposition of excise tax, percentage tax and value added tax, the municipality may impose a tax not exceeding 2% of the gross receipt (with r egard to a city, it may go as far as 3%) II.Municipalities in Metro Manila who can increase their rate (144) Right now there are only two municipalities: San Juan Pateros III.Professional Tax (147) we are through with that IV.Fees for sealing and licensing of weights and measures (148) V.Fishery rentals, fees and charges (149) F.Situs of Tax (150)

The tax referred to in here is the business tax on wholesaling and retailing. Q:RFM is manufacturing commodities, one of them is Swift hotdogs, this is being sold not only in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, but also to the inter country from B atanes to Tawi-tawi. Where should the business tax of wholesaling or the busines s tax of retailing be paid? Should it be in the principal office (Mandaluyong) or the place where the commodities are sold? A:It will be paid in the place where it had been sold PROVIDED there is a branch office or a sales outlet (150(A)). If it so happens that the company has a factory different from the place where th e principal office is located 30% should be pain in the principal office and 70% in the municipality or city where the branch is located. PHIL MATCHES v. CEBU (81 SCRA 99) F:Phil Matches were produced in Nagtahan, Manila. In Cebu city, there was a ware house where the matches were stored. Many of the customers, by way of wholesale in the warehouse in Cebu City, they came from different towns of the Visayan Reg ion. May the business tax ordinance of Cebu be imposed on those transactions ev en if the buyers did not come from the territorial jurisdiction of Cebu? H:Since in this case the contract booked and paid, meaning, it was negotiated pe rfected and consummated in the warehouse where it was located in Cebu City, the Cebu City government has the right to collect business tax. Q:What if there is an agreement that commodities would be delivered and that the buyer would be waiting in some other town, is the answer still the same? A:YES, the answer is still the same because delivery to the carrier is delivery to the buyer where delivery has been termed within the territorial jurisdiction of Cebu. SHELL v. CEBUCOT, CAMARINES SUR (105 PHIL 1063) F:The petroleum products were purchased at the motor vehicle traversing the neig hboring towns of Cebucot like Bason, Dimalaon, all towns in Camarines Norte. The contract of sale was negotiated and perfected in different municipalities where the motor vehicle of Shell was traveling. H:Although the oil depot was located in Cebucot, the said municipality cannot im pose tax on that because the contract of sale was negotiated and perfected in th e different nearby towns of Camarines. Q:Is there a conflict with the case of Shell and Phil Matches? A:NONE. As a matter of fact, these two decisions complement each other. G.Taxing Powers of the Barangay (152) Only a minimal sum (fair and reasonable) Power to impose tax: 1.On commercial breeding of fighting cocks, cockfights and cockpits must be for commercial purposes 2.On places of recreation which charge administration fee 3.On billboards, signboards, neon signs and outdoor advertisements especially for the barrios and barangays along the highway 4.For barangay clearance if you want to engage in the business of retailing or wholesaling if barangay cap tain will not approve that within 7days go to the municipal hall or city hall fo r approval 5.For the use of barangay property for instance the barangay has a plaza.

H.Common Revenue Raising Powers (153-155) Q:Why common? A:All the LGU could impose the same. But it does not follow that all the provin ces, cities, municipalities could impose the same. Only the LGU which operate, e stablish, maintain the entity If established by the province, it should only be the province. These are: 1.service fee and charges for services rendered 2.public utility charges provided owned, operate and maintained by them 3.toll fees and charges tax or toll for the use of a bridge or a street Padua filed a civil action in the MakatI RTC trying to stop the government form c ollecting a toll free in the South Express including the North expressway allegi ng that he is affected as a taxpayer because he is from Paranaque. He argued tha t if you use the property of the government like a street or a public plaza, you do not pay. He made the analogy, that if you go to Luneta, you do not pay the c ity government of Manila. The Makati RTC, the CA and SC had a uniform ruling that the operator should be p rohibited from collecting further toll fess because if the operator had already recovered his investment and earned an income already, he should be stopped. As argue by the SC, it copied the argument of the lawyer (re: Luneta). NOTE: that Res Judicata do not apply here. When the ruling became final an executory in 1993, the North and South Express w ere totally dismantled and totally destroyed by the DPWH to give way to the fina l and executory ruling of the Court, that It should no longer be collected. After several months, the government announced in the radio that the party in th e case of Padua, mutually agreed that the collection shall be resumed in order t o have money for the maintenance and repair of the highway. Exceptions to 155 (collection of toll fees) members of AFP members of the PMP post office personnel delivering mail physically handicapped disabled citizens 65 years and older. I.Community Tax (156) In the old days, known as residence tax certificate. Q:If the Filipino is a resident of a foreign country (NRC), is he liable to pay the community tax certificate? A:NO, because the basis of imposition of this tax is whether or not you are an i nhabitant of the Philippines. Meaning you are a resident of the Philippines. Q:What about a foreigner residing in the Philippines (RA)? A:YES. You have to pay unless the foreigner is a trans-investor for not more tha n 3months. This is applied to both natural and juridical persons. Requirements: for a natural person at least 18 years of age for corporations upon registration with the SEC

