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Notes On Hypergeometric Functions: 1 Definitions and Notations

The document defines and provides notations for hypergeometric functions. Hypergeometric functions are power series with ratios of successive terms that are rational functions of the exponent. Common functions like exponentials, logarithms, trigonometric functions, and elliptic integrals can be expressed as hypergeometric functions. Hypergeometric functions satisfy seven linear transformation identities that relate different parameterizations of the functions. The document lists these identities and provides references for further information.

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34 views

Notes On Hypergeometric Functions: 1 Definitions and Notations

The document defines and provides notations for hypergeometric functions. Hypergeometric functions are power series with ratios of successive terms that are rational functions of the exponent. Common functions like exponentials, logarithms, trigonometric functions, and elliptic integrals can be expressed as hypergeometric functions. Hypergeometric functions satisfy seven linear transformation identities that relate different parameterizations of the functions. The document lists these identities and provides references for further information.

Uploaded by

anjali5151
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Notes on hypergeometric functions

John D. Cook April 10, 2003

Denitions and notations

Dene the kth rising power of a real number a by ak = a(a + 1)(a + 2) (a + k 1). Similarly, dene the kth falling power of a by ak = a(a 1)(a 2) (a k + 1). We dene a0 = a0 = 1. The quantity ak is sometimes denoted by the Pochammer symbol (a)k . In calculations, it is often convenient to convert between rising powers, falling powers, and factorials. When a is not an integer, interpret a! as (a + 1) in the notes below.

ak ak (a + k)! (a k)!

= (a + k 1)!/(a 1)! = a!/(a k)! = a!(a + 1)k = a!/ak

A hypergeometric function is a function whose power series representation has the form ak . . . ak z k p 1 . k . . . bk k! b q
1

k0

We denote such a function by F (a1 , . . . , ap ; b1 , . . . , bq ; z). 1

A hypergeometric function is called Gaussian if p = 2 and q = 1. This is the most common form and is often called the hypergeometric function. If p = q = 1 then the function is called a conuent hypergeometric function. Otherwise the function is called a generalized hypergeometric function. One can show that a function is hypergeometric if and only if in the representation f (z) = tk z k
k0

the ratio

tk+1 tk

is a rational function of k. The parameters of the hypergeometric function are zeros and poles of this rational function.

Transformations

The function F (a, b; c; z) satises seven identities known as linear transformations. These relationships are typographically complex and will only be summarized here. See Abramowitz and Stegun for full details. These the linear transformations relate F (a, b; c; z) to F (a , b ; c ; z ) where z is one of the following: z 1/z 1z (z 1)/z z/(1 z) 1/(z 1) In terms of the parameters, the linear transformations relate (a, b; c) to (c a, c b; c) (a, c b; c) (b, c a; c) (a, b; a + b c + 1) and (c a, c b; c a b + 1) (a, 1 c + a; 1 b + a) and (b, 1 c + b; 1 a + b) 2

(a, c b; a b + 1) and (b, c a; b a + 1) (a, a c + 1; a + b c + 1) and (c a, 1 a; c a b + 1) There exist quadratic transformations if and only if out of the six numbers (1 c), (a b), (a + b c)

either two are equal or one equals 1/2. Again see Abramowitz and Stegun for details.

Hypergeometric forms of common functions


ez (1 z)a (1 + z)2a + (1 z)2a (1 + z)2a (1 z)2a
1 1 1 + (1 z) 2 2 2

12a

= F (; ; z) = F (a; ; z) 1 1 = 2F (a; a; ; z 2 ) 2 2 1 3 = 4azF ( a; 1 a; ; z 2 ) 2 2 1 = F (a, a ; 2a; z) 2 = F (a + 1, 2a; a; z) 1 1 = F (; ; z 2 ) 2 4 3 1 = zF (; ; z 2 ) 2 4 1 = F (a, a; ; sin2 z) 2 1 1 3 = 2a sin zF ( + a, a; ; sin2 z) 2 2 2 1 1 3 = F ( , ; ; sin2 z) 2 2 2 = zF (1, 1; 2; z) 1 3 = 2zF ( , 1; ; z 2 ) 2 2 1 1 3 = zF ( , ; ; z 2 ) 2 2 2 1 3 = F ( , 1; ; z 2 ) 2 2 1 3 = zF ( , 1; ; z 2 ) 2 2 xa (1 x)b = F (1, a + b; a + 1; x) aB(a, b) 3

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)

(1 + z)(1 z)2a1 cos(z) sin(z) cos(2az) sin(2az) z csc z log(1 z) 1+z log 1z arcsin(z) arccos(z) arctan(z) Ix (a, b)

(a, z) Erf(z)
(,) Pn (x)

= = = = = = =

K(z) E(z) J (z) I (z) In the above table, Ix (a, b) (a, z) Erf(z) K(z) E(z) = =
0 z

za z a z F (a; a + 1; z) = e F (a; a + 1; z) (18) a a 2 1 3 3 zF ( ; ; z 2 ) = zez F (1; ; z 2 ) (19) 2 2 2 1x ( + 1)n F (n, n + + + 1; + 1; ) 20) ( n! 2 1 1 F ( , ; 1; z 2 ) (21) 2 2 2 1 1 F ( , ; 1; z 2 ) (22) 2 2 2 2 (z/2) z F (; 1 + ; ) (23) ( + 1) 4 z2 (z/2) F (; 1 + ; ) (24) ( + 1) 4

1 B(a, b)
z

ta1 (1 t)b1 dt
0

(incomplete beta)

ta1 et dt et dt
0 /2
2

(incomplete gamma)

= =
0

(error function) (complete elliptic integral 1st kind) (complete elliptic integral 2nd kind)

(1 z 2 sin2 t)1/2 dt
/2

=
0

(1 z 2 sin2 t)1/2 dt

Also, Pn

(,)

(x) is the nth Jacobi polynomial with parameters and .

References

Generalized Hypergeometric Series by W. N. Bailey, Cambridge (1935) Handbook of Mathematical Functions by Abramowitz and Stegun (1964) The special functions and their approximations by Yudell L. Luke v. 1 (1969) Concrete Mathematics by Graham, Knuth, and Patashnik (1994)

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