Chapter 3 - Introduction to Java Applets
Outline
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Introduction Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software Development Kit Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String Drawing Strings and Lines Adding Floating-Point Numbers Java Applet Internet and World Wide Web Resources (Optional Case Study) Thinking About Objects: Identifying the Classes in a Problem Statement
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3.1 Applet
Program that runs in
Introduction
appletviewer (test utility for applets) Web browser (IE, Communicator)
Executes when HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) document containing applet is opened and downloaded Applications run in command windows
Notes
Mimic several features of Chapter 2 to reinforce them Focus on fundamental programming concepts first
Explanations will come later
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3.2
Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software Development Kit
Sample Applets
Provided in Java 2 Software Development Kit (J2SDK) Source code included (.java files)
Study and mimic source code to learn new features All programmers begin by mimicking existing programs
Located in demo directory of J2SDK install Can download demos and J2SDK from java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.1/
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3.2
Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software Development Kit
Running applets
In command prompt, change to demo subdirectory of applet cd c:\j2sdk1.4.1\demo\applets cd appletDirectoryName There will be an HTML file used to execute applet Type appletviewer example1.html
appletviewer loads the html file specified as its commandline argument From the HTML file, determines which applet to load (more section 3.3)
Applet will run, Reload and Quit commands under Applet menu
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Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software Development Kit You start as player "X"
Fig. 3.2 Sample execution of applet TicTacToe.
3.2
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3.2
Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software Development Kit
Fig. 3.4 Sample execution of applet DrawTest.
Drag the mouse pointer in the white area to draw.
Select the drawing color by clicking the circle for the color you want. These GUI components are commonly known as radio buttons.
Select the shape to draw by clicking the down arrow, then clicking Lines or Points. This GUI component is commonly known as a combo box, choice or drop-down list.
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3.2
Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software Development Kit
Try changing the options to see their effect on the demonstration.
Demonstrates 2D drawing capabilities built into Java2
Click a tab to select a twodimensional graphics demo.
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3.3
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
Now, create applets of our own
Take a while before we can write applets like in the demos Cover many of same techniques
Upcoming program
Create an applet to display "Welcome to Java Programming!" Show applet and HTML file, then discuss them line by line
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 // Fig. 3.6: WelcomeApplet.java // A first applet in Java. // Java packages import java.awt.Graphics; import javax.swing.JApplet;
// // import class JApplet
import allows us to use predefined classes (allowing us to use applets and import class in this case). graphics, Graphics
Outline
Java applet
public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {
extends allows us to inherit the // draw text on applets background public void paint( Graphics g ) capabilities of class JApplet. { // call superclass version of method paint super.paint( g );
// draw a String at x-coordinate 25 and y-coordinate 25 g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 ); } // end method paint } // end class WelcomeApplet
Method paint is guaranteed to be called in all applets. Its first line must be defined as above.
Program Output
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All rights reserved.
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3.3
1 2
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
// Fig. 3.6: WelcomeApplet.java // A first applet in Java.
