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M.L.King Jr. Birthplace, Atlanta, GA: Greg Kelly Hanford High School Richland, Washington Photo by Vickie Kelly, 2002

This document discusses techniques for integrating functions using substitution and solving separable differential equations. It provides examples of using substitution to rewrite functions in a form that can be integrated. These include substituting trigonometric functions and finding antiderivatives of composite functions. It also demonstrates how to solve separable differential equations by separating the variables and integrating both sides. The document emphasizes practicing integration by hand to prepare for exams and classes where calculators are not allowed.

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Sinarwati Mohd Suhaili
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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42 views16 pages

M.L.King Jr. Birthplace, Atlanta, GA: Greg Kelly Hanford High School Richland, Washington Photo by Vickie Kelly, 2002

This document discusses techniques for integrating functions using substitution and solving separable differential equations. It provides examples of using substitution to rewrite functions in a form that can be integrated. These include substituting trigonometric functions and finding antiderivatives of composite functions. It also demonstrates how to solve separable differential equations by separating the variables and integrating both sides. The document emphasizes practicing integration by hand to prepare for exams and classes where calculators are not allowed.

Uploaded by

Sinarwati Mohd Suhaili
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6.

2
Integration by
Substitution &
Separable
Differential
Equations
M.L.King Jr. Birthplace, Atlanta, GA
Greg Kelly
Hanford High School
Richland, Washington Photo by Vickie Kelly, 2002
The chain rule allows us to differentiate a wide variety
of functions, but we are able to find antiderivatives for
only a limited range of functions. We can sometimes
use substitution to rewrite functions in a form that we
can integrate.

Example 1:
( )
5
2 x dx +
}
Let 2 u x = +
du dx =
5
u du
}
6
1
6
u C +
( )
6
2
6
x
C
+
+
The variable of integration
must match the variable in
the expression.
Dont forget to substitute the value
for u back into the problem!

Example:
(Exploration 1 in the book)
2
1 2 x x dx +
}
One of the clues that we look for is
if we can find a function and its
derivative in the integrand.
The derivative of is .
2
1 x +
2 x dx
1
2
u du
}
3
2
2
3
u C +
( )
3
2
2
2
1
3
x C + +
2
Let 1 u x = +
2 du x dx =
Note that this only worked because
of the 2x in the original.
Many integrals can not be done by
substitution.

Example 2:
4 1 x dx
}
Let 4 1 u x =
4 du dx =
1
4
du dx =
Solve for dx.
1
2
1

4
u du
}
3
2
2 1
3 4
u C +
3
2
1
6
u C +
( )
3
2
1
4 1
6
x C +

Example 3:
( )
cos 7 5 x dx +
}
7 du dx =
1
7
du dx =
1
cos
7
u du
}
1
sin
7
u C +
( )
1
sin 7 5
7
x C + +
Let 7 5 u x = +

Example: (Not in book)


( )
2 3
sin x x dx
}
3
Let u x =
2
3 du x dx =
2
1

3
du x dx =
We solve for
because we can find it
in the integrand.
2
x dx
1
sin
3
u du
}
1
cos
3
u C +
3
1
cos
3
x C +

Example 7:
4
sin cos x x dx
}
Let sin u x =
cos du x dx =
( )
4
sin cos x x dx
}
4
u du
}
5
1
5
u C +
5
1
sin
5
x C +

Example 8:
2
4
0
tan sec x x dx
t
}
The technique is a little different
for definite integrals.
Let tan u x =
2
sec du x dx =
( )
0 tan0 0 u = =
tan 1
4 4
u
t t
| |
= =
|
\ .
1
0
u du
}
We can find
new limits,
and then we
dont have
to substitute
back.
new limit
new limit
1
2
0
1
2
u
1
2
We could have substituted back and
used the original limits.

Example 8:
2
4
0
tan sec x x dx
t
}
Let tan u x =
2
sec du x dx =
4
0
u du
t
}
Wrong!
The limits dont match!
( )
4
2
0
1
tan
2
x
t
=
( )
2
2 1 1
tan tan0
2 4 2
t
| |
=
|
\ .
2 2
1 1
1 0
2 2
=
u du
}
2
1
2
u =
1
2
=
Using the original limits:
Leave the
limits out until
you substitute
back.
This is
usually
more work
than finding
new limits

Example: (Exploration 2 in the book)


1
2 3
1
3 x 1 x dx

+
}
3
Let 1 u x = +
2
3 du x dx =
( )
1 0 u =
( )
1 2 u =
1
2
2
0
u du
}
2
3
2
0
2
3
u
Dont forget to use the new limits.
3
2
2
2
3

2
2 2
3
=
4 2
3
=

Separable Differential Equations


A separable differential equation can be expressed as
the product of a function of x and a function of y.
( ) ( )
dy
g x h y
dx
=
Example:
2
2
dy
xy
dx
=
Multiply both sides by dx and divide
both sides by y
2
to separate the
variables. (Assume y
2
is never zero.)
2
2
dy
x dx
y
=
2
2 y dy x dx

=
( )
0 h y =
Separable Differential Equations
A separable differential equation can be expressed as
the product of a function of x and a function of y.
( ) ( )
dy
g x h y
dx
=
Example:
2
2
dy
xy
dx
=
2
2
dy
x dx
y
=
2
2 y dy x dx

=
2
2 y dy x dx

=
} }
1 2
1 2
y C x C

+ = +
2
1
x C
y
= +
2
1
y
x C
=
+
2
1
y
x C
=
+
( )
0 h y =

Combined
constants of
integration
Example 9:
( )
2
2
2 1
x
dy
x y e
dx
= +
2
2
1
2
1
x
dy x e dx
y
=
+
Separable differential equation
2
2
1
2
1
x
dy x e dx
y
=
+
} }
2
u x =
2 du x dx =
2
1
1
u
dy e du
y
=
+
} }
1
1 2
tan
u
y C e C

+ = +
2
1
1 2
tan
x
y C e C

+ = +
2
1
tan
x
y e C

= +
Combined constants of integration

Example 9:
( )
2
2
2 1
x
dy
x y e
dx
= +
2
1
tan
x
y e C

= + We now have y as an implicit


function of x.
We can find y as an explicit function
of x by taking the tangent of both
sides.
( )
( )
2
1
tan tan tan
x
y e C

= +
( )
2
tan
x
y e C = +
Notice that we can not factor out the constant C, because
the distributive property does not work with tangent.

Until then, remember that half the AP exam and half the
nations college professors do not allow calculators.
In another generation or so, we might be able to use
the calculator to find all integrals.
You must practice finding integrals by hand until you are
good at it!
t

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