N.V.M. Gonzalez once said.

A teacher, author, journalist and essayist, Gonzalez is one of the most widely recognized, anthologized and closely studied among Filipino writers. His most notable works include the novels The Winds of April, The Bamboo Dancers and A Season of Grace, short story collections Children of the Ash-Covered Loam and The Bread of Salt and Other Stories and essay collections Work on the Mountain and The Novel of Justice: Selected Essays. Gonzalez distinctively wrote of the Filipino life, of the Filipino in the world. Gonzalez is himself a Filipino in the world, traversing between the United States and the Philippines and exploring Europe and Asia. The affair of letters Gonzalez created is more than literature. It is the story of a Filipino in the world. It is his story.
"Literature is an affair of letters,"

Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez, familiarly known as simply "N.V.M.," was born on September 8, 1915 in Romblon, Romblon and moved to Mindoro at the age of five. The son of a school supervisor and a teacher, Gonzalez helped his father by delivering meat door-to-door. Gonzalez attended Mindoro High School from 1927 to 1930, and although he studied at National University in Manila, he never obtained a degree. While in Manila, Gonzalez wrote for the Philippine Graphic and later edited for the Evening News Magazine and Manila Chronicle. His first published essay appeared in the Philippine Graphic and his first poem in Poetry in 1934. "For the good of my soul lately A Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, awarded to Gonzalez in I have been reading Jose Rizal 1948, allowed the aspiring author to travel to Stanford and as much as I admire Mr. University in Palo Alto, California and Columbia University Rizal's political sentiments, I in New York City. While at Stanford, Gonzalez attended must say I prefer Gonzalez as a lectures and classes from many prominent writers, Wallace novelist." Stegner and Katherine Anne Porter amongst them. -Wallace Stegner, 1950 After Gonzalez returned to the Philippines in 1950, he began a long teaching career, beginning with a position at the University of Santo Tomas. Gonzalez also taught at the Philippine Women's University, but it was the lengthy position at the University of the Philippines that gave distinction to Gonzalez's career - as a teacher at the university for 18 years, Gonzalez was only one of two people to teach there without holding a degree. Gonzalez hosted the first University of the Philippines writer's workshop with a group who would soon form the Ravens. In addition, Gonzalez made his mark in the writing community as a member of the Board of Advisers of Likhaan: the University of the Philippines Creative Writing Center, founder The Diliman Review and as the first president of the Philippine Writers' Association. Gonzalez continued to teach when he returned to California in the 1960s, serving as a visiting professor at the University of California at Santa Barbara; professor emeritus at California State University, Hayward; and professor at University of California at Los Angeles' Asian American Studies Center and English department. Throughout Gonzalez's teaching career, the author produced 14 books and accumulated many awards along the way. Through these writings, Gonzalez received many prestigious awards, including repeated Palanca Memorial Award for Literature awards, the Jose Rizal Pro Patria Award, and the City of Manila Medal of Honor. In addition, his books became internationally recognized, and his works have been translated into Chinese, German, Russian and Bahasa

Indonesian. Gonzalez received an honorary doctorate from the University of the Philippines in 1987 and became its first international writer in residence in 1988. He served as the 1998-1999 Regents Professor at the University of California at Los Angeles and continued to receive distinctions such as the National Artist Award for Literature in 1997 and the Centennial Award for Literature in 1998. In 1990 and 1996, "N.V.M. Gonzalez Days" were celebrated in San Francisco and Los Angeles, respectively. Despite Gonzalez's travels, he never gave up his Filipino citizenship. Critics feared that Gonzalez would someday settle into the Filipino-American genre of literature, but Gonzalez often pointed out with an all-familiar twinkle in his eye, "I never left home." True to his word, the home that shaped Gonzalez's days is present in his writings, from the blossoming of a love story to the culture reflected in an immigrant experience. N.V.M. started his career at the age of 19; 65 years later, he was still creating affairs with letters. He passed away on November 28, 1999, due to kidney complications. He was 84. N.V.M. Gonzalez is remembered as an innovative writer, a dedicated and humble worker and an honest witty friend. He will be dearly missed.

Six Elements of a Narrative

Plot: the sequence of events that take place in a story. Setting: the time and place in which the events of a story take place. Characterization: the methods used to present the personality of a character in a narrative. Direct--the author describes the character. Example--She was a large woman with a large purse. Indirect--the reader judges what the character is like based on what they say or do, or what other characters say about them. Example--We believe the narrator of "The TellTale Heart" is crazy because he talks nervously and frequently repeats himself. Atmosphere: the general mood or feeling established in a piece of literature. Atmosphere is created through word choice and pacing. Word Choice--the author uses words that make the reader feel a certain way. A spooky atmosphere is created in "The Tell-Tale Heart" through the use of words like "hideous," "marrow," "chilled," and "nervous."

Pacing--the author controls the speed at which we read through sentence length, punctuation, repetition of words and other techniques. Point of View: who is narrating the story (2 main types: First Person, Third Person) First person: the narrator uses "I" to tell the action, and is involved in the story. Third person: the story is told from a perspective outside the story. The characters are referred to by name, or as he, she or they. Conflict: the central problem that drives the action of a story. (two main types) Internal: The conflict happens in a character's mind. A character with a guilty conscience is an example of internal conflict. External: The conflict happens between characters, or between a character and some outside force, like nature. Sherlock Holmes pursuing a criminal is an example of external conflict.

The classes are:

000 Computer science, information and general works 100 Philosophy and psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Language 500 Science (including mathematics) 600 Technology and applied science 700 Arts and recreation 800 Literature 900 History and geography

NEWSPAPER HEADLINES

News items and stories in newspapers have headlines above them. A headline usually has only four or five words. The idea of a headline is to attract the interest of the readers by telling them in an interesting and short way what the story is about. Read the newspaper stories below and then write a headline for each story. Try to write each one in about five words. 1. Last night Chelsea football club beat Bristol City 3-2 in an exciting game. Johns scored a hat-trick for Chelsea. Headline: _______________________________________________________ 2. Three children were walking across a field in Bedminster when they discovered a hole. At the bottom of the hole was a chest filled with gold and silver. The children ran and told the police about their discovery. Headline: _______________________________________________________ 3. Yesterday there was a very bad storm at sea. The fishing vessel Saucy Sal began to sink. The captain of the vessel sent out a distress signal. A lifeboat put out to sea and rescued the fishermen just in time. Headline: _______________________________________________________ 4. Two days ago a kitten called Rhubarb, belonging to Mrs Daniels, climbed a tree. It got stuck at the top and could not get down. A large crowd gathered. They could not help the cat. In the end they sent for the fire brigade. The firemen put a ladder up the tree and brought the frightened cat down. Headline: _______________________________________________________ 5. In Bristol yesterday Mrs Brown's brother from Australia visited her at her home in Washington Street. Mrs Brown's brother, Mr Thomas Brown, went to Australia forty

years ago and has not returned until now. This is the first time that Mrs Brown has seen her brother since they were children. Headline: _______________________________________________________

Use this sample dictionary page to answer each question. Choose the best answer for each question. magma mass What is the last entry word on this page?
A. magma B. mammal C. mass D. magnetism

Directions:

mag ma ( mag ma) n. melted crust that is inside the earth. mag ne tis m (mag ne tiz em) n. 1. the property of attraction 2. charm. 3. act of magnetizing.