Comments
Name of source code and description of applet
5 6 import java.awt.Graphics; import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class Graphics // import class JApplet
Import predefined classes grouped into packages
import declarations tell compiler where to locate classes used When you create applets, import the JApplet class (package javax.swing) import the Graphics class (package java.awt) to draw graphics Can draw lines, rectangles ovals, strings of characters import specifies directory structure
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3.3
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
Rarely create classes from scratch Use pieces of existing classes Inheritance - create new classes from old ones (ch. 9)
Applets have at least one class declaration (like applications)
public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {
Begins class declaration for class WelcomeApplet
Keyword class then class name
extends followed by class name
Indicates class to extend (JApplet) JApplet : superclass (base class) WelcomeApplet : subclass (derived class) WelcomeApplet now has methods and data of JApplet
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3.3
8
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {
Class JApplet defined for us
Someone else defined "what it means to be an applet" Applets require over 200 methods! extends JApplet Inherit methods, do not have to declare them all Do not need to know every detail of class JApplet
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3.3
8
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {
Class WelcomeApplet is a blueprint
appletviewer or browser creates an object of class WelcomeApplet Keyword public required File can only have one public class public class name must be file name
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3.3
11
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
public void paint( Graphics g )
Our class inherits method paint from JApplet
By default, paint has empty body Override (redefine) paint in our class
Methods paint, init, and start
Guaranteed to be called automatically Our applet gets "free" version of these by inheriting from JApplet Free versions have empty body (do nothing) Every applet does not need all three methods Override the ones you need
Applet container draws itself by calling method paint
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3.3
11
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
public void paint( Graphics g )
Method paint
Lines 11-19 are the declaration of paint Draws graphics on screen void indicates paint returns nothing when finishes task Parenthesis define parameter list - where methods receive data to perform tasks Normally, data passed by programmer, as in JOptionPane.showMessageDialog paint gets parameters automatically Graphics object used by paint Mimic paint's first line
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3.3
14
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
super.paint( g );
Calls version of method paint from superclass JApplet Should be first statement in every applets paint method
17 g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );
Body of paint
Method drawString (of class Graphics) Called using Graphics object g and dot (.) Method name, then parenthesis with arguments First argument: String to draw Second: x coordinate (in pixels) location Third: y coordinate (in pixels) location
Java coordinate system
Measured in pixels (picture elements) Upper left is (0,0)
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3.3
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
Running the applet
Compile
javac WelcomeApplet.java If no errors, bytecodes stored in WelcomeApplet.class
Create an HTML file
Loads the applet into appletviewer or a browser Ends in .htm or .html
To execute an applet
Create an HTML file indicating which applet the browser (or appletviewer) should load and execute
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3.3
1 2 3 4
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
<html> <applet code = "WelcomeApplet.class" width = "300" height = "45"> </applet> </html>
Simple HTML file (WelcomeApplet.html)
Usually in same directory as .class file Remember, .class file created after compilation
HTML codes (tags)
Usually come in pairs Begin with < and end with >
Lines 1 and 4 - begin and end the HTML tags Line 2 - begins <applet> tag
Specifies code to use for applet Specifies width and height of display area in pixels
Line 3 - ends <applet> tag
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3.3
1 2 3 4
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
<html> <applet code = "WelcomeApplet.class" width = "300" height = "45"> </applet> </html>
appletviewer only understands <applet> tags
Ignores everything else Minimal browser
Executing the applet
appletviewer WelcomeApplet.html Perform in directory containing .class file
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3.3
Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
Running the applet in a Web browser
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3.4
Drawing Strings and Lines
More applets
First example
Display two lines of text Use drawString to simulate a new line with two drawString statements
Second example
Method g.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2 ) Draws a line from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2) Remember that (0, 0) is upper left Use drawLine to draw a line beneath and above a string
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 // Fig. 3.9: WelcomeApplet2.java // Displaying multiple strings in an applet. // Java packages import java.awt.Graphics; import javax.swing.JApplet;
Outline
WelcomeApplet2.j ava 1. import
// import class Graphics // import class JApplet
public class WelcomeApplet2 extends JApplet { // draw text on applets background public void paint( Graphics g ) { // call superclass version of method paint super.paint( g ); // draw two Strings at different locations g.drawString( "Welcome to", 25, 25 ); g.drawString( "Java Programming!", 25, 40 ); } // end method paint } // end class WelcomeApplet2
2. Class WelcomeApplet2 (extends JApplet)
3. paint 3.1 drawString 3.2 The two drawString drawString on same x statements simulate a newline. Incoordinate, but text fact, the concept of lines of15 pixels down does not exist when drawing strings.