Q:What if you become 18 in the month of January or November or December? A:For tho se who celebrated their birthday before July 1 (that is up to June 30), they are liable to pay the tax, for this year. For those who celebrated their birthday on or after July 1, they are not yet lia ble to pay this year, but have to wait until next year. Q:Is there a difference for those who reached 18 in the months of Jan-Feb-March and those who reached 18 in the months of April-May-June? A:YES. For those who celebrated birthdays in the months of Jan-Feb-March, they h ave a grace period of 20days within which to pay. Those who celebrated their 18t h birthday in the month of April-May-June, they do not have any grace period at all, they have to pay the tax immediately. Q:If you have a community tax certificate for this year (2006), can it be used o nly until December 31, 2006? A:NO. It shall be valid up to April 15, 2007. (163(C)) J.Accrual of the Tax (166) January 1 Q:What if the tax was only approved in the month of May 2006, do you have to wai t until January 2007? A:NO. You have the right to collect that in July 1, because the law is saying th at it should be collected in the next succeeding quarter (167) Mayor Binay had a tax ordinance in May, sabi ng mga bata niya: bosing, collect na tayo ng June. Binay:hindi nga pupwede, maghintay pa tayo ng July 1. Q:What if the tax ordinance had been existing for several years already? A:The time of accrual will always be January 1.

REMEDIES UNDER THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE Remedies of the Government Remedies of the Taxpayer Remedies of the government: Assessment Collection Under the NIRC, assessment and collection have 2 kinds: Normal/Ordinary assessment and collection Sec. 203, NIRC Abnormal/Extraordinary assessment and collection Sec. 222, NIRC I.Normal/Ordinary assessment and collection There was a return filed and it is not fraudulent and not false II.Abnormal/Extraordinary assessment and collection There was:

an omission or failure to file the return; if there was a return filed, it was fraudulent, or; the return was false Q:Is a false and fraudulent return presumed? A:NO, false and fraudulent return is not presumed. The burden of proof to prove that the return was false and fraudulent lies against the government through the BIR. The mere fact that the return is erroneous will not make the return fraudulent, it must be proven by the BIR. Q:Why is it important to know whether the assessment is under normal or abnormal condition? A:It is important to know because the prescriptive period between normal and abn ormal assessment differ. Prescriptive Period for Assessment Normal/Ordinary Assessment 3 years from the time the return has been filed (not the payment of the tax) (Sec. 203, NIRC) 3 Ways of filing the return under Sec. 203, NIRC: filed before the deadline (for any tax under NIRC) filed on the date of deadline filed after the deadline 2 Ways of counting the 3 year period of Assessment: if return is filed before or on the day of the deadline, the prescriptive period starts on the date of the deadline; if return is filed after the deadline, the prescriptive period starts on the dat e the return has been filed. For the calendar year of 2004, a return must be filed and paid for Net Income Tax on or before April 15, 2005. Since he was not able to meet the deadline, the t axpayer is now being assessed for tax due for 2004. To minimize interest and su rcharges, it has been suggested by the BIR that the taxpayer file a late return. Supposed he filed his return covering 2004 on April 1, 2006. In this example, the reckoning point is the deadline of April 15, 2005. The starting point of t he counting the 3 yr. period is on the date the return is filed which is April 1 , 2006. Suppose it is not a late filing of return, the counting of the period is on the d ate of the deadline which is April 15. Abnormal/Extraordinary Assessment the government has 2 options: Assess and Collect the prescriptive period for assessment shall be 10 years from the discovery of none filing or false or fraudulent return (Sec. 222, par. o, NIRC) the prescriptive period for collection shall be 5 years from the date of final asse ssment (Sec. 222, par c, NIRC) Collect Without Assessment through Judicial Action since there is no assessment there is no prescriptive period for assessment prescriptive period for collection shall be 10 years from the date of discovery of none filing of return or false or fraudulent return. These options are available only if the Assessment is under the Abnormal/Extraord inary Conditions. These are not available under Normal/Ordinary Assessment Prescriptive Period for Collection Normal/Ordinary Collection Sec. 203 did not provide for the prescriptive period

