Tutorial on TDD Systems

FCC Office of Engineering and Technology Monday, December 3, 2001

Part 1: Overview of Duplex Schemes

Rmi Chayer Chairman TDD Coalition http://www.tddcoalition.org E-mail: [email protected]

The TDD Coalition

It is the position of the TDD Coalition that with proper planning and regulatory considerations, TDD and other duplexing technologies can coexist in the same geographic and spectral space Aperto Networks Arraycomm BeamReach Networks Caly Networks Clearwire Technologies Harris Corporation InterDigital IP Wireless
December 3, 2001 2

LinkAir Malibu Networks Navini Networks Pointred Technologies Radiant Networks Raze Technologies Wavion Ltd

Overview of the Duplex Schemes

!

Definitions
" " "

FDD TDD Adaptive TDD Spectrum Efficiency Spectrum Allocation and Utilization Deployment and Network Planning Issues Compatibility with emerging applications and all-IP networks with asymmetric traffic Adaptability to advanced signal processing (adaptive antennas, user terminal beam-forming, etc.) Field trials
3

Comparison of TDD vs FDD

" " " "

"

"

December 3, 2001

FDD Frequency Division Duplexing

!

Separate in frequency the downstream and upstream directions of the traffic Ratio between downstream and upstream traffic fixed by equipment design
" "

1/2 - 1/2 for voice 2/3 1/3 for data (typical for 16QAM down, 4QAM up)

FDD requires a guard band between the downstream and upstream

Upstream Frequency Separation: x MHz
Guard Band 4

Downstream

December 3, 2001

TDD Time Division Duplexing

!

Separate in time the downstream and upstream directions of the traffic

An example of TDD is half-duplex transmission on an HF communication system using a push-to-talk switch

Use a single frequency for both downstream and upstream Ratio between downstream and upstream traffic can be fixed or adaptive TDD requires a guard time between the downstream and upstream but no guard band
5

December 3, 2001

Data Traffic Asymmetry

LBL traffic is nearly LBL traffic is nearly symmetric symmetric averaged over 2 averaged over 2 hours (53/47) hours (53/47) but but
Inbound & Outbound Traffic (bps) 100 secs duration, 1 sec bins
2.0E+06

Bits Per Sec

1.5E+06 1.0E+06 5.0E+05 0.0E+00 1000

asymmetric over shorter intervals

1010

1020

1030

1040

1050

1060

1070

1080

1090

1100

Time (sec)

Statistics Averaged Over 2 Hour Trace: Statistics Averaged Over 2 Hour Trace: Aggregate: 392 kbps Aggregate: 392 kbps Inbound: 185 kbps Inbound: 185 kbps Outbound: 207 kbps Outbound: 207 kbps
December 3, 2001 6

Real-Time Adaptive TDD

!

Real-time adaptation provides highest transport efficiency

" "

Millisecond real-time adaptation 35% improvement over FDD/TDMA

TDD enables 100% use of available spectrum

"

Well-suited for wide, single block allocations and narrow, dual block allocations

Minimal latency variation enables prioritization of preferred subscribers and critical applications
7

December 3, 2001

Spectral Efficiency
Percent Improvment in Spectral Utilization
45% 40% 35% 30%
Percent

25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ratio 1:X of Traffic Load

December 3, 2001

With asymmetric traffic (data), TDD systems use spectrum more efficiently than FDD systems.
8

Spectral Efficiency
! !

Minimize guard band Change symmetry on the fly depending on subscribers needs Adaptive downstream/upstream ratio allows for emerging new applications without the need for spectrum re-farming Enables advanced technologies such as mesh network and adaptive antenna arrays Highly effective for bursty data traffic while still supporting voice
9

December 3, 2001

Spectrum Allocation and Utilization

! ! ! !

TDD allowed by the FCC, CEPT, Japan, Canada and many other countries Some countries still need to be convinced FDD absolutely requires paired spectrum TDD can be used with paired and unpaired spectrum
TDD can use either sub-band and the middle guard band (from an ITU-R Recommendation)

! !

Block edge mask contributes to TDD/FDD coexistence New mitigation techniques are being developed
(Autonomous Frequency Allocation AFA for example)
10

December 3, 2001

A Proven Technique
!

Used successfully since many years with DECT and PHS Successfully deployed in recent UTRA-TDD multi-site field trial Supported by the recently released IEEE 802.16 standard and by the developing IEEE 802.16a Multiple studies demonstrated coexistence feasibility (IEEE 802.16.2 and CEPT reports)

December 3, 2001

11

Tutorial on TDD Systems

FCC Office of Engineering and Technology Monday, December 3, 2001

Part 2: Worldwide TDD Deployments Dr. Manouchehr Rafie CALY Networks

http://www.tddcoalition.org [email protected]

Outline
! ! !

TDD - Worldwide TDD - Motivation Mobile Wireless

" "

Cordless 3G

Fixed Wireless
" "

WMAN WLAN / WPAN

Emerging Technologies

December 3, 2001

14

TDD is widely used

!