What part of speech is mam mal (mam el) n. an animal the word magma? that has fur and feeds its young A. noun

milk. mass (mas) n. 1. the measure of how much matter is in an object.

B. verb C. adjective D. not given

How many syllables are in the word mammal?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

earthquake

extinct

earth quake n. a movement or shaking of the earth's crust. ech o (ek o) n. repetition of a sound as it bounces off an object.

The word echo is what part of speech?

A. noun B. verb C. adjective D. not given

e clipse (i klips) n. the covering How many definitions are of one body in space by another. there for the word en dan gered (en dan jerd) v. 1. endangered? A. 1 to put into danger or harm. 2. B. 2 when only a few of a plant or C. 3 animal are left. ex tinct (ek stingkt) adj.1. having stopped, no longer living
D. 4

What word would fit on this dictionary page?

A. ear B. exit C. eagle D. eyelid

Entry word Pronunciation Part of Speech

bicycle (bi sik el) n. a vehicle that has two wheels. I like to
ride my bicycle around the block. Example Sentence big adj. 1. large in size. Definitions 2. important. 3. generous, tolerant.

*** Paz Marquez-Benitez, in her masterpiece Dead Stars, did not only write about a love story. Most importantly, her writing reflects the time in which the literary work was written along with the language, the norms and the way people think. It serves as a literary time machine for readers as it enables them to understand how courtship, marriage and fidelity were viewed through the early 1900

standards. It renders a sound comparison between the past and the present, the existing modern culture and the fading, almost obsolete tradition. Although the comparison and contrast provides a good critical foundation, another highly significant aspect of this short story involves the main character, Alfredo Salazar, which, always applies to whatever era, hence the focus of this paper. His confusion, weakness and unreasonableness are innate flaws of humans. Perhaps one of the many reasons why this work is timeless is that readers never fail to see a part of them in Alfredo Salazars character, making the short story a rich source of serious ruminations on society, love and humanity. People oftentimes give high regard to the society in which they belong. They try to adhere to the norms, traditions and culture of their society, though sometimes the conformity would require them to sacrifice a part of themselves an opinion, an emotion or a decision. However, there are cases wherein the established norms and rules of society are the ones which should prevail. In Dead Stars, the main character, Alfredo Salazar, was torn between making two important decisions to marry or not to marry. But just like other dilemmas, the crossroad in which he found himself in was not to be solved without harming anyone. He was engaged to Esperanza, his fiance of four years. Theirs was undoubtedly a love that was true. But for some reasons, apparently on Alfredos part, a change of heart has taken place. He has fallen for Julia Salas, the sister-in-law of the judge whom his father had a meeting with. After spending several afternoons and conversations, he found himself slowly getting attached to her that he started losing concern for Esperanza. In the end, however, he married his fiance and though their marriage was not an unhappy one, he still could not take the possibilities of a future with Julia off his mind. Until one day, their paths crossed again and he realized one painful truth that led him to liberation at last. Human emotions are very intricate and delicate both at its lowest and highest. And so is love. When Alfredo was still passionately

attached to Esperanza, he was overwhelmed. Taking the conversation of Alfredos sister, Carmen, and his father, Don Julian into consideration, readers can deliberately conclude that he was indeed in love. . . . Papa, do you remember how much in love he was? In love? With whom? With Esperanza of course. He has not had another love affair that I know of, she said with good-natured contempt. What I mean is that in the beginning he was enthusiastic flowers, serenades, notes and things like that. The excerpt was a good manifestation of how change in men occurs. But since change is mens wine and bread according to Angela Manalang-Gloria, it is as essential as living itself, and therefore the most important things to be considered after the transition are the causes, the way one deals with change and the consequences. Alfredo was aware of the cause of his change as what is shown in the following paragraph: Why would men so mismanage their lives? Greed, he thought, was what ruined so many. Greed the desire to crowd into a moment all the enjoyment it will hold, to squeeze from the hour all the emotions it will yield. Men commit themselves when but half-meaning to do so, sacrificing possible future fullness of ecstasy to the craving for immediate excitement. . . Another significant reason as to his emotional wanderings could be the length of time n which he was engaged o Esperanza. As what Don Julian had philosophize, couples who were engaged for so long become too comfortable and familiar with each other that the spark of love that was felt at the time the romance was just starting to blossom would expectantly cool down that it argues a certain placidity of temperament or of affection on the part of either, or both.

Another factor to be considered was the contrast of Alfredo and Julias personalities. Alfredo was calm and placid while Julia was lively and full of vitality. The difference between them must have excited him as he saw in her the things he lacked. However, though aware he was of the possible reasons why he, as well as men, or even humans in general, succumb to acts or thoughts of subtle infidelity, his attitude towards what is moral and not becomes shadowed in the attempts to justify his own behavior. Stances about the argument he had with Esperanza regarding the latters anger toward Calixtas cohabitation with the man shes not married to, may vary. But again, ones act was expected to adhere with what is the established morality in a certain society. Because of what seemed as a liberal notion, Alfredo was trapped in a situation where he has to defend himself and in the process, what was manifested was his greed. One tries to be fair according to his lights but it is hard. One would like to be fair to ones self first. But the wedding materialized; He chose not to break his word probably in order to save himself, Esperanza and Julia from social ridicule. He felt that his moral and social obligations were already fulfilled upon choosing not to cause humiliation to them all. The way in which he chose to deal with his internal change was to consider the way in which the society will view the people involved. But perhaps he felt that in doing so he has deprived himself of fairness. So he became distant and unreachable to Esperanza although he stayed with her and treated her gently. He has developed the skill in being unaffected and somehow mastered the art of being detached. After several years, he was sent by his profession in search for the elusive Brigida Samuy and into the hometown of Julia Salas. Upon seeing her and finding out that she never married, he started to notice that she lost something, even doubted if the loss was his. As he tried to find the answer, a great realization dawned on him.

Gently was it experimentally? he pressed her hand at parting; but his remained undisturbed and emotionless. Did she still care? The answer to the question hardly interested him. . . . So all these years since when? he had seen the light of dead stars, long extinguished, yet seemingly still in their appointed places in the heavens. Therefore, the love he thought he felt for her during the short summer they shared was not the love that was enough to break an engagement. Nor was it love in its strictest definition. Instead, it was desire that sprung from the coldness that slowly crept in his relationship with Esperanza due to their long-time familiarity with each other. It was excitement that was ignited by boredom and the last spurt of hot blood. Alfredo symbolizes the greed and indecisiveness of men when it comes to dealing with the matters of the emotion. He had entertained the pull of an anonymous feeling. Anonymous since he never really ventured to understand it but he clung to it anyway. And in the process he lost a part of himself and deprived that part to Esperanza as well. Had it not been for chasing the lights of an illusive love that was long dead, or worse, never was, would Alfredo be happier in his marriage? Is it fair to say that he has wasted the milestones of a blissful marriage with a woman he loved first all for the sake of an impossible whim? Considering the disappointment he manifested upon realizing what he lost, the answer, is yes.