for the collection Intention of the author: 5 years from the date of final assessment Reasons: (Sababan agrees with the 5 year prescriptive period) Prescriptive period of collection under 1st option on Abnormal Assessment is 5 y ears from final assessment (Sec. 222, par c, NIRC) under the old code of 1939, 1977, and 1985, if the prescriptive period for colle ction under abnormal is 3 years, then the prescriptive period for collection und er normal is also 3 years. If now a days, it is 5 years in abnormal, the prescr iptive period for normal should also be 5 years. to say that there is a prescriptive period for collection under Abnormal and the re is none under Normal is too abnormal. It should be the other way around. Abnormal/Extraordinary Collection assess and collect 5 years from the final assessment collect without assessment through judicial action 10 years from date of discove ry of none filing, or false, or fraudulent return. Q:How to apply these periods? A:Annual net income tax return filed by individual u sing a calendar year. The return should be filed on or before April 15, 2000. It was filed on April 15, 2000. QWithout stating the date of final assessment, can it be collected in 2007? A:Under normal condition, first determine the date of final assessment. If the B IR finally assessed the tax in November 2001, then 2007 is way beyond the 5year period to collect. Count the prescriptive period for collection from the date o f final assessment. Q:(same facts) Supposed it was finally assed on March 2003, can it be collected in 2007? A:Yes, because it is within the prescriptive period of 5years. BASILAN v. COMMISSIONER (21 SCRA 17) F: Supposed the notice of assessment was given within the period but it was rec eived by the taxpayer outside the period. I: Whether or not the assessment is within the period of 3 years. H: Yes. It is within the period. If the notice is sent through registered mail , the running of the prescriptive period is stopped. What matters is the sending of the notice is made within the period of prescription. It is the sending of the notice and not the receipt that tolls the prescriptive p eriod. Q:What if the return has been amended, how would you compute the period of asses sment? A:NIRC is silent. PHOENIX v. COMMISIONER (14 SCRA 52) If the amendment of the return is substantial as distinguished the counting of the prescriptive period is also amended. The od shall be reckoned on the date the substantial amendment was ndment is superficial, the counting of the prescriptive period inal period. Procedure for Assessment (Sec. 228, NIRC; RR 12-99) Steps of assessment Sec. 228, NIRC (2 steps) RR 12-99 (3 steps) 2 Steps under Sec. 228, NIRC from superficial, prescriptive peri made. If the ame is still the orig

Pre-assessment notice Final assessment notice 3 Steps under RR 12-99 Notice of Informal Conference Preliminary Assessment Notice Formal Letter of Demand and Notice to Pay the Tax PROCEDURE (Sec. 228, NIRC; RR 12-99) Upon receipt of the notice of informal conference, file a reply within 15 days f rom receipt of notice; Failure to file a reply, 2 things may happen: BIR will send again the Notice of Informal Conference or BIR will send a Preliminary Notice of Assessment Upon receipt of Preliminary Assessment Notice (PAN), file a reply within 15 days from receipt Failure to file a reply will result in either: BIR will repeat PAN Declare the taxpayer in default, and send you a Final Assessment Notice (FAN) Upon receipt of FAN, taxpayer may file a protest within 30 days. Q:Is FAN the one appealable to the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA)? A:NO. This is because 228, NIRC and RR 12-99 requires the exhaustion of administr ative remedy of protest. After the receipt of FAN or formal demand within 30days must file a protest before the office of the commissioner of internal revenue. FORMS OF PROTEST Local Tax (Sec. 125, Local Government Code (LGC)) Real Property Tax (Sec. 252, LGC) Tariff and Customs Code (Sec. 2313, RA 7651) In all protest under the different codes, payment under protest is only necessary under the Real Estate Tax. RR 12-99 If the taxpayer receives 2 final assessments, one under the Net Income and the other in VAT. If the taxpayer dont want to file protest under nt to file a protest under NIT. The taxpayer in order to be allowed to rotest under the NIT must first pay the VAT where he does not intend to rotest. Tax (NIT) VAT but wa file a p file a p