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Outline
1 2 3 4 <html> <applet code = "WelcomeApplet2.class" width = "300" height = "60"> </applet> </html>
HTML file
Program Output
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 // Fig. 3.11: WelcomeLines.java // Displaying text and lines // Java packages import java.awt.Graphics; import javax.swing.JApplet;
Outline
WelcomeLines.ja va 2. Class WelcomeLines (extends JApplet) 3. paint 3.1 drawLine 3.2 drawLine Draw horizontal lines with drawLine (endpoints have same 3.3 drawString y coordinate).
// import class Graphics // import class JApplet
public class WelcomeLines extends JApplet { // draw lines and a string on applets background public void paint( Graphics g ) { // call superclass version of method paint super.paint( g ); // draw horizontal line from (15, 10) to (210, 10) g.drawLine( 15, 10, 210, 10 );
// draw horizontal line from (15, 30) to (210, 30) g.drawLine( 15, 30, 210, 30 );
// draw String between lines at location (25, 25) g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 ); } // end method paint } // end class WelcomeLines
Program Output
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25
1 2 3 4 <html> <applet code = "WelcomeLines.class" width = "300" height = "40"> </applet> </html>
Outline
HTML file
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3.4
Drawing Strings and Lines
Method drawLine of class Graphics
Takes as arguments Graphics object and lines end points X and y coordinate of first endpoint X and y coordinate of second endpoint
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3.5
Adding Floating-Point Numbers
Next applet
Mimics application for adding two integers (Fig 2.9)
This time, use floating point numbers (numbers with a decimal point) Using primitive types double double precision floating-point numbers float single precision floating-point numbers
Show program, then discuss
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
// Fig. 3.13: AdditionApplet.java // Adding two floating-point numbers // Adding two floating-point numbers.
Outline
AdditionApplet. java 1. import
import java.awt.Graphics;
// import class Graphics
// Java packages import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics import class AdditionApplet extends package javax.swing // import JApplet { public javax.swing.*; public class AdditionApplet extends JApplet { double sum; // sum of values entered by user
double sum;
// sum of the values entered by the user
public void init() * allows any class in the { // initialize applet by obtaining values from user be used. package to String firstNumber, // first string entered by user public void init() secondNumber; // second string entered by user { double number1, // first number to by String firstNumber; // first string entered adduser number2; // second number to by String secondNumber; // second string entered adduser // read in first double number1; firstNumber = double number2;
2. Class AdditionApplet (extends JApplet)
3. Fields 4. init 4.1 Declare variables 4.2 showInputDialog 4.3 parseDouble
Field sum may be used anywhere number from user to add // first number the class, even in other methods. in
// second number to add
JOptionPane.showInputDialog( Type double can // obtain first first floating-point value" ); "Enter number from user point numbers.
firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( //"Enter in second number from user); read first floating-point value"
store floating
secondNumber =
// obtain second number from user JOptionPane.showInputDialog( secondNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Enter second floating-point value" ); "Enter second floating-point value" ); // convert numbers from type String to type double number1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber ); number2 = Double.parseDouble( secondNumber );
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32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 } 1 2 3 4 }
// add numbers // add the numbers sum = = number1 number2; sum number1 + + number2; } // end method init
Outline
5. Draw applet contents 5.1 Draw a rectangle
public void paint( Graphics g applets background // draw results in a rectangle on ) { public void paint( Graphics g ) { // draw the results with g.drawString // call superclass 10, 270,of method paint g.drawRect( 15, version 20 ); super.paint( g ); g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 ); }
// draw rectangle starting from (15, 10) that is 270 // pixels wide and 20 pixels tall g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );
5.2 Draw the results
<html> <applet draw results as a String at (25, 25) // code="AdditionApplet.class" width=300 height=50> </applet> g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 ); </html>
} // end method paint
} // end class AdditionApplet
drawRect takes the upper left coordinate, width, and height of the rectangle to draw. HTML file
1 2 3 4
<html> <applet code = "AdditionApplet.class" width = "300" height = "65"> </applet> </html>
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Outline
Program Output
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All rights reserved.