Dead Stars is one of the best Philippine short stories that has already tested time and generations. It has endured decades of changing ideals and trends, but the fact still remains that its one of those stories that everyone can still relate to, from teenagers who are just beginning to be interested in the opposite sex, to those people who have already loved and lost it.

The story Dead Stars has immortalized Paz Marquez Benitez in the minds and hearts of readers and non-readers alike. Most teenagers today would tell you that they have come across the story because it had been required by their teachers in school. Only a few would have actually read it because they wanted to. Either way, after youve read the story, it would stick to you not only because youre required to, but because it will feel like its a new experience to you that you just know youll forever treasure. Not a lot of sources today will give you summary of Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez, because they will think it cruel to ruin the story for you. However, you may find a few good sources giving you a brief but very dense analysis of the story, should you have enough patience to look through the web. For those looking for the analysis of Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez, you will find the ones that are online helpful to you not only in realizing things about the story that you didnt think were possible, but also because it will give you a fresh outlook about the best Philippine short stories and the Philippine epic stories as well. Personally, I would rather you read the short story first, so you can enjoy reading more the Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez analysis that youre looking for. Incidentally, there is a poem that has been created as answer to the premise of this short story. If you want to read that as well, you can visit this site on Filipino poems.
ANALYSIS OF THE STORY HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGHT HOME A WIFE This might be my second read of How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife but this is definitely thefirst Ive tried to digest the beauty of the prose as an experience in itself. However, unlike more fortunateliterature buffs who have their own copy of How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife (And Other Stories) , I had to rely on Baul to give me a similar fantastic ride to Nagrebcan, Bauang, La Union. Shame!Manuel Viloriasays the collection was only twenty pesos.The story, like most of Arguillas prose, transpires in Barrio Nagrebcan in La Union, the birthplace of Manuel E. Arguilla himself . Youll immediately realize how the writer loves his hometown by the vivid imagery and sensuality that he offers on the plate .

From the shapes and the sounds to even the scent of the air, Arguilla spares no detail to prove that beauty exists in Nagrebcan. From the title, you can surmise what type of story this is and how it could develop as it goes along. Leonis actually the big brother of the main protagonist, the wielder of the mystic point-of-view, but his wifetakes to him as Noel as the latter coinage is presumably a modern twist of Leon though obviously it is aninversion of the word. Baldo is the little brother and Maria, Baldo taking traditional names into mind ashe hears her name for the first time, is the wife whom Leon/Noel brought back home. Maria is actually city bred and Leon/Noel and Baldo are blatantly townsfolk.

Theres the culture clashthat serves to be the conflict, though only between the father and the oblivious Maria.

Since Leon/Noel brought Maria to Nagrebcan, it can be presumed that theyll be staying there. As a precaution, unbeknownst to even Leon/Noel and Baldo , their father have asked the younger son to docertain things out of the norm just to see if the wife can really adjust to her new setting the barrioand the family. Certain characters, with depth, to note are their sister Aurelia and the bull Labang.What I like about the short story is Arguillas character development. They seem to just pop out of thetext, giving the reader an impression that they could have been, and could very well be, real people . Most writers often base their characters on real life acquaintances. Whether Arquilla went deeper or not, he still pulled it off and impressively, if I may be so bold. The ending reflected Baldos attraction to Maria or, to be more specific, to the notion of finding hisown wife someday.In its entirety, How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife focuses on the aforementioned cultureclash or the setting shift when someone from the barrio or the city is transported to the other. Theconcept is distinctly Filipino but essentially global. People outside of the Metro (Manila,specifically) wish to travel, and to a greater extent, live in the modernist capital because it is widelybelieved that theyll find greater pleasures and successes there. In other words, it borders on agrass is green idea or immigration issues.

Arguilla makes me want to go visit Nagrebcan and spend one night there.

Characters: Baldo-younger brother of Leon, fetched Leon andMaria from theroad to Nagrebcan Leon (or Noel) -older brother of Baldowho studied inManila where hemet his wife Maria -the beautiful and stunning wife of Leon fromManila Labang-the bull whom Baldoconsidersas his pet Norman Tabios-Maria's ex-boyfriend who happened tobe a loro Gagambino-Leon's favorite fictional character whogave him lots of gutsto study in Manila Churita-Labang'sgirlfriend/fianc

Manuel Arguilla
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Manuel Estabillo Arguilla (1911 1944) was an Ilokano writer in English, patriot, and martyr.

He is known for his widely anthologized short story "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife," the main story in the collection "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Short Stories" which won first prize in the Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940. His stories "Midsummer" and "Heat" was published in the United States by the Prairie Schooner. Most of Arguilla's stories depict scenes in Barrio Nagrebcan, Bauang, La Union where he was born. His bond with his birthplace, forged by his dealings with the peasant folk of Ilocos, remained strong even after he moved to Manila where he studied at the University of the Philippines where he finished BS Education in 1933 and where he became a member and later the president of the U.P. Writer's Club and editor of the university's Literary Apprentice. He married Lydia Villanueva, another talented writer in English, and they lived in Ermita, Manila. Here, F. Sionil Jos, another seminal Filipino writer in English, recalls often seeing him in the National Library, which was then in the basement of what is now the National Museum. "you couldn't miss him", Jose describes Arguilla, "because he had this black patch on his cheek, a birthmark or an overgrown mole. He was writing then those famous short stories and essays which I admired." [1] He became a creative writing teacher at the University of Manila and later worked at the Bureau of Public Welfare as managing editor of the bureau's publication Welfare Advocate until 1943. He was later appointed to the Board of Censors. He secretly organized a guerrilla intelligence unit against the Japanese. In October 1944, he was captured, tortured and executed by the Japanese army at Fort Santiago.

Literary Analysis How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife

Literary Analysis How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife
Title: How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife Author: Manuel Arguilla (1911 1944) was an Ilokano writer in English, patriot, and martyr. He is known for his widely anthologized short story "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife," the main story in the collection "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Short Stories" which won first prize in the Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940.