This is not payment under protest because, payment under protest is the one mention ed in Real Property Tax under Sec. 252, LGC. Under NIRC, Protest is referred to as: disputing of final assessment or file a motion for reconsideration or reinvestigation Q:What should be done after filing a protest? A:Count 60days is the period to file the necessary documents and receipts in sup port of the protest. Q:What is the effect of failure to file the supporting documents? A:Failure to file the necessary and supporting documents within the 60day period , to be counted on the day the protest is filed, the final assessment shall beco me final and executory. On the 51st day you filed the necessary document, you have to count another perio d, which is 180 days from the day you filed the necessary documents.

Relevance of the 180 Days:180 days is the time given to the BIR to decide the ca se Q:Supposed it did not decide the case within 180days? A:Do not invoke the Lascano case because it was rejected by RA 9282 In the Lascano case, before you file an appeal although the 180 days have lapsed , you have to wait for the BIR to take positive action. The case was ruled only by the CTA, hence it is not a law. The jurisdiction of t he CTA has been amended by RA 9282. RA 9282 provides that in case of inaction of the commissioner after the lapse o f 180days, remedy is to file an appeal. RR 12-99 says that after lapse of 180days but within 30days after 180days, that is the time to file an appeal. Q:Supposed the BIR rule within 180? A:Within 30days from receipt of the decision file an appeal to the CTA sitting i n division. Q:Supposed the CTA decided not in your favor? A:File a motion for reconsideration within 15days to the same division deciding the case. Q:Supposed the CTA, in division decided not in you favor? A:File an appeal to the CTA sitting en banc. Q:Supposed the CTA en banc decided not in your favor? A:File an appeal within 15da ys from receipt of decision to Supreme Court. Q:During the pendency of the protest in the office of the Commissioner, supposed you receive a notice of collection, levy and/ or distraint, what is your remedy ? A: YABES v. COMMISSIONER (150 SCRA 278) UNION SHIPPING LINES v. COMMISSIONER (185 SCRA 547)

YABES v. COMMISSIONER (150 SCRA 278) F: The taxpayer receives a notice of collection while waiting for the decision of his protest. He then filed an appeal with the CTA contending his protest has b een denied because he did not receive a decision but receive a notice of collect ion. Simultaneously, the BIR filed before the CFI an ordinary civil action for th e collection of sum of money. When the judge of the CFI, was about to conduct t he hearing of the case, the taxpayer filed an injunction with the SC to prohibit the judge of the CFI contending that a single cause of action is pending in two courts, one in the CTA and another in CFI. H: Injunction was granted prohibiting the Judge of the CFI and requiring the Ju dge to transfer the records to the CTA saying that the remedy made by the taxpay er was the correct remedy. Q:Was the appeal made on time? A:Yes, when the BIR filed an ordinary action, the p rotest is deemed denied. Hence an appeal is a proper remedy. UNION SHIPPING LINES v. COMMISSIONER F: The taxpayer was waiting for the decision of his protest. But instead, he r eceived a notice of collection. Immediately, he filed a Motion for Reconsiderat ion and Clarification asking whether his protest has been denied. The BIR did n ot reply or answer but instead filed an Ordinary Civil Action before the CFI. W hen the taxpayer received summons, he did not answer but instead filed an Appeal before the CTA. I: Whether or not the remedy of Appeal was the correct remedy and Whether or no