TDD is used in ETSI standards, IEEE standards, MMAC, and in many proprietary systems There are many compelling reasons for this choice
y enc ici Eff e -tim g e pac essin S c pro ed air m p Un ctru e Sp try me ym As er ow ol P tr con esh M t cke s Pa ice v ser st Co k nlin ng w Do essi c Pr o

et ern Int

P DS

ve pti a Ad DD T

ay Arr ssing e roc p r p le Si m

al roc l p eci nne R ha C

December 3, 2001

15

TDD Advantages MOTIVATION!

! ! ! ! !

Flexibility with traffic asymmetry Efficiency / cost / simplicity Dynamic resource allocations Channel reciprocity Innovations and signal processing
" " " " "

Time-space processing Downlink processing Smart antenna Power control management Adaptive modulation / frame boundary Self-organizing network
16

! !

Dynamic topology MESH

"

Internet services
December 3, 2001

Worldwide TDD Deployments

!

Mobile environment
" " " "

DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications Europe) CT2 (cordless Telephone) PHS (Personal Handyphone System Japan) 3GPP: UTRA-TDD mode IEEE802.16 (PMP systems in 10-66 GHz range) IEEE802.16ab (systems in 2-11 GHz range) HIPERACCESS (PMP systems Europe) IEEE802.11 (USA) HIPERLAN (Europe) MMAC Bluetooth Home RF
17

Fixed environment - WMAN

" " "

Fixed environment WLAN / WPAN

" " " " "

December 3, 2001

TDD Digital Cordless Telephones

Dig ital Co rdle s s Te le pho ne s S ta nda rd CT2/ CT2 + Co rdle s s Te le pho ne 2 Mo bile Frequency Range (MHz) Multiple Acces s Metho d Duplex Metho d Number of Channels TDD 40 TDD 1 0 (1 us ers /chanel) 2 Channel Spacing Modulatio n 1 kHz 00 GFSK (0.5 Gaus s ian Filter) Channel Bit Rate 72 kb/s 1 .728 MHz GFSK (0.5 Gaus s ian Filter) 1 52 Mb/s .1 384 kb/s TDD 300 (4 us ers /channel) 300 kHz /4 DQP SK CT2: 864/868 CT2+: 944/948 TDMA/FDM TDMA/FDM TDMA/FDM DECT Digita l Enha nc e d Co rdle s s Te le pho ne 1880-1 900 P HS P e rs o na l Ha ndy P ho ne S ys te m 1 895-1 8 91

December 3, 2001

18

DECT/PHS
! !

TDD and TDMA Efficient use of spectrum and high user density Voice and data services supported
" " " "

DECT GAP DPRS (up to 552kbit/s) DECT 2Mbit/s IMT2000 migration path Small, light, low cost devices are feasible PHS has been used for animal tracking
19

Miniaturization
" "

December 3, 2001

IMT-2000 Modes

3GPP members: ETSI (Eu) T1 (US) ARIB and TTC (Japan) CWTS (China) December 3, 2001 TTA (S. Korea)

20

UTRA - TDD
Accepted IMT-2000 Standard (ITU-TC), meets ITU requirements for 3G data speeds 3GPP TDD systems benefits:
Downlink processing, smart antenna, space-time processing,

Technology consists of W-CDMA air interface coupled with GSMcompatible core network to allow equipment sharing with GSM/GPRS and UTRA-FDD networks Standard chip rate of 3.84 Mcps, 2X chip rate in future standard release Standard channel BW of 5 MHz is compatible with 6 MHz MMDS chann. Frequency allocation for UTRA-TDD: 1900 1920 MHz, 2010 2025 MHz in Europe WRC2000 allocated an IMT-2000 expansion band from 2500 2690 MHz, TDD allocation being considered across Europe for this band
December 3, 2001 21

Frequencies Fixed Wireless

December 3, 2001

22

Frequencies Fixed Wireless

December 3, 2001

23

FBWA - IEEE802.16
!

Air interface (PHYs with common MAC)

" "

P802.16: 10-66 GHz P802.16a

2-11 GHz: Licensed bands only 5-6 GHz: Licensed-exempt WirelessHUMAN

" "

IEEE 802.16.2 (10-66 GHz) P802.16.2a: amendment to 2-11 GHz

December 3, 2001

24

FBWA - IEEE802.16
!

Scope
"

"

Specifications for PHY and MAC for broadband wireless access for data rates of above 30 Mbps. Licensed band: 10-66 GHz Business services, Wireless Internet PHY and MAC development Subscriber station and base station mmw frequency range LMDS focus / LOS Continuous and burst traffic Efficient use of spectrum Adaptive modulation
25

Oriented toward
"

Air interface standard

" " " " " " "

December 3, 2001

FBWA - IEEE802.16a
!