Most of Arguilla's stories depict scenes in Barrio Nagrebcan, Bauang, La Union where he was born. His bond with his birthplace, forged by his dealings with the peasant folk of Ilocos, remained strong even after he moved to Manila where he studied at the University of the Philippines where he finished BS Education in 1933 and where he became a member and later the president of the U.P. Writer's Club and editor of the university's Literary Apprentice. He became a creative writing teacher at the University of Manila and later worked at the Bureau of Public Welfare as managing editor Is this essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 600,000 just like it! get better grades of the bureau's publication Welfare Advocate until 1943. He was later appointed to the Board of Censors. He secretly organized a guerrilla intelligence unit against the Japanese. In October 1944, he was captured, tortured and executed by the Japanese army at Fort Santiago. Summary: Exposition: Maria was the first one introduced in the story - the wife of the main character Leon. She first noticed Baldo, the brother of Leon; then Labang was introduced, the family bull. Complication: On the way, Maria expressed her fear - that their father might not like her. Conflict: Leon explained to Maria that their father is the mildest-tempered, gentlest man he knew. Climax: When they got home, their father did not welcome them. He was said to be in his room; his leg is bothering him again. Baldo saw his mother and sister Aurelia and Maria in the kitchen who seemed like crying. His father removed the roll of tobacco in his mouth when he saw Baldo and started...

2nd Grading

OLI IMPAN BY ALBERTO S. FLORENTINOA Classical Analysis The adage says that literature is a mirror of the milieu wherein it was written. It represents or imitates the reality in a given time and place. Trueenough. Oli Impan very well copies the impoverished lives of Filipinos especially that of people who have found their homes in places they are not really allowedto stay- the squatters, who in real life can be seen in almost every part of Manila. It also shows the difficult and helpless state they are put into wheneverthey are being sent away by the government. This is revealed in the story of theboy and the girl whose families, together with others, were being forced toevacuate five days before Christmas. Mimesis in this One-Act play by Alberto S.Florentino does not come as a surprise at all for he is known to be a realist as a writer. This observation is similar to a review made by Rosalina Rara-Sarabosing, M.A. of the Holy Name University:

To say that Alberto S. Florentino is a realist- is acorrect political classification of his literary genius.Two of his favorite elements in the genre were setting andthemeoftentimes overlapping into each other as characters-come from the slums and denizens of Tondo. Along with this, reading it in a childs perspective evokes the readers feelings of pity and fear which produces catharsis. There is a feeling of pity

towards the children who, young and nave as they are, were already exposed tosuch confrontations, and for their loss of homes. Pity can also be felt towards the children and their families for having to spend Christmas like that. Whileother people would be very busy preparing for Christmas, they would be left preoccupied on where they are to spend their next days and nights at.Florentino also allows for readers to share the same feeling of fear that the girl suffers when his father gets arrested by the police, and for their uncertain future.Given that it accurately portrays reality (i.e. the existence of the poor anddeprived), which is our primary basis, it must not be censored from beingpublished and read.Furthermore, these realities allow for the reader to realize the lessons embedded in the text. Its main purpose, as I see it, is to make one be moreconscious of his environment. This opens us to the reality that such social illness exists and to the fact that we are fortunate to have our own homes which otherpeople still have to fight for.The language of Oli Impan cannot be considered sublime using thestandards of Longinus. First of all, it uses simple language and its style is not any different from the ordinary. There is also not much presence of the figures of speech which is very important for one text to be called sublime in style. (What according to Longinus are the sources of the sublime and how does hedistinguish the true from the false sublime?, 2010)

ALBERTO FLORENTINO, Filipino Playwright and Book Publisher, from Manila, where he wrote plays and published books for 5 decades before moving to the US with his family to continue his calling under the new technology. These pages started his formal entry into cyberspace in January of 2001 at http://geocities.com/bertflorentino. That cyber-presence was September 2002 after relocating to this site.

CAPSULEBIBLIO
ALBERTO FLORENTINO wrote the play THE WORLD IS AN APPLE, a canonical play voted the most popular/most performed play in the Philippines. His books of plays include: THE WORLD IS AN APPLE and Other Prize Plays; The Portable FLORENTINO; Memento Mori; Sangyugto; Panahon ng Digma; From Book to Stage; among others. He published/edited 75 books under his imprints from 1959 to 2001.

OLI IMPAN
by Alberto Florentino

**************************************************

OLI IMPAN
ni Alberto Florentino

OLI IMPAN ("Holy Infant") A Tagalog translation by the playwright of his original one-act play in English (1,478 words) "Saaylenay . . . oolinay . . ./ oliskam . . . olisbray (Silent night; holy night;/ All is calm; all is bright)."
---from "Silent Night," as sung by Filipino children-carollers

The author's Tagalog translation of Oli Impan was first published in the National Midweek (June 11-18, 1986), edited by Jose F. Lacaba. The original play written in English won the Arena Theater Playwriting Contest (Special Award, 1959) and was staged in the "arena-style theater" at the PNC Quadrangle on Taft Avenue under the direction of playwright Severino Montano (recently posthumously declared a National Artist). Oli Impan (in English) was published in The World Is an Apple (the book, 1959); in Comment (1959); and produced on Balintataw I (TV, PETA/Ch. 5, 1968). Recently (Dec. 14, 2001), it was staged in the Philippines: in a school (Marcelli) in Taytay, Rizal, Metro Manila, under the direction of a young teacher, Gia Marcia de la Cruz. Oli Impan (in Tagalog translation) is being featured in PALH-ezine (Philippine American Literary House), managed by Cecilia M. Brainard, on the 43rd anniversary of the play's creation on Dec. 20, 2001, 43 years after the squatters written about in the play were evicted 5 days before Christmas of 1958 by Manila Mayor Antonio Villegas and relocated to either Sapang-Palay or Welfareville. The playwright was influenced by the French film Forbidden Games, directed by Rene Clement, which the playwright saw in the first U.P. Film Festival under UP Film Center Director Virginia Moreno.

For Franz Arcellana, National Artist for Literature 1990

Mga Tauhan: Batang Lalaki (BLalake), 5 taong gulang. Batang Babae (BBabae), 4 na taong gulang Panahon: Kapaskuhan ng 1958 . Pook: Sa Binondo, sa isang pook na tinatawag na "Casbah."
The poem Oli Impan written by Filipino playwright Alberto Florentino, will translate to English something like this. The poem is set in the slums of Binondo, where thousands of squatters lived after the liberation of Manila in 1944. On Dec. 20, 1958, five days before Christmas, Mayor Villegas evicted the "squatters" and relocated them. He moved them from their home in the city and dumped them in Welfareville or Sapang-Palay. To this day, Welfareville is still home to thousands of second and third generation squatters descended from those original families. The term Oli Impan means holy infant. The two children in the poem were actually singing Silent Night but did not know how to pronounce these words yet. Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_poem_of_Oli_Impan_by_Alberto_Florentino#ixzz1tND k5Zak

Formal and Informal Words Anonymous: When someone was sentenced to death, we can say 'he/she got an electric chair'. When someone filed a law suit or took a legal action, we san say 'he/she got a lawyer'.