t it was filed on time. H: Yes. The remedy of appeal is the correct remedy and the appeal was filed on time. The reckoning period within which to file an appeal is the time the taxp ayer received the summons. While an Appeal is pending before the CTA, the CTA will determine: If the decision was made within 180 days, whether the appeal was made within 30 days from the receipt of the said decision, or if there was no decision after the lapse of 180 days, whether the appeal was mad e within 30 days upon the expiration or the lapse of the 180-day period. Q:Pending appeal with the CTA, can the BIR amend the final assessment? A:2 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT: GUERRERO v. COMMISSIONER (19 SCRA 25) BATANGAS v. COLLECTOR (102 PHIL 822) GUERRERO v. COMMISSIONER (19 SCRA 25) H: No. Because it is no longer the disputed assessment. BATANGAS v. COLLECTOR (102 PHIL 822) H: Yes. In order to avoid multiplicity of suits ACCORDING TO JUSTICE VITUG: BATANGAS v. COLLECTOR (102 PHIL 822) IS THE BETTER RULING PROTEST UNDER LOCAL TAX (Sec. 195, LGC) Under NIRC, protest is filed in the Office of the Commissioner Under LGC, protest is filed with the same City or Provincial or Municipal Treasur er who issued the assessment Period to file Protest 60 days from receipt of assessment Q:If the treasurer did not decide within a 60day period, remedy? A:Go to the court of competent jurisdiction (RTC) Q:If the RTC decided not in you favor? A:File an appeal with CTA en banc (beginning April 23, 2004) Q:If the CTA decided not in your favor? A:Appeal to the SC. NOTE: Pursuant to RA 9282, direct appeal to CTA en banc can be made from: Decision of the RTC involving local taxation exercising appellate jurisdiction Decision of the Central Board of Assessment Appeal exercising appellate jurisdic tion. PROTEST UNDER REAL PROPERTY TAX (Secs. 226, 230, and 252) Remedy shall be the same Sec. 252, LGC If the taxpayer receives a Notice of Assessment from municipal, city, or provinc ial treasurer, the remedy is to file a protest but there must be first Payment U nder Protest. This is the only instance where payment under protest is necessary Q:How is payment under protest made? A:At the back of the receipt there will be an annotation that there was a payment under protest within 60days from receipt of the notice of assessment within the same treasurer who issued the assessment.

Q:If the treasurer rules against the taxpayer, remedy? A:The remedy is to file an appeal to the Local Board of Assessment within 30days from the receipt of the de cision. Q:From the decision of the Local Board of Assessment? A:Appeal should be made to t he Central Board of Assessment Appeal. Beginning April 23, 2004, the ruling of the Central Board of Assessment Appeal is no longer final. It can now be appealed to the CTA, sitting en banc. PROTEST UNDER THE TARIFF AND CUSTOMS CODE (TCC) (Sec. 2313, as amended by RA 765 1) Formerly, the automatic appeal under the TCC applied only to protest; but now a d ays, the automatic appeal applies to both protest and forfeiture. For Forfeiture Under the Tariff and Customs Code Refers to the Order of the Collector confiscating the imported goods or commoditi es Doctrine of Primary Jurisdiction If the Collector ordered the forfeiture of the imported commodities the order of the Collector shall be to the exclusion of all government offices and authority . Importer of Chemical, under the TCC, the custom duties is only P27 but the colle ctor says it should be P52. The importer will then file a protest with the Offi ce of the Collector. In the old days, there is an automatic appeal from the decision of the coll ector under protest. But under RA 7651, the remedy of automatic appeal is appli cable to both protest and forfeiture. I. In both cases of protest and forfeiture, if the importer lose the case and t he government wins, the remedy is to file an appeal within 15 days before the Of fice of the Commissioner. From the ruling of the Commissioner, the importer should file an appeal within 3 0 days before the CTA, sitting in division. From the ruling of the CTA in division, the importer should file an MR within 15 days before the same division hearing the case. From the ruling of the CTA in division, deciding on the MR, the importer should file an appeal within 15 days before the CTA sitting en banc. From the CTA en banc, appeal to SC within 15 days. If the importer-taxpayer wins the case, the government lose the case, Sec. 2313 of TCC as amended by RA 7651, there shall be an automatic review within 15 days . Q:Where should the automatic review be made? A:It depends. Publish the value of the commodity. IF P5 MILLION OR MORE AUTOMATIC REVIEW SHALL BE BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE DEPT . OF FINANCE. IF LESS THAN P5 MILLION AUTOMATIC REVIEW SHALL BE BEFORE THE OFFICE OF THE COMMI SSIONER Q:Suppose the commissioner decide or did not decide within 30days, what happens? A:If the commissioner reverses the ruling of the collector, the ruling is final and executory. If the commissioner affirms or did not decide within 30days, there shall be an a