Scope
"

Specifications for PHY and MAC layers for air interface of broadband wireless access systems in:
Licensed band 2-11 GHz: 2.5-2.7 GHz (US), 3.5 and 10.5 GHz (WW) License-exempt band 5-6 GHz

Oriented toward
"

"

Residential, small offices, telecommuters, small-to-medium enterprise markets MMDS Optional topology
Mesh operation
Subscriber-to-subscriber communications

Air interface standard

" " "

OFDM (TDMA / OFDMA), SC-DFE CLOS / NLOS Antenna diversity

26

December 3, 2001

FBWA - HIPERACCESS
!

Scope
"

PHY and MAC interface specifications for licensed high-frequency range 11-40 Ghz

Oriented toward
" " "

UMTS backhaul, PMP Symmetric / asymmetric, Internet, vedio Outdoor usage for residential and SME applications up to 5 Km

Air interface standard

" " "

"

Operating at 25 Mbps, (chann: 7, 14, 28, 56 MHz) Providing long range and fixed radio connections to customer premises Mainly licensed (>11 GHz, 40 GHz) and may be used for licensedexempt (5 GHz) TDD / FDD BS (FD), SS (HD)
27

December 3, 2001

ETSI BRAN: Wireless Broadband Access

!

HIPERLAN/2 54 Mbps
" " " " "

Short range, cordless Up to 200 m Indoor / Campus License-exempt Mobility Long range, up to 5 Km / 40 GHz Licensed and license-exempt Residential, SME Interconnect HIPERACCESS & HIPERLAN Up to 150 m / 17 GHz / P-P Not started
28

HIPERACCESS 25 Mbps
" " "

HIPERLINK 155 Mbps

" " "

December 3, 2001

High Performance Radio Bands

indoor 4W IEEE 802.11 (1, 2 Mbps) IEEE 802.11.b (1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbps) 200mW 1W 4W IEEE 802.11.a (6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbps) IEEE 802.11.a IEEE 802.11.a (6, 9, 12, 18, 24, (6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbps) 36, 48, 54 Mbps)

100mW IEEE 802.11 (1, 2 Mbps) IEEE 802.11.b (1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbps)

200mW HIPERLAN/1 (19 Mbps) indoor 200 mW 100mW HIPERLINK 155 Mbps

HIPERLAN/2 (6, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 48, 54 Mbps)

ARIB (6, 9, 12, 18, 24/27, 36, 48, 54 Mbps)

GHz 2.4 2.471 2.4835 5.15 2.497 5.25 5.3 5.35 5.725 5.825 17.1 17.36

December 3, 2001

29

WLAN - HIPERLAN/2
!

Scope
"

Specifications for PHY and MAC layers for air interface in license-exempt band 5-6 GHz supporting both fixed and mobile services for high-speed multimedia communications between different broadband core networks and mobile terminals. Wireless access and WLAN, business and home multimedia Up to 54 Mbps in 5 GHz band OFDM / 52 carrier, 20 MHz channel Centralized and direct modes Short range and cordless services Indoor coverage of 50 m and outdoor of 150 m
TDD low round trip

! !

Oriented toward
"

Air interface standard

" " " " "
"

December 3, 2001

30

WLAN IEEE802.11 Family

11 02. E8 EE H/DS I F 2 AN RL IPE H 1a 2.1 80 EE IE 1b 2.1 80 EE i-Fi) IE W (

1g 2.1 80 EE DM) IE OF (

1g 2.1 80 EE CC) I E PB (

C MA Na) M A SW (Hi

December 3, 2001

31

WLAN IEEE802.11/b
!

Scope
"

Specifications for PHY and MAC layers for air interface in licenseexempt band 2.4 GHz (ISM)

Oriented toward
"

Residential / business, SOHO

Air interface standard

"

Wi-Fi (IEEE802.11b) + IEEE802.11g

WLAN, Wireless Ethernet DSSS, D-B/QPSK, CCK 1/2/5.5/11/20+ Mbps FHSS, 79 channels, GFSK, < 2 Mbps, < 1W

December 3, 2001

32

WLAN IEEE802.11a
!

Scope
"

Specifications for PHY and MAC layers for air interface in licenseexempt band 5-6 GHz (U-NII)

Oriented toward
"

Wireless multimedia, SME

Air interface standard

" " "

OFDM based, MQAM (M=2,4,16, 64) Channel spacing 20 MHz, 6-54 Mbps, U-NII 52 carriers (48D, 4P)

December 3, 2001

33

Bluetooth (IEEE802.15)
!

Technical specs.:
" " " " " " " " "

TDD 625 msec Slow FH 1600h/s ISM band 2.4 GHz, small form factor, low cost 79 RF channels @ 1 Mbps (23 in Japan, France, and Spain) GFSK, m 0.35 Short range: 10-100m, piconet Symmetric 185.6 kbps / Asymmetric 721 kbps PP, PMP, and MPMP connections High-bit rate, 22-55 Mbps (IEEE802.15.3) Voice data access point Cable replacement Personal ad hoc network

Applications / Markets
" " "

December 3, 2001

34

TDD Systems
!

