Units & Conversions Fact Sheet

Prefixes
pico (p) nano (n) micro () deca (da) kilo (k) mega (M) giga (G) tera (T) peta (P) exa (E) zetta (Z)

Metric

= = = = = = = = = = =

10-12 10-9 10-6 101 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021

m = 103 mm = 106 quad = 1015

Roman

Mass 1 kg = 2.205 lb 1 lb = 453.6 g = 16oz 1 metric tonne = 1,000kg = 2,205lb 1 US short ton = 907kg = 2,000lb 1 UK long ton = 1,016kg = 2,239lb Temperature = 1.8 + 32 F C = ( 32) 5/9 + 273.15 K F Time 3,600 sec/hour 730 hour/month 365.25 day/year 8,766 hour/year 31,536,000 sec/year Fuel Economy 1mpg = 0.4251 km/L mpg = 235.2/ L/100 km

Derek Supple, MIT Energy Club http://web.mit.edu/mit_energy Latest Update: 4/15/2007 Distance Volume 1 cm = 0.4 in 1 L = 0.264 gal = 1000 cm3 (ml) 1 m = 3.281 ft = 1.094 yd 1 m3 = 1000 L = 35.3 ft3 = 264 gal 1 km = 0.62137 mi = 199 rod 1 gal = 3.785 L = 4 qt = 16 c = 128 oz 1 mi = 1.609km 1 ft3 = cf = 28.32 L = 7.482 gal 1 smoot = 1.702 m = 5.83 ft 1 bbl = 42 U.S. gal = 159 L = 5.6 ft3 1 cord = 128 ft3 = 3.62 m3 Area 1 ac-ft = 43560 ft3 = 325,851 gal 1 m2 = 10.765 ft2 1 km3 = 0.24 mi3 = 810,713 acre-ft 2 2 6 2 1 km = 0.386 mi = 10 m 3 1 ha = 104 m2 = .01 km2 = 2.47 ac 1 bu = 4 pck = 8 gal = 35.2 L = 2,150 in Flow Rates 1 mi2 = 2.6 km2 = 640 ac 1mbd = 1 Mbbl/day = 15.34 Ggal/yr 1 ac = 4,047 m2 = 43,560 ft2 = 694.4 bbl/min = 11.57 bbl/sec Pressure = 485.9 gal/sec 1MPa = 10bar = 9.87atm = 145psi 1 ft3/s = 641 bbl/hr = 449 gal/min (gpm) 1atm = 1.0132 bar = 760 mmHg = 14.696 psi = 10.33 ton/m3 1 bbl oil/day 50 metric ton oil/yr 1 gpm = 0.063 L/s = 0.00442 ac-ft/day Density Water = 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1 kg/L = 1 metric tonne/m3 Air at Sea Level = 1.2 kg/m3 Crude Oil = 0.88 (0.75 -0.98) kg/L = 7.34 lb/gal = 140 kg/bbl Gasoline = 0.745 kg/L = 6.22 lb/gal Diesel = 0.837 kg/L = 7.00 lb/gal; Biodiesel = 0.880 kg/L Ethanol = 0.789 kg/L = 6.58 lb/gal Methanol = 0.792 kg/L = 6.61 lb/gal Nat. Gas = 0.717 kg/m3 = 44.8 lb/mcf CNG @ 20MPa= 0.185 kg/L = 11.5 lb/ft3 = 5.66 lb/gge LPG (propane) = 0.540 kg/L = 33.7 lb/ft3 Hydrogen = 0.025 kg/L (35MPa); 0.08988 kg/m3 (STP) Coal 1.32 kg/L = 1230 metric ton/ha-m = 1800 sht ton/acre-foot API Gravity = (141.5/[Density in g/cm3 at 60 - 131.5 F]) Light Crude API > 31.1; Heavy API < 22.3; Bitumen API ~ 8 Power Unit Conversion 1 W = 1 J/s = 3.6 kJ/hour = 31.5 MJ/year 1 kW = 1.341 hp = 738ft-lb/s 1 hp = 745.7 W = 0.7068 Btu/s 1 TW = 1012 W = 31.5 EJ/year 1 ton-refrigeration = 12,000 Btu/hr = 200 Btu/min = 3.517 kW Historic US Retail Prices (US2000$/GJ)