In these examples, I guess 'be sentenced to death', 'file a law suit' and 'take a legal action' are more formal than 'get an electric chair' and 'get a lawyer'. In news reports formal expressions are prefered. When having small talk, informal ones such as 'get ---' will be used more frequently. In academic debates and speeches, however, which type of expressions will be better used, formal or informal? I guess formal ones will be prefered, but actually informal ones are more simple and useful because we can talk about many things by just combining 'get' and a noun. Let's say, if I use only informal expressions such as 'get an electric chair' and 'get a lawyer' in an academic debate or speech, is it strange?

Hints for choosing more formal words

In academic writing you should aim to be succinct, thus: 1. When picking a word, choose the most relevant and specific one for the point you wish to make; for example: (match the colours across the examples to see the alternative words)

Informal

Formal

Lots of job loss is just one thing Widespread unemployment is one resulting from automation. consequence of automation. The common owl is active at night. The common owl is nocturnal.

Want to practise this skill? You can go to a skill development exercise based on the information contained in hint 1. 2. Also try to use the most formal way of expressing your point (this may mean you use a more technical word); for example:

job loss T.V. workers the same as

unemployment television employees equivalent

HINT: although you aim to use more formal words in academic writing, you should not aim to obscure your meaning behind a lot of impressive words. Ultimately you should try to achieve succinct, clear prose.

2a. Avoid using phrasal verbs such as 'get up', 'put into', 'find out' that are often used in spoken English. Replace these verbs with more formal single verbs such as 'rise', 'contribute' and 'discover'; for example: Informal Formal

Researchers looked at the way Researchers examined the way strain builds up round a geological strain intensifies around a fault. geological fault. Technology companies got together with stockbroking firms in order to dominate internet trading. Technology companies merged with stockbroking firms in order to dominate internet trading.

Want to practise this skill? You can go to a skill development exercise based on the information contained in hint 2.

3. Make sure the description you provide is as specific as possible. Look at the colour coded words and phrases to see the differences in word choice in the following examples. The exactness of the description has been increased by including more specific adjective (fiscal) as well as additional descriptive words (highlighted); for example:

Informal The government has made progress in economic policy.

Formal The Australian Government has made considerable progress in

implementing fiscal policy nationwide.

3a. A specific description means you also need to avoid using unsophisticated adjectives such as 'good', 'bad', 'big', 'little'; for example:

Informal One of the bad aspects of chemotherapy is the side effects.

Formal One of the negative aspects of multi-drug chemotherapy is the uncomfortable side-effects.

Also avoid using adverbs such as 'really', 'very', 'just'; for example:

Informal/ Spoken It caused a really big reaction.

Formal It caused a considerable reaction. It caused a dramatic reaction. It caused an explosive reaction.

NOUNS
Traditional grammarians define a noun as "a person, place, thing, or idea." Child designates a person; therefore, child is a noun. Similarly, democracy designates an idea; therefore, democracy is a noun. In addition, nouns can be identified by the presence of signal words such as the.

Word order can also provide clues about nouns. For example, in the following sentence, it is clear that the part of speech that will fit into slot #1 and slot #2 must be nouns:

Often, suffixes will suggest that a word is a noun. For example, -tion, -ness, -ment, or -er at the end of a word usually signify that the word is a noun, as in suggestion, happiness, involvement, and diner. Nouns may be made plural, usually with the suffix -s or -es, as in books and foxes. Nouns show ownership with the addition of an apostrophe and, sometimes, an additional -s, as in a book's pages, twenty students' essays. Common nouns such as school, business, or person designate an entire class. Proper nouns, on the other hand, designate a specific example of a class: Towson University, Black and Decker Company, Joe. Proper nouns are capitalized. Nouns may be countable (1 fork, 2 forks, 3 forks, etc.) or non-countable (sugar, oil). Nouns may signify concreteness (computer, fingernail) or abstractness (peace, friendship).

Functions of Nouns
Subject (S) - a noun or pronoun partnered with a predicate verb. A subject 1. does an action with an action verb

2. exists with a verb of being

3. is renamed or described after a verb of being or a linking verb

4. is acted upon with a passive verb

Object of Preposition (OP) - a noun or pronoun answering "whom" or "what" after a preposition in a a prepositional phrase.

Direct Object (DO) - a noun or pronoun answering "whom" or "what" after an action verb. A direct object "receives" or is the "object" of the action.

Retained Object (RO) - a noun or pronoun answering "whom" or "what" after a passive verb.

Indirect Object (IO) - a noun or pronoun answering "to whom/what" or "for whom/what" after an action verb. An indirect object

always precedes a direct object never has the word to or for stated

Subjective Complement (SC) - a noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or describes (equals) the subject after a verb of being or a linking verb.

Objective Complement (OC) - a noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or describes (equals) the direct object. Test for OC: insert "to be" between the DO and the OC

Appositive (App) - a noun or pronoun that renames another noun; An appositive is usually placed next to the noun it renames..

Gourmet renames the noun Joe. Therefore, gourmet is an appositive of Joe. When an appositive is not placed next to the noun it renames, the appositive is called a delayed appositive.

A delayed appositive may rename the word it in some sentence constructions.

In the above sentence, the appositive to meet you renames it. In this sentence, pleasure is the subjective complement of it. Therefore, it = pleasure = to meet you.

It (to meet you) is a pleasure.

Ibong Adarna (mythology)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Ibong Adarna) Jump to: navigation, search

Ibong Adarna (mythology)

Title

Ibong Adarna

Description The Legendary Bird of Piedras Platas v t e

Ibong Adarna' is an anonymous Filipino Epic poetry/poetry on an eponymous magical bird. The title's longer form during the History of the Philippines (15211898)|Spanish Era]] was "Corrido at Buhay na Pinagdaanan nang Tatlng Prinsipeng anak nang Haring Fernando at nang Reina Valeriana sa Cahariang Berbania" (Filipino for "Corrido and Life Lived by the Three Princes, children of King Fernando and Queen Valeriana in the Kingdom of Berbania").

Answer Key - Noun Functions - Exercise 2

Click on the appropriate link to see information on any answer you do not understand. subject preposition direct object appositive indirect object objects of

subjective complement

objective complement

1. The jury found the defendant guilty. jury = subject Your answer:

defendant = direct object

Your answer:

guilty = objective complement Your answer: 2. What is Joe doing on his birthday? What = direct object Joe = subject Your answer:

Your answer: Your answer:

birthday = object of preposition

3. On the day after tomorrow, we will hand Jerry the keys to his new car. day = object of preposition Your answer: Your answer:

tomorrow = object of preposition we = subject Your answer:

Jerry = indirect object winner = appositive keys = direct object

Your answer:

Your answer: Your answer: Your answer:

car = object of preposition

4. The screen on my monitor seems dull. screen = subject Your answer: Your answer: Your answer:

monitor = object of preposition dull = subjective complement

5. The committee elected MacKenzie its new CEO. committee = subject Your answer: Your answer: Your answer:

MacKenzie = direct object

CEO = objective complement

6. Smith is a good friend to Jones.

Smith = subject

Your answer: Your answer: Your answer:

friend = subjective complement Jones = object of preposition

7. In the driveway sat two old cars. driveway = object of preposition cars = subject Your answer: Your answer:

8. My cousin Jerry prides himself on his collection of ancient marbles. cousin = subject Jerry = appositive Your answer: Your answer: Your answer: Your answer: Your answer:

himself = direct object

collection = object of preposition marbles = object of preposition

9. Bertrand may be nice, but he is also my enemy. Bertrand = subject Your answer: Your answer:

nice = subjective complement he = subject Your answer:

enemy = subjective complement

Your answer:

10. The Great Gatsby is my favorite novel by Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby = subject Your answer: Your answer: Your answer:

novel = subjective complement Fitzgerald = object of preposition

Have a look at these words: SLANG wanna oughta lotta gonna gotcha gimme dunno want to, want a ought to lot of going I got you give me don't know MEANING

Use one of these words to fill in these sentences: 1) I'm ..................................... get you! 2) Then he grabbed hold of me and said " .....................................!" 3) Thief: "Just shut up and ..................................... the money!" 4) Sorry, I can't stay. I ..................................... go now. 5) - What's his name? - I ..................................... 6) Go away! I don't ..................................... talk to you!

7) I think you ..................................... talk to him before it's too late. 8) This is going cost you a whole ..................................... money.

ANSWERS 1) I'm gonna get you!

2) Then he grabbed hold of me and said "Gotcha!"

3) Le voleur: "Just shut up and gimme the money!"

4) Sorry, I can't stay. I gotta go now.

5) - What's his name? - I dunno.

6) Go away! I don't wanna talk to you!

7) I think you oughta talk to him before it's too late.

8) This is going cost you a whole lotta money.

Here are 4 sentences: a main sentence and 3 alternate colloquial sentences. Find the sentence which is the opposite of the main sentence (= which does NOT have the same

meaning as the main sentence). Note: "US" = American English a) "I'M COLD!" -> 1. "I'm freezing!" -> 2. "I'm burning up!" -> 3. "I'm a popsicle!" (US) b) "HE STAYED CALM!" -> 1. "He didn't bat an eyelid!" -> 2. "He saw red!" -> 3. "He was as cool as a cucumber!" c) "I'M HUNGRY!" -> 1. "I'm famished!" -> 2. "I'm stuffed!" -> 3. "I'm starving!"

d) "IT'S VERY CLEAN!" -> 1. "It's filthy!" -> 2. "It's spotless!" -> 3. "It's as shiny as a new pin!"

e) "HE'S STUPID!" -> 1. "He's thick!" -> 2. "He's a real egghead!" -> 3. "He's dumb!" (US)

ANSWERS a) "I'M COLD!" -> 1. "I'm freezing!" -> 2. "I'm burning up!" -> 3. "I'm a popsicle!"

b) "HE STAYED CALM!" -> 1. "He didn't bat an eyelid!" -> 2. "He saw red!" -> 3. "He was as cool as a cucumber!" c) "I'M HUNGRY!" -> 1. "I'm famished!" -> 2. "I'm stuffed!" -> 3. "I'm starving!" d) "IT'S VERY CLEAN!" -> 1. "It's filthy!" -> 2. "It's spotless!" -> 3. "It's as shiny as a new pin!" e) "HE'S STUPID!" -> 1. "He's thick!" -> 2. "He's a real egghead!" -> 3. "He's dumb!" (US)

Claro M. Recto
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For the Manila LRT station, see Recto LRT Station.

Claro M. Recto

Minority leader of the Senate of the Philippines In office 19311934 Senate President Manuel Quezon Post Established Preceded by Carlos P. Garcia Succeeded by Senator of the Philippines In office December 30, 1953 October 2, 1960 In office July 9, 1945 May 25, 1946 Senator of the Philippines from the 5th Senatorial District In office 1931 1935 Served with: Manuel L. Quezon Jos P. Laurel Preceded by Post Abolished Succeeded by Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Batangas' 3rd District In office 19191928

Benito Reyes Katigbak Preceded by Jose D. Dimayuga Succeeded by Majority leader of the Senate of the Philippines In office 19341935 Senate President Manuel Quezon Benigno Aquino, Sr. Preceded by Vacant[1] Succeeded by Melecio Arranz Personal details February 8, 1890 Born Tiaong, Tayabas October 2, 1960 (aged 70) Died Rome, Italy Democrata Party (19191933) Nacionalista Democrata Party (19331935) Nacionalista Coalition (1935 1938) Nacionalista Party (19381942, 194657) KALIBAPI (19431945) Nationalist Citizens' Party (1957 60) Aurora Reyes

Political party

Spouse(s)

Claro Mayo Recto, Jr. (February 8, 1890 October 2, 1960), (pronounced "rectal") was a Filipino politician, jurist, poet and one of the foremost statesmen of his generation. He is remembered mainly for his nationalism, for "the impact of his patriotic convictions on modern political thought".[2] He was born in Tiong, Tayabas (now known as Quezon province), Philippines, Spain (The Philippines was not yet independent) of educated, upper middle-class parents, namely Claro Recto [Sr.] of Rosario, Batangas, and Micaela Mayo of Lipa, Batangas. He studied Latin at the Instituto de Rizal in Lipa, Batangas from 1900 to 1901. Further schooling was at the Colegio del Sagrado Corazn of Don Sebastin Virrey. He moved to Manila to study at the Ateneo de Manila where he consistently obtained outstanding scholastic grades, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree maxima cum laude. He received a Masters of Laws degree from the University of Santo Toms.

Contents

1 Politician 2 Recto the jurist 3 Poet, playwright, essayist 4 The 'finest mind of his generation' 5 Criticism 6 Death 7 Speeches and writings 8 Further reading 9 Footnotes 10 External links

Politician
Claro M. Recto, Jr. launched his political career as a legal adviser to the first Philippine Senate in 1916. In 1919, he was elected representative from the second district of Batangas. He served as minority floor leader for several years until 1925. His grasp of parliamentary procedures won him the accolades of friends and adversaries alike. He traveled to the United States as a member of the Independence Mission, and was admitted to the American Bar in 1924. Upon his return he founded the Partido Democrata. In 1928, he temporarily retired from active politics and dedicated himself to the practice and teaching of law. Recto found the world of academia restrictive and soporific. Although he still engaged in the practice of law, he resigned from his teaching job in 1931 and reentered politics when he ran and won a senate seat and was subsequently elected its majority floor leader in 1934. He was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in 1935 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. As a jurist he held his own in famous debates even against the U.S. Attorney General with whom he waged a war of words on the question of ownership of military bases in the Philippines. He presided over the assembly that drafted the Philippine Constitution in 1934-35, which was in accordance with the provisions of the Tydings-McDuffie Act and a preliminary step to independence and self-governance after a 10-year transitional period. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was created in response to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act which, through the urging of Quezon, was rejected by the Philippine Senate. The original bill would have allowed the indefinite retention of U.S. military and naval bases in the Philippines and the American imposition of high tariff and quotas on Philippine exports such as sugar and coconut oil. A few minor changes were made and the Tydings-McDuffie bill was passed and signed into law by President Roosevelt. Together with then-Senate President Manuel L. Quezon (who eventually was elected first president of the commonwealth), Recto personally presented the Commonwealth Constitution to U.S. President Roosevelt. The consensus among many political scholars of today judges the 1935 Constitution as the best-written Philippine charter ever. Its author was mainly Claro M. Recto.