FBWA:
"

"

"

"

IEEE and ETSI specify TDD options. The full range of voice and data services is supported. Some legacy frequency plans are FDD (such as CEPT T/R 13-02). Several manufacturers believe TDD is not only feasible but preferable, even in these FDD bands. Mesh systems use TDD for flexibility. It is the most logical and best choice. IEEE/CEPT (ERC/RA) has also published a recommended practice companion document to the .16 standard, showing that TDD and FDD can easily coexist. Extensive range of voice and data services supported implements a form of dynamic time division duplex to allow for most efficient utilization of radio resources. (Hiperlan2 Global Forum)

WLAN
" "

December 3, 2001

35

What do these examples show?

!

TDD is well-suited for 3G enhancements

" "

Speed and efficiency Spectrum shortage (US carriers)

! ! !

TDD works across the entire range of frequencies TDD provides efficient and usually better use of spectrum All the required voice, data and related services can be supported TDD works with high density of users and base stations (1000 Erlang/km2/floor in DECT) It is consistent with low-cost, small and lightweight products. You can even track racoons and crows.!
36

December 3, 2001

Broadband Technology Trends

!

Air interface
" "

Adaptive TDD/smart technology, flexibility in resource allocation Adaptive burst profile (modulation+FEC), ATPC (TDD) Mesh systems, multi-hop, self-organizing, dynamic topology (TDD) Multi-layer hierarchy, VPN Macro- to micro/pico- cell technology (more suited for TDD) hot spots, airport, metropolitan, shopping centers, Efficient use of spectrum (TDD) BW on demand, dynamic asymmetric BW allocation (TDD) Convergence of BW access and BW mobile Context aware, Internet on air, mobile IP, full QoS, security, VoIP High data rates: from <2 Mbps to >155 Mbps
37

Network architecture
" " "

Wireless environment
" " "

Broadband services
" "

December 3, 2001

BACKUP SLIDES

December 3, 2001

38

Wireless Data Solution

December 3, 2001

39

Home RF
!

Technical spec.:
" " " "

TDD technology 2.4 GHz, up to 150 feet, FHSS Data rate:10 Mbps (20 Mbps in future) Low power

Applications / Market:
"

"

" " "

Home networking, small business, SOHO Avoids rewiring homes, portability, access sharing Supports DECT Enhanced Telephone features Integrated voice and data
40

December 3, 2001

Tutorial on TDD Systems

FCC Office of Engineering and Technology Monday, December 3, 2001

Part 3: Spectrum Allocation and Coexistence Issues

Dr. Guanghan Xu, CTO Navini Networks [email protected]

Outline
! ! ! ! !

TDD-FDD Coexistence TDD-FDD Collocation General Rules & Practices Mitigation Techniques Efficient Spectrum Allocations

December 3, 2001

43

TDD-FDD Coexistence

TDD & FDD Coexistence

IEEE 802.16.2 Recommended practices for coexistence:
1.

2.

3. 4. 5.

A victim receiver should be 6dB below the receiver thermal noise Each operator should take the initiative to collaborate with other known operators prior to initial deployment and at every relevant system modification Each operator should design and deploy his own network for the maximum amount of frequency reuse Incumbent / first movers should be given the same status as operators who deploy at a later time when resolving coexistence issues No coordination is needed in a given direction if the transmitter is greater than 60km from either the service area boundary or the neighbors boundary (60km no-coordination separation)
45

December 3, 2001

TDD & FDD Coexistence

6. Operators should use the trigger value of 114dBW/MHz/m2 (24,26,28 GHz) and 111dBW/MHz/m2 (38,42GHz) of the power spectral flux density at the boundaries when collaborating with neighbors. 7. Apply the triggers of Recommendation 5 and 6 prior to deployment and prior to each relevant system modification. 8. Deployment in the same area or in adjacent channel interference cases, the deployment will typically need one guard channel between nearby transmitters. 9. Utilize appropriate antennas for the base station and subscriber terminals (low side lobes and cross polarization). 10. Utilize appropriate emissions masks for the base station and subscriber terminals (low out-of-band emissions). 11. Minimize BTS and subscriber EIRP. Utilize BTS and subscriber power control. 12. Utilize the recommended approach to calculate the power spectral flux density at the boundaries.
46

December 3, 2001

TDD-FDD Collocation

TDD-FDD Collocation
Collocation of TDD & FDD systems are possible on the same tower with no performance degradation when an appropriate guard band is used. The required width of the guard band depends on the following factors:
" " " " " "

Out-of-band emissions of the transmitters Performance of transmitter output filter Directional antenna performance (side lobe suppression) Polarization Antenna positioning (space separation and orientation) Receiver sensitivity
48

December 3, 2001

General Rules & Practices

Guard Band
A typical guard band of a single bandwidth channel is required between an FDD and TDD systems. When the FDD & TDD transmissions are of different bandwidth, the guard band should be equal to the wider of the 2 channels.
FDD Signal TDD Signal