Energy Unit Conversion 1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kgm2/s2 = 0.239 cal = 0.74 ft-lb 1 Cal = 1 kcal = 1000 cal = 4.187 KJ = 3.968 Btu 1 KJ = 0.239 Cal = 0.947817 Btu 0.95 Btu 1 Btu = 1,055.056 J = 0.252 kcal 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ = 3,412 Btu; (1MWh = 3.6 GJ = 3.412 mmBtu) 1 mmBtu = 106 Btu = 1.055 GJ = 1 decatherm 1 mcf nat. gas (LHV) = 10.27 therm = 1.027 mmBtu = 1.082 GJ 1 toe = 41.868 GJ = 39.683 mmBtu = 11.63 MWh = 7.33bbl 1 tce = 29.308 GJ = 27.778 mmBtu = 8.141 MWh 1 Quad = 1015 Btu = 1.055 EJ = 293 TWh = 25.2 Mtoe=.974 TCF 1 EJ = 109 GJ = 1018 J = .95 Quad 1 TWyr = 31.5 EJ = 29.86 Quad Energy Content (Lower Heating Values) (ton = metric tonne) Crude Oil = 6.119 GJ/bbl = 5.8 mmBtu/bbl = 39.7 mmBtu/ton = 145.7 MJ/gal = 38.5 MJ/L = 43.8 MJ/kg (GJ/ton) Gasoline = 121.3 MJ/gal (= 32.1 MJ/L = 43.1 MJ/kg = 115 mBtu/gal) Diesel = 135.5 MJ/gal (= 35.8 MJ/L = 42.8 MJ/kg = 128 mBtu/gal) Biodiesel = 124.8 MJ/gal (= 33.0 MJ/L = 37.5 MJ/kg = 121 mBtu/gal) Ethanol = 80.2 MJ/gal (= 21.2 MJ/L = 26.9 MJ/kg = 76 mBtu/gal) Methanol = 60.4 MJ/gal (= 15.9 MJ/L = 20.1 MJ/kg = 57 mBtu/gal) UN Standard Coal = 30 GJ/ton Bituminous = 27-30 GJ/ton (MJ/kg) = 25-28 mmBtu/ton Sub-Bitum. = 20-26 GJ/ton (MJ/kg) = 19-24 mmBtu/ton Lignite = 10-19 GJ/ton (MJ/kg) = 9-18 mmBtu/ton Nat Gas @ STP = 53.2 MJ/kg =38.2 MJ/m3 =1027 Btu/ft3 CNG @ 20 MPa = 50.0 MJ/kg = 9.3 MJ/L = 249.6 mBtu/ft3 H2 @ 35MPa (HHV) =120.0 MJ/kg = 2.7 MJ/L = 72.5 mBtu/ft3 LPG @ 1.5 MPa = 88.1 MJ/gal = 23.3 MJ/L = 625.5 mBtu/ft3 Air-Dried Wood(20% Moisture Content) = 15 GJ/ton Uranium = 80 GJ/g fissioned = 400 GJ/kg mined (fnd =.5% mnd) Energy of Familiar Phenomena/Society Quart of Boiling Water = 3 MJ 1 wooden match = 1 Btu Melt 1 lb Ice = 151 kJ = 143 Btu 1-GWe Plant running 24 hrs = 260 TJ Daily Human Metabolism = 2500 kCal/day = 120 W Compact Passenger Car at steady 60 mph: Chem. Energy Consumption = 70 kW = 94 hp Mech. Energy Production = 15 kW = 20 hp 05 US Oil Use = 20.55 Mbpd = 7.506 Gbbl/yr = 238 bbl/sec 05 Global Oil Use = 84.37 Mbpd = 31.89 Gbbl/yr = 976.5 bbl/sec 05 US Primary Energy Use 3.35 TW 105 EJ/yr 100 quad/yr 05 Global 16 TW 504 EJ/yr 480 quad/yr Solar Influx at Earth Surface 100 PW = 3.1 YJ/yr = 200 W/m2