In the 1953 and 1955 elections, Recto denounced the influence and coercion of the Church on voters' decisionsthe Philippines having a 90% Catholic majority at the time. In a 1958 article in "The Lawyer's Journal" he suggested that a constitutional amendment be passed to make the article on Separation of Church and State clearer and more definitive. He also rallied against the teaching of religion in public schools. He served as Commissioner of Education (194243), Minister of Foreign Affairs (194344), and Cultural Envoy with the rank of Ambassador on a cultural mission to Europe and Latin America (1960). In 1941, he ran and reaped the highest number of votes among the 24 elected senators. He was re-elected in 1949 as a Nacionalista Party candidate and again in 1955 as a guest candidate of the Liberal Party. Claro M. Recto, Jr. is considered light-years ahead of his time. He foresaw the demands of a fastmoving global economy which his nation is incapable to meet even to this day. In a memorable speech on the eve of the 1957 presidential election where he raced against then President Carlos Garcia, he petitioned all sectors of society, and like Rizal, implored the youth:[3]

The first task to participate seriously in the economic development of our country by pursuing those professions for which there is a great need during an era of rapid industrialization. Only a nationalistic administration can inspire a new idealism in our youth, and with its valid economic program make our youth respond to the challenging jobs and tasks demanding full use of their talents and energies.

Recto was defeated and never became president. Since his time, subsequent administrations practiced with fidelity and enthusiasm what he called "subservience and colonial mentality", most of them with greed and rapacious intents. To the judgment of Recto and many political gurus, colonial mentality towards America by the sycophant Philippine government, and its evil twinservility to the almighty dollar, are among the major contributories to graft and corruption, which in turn have paralyzed the nation's economy. During the presidency of Corazon Aquino, however, where Aquino initially fought for the R.P.U.S Bases Treaty but ultimately acquiesced to the will of the people, the Philippine Senate rejected its renewal. In September 1991, by a slim majority led by Senator Jovito Salonga, the lawmaking body rescinded the agreement, effectively ending U.S. military presence in the Philippines.

Recto the jurist

In the years before English became the principal tongue of the Filipino elite, Recto was known as an abogado milagroso (lawyer of miracles), a tribute to his many victories in the judicial court. He wrote a two-volume book on civil procedures which in the days before World War II was standard textbook for law students.

His prominence as a lawyer parallels his fame as a writer: he was known for his flawless logic and lucidity of mind in both undertakings. He served the wartime cabinet of President Jos P. Laurel during the Japanese occupation. Together with Laurel, Camilo Osas, and Quintn Paredes, he was taken into custody by the American colonial government and tried for treason. In his defense, he wrote a treatise entitled "Three Years of Enemy Occupation" (1946) wherein he convincingly presented the case of patriotic conduct of Filipinos during World War II. He fought his legal battles and was acquitted.

Poet, playwright, essayist

The Spanish language was where he was reared and schooled. Alongside Tagalog, it was Recto's mother tongue, although he was equally adept in English. His initial fame was as a poet while a student at the University of Santo Toms when he published a book Bajos Los Cocoteros (Under the Coconut Trees, 1911), a collection of his poems in Spanish. A staff writer of El Ideal, and later La Vanguardia, he wrote a daily column, Primares Cuartillas (First Sheets), under the nom de plume Aristeo Hilario. They were prose and numerous poems of satirical pieces. Some of his work still grace the classic poetry anthologies of the Hispanic world. Among the plays that he authored were La Ruta de Damasco (The Route to Damascus, 1918), and Solo entre las Sombras (Alone among the Shadows, 1917), which were lauded not only in the Philippines, but also in Spain and Latin America. Both were produced and staged in Manila to critical acclaim in the mid 1950s. In 1929, his article Monroismo Asitico (Asiatic Monroism) was published, validating his repute as a political satirist. In what was claimed as a commendable study in polemics, he proferred his arguments and defenses in a debate with Dean Mximo Klaw of the University of the Philippines where Klaw championed a version of the Monroe Doctrine with its application to the Asian continent, while Recto took the opposing side. The original Monroe doctrine (1823) was U.S. President Monroe's foreign policy of keeping the Americas off-limits to the influence of the Old World, and states that the United States, Mexico, and countries in South and Central America were no longer open to European colonization. Recto was passionately against its implementation in Asia, wary of Japan's preeminence and its aggressive stance towards its neighbors. In his deliberation he wrote about foreseeing the danger Japan posed to the Philippines and other Asian countries. His words proved prophetic when Japan invaded and colonized the region, including the Philippines from 1942-45. His eloquence and facility with the Spanish language were recognized throughout the Hispanic world. The Enciclopedia Universal says of him: Recto, more than a politician and lawyer, is a Spanish writer, and that among those of his race (he is pure Tagalog on both sides), there is not and there has been no one who has surpassed him in the mastery of the language of his country's former sovereign.[4]

The 'finest mind of his generation'

Claro M. Recto, Jr. is considered the "finest mind of his generation".[5] Through his speeches and writings, he was able to mold the mind of his Filipino contemporaries and succeeding generations, a skill "only excelled by Rizal's".[5] He left a mark on the patriotic climate of his time and a lasting legacy to those who succeeded him. Such icons of nationalism as Lorenzo Tanada, Jos Diokno, Renato Constantino, Jovito Salonga, refer to him as a mentor and forerunner. Teodoro M. Locsn of the Philippines Free Press, defines Recto's genius, thus:[5] "Recto is not a good speaker, no. He will arouse no mob. But heaven help the one whose pretensions he chooses to demolish. His sentences march like ordered battalions against the inmost citadel of the man's arguments, and reduce them to rubble; meanwhile his reservations stand like armed sentries against the most silent approach and every attempt at encirclement by the adversary. The reduction to absurdity of Nacionalista senator Zulueta's conception of sound foreign policy was a shattering experience, the skill that goes into the cutting of a diamond went into the work of demolition. There was no slip of the hand, no flaw in the tool. All was delicately, perfectly done... Recto cannot defend the indefensible, but what can be defended, he will see to it that it will not be taken."