BW 1

BW 2

Guard band = BW 2 December 3, 2001

50

Out-Of-Band Emissions
Typical FDD and TDD transmitter out-of-band emissions are ~30dBc (~50dBc) below the channel power at one (two) signal bandwidth away from the channel center.
30dBc

BW

50dBc

Out-of-band emission mask

BW

2BW

December 3, 2001

51

Transmitter Output Filter

A typical low cost pass band cavity filter can provide ~15dB (~40dB) rejection at one (two) bandwidth away from the pass band center.
15dBc

BW

40dBc

BW

Filter Rejection Curve

2BW

December 3, 2001

52

Effective Out-of-Band Emissions

Combine the transmitter out-of-band emission suppression and the transmitter output filter out-of-band rejection, the effective transmitter out-of-band emissions will be:

90dBc

BW

45dBc

Effective out-of-band emission mask

BW

2BW December 3, 2001

53

Antenna
!

Directional antennas
"

The side lobes should be at least 30dBc down from the main lobe peak at elevation and 10dBc at azimuth (at an angle of 90o from the bore direction). The side lobes along the axis should be at least 20dBc down from the main lobe peak. If possible, FDD and TDD systems should use different polarizations. The cross polarization isolation is about 10~15dB. There should be a minimum of 10 ft separation between antennas for FDD and TDD systems. The 10 ft (center to center) separation will have a 50dB isolation at 2GHz and 56dB at 5GHz and 67dB at 20GHz.
54

Omni-directional antennas
"

Polarization
" "

Separation
" "

December 3, 2001

Mitigation Techniques

Mitigation Techniques
Filters
!

Interference among different systems can be suppressed by adding filters at both interfering transmitters and victim receivers. Adding filters at a transmitter to improve its out-of-band emission will reduce the adjacent channel interference. Adding filter at the receiver will improve receiver adjacent channel rejection.

December 3, 2001

56

Mitigation Techniques
Adaptive Antennas
!

Adaptive antenna array can significantly reduce the interferences among different systems. This is accomplished in the following ways:
"

"

Adaptive antenna array sends a signal only to the receiver that is intended for and not everywhere along all directions. Adaptive antennas array can generate several null points at problem receivers and reduce the interference signal levels.

December 3, 2001

57

Mitigation Techniques
Network Planning & Site Engineering
!

Generally good practices for network planning and site engineering:

" " " " "

Maximum frequency reuse Minimize transmitter EIRP Use different polarization in adjacent areas Implement transmitter power control Utilize antennas with low side lobes

December 3, 2001

58

Interference Mitigation Example

!

Two directional FDD & TDD transceivers that are located at the same tower with 10ft separation: Interference = 40 (Tx output power) + 18 (Tx antenna gain) + 18 (Rx antenna gain) 50 (out of band mask) 40 (cavity filter rejection) 30 (Tx antenna side lobe suppression) 30 (Rx antenna side lobe suppression) 50 (antenna separation) = -124dBm

If the the interference signal (as calculated above) is much less than the thermal noise then there is no interference problem.
" "

"

Assume the signal BW is 1MHZ The thermal noise floor = -174 (power within 1Hz) + 60 (10log10E6) = 114dBm Since -114dBm >> -124dBm there is no interference issue

December 3, 2001

59

Efficient Spectrum Allocations

Efficient Spectrum Allocations

Contiguous allocation
!

Contiguous spectrum allocations are preferred in order to harmonize FDD and TDD systems
"

"

"

Any spectrum block can be segregated into four contiguous segments, FDD takes the low / high ends and TDD takes the middles, or vice versa, or FDD and TDD segments are interleaved. Frequency partition allows for maximum utilization of spectrum and minimum cross interference between FDD and TDD systems. In cases where the spectrum block is not wide enough to allow a guard band for FDD, the block shall be allocated for TDD only.

December 3, 2001

61

Efficient Spectrum Allocations

Service Rules
!

Power Limits:
"

" "

Power limits should be set based on the coverage and interference protection. Higher power will have wider coverage but cause more interference. Carriers should use only the minimum EIRP for their coverage area.

Reuse:
"

Maximum reuse of frequency will increase efficiency and reduce interference.

December 3, 2001

62

Efficient Spectrum Allocations

Service Rules
!

Number of licensee:
" "

If only using a TDD system, the entire spectrum can be segregated into two contiguous blocks, one for carrier A, the other for carrier B. If using both FDD & TDD systems, the spectrum can be segregated into four contiguous blocks. Two blocks for FDD and two blocks for TDD. FDD takes the low / high ends and TDD takes the middles, or vice versa, or FDD and TDD blocks are interleaved. Requirements for spectral mask will determine the cost of transmitters and width of the guard band. As the rule of thumb, the mask should roll off at lest 30dBc at one BW away from the channel center and 50dBc two BWs away from the center.
63

Spectral mask:
" "

December 3, 2001

Backup Slides

Interference Example
!