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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission Factors Note: 44/12 or 3.667 ton CO2 emissions per ton C emissions Natural Gas = 121 lb/mcf = 117.1 lb/mmBtu = 50.3 kg/GJ Gasoline = 19.56 lb/gal = 156.4 lb/mmBtu = 67.2 kg/GJ Diesel = 22.38 lb/gal = 161.4 lb/mmBtu = 69.4 kg/GJ Bt. Coal = 4,931 lb/sht ton = 205.3 lb/mmBtu = 88.3 kg/GJ Petrol Coke = 32.40 lb/gal = 225.1 lb/mmBtu = 96.8 kg/GJ Electric US Av = 1.34 lb/kWh = 0.608 ton/MWh = 168.8 kg/GJ Coal-fired Elec = 2.095 lb/kWh = .95 kg/kWh = 260 kg C/MWh Global Warming Potential (GWP) ( = 100yr) CO2 = 1 CH4 = 23 N2O = 296 SF6 = 22,200 HFCs = 12 - 12,000 PFCs = 5,700 - 11,900

Rules of Thumb
1 Btu = 1,055 J 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ = 3,412 Btu 1 hp = 746 W 1 TW 30 Quad/yr 32 EJ/yr 1 gallon gasoline equivalent (gge) = 121 MJ = 115,000 Btu = 1 kg H2 = 1.5 gal EtOH 1 million barrel oil per day (mbd) = 486 gal/sec = 2.2TJ/yr = 4232 metric ton C/yr Nat.Gas: 1 mscf = 0.2832 Nm3 = 1.027 mmBtu = 10.27 therm 3.667 (44/12) ton CO2 per ton C

23.52 mpg 10 L/100km 234 g TtW CO2/km 0.832 lb TtW CO2/mi

1 Quad = 1015 Btu 1.05 EJ 25 Mtoe 300TWh 0.974 tcf natural gas

Sources
This sheet was compiled based on several other useful fact sheets and online resources: Holdren, J. and H. Lee (2006) ENR302 Course Notes: Some Units Constants, and Conversions and Energy of Familiar Phenomena International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy Statistics Unit Converter http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/unit.asp U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA). Kid's Page Energy Calculator http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/energy_calculator.html BP plc, Statistical Review of World Energy 2006, Conversion Factors http://www.bp.com/conversionCalculator.do?&contentId=7017990&categoryId=91 EIA AER Other Physical Conversion Factors http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec13_13.pdf DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) Fuel Properties Table http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/fueltable.pdf Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL) Bioenergy Program, Conversion Factor Reference http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/energy_conv.html United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Regional Study on Wood Energy Today and Tomorrow http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/W7744E/w7744e07.htm

Other Physical Property (LHV, Density, Emission Factor) Data Sources Wang, Michael Q. (2006) The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model. Version 1.7. http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GREET/index.html Farrell, A.E. et al. (2005) EBAMM Release 1.0. http://rael.berkeley.edu/ebamm/ Brown, D., J. Gillette, B. James, et al. (2006) Hydrogen Analysis (H2A) Project model version 1.0.11, Physical Property Data http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/h2a_production.html Weiss, M. A., J. B. Heywood, et al. (2000). On the Road in 2020, a Life-Cycle Analysis of New Automobile Technologies. Cambridge, MA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Energy Laboratory. MIT EL 00-003 RP. http://lfee.mit.edu/public/el00-003.pdf Hong, B.D. and E.R. Slatick (1994) Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal. Energy Information Administration, Quarterly Coal Report. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/quarterly/co2_article/co2.html EIA, Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program, Fuel and Energy Source Codes and Emission Coefficients http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/factors.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/gg97rpt/appb.html IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K. and Johnson, C.A. (eds.)]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 881pp. Technical Summary. Section C6. p.47 . http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/020.htm#c6 Historic Price Range Data Sources EIA (2006) Annual Energy Review 2005 and Monthly Energy Review http://www.eia.doe.gov/overview_hd.html EIA Petroleum Navigator http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_top.asp EIA Coal News and Markets http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/coalnews/coalmar.html Bloomberg Energy Market Data http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/ State of Nebraska Energy Statistics http://www.neo.state.ne.us/statshtml/66.html

OIL INDUSTRY CONVERSIONS

Crude petroleum, and the refined products made from crude oil, are normally measured either by volume in gallons and US barrels, or by weight in tons or tonnes. The relationship between volume and weight is usually measured by density in the United Kingdom (the alternative measure is relative density or specific gravity). American oilmen usually reckon quantities of oil produced, moved or processed in barrels per day (bpd or b/d). The loose but simple rule of thumb for conversion is that a barrel a day is roughly 50 tonnes a year, but the relationship varies according to density and so according to product.