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3.5
5
Adding Floating-Point Numbers
// import class Graphics
Lines 1-2: Comments
import java.awt.Graphics;
Line 5: imports class Graphics
import not needed if use full package and class name public void paint ( java.awt.Graphics g )
6 import javax.swing.*; // import package javax.swing
Line 8: specify entire javax.swing package
* indicates all classes in javax.swing are available Includes JApplet and JOptionPane Use JOptionPane instead of javax.swing.JOptionPane * does not not load all classes Compiler only loads classes it uses
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3.5
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Adding Floating-Point Numbers
public class AdditionApplet extends JApplet {
Begin class declaration
Extend JApplet, imported from package javax.swing
9 double sum; // sum of values entered by user
Field declaration
Each object of class gets own copy of the field Declared in body of class, but not inside methods Variables declared in methods are local variables Can only be used in body of method Fields can be used anywhere in class Have default value (0.0 in this case)
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3.5
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Adding Floating-Point Numbers
// sum of values entered by user
double sum;
Primitive type double
Used to store floating point (decimal) numbers
12 public void init()
Method init
Normally initializes fields and applet class Guaranteed to be first method called in applet First line must always appear as above Returns nothing (void), takes no arguments
13 {
Begins body of method init
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3.5
14 15 16 17 18
Adding Floating-Point Numbers
String firstNumber; String secondNumber; double number1; double number2; // first string entered by user // second string entered by user // first number to add // second number to add
Declare variables Two types of variables
Reference variables (called references) Refer to objects (contain location in memory) Objects defined in a class definition Can contain multiple data and methods paint receives a reference called g to a Graphics object Reference used to call methods on the Graphics object Primitive types (called variables) Contain one piece of data
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3.5
14 15 16 17 18
Adding Floating-Point Numbers
String firstNumber; String secondNumber; double number1; double number2; // first string entered by user // second string entered by user // first number to add // second number to add
Distinguishing references and variables
If type is a class name, then reference String is a class firstNumber, secondNumber If type a primitive type, then variable double is a primitive type number1, number2
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3.5
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Adding Floating-Point Numbers
firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Enter first floating-point value" );
Method JOptionPane.showInputDialog
Prompts user for input with string Enter value in text field, click OK If not of correct type, error occurs In Chapter 15 learn how to deal with this Returns string user inputs Assignment statement to string
Lines 25-26: As above, assigns input to secondNumber
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3.5
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Adding Floating-Point Numbers
number1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber ); number2 = Double.parseDouble( secondNumber );
static method Double.parseDouble
Converts String argument to a double Returns the double value Remember static method syntax ClassName.methodName( arguments )
33 sum = number1 + number2;
Assignment statement
sum an field, can use anywhere in class Not defined in init but still used
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Adding Floating-Point Numbers
} // end method init
Ends method init
appletviewer (or browser) calls inherited method start start usually used with multithreading Advanced concept, in Chapter 16 We do not declare it, so empty declaration in JApplet used Next, method paint called
45 g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );
Method drawRect( x1, y1, width, height )
Draw rectangle, upper left corner (x1, y1), specified width and height Line 45 draws rectangle starting at (15, 10) with a width of 270 pixels and a height of 20 pixels
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3.5
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Adding Floating-Point Numbers
g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 );
Sends drawString message (calls method) to Graphics object using reference g
"The sum is" + sum - string concatenation sum converted to a string sum can be used, even though not defined in paint field, can be used anywhere in class Non-local variable
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3.6
Java Applet Internet and World Wide Web Resources
Many Java applet resources available
java.sun.com/applets/ Many resources and free applets
Has demo applets from J2SDK
Sun site developer.java.sun.com/developer
Tech support, discussion forums, training, articles, links, etc. Registration required
www.jars.com
Rates applets, top 1, 5 and 25 percent View best applets on web
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.