Two omni FDD & TDD transceivers that are stacked along the vertical direction with 10ft separation: Interference = 40 (Tx output power) + 10 (Tx antenna gain) + 10 (Rx antenna gain) 50 (out of band mask) 40 (cavity filter rejection) 20 (Tx antenna side lobe suppression) 20 (Rx antenna side lobe suppression) 50 (antenna separation) = -120dBm

If the the interference signal (as calculated above) is much less than the thermal noise then there is no interference problem.
" "

"

Assume the signal BW is 1MHZ The thermal noise floor = -174 (power within 1Hz) + 60 (10log10E6) = 114dBm Since -114dBm >> -120dBm there is no interference issue

December 3, 2001

65

Interference Example
!

A directional FDD & omni-directional TDD transceivers that are stacked along the vertical direction with 10ft separation: Interference = 40 (Tx output power) + 18 (Tx antenna gain) + 10 (Rx antenna gain) 50 (out of band mask) 40 (cavity filter rejection) 30 (Tx antenna side lobe suppression) 20 (Rx antenna side lobe suppression) 50 (antenna separation) = -122dBm

If the the interference signal (as calculated above) is much less than the thermal noise then there is no interference problem.
" "

"

Assume the signal BW is 1MHZ The thermal noise floor = -174 (power within 1Hz) + 60 (10log10E6) = 114dBm Since -114dBm >> -122dBm there is no interference issue

December 3, 2001

66

Tutorial on TDD Systems

FCC Office of Engineering and Technology Monday, December 3, 2001

Part 4: Advanced Technologies with TDD

Randall Schwartz Vice-Chairman of TDD Coalition http://www.tddcoalition.org [email protected]

Finding the Answer for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)

High bits/Hz Support many BB subscribers High data rates NLOS

Capacity/ Spectral Efficiency

Propagation Capabilities

Robust links Ease of Installation

Low CPE cost Ease of installation Low infrastructure cost

System Economics

Product Availability

Would like the product ASAP

Operators still waiting for all the puzzle pieces to come together
December 3, 2001

69

Challenges Facing BWA Operators

! ! ! ! ! !

Cost of equipment Reliability of service Cost of spectrum Network interface Ease of installation Support large numbers of broadband subscribers

! Make

the business case work!

New innovative technologies are now being brought to market, many of them TDD-based, that can solve these dilemmas!
December 3, 2001 70

What is TDD, Time Division Duplexing?

!

In TDD systems, each allocated channel can carry data upstream and down stream. Data is transferred in one direction. After a short transition guard band (typically 50-200 us), channel can transmit in opposite direction. Only small guard band required for inter-channel spacing.

December 3, 2001

71

Benefits of TDD technology

Benefits enabled by TDD
! ! !

Spectral Efficiency Reduced system costs Flexible Asymmetry

Technologies enabled by TDD

! ! !

Adaptive Antennas Arrays Mesh Networks Adaptive TDD

December 3, 2001

72

TDD Enables Adaptive Antenna Solutions

Adaptive loop

Adaptive loop

With TDD, the reciprocal nature of the RF channel increases spectral efficiency and coverage and improves economics December 3, 2001 73

Benefits of TDD- Lower Costs

! ! ! !

Reduced radio component costs. TDD reduces filtering requirements, lowering system costs. System reciprocity allows reduction of CPE cost by keeping processing at base station. Simplifies frequency planning and power control.

December 3, 2001

74

TDD enables Mesh Networks

Business

POP

December 3, 2001

Fibre Backbone

75

Advantages of TDD in a Mesh system

" "

" " "

Significant improvements in spectrum efficiency, coverage and coexistence. Allows complete and dynamic flexibility in uplink/downlink traffic (a)symmetry Improved coexistence by using time as a mechanism to avoid interference. Can work in paired or unpaired spectrum assignments By combining a mesh configuration with TDD, the coordination requirements are greatly reduced

December 3, 2001

76

Adaptive TDD

(Time Division Duplexing)

FDD

TDD

December 3, 2001

77

Benefits of TDD- Flexible Asymmetry

! ! !

TDD allows easy implementation of flexible asymmetry. Allows system to change symmetry on the fly by adjusting transmit/ receive time slot ratios. Future traffic requirements trend towards bursty data for both data and voice in IP-based networks.

December 3, 2001

78

Dynamic TDD: optimal, dynamic balance of upstream and downstream bandwidth

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Downstream Upstream Upstream Upstream Upstream Upstream

Bandwidth adjusts dynamically to meet user demand

December 3, 2001 79

Adaptive TDD
LBL Traffic Variation vs. Time Scale (2)

Bits Per Sec

LBL traffic is nearly LBL traffic is nearly symmetric averaged symmetric averaged over 2 hours (53/47) over 2 hours (53/47) but but asymmetric over shorter intervals

Inbound & Outbound Traffic (bps) 100 secs duration, 1 sec bins
2.0E+06 1.5E+06 1.0E+06 5.0E+05 0.0E+00 1000

1010

1020

1030

1040

1050

1060

1070

1080

1090

1100

Time (sec)

Statistics Averaged Over 2 Hour Trace: Statistics Averaged Over 2 Hour Trace: Aggregate: 392 kbps Aggregate: 392 kbps Inbound: 185 kbps Inbound: 185 kbps Outbound: 207 kbps Outbound: 207 kbps December 3, 2001 80

Benefits of TDD- Spectral Efficiency

!