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR OIL ----------------------------------------------------------------At 86F (30C) ----------- Approximation ------------------Liters Liters A.Gallons A.Barrels Product per per per per E.Ton M.Ton M.Ton M.Ton ----------------------------------------------------------------L.P.G 1,864 1,835 484.6 11.54 JP.4 1,355 1,333 352.4 8.39 Jet A-1 1,274 1,254 331.2 7.89 Premium 1,375 1,353 357.5 8.51 Regular 1,440 1,418 374.5 8.92 Kerosene 1,293 1,273 336.2 8.00 Gas Oil 1,197 1,177 311.2 7.41 Diesel Fuel 1,177 1,159 306.1 7.29 Fuel oil 80 CST 1,082 1,065 281.2 6.70 Fuel oil 180 CST 1,067 1,050 277.4 6.60 Fuel oil 230 CST 1,064 1,047 276.6 6.59 Fuel oil 280 CST 1,061 1,044 275.9 6.57 Bitumen 994 979 258.5 6.15 -----------------------------------------------------------------

..

1 MMSCF of natural gas 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

= = million cu.ft. of natural gas = = std.cu.feet of natural gas = m.ton of coal = m.ton of lignite = ltr of fuel oil 1500 sec = kg of LPG = normal cu.m. per day (Nm3/d) = [flow rate of gas] ton of LNG = (LNG conversions) = = = = = = = = =

172.3 barrels of crude oil equivalent 365 x 1,000,000 scf 18.91 tons liquid 1598.69 cu.ft.liquid 1000 BTU = 252 kilocalories 4.879 barrels of crude oil equivalent 2.053 barrels of crude oil equivalent 38.9 cubic feet of natural gas 47.0 cubic feet of natural gas 37.33 standard cu.ft. per day (SCFD) 1.14 1.4 x 103 normal cu.m.natural gas (Nm3) 52.3 x 103 standard cubic feet natural gas (SCF) 55.0 x 109 joules (HHV) 1.22 tonne crude oil 0.80 tonne heavy fuel oil 0.91 tonne LPG (commercial composition) 1.91 tonne coal 50 tonnes per year (approx.) 1 barrel of crude oil 5,487 cubic feet of gas *

1 ton of LNG (energy equivalents)

1 barrel per day (b/d) 1 barrel of oil equivalent

* Natural gas is converted to barrels of oil equivalent using a ratio of 5,487 cubic feet of natural gas per one barrel of crude oil. This ratio is based on the actual average equivalent energy content of TOTAL's natural gas reserves. 1 barrel of crude oil per day 1 ton of crude oil = appr. 50 tons of crude oil per year = 1 metric ton of crude oil = appr. 7.3 barrels of crude oil (assuming a specific gravity of 33 API) = 6.6-8.0 bbl. of crude oil with 7.333 bbl. taken as average = 1.16 kl. of crude oil (average) = appr. 1,125 cubic meters of natural gas

1 ton of oil equivalent

2 de 15

MMSCF CST A. E. VOLUME

Million standard cubic feet Centi-Stroke American English 1 American barrel = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 158.984 liters 42 American (US) gallons 34.9726 Imperial (UK) gallons 5.6146 cubic feet 0.15899 cubic metre 3.78541 cubic decimeters (dm3) 0.136 tonne (approx) 231 cubic inches 0.133681 cubic foot 3.7854 liters 0.0238095 American barrel 0.83268 Imperial gallon 0.0037854 cubic meter 277.42 cubic inches 1.20094 American gallons 4.54609 liters 0.028594 American barrel 0.160544 cubic foot 0.004561 cubic meter 1,000 cubic centimeters 1 cubic decimeter (dm3) 0.035314 cubic foot 61.024 cubic inches 1.7597 pints 0.219969 Imperial gallon 0.26417 American gallon 1,000 cubic decimeters (dm3) 6.28981 American barrels 100 cubic feet or 2.83 cubic metres of permanently enclosed space = 35.315 cubic feet

1 American gallon

1 Imperial gallon

1 liter

1 kiloliter 1 gross ton (shipping) 1 cubic meter

..