utomatic appeal before the sec. of finance. Q:Between the two which will be appealed to the CTA? A:The decision of the secretary which passes through the office of the commissio ner (RA 9282) But not all the decision of the secretary which passes the office of the commiss ioner affirms or did not decide within 30days and appealed before the secretary of finance will appeal to the CTA be allowed. There are 3 instances when the Secretary of Finance renders a decision appealabl e to the CTA: decision of the Secretary by virtue of automatic review passing through the Comm issioner cases of anti-dumping duty, where the anti-dumping duty was ordered by the Secre tary decision of the Secretary of Finance on countervening duty. COMPROMISE (Sec. 204, NIRC) 3 Questions asked in 2004 BAR: May the Government compromise criminal cases and civil cases? Supposed the corporation is already dissolved, can the stockholder be obliged to pay? Suppose the civil case filed by the BIR is final and executor, can it be subject to compromise? CAN THERE BE COMPROMISE IN: CIVIL CASES? YES, IN ANY STAGE OF THE PROCEEDING EXCEPT WHEN THE CIVIL CASE IS ALREADY FINAL AND EXECUTORY BECAUSE IT WILL BE VIO LATIVE OF THE SEPARATION OF POWERS CRIMINAL CASES? YES, EXCEPT: IF ALREADY FILED IN COURT (RTC) OR; IF IT INVOLVES FRAUD IF THE CORPORATION IS ALREADY DISSOLVED, CAN THE STOCKHOLDER BE HELD LIABLE TO P AY TAX? GENERAL RULE: NO EXCEPT: IF IT IS PROVEN THAT THE ASSETS OF THE COPORATION IS TAKEN BY ONE STOCKHOLDER OR ; IF THE STOCKHOLDER DID NOT PAY HIS UNPAID SUBSCRIPTION Minimum Amount to be Compromised (Sec. 204) If the ground is financial incapacity of the taxpayer, the minimum shall not be less than 10% of the original assessment. If based on other grounds, the minimum amount shall not be lower than 40% of the original assessment. Q:Can it be lower than that prescribed by law? A:As a rule, no. EXCEPT, if allowed by the evaluation board consisting of the: commissioner; and deputy commissioner. Instances when the Final Assessment becomes final and executor: If the taxpayer did not file the protest on time Failure to submit the supporting documents within the 60-day period After the lapse of the 180-day period, you did not file an appeal within the 30day period to the CTA

An appeal was filed but made beyond the reglementary period to appeal METHODS OF COLLECTION (SEC. 205) Judicial Action Civil Criminal Administrative Action Distraint Levy Tax lien Q:Why is it important to know whether the final assessment is under normal or ab normal conditions? A:It is important because of the requirement under 222. If the final assessment becomes final and executory, the government (BIR) can exercise the remedies unde r 205 in any order or simultaneously (207). But it is not always the case, becaus e the right of the government to collect is limited in case of abnormal assessme nt/collection under 222. Under the second option, the right of the government is limited to judicial action either civil or criminal. Administrative remedies s uch as distraint, levy, or tax lien is not available under such condition. Q:In distraint, levy or tax lien, is the 10 year period of collection applicable ? A:No, only the 5year period should apply. Distraint Kinds: Constructive (Sec. 206) Distraint of Intangible (Sec. 208) Actual (Sec. 207, par. a, and Sec. 209) 1. Constructive Distraint The distraining officer shall make a list of the personal property of the propert y to be distraint in the presence of the owner of the property or the person in possession of the property. The owner shall be requested to sign the receipt. Q:What if the owner refuses to sign the receipt? A:Sec. 206: The distraining officer shall require 2 individuals within the neigh borhood with the warning that they should not allow the taxpayer to dispose, tra nsfer, or sell the property subject of distraint. Grounds for Constructive Distraint (Sec. 206): The taxpayer intends to leave the Philippines The taxpayer leaves the Philippines The taxpayer ceases or retires from business The taxpayer obstructs the collection of the tax. THESE GROUNDS ALSO ANSWER THE QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE TAXABLE PERIOD LESSER THAN 12 MONTHS? 2. Distraint of Intangible Property Limited to 3 Intangible Properties: Shares of stocks Bank accounts Credits and debits