TDD greatly reduces the need for inter-channel guard bands, increasing spectral efficiency. Allows system to change symmetry on the fly. Enables advanced techniques, such as mesh networks and adaptive antenna arrays. Effective for bursty, IP-based data. Can increase efficiency 60%.

! !

December 3, 2001

81

TDD Innovations Conclusions

!

Many of todays innovative solutions that can solve operators BWA dilemmas are using TDD technology TDD can be implemented in conjunction with other duplexing schemes, such as FDD, with only minor regulatory considerations. TDD systems can provide operators with superior system characteristics.
" " "

Lower costs Greater spectral efficiency Flexible asymmetry

December 3, 2001

82

Tutorial on TDD Systems

FCC Office of Engineering and Technology Monday, December 3, 2001

Part 5: Opportunities and Technologies for Fixed TDD in the US

Paul Struhsaker Secretary of TDD Coalition http://www.tddcoalition.org [email protected]

Market Opportunities for TDD in the USA

! !

Residential and SOHO Market Opportunity Small Medium Enterprise and Multi-Tenant Dwelling Market Opportunity The last 100 foot Opportunity (Wireless LAN) Additional TDD Spectrum

! !

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85

Residential and SOHO Market

# Too Many Last Mile Wireless Business Plan have concentrated on Enterprise, medium, and large business customers # Consider the Much larger Residential, SOHO, & SME Market
"

"

Only ~7% of Residential and SOHO POPS Have Broadband Access Today The Bandwidth Divide
30% to 50% of the US residential/SOHO/SME market does not have access to broadband internet services

"

110 Million Residential and SOHO POPS in the US

A majority of the underserved are in Tier 2, 3 and 4 markets representing ~50% of the US population Aggressive overbuilding in Tier 1 areas still leaves ~10% to 20% un-served

Broadband Wireless Access is the most cost-effective method to reach this market
December 3, 2001 86

The Total Available Market: Residential/SOHO

# # Analysis based on latest census data The US market has ~110 million pops, Limit TAM to cities and counties that meet the following criteria:
Average household income > $25,000 Housing density greater than 230 homes/sq. [satellite for low density rural] Conservative, 50 Sq Km cover per cell site coverage TAM is limited to areas covered by cell that will be profitable with ~10% take rate of TAM

Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 5

Population 1,000,000+ 250,000+ 100,000+ 50,000+ 25,000+

Average Household Income $61,584 $42,469 $44,232 $47,017 $48,704 Total: Tier 2, 3, 4, & 5 Total:
87

Number of Markets 937 32 87 200 385 1,641 704

Addressable Homes 25,959,046 4,916,756 5,376,741 5,396,283 5,395,274 47,044,100 21,085,054

December 3, 2001

MTU/SME Market
!Multi-Tenant
"

Units (MTU)

Cluster homes with individual telecommunications connections (noncentralized wiring)

Duplex/Quadplex housing units Row Homes Miscellaneous cluster home configurations Small/Large apartments, with centralized wiring Landlord Controls Wire Access

" "

!Small/Medium
" "

Enterprise (SME)

Business with ~8 to 100 employees Majority are in multi-story buildings

Roof access restrictions an issue

"

Structured wiring (CAT 5 Data & Voice) available

88

December 3, 2001

SME & MTU Market Analysis

!

MTU market
"

"

According to the latest Census Bureau data, approximately 27% of all households live in MTUs Example: Onsite Access, a New York MTU Building LEC Operator
Achieved 100% penetration in the first building within the first year Penetration rates 40% within the first three months after service is first offered churn rates below 1% However, due to the inability to gain access to a buildings risers and cable necessary at reasonable rates, often must rewire every building with fiber

SME market
"

"

750,000 commercial buildings in the US accommodating 7.4 Million businesses Example: Hotels (Cahners In-Stat)
73% of hotels are considering high-speed Internet for guest rooms 82% of hotels with over 60% business clientele are considering 48% of hotels surveyed plan to implement broadband in the next 12 months.

BFWA provides an essential low cost Last Mile Access delivery Method connect to these customer groups.
89

December 3, 2001

MTU/SME Revenue Projections

!

MTU Market (Cahners In-Stat Group )

" "

"

MTU-related equipment sales will jump from $500 million in 2001 to $4 billion in 2005. MTU broadband service and equipment sales will jump from $3.4 billion in 2000 to $8.5 billion in 2005, the high tech market research firm forecasts. Many service providers offer remote and on-site network management and cable installation services.