1 MMSCF of natural gas 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

= = million cu.ft. of natural gas = = std.cu.feet of natural gas = m.ton of coal = m.ton of lignite = ltr of fuel oil 1500 sec = kg of LPG = normal cu.m. per day (Nm3/d) = [flow rate of gas] ton of LNG = (LNG conversions) = = = = = = = = =

172.3 barrels of crude oil equivalent 365 x 1,000,000 scf 18.91 tons liquid 1598.69 cu.ft.liquid 1000 BTU = 252 kilocalories 4.879 barrels of crude oil equivalent 2.053 barrels of crude oil equivalent 38.9 cubic feet of natural gas 47.0 cubic feet of natural gas 37.33 standard cu.ft. per day (SCFD) 1.14 1.4 x 103 normal cu.m.natural gas (Nm3) 52.3 x 103 standard cubic feet natural gas (SCF) 55.0 x 109 joules (HHV) 1.22 tonne crude oil 0.80 tonne heavy fuel oil 0.91 tonne LPG (commercial composition) 1.91 tonne coal 50 tonnes per year (approx.) 1 barrel of crude oil 5,487 cubic feet of gas *

1 ton of LNG (energy equivalents)

1 barrel per day (b/d) 1 barrel of oil equivalent

* Natural gas is converted to barrels of oil equivalent using a ratio of 5,487 cubic feet of natural gas per one barrel of crude oil. This ratio is based on the actual average equivalent energy content of TOTAL's natural gas reserves. 1 barrel of crude oil per day 1 ton of crude oil = appr. 50 tons of crude oil per year = 1 metric ton of crude oil = appr. 7.3 barrels of crude oil (assuming a specific gravity of 33 API) = 6.6-8.0 bbl. of crude oil with 7.333 bbl. taken as average = 1.16 kl. of crude oil (average) = appr. 1,125 cubic meters of natural gas

1 ton of oil equivalent

31 0.871 7.24 7.36 32 0.865 7.28 7.40 33 0.860 7.33 7.45 34 0.855 7.37 7.49 35 0.850 7.42 7.54 36 0.845 7.46 7.58 37 0.840 7.51 7.63 38 0.835 7.55 7.67 39 0.830 7.60 7.72 40 0.825 7.64 7.76 41 0.820 7.69 7.81 42 0.816 7.73 7.85 ---------------------------------------------* Approx. figures 60F 141.5 Specific gravity = -----------131.5 + API

POWER AND HEAT UNITS 1 HP (UK Horsepower)

= = = 1 PS (Pferdestaerke) = or CV (Cheval Vapeur) = = 1 kW (Kilowatt) = = = = 1 foot pound per second = = = 1000 Btu = 100,000 Btu = 1 calorie (dieticians') = 1 Therm =

550 foot pounds per second 0.7457 kilowatt 1.014 PS (or Cheval Vapeur) 542 foot pounds per second 0.986 hp 0.736 kW 1,000 watts 1,340 hp 1.359 PS or CV 737 foot pounds per second 0.00136 kilowatt 0.00182 hp 0.00184 PS or CV 0.293 kWh 1 therm 4.1855 kilojoules 100,000 Btu (British Thermal Units)

1000 kilocalories (Large Calories) 1 kilowatt hour

= = = = = = = = =

25,200 kilocalories 25.2 thermies 29.3 kilowatt hours 3,968 Btu 1.163 kilowatt hours 1 thermie 3,411 Btu 1.340 hp hours 859.6 kilocalories

LIQUEFIED METHANE 1 Ton of Liquefied Methane

= approximately 16 barrels = approximately 50,000 cubic feet (1400 cubic meters) of natural gas, depending on methane content