Share of stocks Warrant of distraint furnished to the taxpayer or the officer of the corporation with the warning that the property is subject of distraint and it should not dis pose of it. Bank Accounts Warrant of distraint furnished to the taxpayer or the officer of the bank with th e warning that the taxpayer should not be allowed to withdraw. Debits and Credits Warrant of distraint furnished to the debtor and creditor 3. Actual Distraint Personal property shall be physically taken by the distraining officer. Within 10 days from the receipt of the warrant, a report of the distraint shall b e submitted to the BIR (Sec. 207, par a last par.) The property subject of distraint shall be sold at a public auction EXCEPT bank a ccounts and debits and credits. Notice of sale shall be by posting in 2 conspicuous place, stating the date and t he place of the sale (No publication requirement) Sec. 211: after the sale and within 2 days, a report shall be made to the BIR Q:If the property sold is a personal property, is there a right of redemption? A:NO. The rule is absolute. Q:If the property is a personal property, is there a right of preemption? A:SEC. 210: Before the scheduled sale, the taxpayer is allowed to recover the p roperty by paying all the property by paying all the proper charges as well as t he interest, cost and penalties. During the Scheduled Auction Sale, 2 Things may happen: There is bidder and the bid is enough There is no bidder or there is a bidder but the bid is not enough Q:What is the relevance of knowing the difference? A:1.If there is a bidder and the bid is enough In case of insufficiency, there shall be further distraint to cover the liability . (217) In case of excess, the excess shall be returned to the taxpayer. 2.If there is no bidder or the bid is not enough. It will be purchase by the government and the later sold in a public auction agai n (212) In case of insufficiency, no further distraint, 217 applies only if there was a bi dder. In case of excess, the excess shall not be returned to the taxpayer but shall be remitted to the national treasury. Levy Other than the delinquent taxpayer, warrant of levy is served to the register of deeds having jurisdiction over the real property (Sec. 213) Within 10 days from the receipt of the warrant, a report of the levy shall be sub mitted to the BIR (Sec. 207 (b) last par) Notice of Sale in Public Auction: Posting in 2 conspicuous places Publication in newspaper of general circulation once a week for 3 consecutive we

eks. Q:Is there a right of pre emption? A:Yes, 213. Q:Is there a right of redemption? A:Yes. 2 Things may happen in a Public Auction: There is a bidder and the bid is enough There is no bidder or the bid is not enough Q:What if there is no bidder or the bid is not enough? A:Forfeiture shall be made (215) 3 Definitions of Forfeiture under the Internal Revenue Code Violation of Excise Tax Law (Sec. 224) If there is no bidder or the bid is not enough (Sec. 215) The order of the Collector to confiscate imported commodities (Sec. 2313, TCC) Relevance of the Choice of Words: Under sec. 212, the law says purchase Under sec. 215, the law says forfeiture under 215: the real property shall be automatically registered in the name of th e Government (forfeiture) under 212: the real property is not automatically registered in the name of the Government (purchase) Q:If sold at a private sale, what is the requirement? A:There must be an approval of the Secretary of Finance (216) Q:After sale, if there was deficiency? A:There shall be no further levy, because 215 says that it shall be to the total satisfaction of the taxpayer. Q:After sale, if there was an excess? A:It shall not be returned to the taxpayer but shall be remitted to the national treasury. Sec. 217: this is only true if there was no bidder or the bid was not enough be cause of the provisions of the Secs. 212, 215, and 216 Sec. 218: no court shall issue an injunction to restrain the collection of tax under this code Determine what kind of injunction is referred to here: Prohibitory referred in Sec. 218 because it restrains the collection of tax. Mandatory Q:Is the provision limited to tax under this code? A:Limited to internal revenue taxes. EXCEPT: CTA (Regular Court) RA 1125 and 928 2: CTA is authorized to issue injunction to restrain the collection of taxes or fees collected under other code. Q:Is the rule of distraint or levy the same under local taxation? A:Yes, local tax. 175 for DISTRAINT 176 for LEVY Q:How about real property tax? A:No, distraint is not authorized (256, LGC), becaus e the remedy is only Judicial Action and Levy.