Criticism

Gravesite of Claro M. Recto at the Manila North Cemetery. His critics claim that Recto's brilliance is overshadowed by his inability to capture nationwide acceptance. He could have been an exceptional leader, perhaps a great president, but his appeal was limited to the intellectual elite and the nationalist minority of his time. In the same article, political editorialist, Manuel L. Quezon III, laments this fact: "Recto's leadership was the curious kind that only finds fulfillment from being at the periphery of power, and not from being its fulcrum. It was the best occupation suited to the satirist that he was. His success at the polls would be limited, his ability to mold the minds of his contemporaries was only excelled by Rizal's...But he was admired for his intellect and his

dogged determination to never let the opposition be bereft of a champion, still his opposition was flawed. For it was one that never bothered to transform itself into an opposition capable of taking power."[5] However, one possible explanation as to why Recto was never able to capture full national acceptance was because he dared to strongly oppose the national security interests of the United States in the Philippines, as when he campaigned against the US military bases in his country. During the 1957 presidential campaign, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) conducted black propaganda operations to ensure his defeat, including the distribution of condoms with holes in them and marked with `Courtesy of Claro M. Recto' on the labels.[6][7]

Death
Claro M. Recto died of a heart attack in Rome, Italy, on October 2, 1960, while on a cultural mission, and en route to Spain, where he was to fulfill a series of speaking engagements. The US Central Intelligence Agency is suspected of involvement in his death. Recto, who had no known heart disease, met with two mysterious "Caucasians" wearing business suits before he died. United States government documents later showed that a plan to murder Recto with a vial of poison was discussed by CIA Chief of Station Ralph Lovett and the US Ambassador to the Philippines Admiral Raymond Spruance years earlier.[8][9] Recto was married to Aurora Reyes, with whom he had two sons. He had four children in his first marriage with Angeles Silos.

What it Says Adult entertainment Ample proportions Armed intervention Between jobs Bun in the oven Categorical inaccuracy Character line Collateral damage Comfort women Correctional facility

What it Means Pornography Obese or fat War Unemployed Pregnant Lie Wrinkle Civilian casualties Prostitute Prison

Batting for the other side Homosexual

Direct mail Disinformation Do your business Expecting Freedom fighters Full bodied Furlough employees House of ill repute Imbibe Indisposed Inventory leakage Knocked up Lose your lunch Neutralize Powder your nose Pre-owned Remains Revenue enhancement Shooting blanks Surreptitious entry Call of nature

Junk mail Lie Defecate Pregnant Rebels Obese Fire employees Brothel Drink Sick Theft Pregnant Vomit To kill Visit the bathroom Used or second hand Dead body Taxes Low semen count Breaking in The urge to urinate or defecate

Ample proportions (Fat) Armed intervention (Military attack) Asleep with Jesus (Dead) Batting for the other side (Homosexual) Be excused (Visit the lavatory) (Origin) Between jobs (Unemployed) Big boned (Fat) Bite the dust (Die) Blow chunks (Vomit) (Origin) Bought the farm (Died) Breathe one's last (Die) Broad in the beam (Fat) Brown trousers (Defecate through fear) Built for comfort not speed (Fat) Bun in the oven - A (Pregnant) (Origin) Carey Street - On (Bankrupt) (Origin)

Carnal knowledge (Sex) (Origin) Cash in your chips (Die) Cement shoes (Dead) Change into your brown trousers (Defecate through fear) Chutney ferret (Homosexual) Collateral damage (Military destruction) (Origin) Colour up (Blush) (Origin) Come to Jesus (Die) Comfort woman (Prostitute) Concrete shoes - Put on your (Die) Cor blimey (God blind me) (Origin) Cross over to the other side (Die) Dear John (Break up message) Depart this life (Die) Departed - The (A dead person) Differently abled (Disabled) (Origin) Do your business (Defecate) (Origin) Drop off the perch (Die) Economical with the truth (Lying) (Origin) Eff off (Fuck off) (Origin) Eternal rest (Death) Ethnic cleansing (Racial genocide) Fall asleep (Die) (Origin) Fate worse than death (Sex) (Origin) Full figured (Fat) Gardening leave (Unemployment) Gentleman friend (Lover) Get your leg over (Have sex) Give up the ghost (die) Go all the way (Have sex) Go down for the third time (Die) Go over to the other side (Die) (Origin) Hankie pankie (Sex) (Origin) Happy event - A (Birth) (Origin) Have it away (Have sex) (Origin) Hide the sausage (Sex) Hot to trot (Sexually excited) House of ill repute - A (Brothel) (Origin) In an interesting condition (Pregnant) (Origin) In reduced circumstances (Bankrupt) (Origin) In the club (Pregnant) (Origin) In the family way (Pregnant) (Origin) In trouble (Pregnant) (Origin) Fallen off the back of a lorry (Stolen) (Origin) Kick the bucket (Die) (Origin) Knee trembler (Sex in a standing position) Knocked up (Pregnant) (Origin) Knocking shop (Brothel)

Lady of the night - A (Prostitute) (Origin) Laid off (Unemployed) (Origin) Leave the room (Visit the lavatory) (Origin) Leg over (Sex) Lie back and think of England (Have sex) Light in the loafers (Homosexual) Like the Dickens (Like the devil) (Origin) Lose your lunch (Vomit) (Origin) Make hay (Have sex) Making whoopee (Having sex) Meat packer (Homosexual) Meet your maker (Die) Missing in action (Dead) Night soil (Faeces) (Origin) No longer with us (Dead) Not tonight Josephine (Refusal of offer of sex) On Carey Street (Bankrupt) On the job (Having sex) One off the wrist (Masturbation) Pass on (Die) (Origin) Pass over to the other side (Die) (Origin) Paying guest - A (A lodger) (Origin) Peg out (Die) (Meaning) Pillow biter (Homosexual) Pop your clogs (Die) (Origin) Private parts (Genitals) (Origin) Put on the wooden overcoat (Die) (Origin) Put to sleep (Euthanise) (Origin) Restricted growth (Short) Roll in the hay (Sex) Rumpy pumpy (Sex) (Origin) Shoot blanks (Be sterile) Shuffle off this mortal coil (Die) Shuffle off to Buffalo (Die) Slap and tickle (Sex) Sleep around (Be promiscuous) Sleep with (Have sex with) (Origin) Smallest room in the house - The (The lavatory) (Origin) Snatched from us (Died) Something for the weekend sir? (Offer of purchase of a condom) Spend a penny (Urinate) (Origin) Spend more time with my family (Become unemployed) (Origin) Supreme sacrifice (Death) The F word (Fuck) The beast with two backs (A couple engaged in sex) The birds and the bees (Sexual reproduction) The call of nature (The urge to urinate/defecate) (Origin) The wrong side of the blanket (Illegitimate) (Origin) ()

Tired and over emotional (Drunk) (Origin) () Turn a trick (Have sex for money) Turn up your toes (Die) Up the duff (Pregnant) (Origin) Visit the ladies room (Visit the lavatory) (Origin) Visually challenged (Short-sighted) Wear your apron high (Pregnant) Well endowed (With large sexual organs) (Origin) Well hung (With a large penis) (Origin) Well fed (Fat) Wham bam and thank you ma'am (Brief sex) With child (Pregnant)