PRODUCT SPECIFIC GRAVITY RANGES --------------------------------------------------Spec. Barrels per Gravity metric ton --------------------------------------------------Crude oils 0.80-0.97 8.0-6.6 Aviation gasolines 0.70-0.78 9.1-8.2 Motor gasolines 0.71-0.79 9.0-8.1 Kerosines 0.78-0.84 8.2-7.6 Gas oils 0.82-0.90 7.8-7.1 Diesel oils 0.82-0.92 7.8-6.9 Lubricating oils 0.85-0.95 7.5-6.7 Fuel oils 0.92-0.99 6.9-6.5 Asphaltic bitumens 1.00-1.10 6.4-5.8 --------------------------------------------------CALORIFIC VALUE OF FULES Rough gross values in Btu per lb ------------------------------------Crude oils 18,300-19,500 Gasolines 20,500 Kerosines 19,800

Benzole 18,100 Ethyl alcohol 11,600 Gas oils 19,200 Fuel oils (bunker) 18,300 Coal (bituminous) 10,200-14,600 LNG 22,300 LPG (butane) 21,300 ------------------------------------TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPORT STREAMS ---------------------------------------MIRI Bintulu Labuan ---------------------------------------API Gravity 33 35 32 Pour Point 45F 15F 45F Wt. % Sulphur 0.07 0.1 0.07 ---------------------------------------PRESSURE 1 Bar

1 kg force/sq cm 1 pound/sq inch HEAT AND ENERGY 1 megajoule

= = = = = =

0.987 750.1 14.50 1.020 14.22 0.070

atmospheres mm Hg pound/sq inch kg force/sq cm pounds/sq inch kg force/sq inch

1 terajoule 1 kilocalorie

1 kilowatt hour 1 million Btu

= = = = = = = = = = =

238.8 kilocalories 947.8 British Thermal Units 0.278 kilowatt hours 0.00002388 Mtoe 3.968 Btu 4186 joules 1.163 x 10-3 kWh 859.8 kilocalories 3412 Btu 1055 megajoule 2520 megacalories

= 1 ton of oil equivalent = (toe) = = =

293.1 kilowatt hours 10000000 kilocalories 41.868 gigajoules 40.047 x 106 BTU 42.244 GJ

INTERFUEL CONVERSION FACTOR Whilst individual crudes, coals and gases vary widely in quality, certain standard qualities are often assumed for statistical purposes: ----------------------------------------------------------------Reference Barrel Oil Ton Oil Ton Coal 1,000 Cubic Fuel Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Feet Natural Gas ----------------------------------------------------------------Calorific 5.8x106 43x106 7x106 1x106 Value Btu gross Btu gross Kcal net Btu gross 1 0.14 0.21 5.8 7.41 1 1.57 43.0 4.71 0.64 1 27.3 0.17 0.02 0.04 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------Based on these qualities, the following equivalent rates of consumption can be used with reasonable accuracy: ----------------------------------------------------------------LNG NG OIL OIL COAL 6 t/y 10 mmcF/d toe/y boe/y tce/y 9 Nm3/y 10 ----------------------------------------------------------------1 1.41 1.22 25 1.9 0.71 1 0.87 18 39 0.82 1.15 1 20 1.55 0.04 0.056 0.049 1 0.076 0.53 0.74 0.64 13 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------Conversion Factors

CALORIFIC VALUE 1 magajoule/cu m 1 megajoule per normal cubic meter

1 1 1 1

kilocalorie/cu m megajoule/kg kilocalorie Btu/cu ft

1 Btu/pound

= 25.84 Btu/cu ft = 25.368 BTU per standard cubic feet (BTU/SCF) = 2.388 x 102 kilocalorie per normal cubic meter (kcal/Nm3) = 0.016 Btu/cu ft = 429.9 Btu/pound = 1.8 Btu/pound (exact) = 37.38 kilojoules/cu m = 9.410 kilocalories/cu m = 2.326 kilojoules/kg = 0.556 kilocalories/kg

ENERGY VALUES Btu per lb: wood: green dry peat, sod lignite coke coal: bituminous anthracite oil: fuel gas

4,400 7,310 6,200 9,000 12,100 13,000 14,500 18,500 19,500

============================================================================== NATURAL GAS AND OTHER ENERGY EQUIVALENTS The following are quick-reference equivalents. All figures are APROXIMATE VALUES only for use where precision is not required. They are based on: (i) (ii) for natural gas: 1,000 Btu/ft3 = 9,500 kcal/m3 (Groningen gas 8,400 kcal/m3) for LPG: an assumed 50/50 propane/butane mixture with (r) or (p) indicating that the LPG is either refrigerated or pressurised.