Tax Lien Non payment of tax, the government has the right to claim a lien over the propert y of the taxpayer NIRC Sec. 219, NIRC Local Tax Sec. 173, NIRC Real Property Tax Sec. 257, NIRC Q:Supposed a parcel of land is about to be levied by the government, but the sam e is being foreclosed by the mortgagee, which of the 2 obligee, the government o r the mortgagee shall be preferred? A:219, last portion:The government is the preferred one if the lien is annotated and recorded in the registry of deed. In the absence of annotation in the regis try of deeds, the mortgagee is preferred. Q:Do we have the same rule under Local Tax and Real Property Tax? A:NO. Both 173 and 257, the government is always the preferred one. The lien can o nly be removed by payment of tax, interest and penalty. Sec. 220: approving of filing an ordinary civil action for violation of the int ernal revenue code The approval must be made by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue HIZON v. REPUBLIC (320 SCRA 574) F: An ordinary civil action for violation of the tax code was filed in the city of San Fernando. But the filing was only approved by the Revenue Regional Dire ctor of Central Luzon. The plaintiff opposed the filing in the court on the gro und that it should be approved by the Commissioner and the Revenue RD. H: Sec. 220 should be read with Sec. 7 of the NIRC General Rule: powers and functions of the Commissioner may be delegated but not to a position lower than a Division Chief Under Sec. 7, there are powers which can not be delegated Power to recommend to the Secretary of Finance to issue rules and regulation Power to decide a case of fist impression Power to enter into a compromise agreement Power to assign BIR officer in the place of production subject to income tax Since the case does not fall under the prohibited delegation, the filing of the c ase is legal and tenable. Decision of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR) is appealable to CTA. Q:When is a decision of the cir appealable to the Secretary of Finance? A:4, on matters of interpretation of tax laws. SEC. 223: SUSPENSION OF THE RUNNING OF PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD Q:A Filipino taxpayer went to Canada, after 15years he went back, he is being as sessed by the BIR under normal assessment. Has the right of the government to a sses the tax already prescribed? A:NO. When he went to Canada, the running of the prescribed period is suspended. Q:What if the change of address is within the Philippines, say only from manila to Pasay City, is the running of the prescriptive period suspended? A:In order tha t the running of the prescriptive period will not be suspended, especially if th e change is district office, 223 provides that the taxpayer must send a written n otice of change of address to the BIR. In the absence of the written notice, the period will be suspended.

Q:Change of address is from Philippines to abroad? A:The period will be suspended. Other Grounds for Suspension: During collection if there is no property found, the period is suspended If the BIR is prohibited from making assessment such when the subject property i s under litigation In distraint of levy, the BIR officer cant locate the property CLAIM FOR REFUND (SEC 229) Written claim for refund: Sec. 229, NIRC Sec. 112, VAT Sec. 136, Local Tax Sec. 253, Real Property Tax None except sec. 1603, Tariff and Custom Written claim for refund under the input tax (Sec. 112) Period is also 2 years from the close of the taxable quarter when the transaction was made Q:Can we apply 229 to VAT? A:Yes, because there is no conflict. 112 is refund under input tax system. 229 is refund for: errors in payment or; collected without authority; or assessment without authority. The period to claim refund is 2years. Doctrine of Equitable Recoupment If a taxpayer is entitled to a written claim for refund but the prescriptive peri od to claim has lapsed, the taxpayer is allowed to credit his written claim for refund which he failed to recover to his existing tax liability. Computed from; Individual counted on the day the tax has been paid paying by way of withholding tax system, the reckoning point is the end of the t axable year. paying by way of installment, reckoning point is the date the last installment i s paid. if sold to public auction through distraint or levy, the date the proceeds is ap plied to the satisfaction of the tax liability. Corporation Existing 1992, *** v. Commissioner (205 SCRA 184) 1995, Commissioner v. Philam life (244 SCRA 446) 1998, Commissioner v. CTA (301 SCRA 435) Non-existing 2001, BPI v. Commissioner (363 SCRA 840) Existing the counting of the prescriptive period is 2 years on the day the annua l adjusted return is filed, because it is at that day that the tax liability is known. Non-existing the counting of the prescriptive period should also be reckoned on the day the annual return is filed. But the corporation is no longer required t o wait till the taxable period is over to file the return. Upon receipt of a no tice from the SEC to dissolve the corporation, within 30 days thereafter, a retu

rn should be filed. Q:Suppose there is a supervening event, and the taxpayer was not able to file a written claim of refund within the period? A:Regardless of supervening event, a wr itten claim for refund must be filed within 2years. Q:Suppose the 2 year period is about to expire and there is no decision yet as t o your refund? A:Remedy is to file an appeal before the CTA (deemed a denial) Q:Suppose the BIR decided within 2 years against the refund? A:Appeal within 30day s from the decision, provided it is still within the 2 year period. Q:Suppose there is only 21days remaining after receiving the decision, when to f ile an appeal? A:Within 21days before the end of the 2 year period. A written claim for refund should be filed within 2 years Sec 204 (c) last phrase: in case of over payment a written claim is not necessar y because a return constitutes a written claim for refund. Q:May the commissioner of internal revenue open the bank account of a taxpayer? A:General Rule: NO. EXCEPT: To determine the gross value of the estate; and To enter into a compromise agreement. (under 204(A)) The written claim for refund to determine the gross value of the estate because t he taxpayer is already dead In case of compromise, there must be consent