SME Market
"

" " "

SMEs comprise roughly 85% of U.S. business firms, 40% of employment, and one-third of the nations economic output - but only about 6% of SMEs have broadband (Precursor Group) 70% of these businesses are located in Multi-Tenant Units (MTUs) 90% of those MTUs are under 200k SF, housing 2-20 tenants. There are ~7 million small and mid-sized businesses in the United States. They are a key market for telecom service providers today. (Alcatel/Yankee Group)

December 3, 2001

90

WLAN: Solving the last 100 foot Problem

!

WLAN Market is based on successful IEEE 802.11 standards

" " " "

Deployed in ISM 2.4 GHz and 5.2/5.3 GHz un-licensed bands IEEE 802.11b provides 11 Mbps in ISM band IEEE 802.11g will extend .11b to 54 MBPS Evolving 802.11a technology provides up to 54 Mbps in 5.x Band

WLAN is project to be a $4.6 Billion market by 2005

(Cahners In-Stat)
" "

Individual subscribers will be sold in 10s of millions Cost will fall to ~$40 per subscriber

WLAN has been adapted for many uses

91

December 3, 2001

Fixed Wireless Access Spectrum

! !

Broadband Service Requires 5.8 GHz UNII spectrum:

Low barrier cost makes market entry Issue of interference in more dense

Other potential spectrum allocations

3.65 to 3.7 GHz: aligns US with international FWA bands 4.64 to 4.69 GHz US only TDD eliminates additional spectrum pairing requirements for FDD for these bands

December 3, 2001

92

Tutorial on TDD Systems

FCC Office of Engineering and Technology Monday, December 3, 2001

Part 6: TDD For Mobile Wide Area Services Marc Goldburg ArrayComm, Inc. http://www.tddcoalition.org [email protected]

Mobile Wide Area Services

!

Requirements for commercial success

" "

differentiated services low cost of service delivery (CapEx/OpEx)

TDD technologies provide the basic elements

" "

through spectral efficiency, enabling affordable advanced services through reduced (at least for now) cost of spectrum acquisition

Wide range of potential applications/services

" "

consumer: broadband data, voice, our focus today vertical: meter reading, package tracking,

December 3, 2001

95

Key Application Segments

!

Voice and narrowband (<128 kbps) data systems

" "

offer circuit and packet-switched services employ advanced data+voice handsets and data-only devices

Broadband data systems

" "

offer packet-switched IP services and IP backend employ data-only devices (VoIP support)

December 3, 2001

96

Voice and Narrowband Data

!

Potential applications in USA

" " "

competitive voice service providers local service providers (community wireless) data-only providers

Ingredients for scaleable success

" " "

primarily price differentiation for voice and narrowband data resulting from low infrastructure CapEx/OpEx, ease of deployment inexpensive terminals

December 3, 2001

97

Voice and Narrowband Data

!

TDD Technologies
" " " "

PHS is ideally suited for these applications TDD/TDMA air interface with 300 kHz channel spacing 32 kbps voice, 64 kbps data (128 kbps soon) ISDN network interface benefits from current worldwide subscribership of 10 M infrastructure equipment available from multiple suppliers wide range of user devices available: voice, voice+data, data PSTN interface is ISDN with mobility enabled CO switch realistic minimum is 5 MHz core band is 1895-1918 MHz per RCR-28 specification

Equipment availability
" " " "

Spectrum requirements
" "

December 3, 2001

98

Mobile Broadband Data Services

!

Potential applications in USA

" "

wireless extension of Internet and corporate networks complement to FDD cellular 2/2.5/3G services

3G service vision vs. todays 2.5G/3G reality

" "

GPRS pricing for primary internet use roughly $500/mo worldwide not a consumer service, 3G to be priced similarly by most carriers

TDD technologies enable affordable mobile broadband

" "

TDD + enabling technologies = superior spectral efficiency superior spectral efficiency minimizes cost of service delivery

December 3, 2001

99

Mobile Broadband TDD Technologies

!

UTRA-TDD
" " "

TDD/TDMA/CDMA air interface with 5 MHz channel spacing IMT-2000 standard peak per-user data rates in excess of 1 Mbps

i-BURST
" " "

TDD/TDMA/SDMA air interface with 625 kHz channel spacing optimized for use with adaptive antennas peak per-user data rates in excess of 1 Mbps

Both interface to standard IP network infrastructure

December 3, 2001

100

Broadband Data
!

Equipment availability (UTRA-TDD and i-BURST)

" " "

radio equipment available in trial volumes today general availability of radio equipment in 2002 IP backend based on widely deployed, standardized IP equipment

Spectrum requirements
" "

realistic minimum is 5 MHz targeted mobility bands: PCS, MMDS, IMT2000 1.9 + 2.0 GHz

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101

Summary
! ! !

Solutions for all classes of mobile services Most efficient use of valuable/limited mobility spectrum Value proposition enabling
" " "

new classes of operators new classes of services new affordable consumer services

Relevant near-term Commission actions (among others)

" " "

1910-1930 MHz (3G proceeding) 2010-2025 MHz (3G proceeding) 2500-2690 MHz (evolution of MMDS)
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December 3, 2001

Thank You

http://www.tddcoalition.org
December 3, 2001 103