(iii)

calorific values, per tonne per barrel per cubic metre -

MMBtu (gross): LNG 51.8; LPG 47.3; oil 42.3; coal 27.3 LNG 3.8; LPG (r) 4.45; LPG (p) 4.1; oil 5.8 LNG 23.8; LPG (r) 28; LPG (p) 25.8

Natural Gas: Cubic Metre Equivalents -----------------------------------------------------------------------------1 mrd m3 Natural Gas per Year per year = 0.04 Tcf gas (38 trillion Btu) = 890 000 tonnes oil = 800 000 tonnes LPG = 725 000 tonnes LNG = 1.4 million tonnes coal per day = 100 million ft3 gas = 17 800 barrels oil = 23 200 barrels LPG (r) = 25 200 barrels LPG (p) = 27 200 barrels LNG 1 million m3 Natural Gas per Day per year = 0.014 Tcf gas (14 trillion Btu) = 325 000 tonnes oil = 290 000 tonnes LPG = 265 000 tonnes LNG = 500 000 tonnes coal per day = 37 million ft3 gas = 6 500 barrels oil = 8 500 barrels LPG (r) = 9 200 barrels LPG (p) = 9 900 barrels LNG 1 m3 Groningen gas = 0.88 m3 (9 500 kcal) 1 m3 (9 500 kcal) = 1.13 m3 Groningen gas Natural Gas: Cubic Foot Equivalents ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Tcf Natural Gas per Year per year = 27 mrd m3 gas (30 mrd Groningen) = 24 million tonnes oil

= 37 million tonnes coal per day = 2 700 million ft3 gas = 470 000 barrels oil 100 MMcf Natural Gas per Day per year = 0.04 Tcf (37 trillion Btu) = 1 mrd m3 gas (1.1 mrd Groningen) = 860 000 tonnes oil = 770 000 tonnes LPG = 700 000 tonnes LNG = 1.35 million tonnes coal per day = 2.7 million m3 gas (3 million Groningen) = 17 250 barrels oil = 22 500 barrels LPG (r) = 24 400 barrels LPG (p) = 26 300 barrels LNG LNG: Volumetric Equivalents ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 million tonnes LNG per Year per year = 77 million ft3 (liquid) = 2.2 million m3 (liquid) = 14 million barrels (liquid) = 0.05 Tcf (gas) = 1.4 mrd m3 (gas) = 1.1 million tonnes LPG = 1.2 million tonnes oil = 52 trillion Btu = 1.9 million tonnes coal per day = 140 million ft3 (gas) = 4 million m3 (gas) = 37 500 barrels LNG = 31 900 barrels LPG (r) = 34 600 barrels LPG (p) = 24 500 barrels oil 1 million m3 LNG per Year per year = 460 000 tonnes LNG

= 6.3 million barrels LNG = 0.2 Tcf (gas) = 0.6 mrd m3 (gas) = 500 000 tonnes oil = 560 000 tonnes oil = 24 trillion Btu = 870 000 tonnes coal per day = 65 million ft3 gas = 14 700 barrels LPG (r) = 15 900 barrels LPG (p) = 17 200 barrels LNG = 11 200 barrels oil 3 m = kilolitre LPG & Ethane: Weight, Volume, Heat Conversions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Barrels Per Tonne Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mix Pressured 17.6 12.4 10.8 11.6 Refrigerated 11.5 10.8 10.4 10.6 Cubic Metres Per Tonne Ethane Pressured 2.80 Refrigerated 1.83 106 Btu Per Barrel Pressured Refrigerated Ethane 2.79 4.27 Propane 3.85 4.41 n-Butane 4.35 4.49 C3/C4 mix 4.10 4.45

Propane 1.97 1.72

n-Butane 1.71 1.66

C3/C4 mix 1.84 1.69

106 Btu Per Cubic Metre Ethane Pressured 17.6 Refrigerated 26.9 106 Btu Per Tonne

Propane 24.2 27.7

n-Butane 27.4 28.3

C3/C4 mix 25.8 28.0

Pressured Refrigerated

} }

Ethane 49.2

Propane 47.7

n-Butane 46.9

C3/C4 mix 47.3

1 Barrel/Day = Tonnes Per Annum Ethane Propane Pressured 20.7 29.4 Refrigerated 31.7 33.8

n-Butane 33.8 35.0

C3/C4 mix 31.6 34.4

Natural Gas: Inter-Fuel Price Equivalents (US Currency) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ONE CENT per MMBtu = 5.8 Cents per Barrel crude oil = 6.4 Cents per Barrel fuel oil = 5.2 Cents per Barrel naphtha = 4.5 Cents per Barrel LPG (r) = 4.1 Cents per Barrel LPG (P) = 3.8 Cents per Barrel LNG ONE CENT per MMBtu = 0.42 Dollars per Tonne crude oil = 0.40 Dollars per Tonne fuel oil = 0.45 Dollars per Tonne naphtha = 0.47 Dollars per Tonne LPG = 0.52 Dollars per Tonne LNG ONE DOLLAR per BARREL = 17 Cents per MMBtu crude oil = 16 Cents per MMBtu fuel oil = 19 Cents per MMBtu naphtha = 22 Cents per MMBtu LPG (r) = 24 Cents per MMBtu LPG (p) = 26 Cents per MMBtu LNG ONE DOLLAR per TONNE = 2.4 Cents per MMBtu crude oil = 2.5 Cents per MMBtu fuel oil = 2.2 Cents per MMBtu naphtha = 2.1 Cents per MMBtu LPG = 1.9 Cents per MMBtu LNG ONE CENT per US gallon LPG = 10 CENTS per MMBtu

Oil and Coal Equivalent ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 million tonnes Oil per Year per year = 1.1 mrd m3 gas (1.3 mrd Groningen) = 1.5 million tonnes coal = 815 000 tonnes LNG = 890 000 tonnes LPG = 0.04 Tcf gas (42 trillion Btu) per day = 115 million ft3 gas = 3 million m3 gas = 30 500 barrels LNG = 26 000 barrels LPG (r) = 28 300 barrels LPG (p) = 20 000 barrels oil 1 million tonnes Coal per Year per year = 0.7 mrd m3 gas (0.8 mrd Groningen) = 640 000 tonnes oil = 525 000 tonnes LNG = 580 000 tonnes LPG = 0.03 Tcf gas (27 trillion Btu) per day = 75 million ft3 gas = 2 million m3 gas = 19 700 barrels LNG = 16 800 barrels LPG (r) = 18 200 barrels LPG (p) = 12 900 barrels oil 10 000 barrels Oil per Day per year = 0.6 mrd m3 gas = 500 000 tonnes oil = 780 000 tonnes coal = 0.02 Tcf gas (21 trillion Btu) per day = 58 million ft3 gas = 1.5 million m3 gas ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rich Gas = natural gas having a gross calorific value of 41,868 kJ/m3. This term is used particularly for the natural gas from the North Sea and from Algeria. Degree-days = the number of degree-days of a day is calculated on the basis of a reference temperature set by experience at 16.5 C; it gives the difference between that reference temperature and the daily mean temperature if the latter is the lower. The number of degree-days of a year is the sum of the degree-days registered for each day of that year. G-factor = invoicing factor representing the average monthly cost of natural gas at the Belgian border in francs per gigajoule. 1GJ 1Gcal 10-6 Btu 1toe 1kWh 1m3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------1GJ 1 0.239 0.948 0.024 277.778 23.884 1Gcal 4.186 1 3.967 0.1 1,163 100 10-6 Btu 1.055 0.252 1 0.025 293.1 25.2 1toe 41.855 10 39.671 1 11,626 1,000 1kWh 3.600 10-3 0.860 10-3 3.421 10-3 0.083 10-3 1 86.011 10-3 1m3 rich gas 0.042 0.010 0.040 0.001 11.626 1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------gigajoule giga British ton oil kilowatt calorie thermal equivalent - hour unit