Phy 2012
Phy 2012
Phy 2012
May 2012
INDEX
S. N. Course no. Course Title Page no.
5
6 7 8 9 10
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34
35
PHY 311 PHY 312 PHY 313 PHY 314 PHY 315 PHY 316 PHY 317 PHY 318 PHY 319 PHY 320 PHY 321 PHY 322
Plasma physics Composite materials Advanced Semiconductor Physics Gravitation and Cosmology Non-linear dynamics Atmospheric Science Energy Physics Computational techniques Radiation Physics Computational heat transfer and fluid flow [09MCS23] Semiconductor Physics and Technology Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY FUNDAMENTALS CHEMISTRY OF PHOTOPHYSICS &
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 39 40
41
36
41
37
42
38
PHY 325
43
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 49 50 51 52 53 54 PHY 411 PHY 412 PHY 413 PHY 414 PHY 415 PHY 416 Antenna theory and design [10EC011, 10LDC11] Theory of elasticity [10MDE13] Crystal Growth and Characterization Experimental Techniques in Low Temperature Physics ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION Solar energy devices 51 51 52 52 53 54
REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Matrices and Tensons in Physics by A W Joshi. 2. Introduction to mathematical physics by C Harper, PHI. 3. Mathematical Physics by Satya prakash, S Chand and Sons, New Delhi.
10
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 Agriculture, water, energy, materials and clean environment, Space exploration, National security, Moving into the market. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Nano: The Essentials: Understanding Nanoscience and Nanotecnology, T. Pradeep, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2008. 2. Nanoscale Science and Technology, Robert W. Kelsall, Ian W. Hamley and Mark Geoghegan, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., UK, 2005. 3. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole Jr and Frank J. Owens, Wiley Interscience, 2003. 4. Principles of Nanotechnology by Phani kumar (Scitech Publications, Chennai). 5. Nanotechnology by Schmid etal (Spriger International edition). 6. Nanomaterials by A.K.Bandhyopadhyay (New Age International Pub. New Delhi). 7. Fundementals of Nanoelectronics by George W. Hanson (Perason education, NewDelhi). 8. MEMS & Microsystems: Design & Manufacture by Tai-Ran Hsu, (Tata Macgraw Hill, New Delhi). 9. Concept Document Nanoscience & Technology Initiative of DST, GOI, New Delhi, 2002. 10. Winner, Langdon, Societal Implications of Nanotechnology, Testimony to - on science of the US House of Representatives, 2003. 11. Ethics in Engineering, M. Martin & R. Schinzinger, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill. 12. Nanotechnology Regulation and Policy Worldwide (Artech House), Jeffrey H. Matsuura 2006.
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 electronsmagnetic moment of the atom and g-factors, expression for magnetic interaction energy, selection rules, Zeeman pattern transitions for diffuse-series singlet, intensity rules. (Ref: 1, 6, 7) b. Strong magnetic field and Electric field effects: Paschen-Back effect, expression for total energy shift, transitions for principal series doublet. Qualitative treatment of PaschenBack effect and complete Paschen- Back effect for two electrons. Isotope structure. Stark effectfirst and second order Stark effects in hydrogen. Width of spectral lines (qualitative). (Ref: 1,6,7) UNIT-3: Microwave and Infra-red spectra Types of molecules- linear, symmetric top, asymmetric top and spherical top molecules. Theory of rotational spectra for rigid and non-rigid rotator diatomic molecules, energy levels, intensity of rotational lines. Microwave spectrometer and applications. Vibrational energy of diatomic molecule as simple harmonic and anharmonic oscillators, Morse potential energy curve, energy levels and vibrational spectra. Diatomic molecule as a vibrating-rotator, vibration-rotation spectra-P,Q,R branches. IR- spectrometer and applications. (Ref: 2-7) UNIT-4: UV-Visible spectra Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, vibrational coarse structure- band progressions and sequences, Frank-Condon principleintensity of vibrational-electronic spectra, dissociation energy and dissociation products. Rotational fine structure of electronic-vibration transitions, determination of vibrational and rotational constants. Molecular orbital. Classification of electronic states and multiplet structure, selection rules for electronic transitions and simple electronic transitions. UVVisible absorption and fluorescence spectrophotometers and applications. (Ref: 2-7) REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Introduction to Atomic Spectra : H E White, McGraw Hill, 2. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy: C N Banwell and E M McCash, Tata McGraw Hill, 1999, 4th Edition. 3. Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure Vol. 1: Spectra of Diatomic Molecules: G. Herzberg, Von Nostrand. 4. Spectroscopy, Vols. 1, 2 and 3: B P Straughan and S Walker ,Chapman and Hall 5. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy: G M Barrow, McGraw Hill. 6. Physics of Atoms and Molecules: B H Bransden and C J Joachain, Longman, 1983. 7. Spectra of Atoms and Molecules: P F Bernath, Oxford University Press 1995.
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, Wiley Eastern. Solid State Physics, A. J. Dekkar, Prentice Hall Inc. Semiconductor Physics, P. S. Kireev, MIR Publishers. Solid State Physics, S. O. Pillai, New Age Publisher, 2010.
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 process, energetics of fusion reactions; Controlled thermonuclear reactions; Fusion reactor. Stellar nucleo synthesis. b. Fundamental Interactions and Elementary Particles: Basic interactions and their characteristic features. Elementary particles, classification; Conservation laws in elementary particle decays. Quark model of elementary particles. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. The Atomic Nucleus: R D Evans (TMH). 2. Nuclear and Particle Physics : W.E. Burcham and M. Jobes (Addison Wesley, 1998). 3. Nuclear Physics: R R Roy and B P Nigam (Wiley Eastern). 4. Physics of Nuclei and Particles: P Mermier and E Sheldon (Academic Press). 5. Atomic and Nuclear Physics: S N Ghoshal (S. Chand). 6. Nuclei and Particles: E Segre (Benjamin). 7. Nuclear Physics: D C Tayal (Himalaya). 8. Introduction to Nuclear Physics: S B Patel (Wiley Eastern).
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 Switching and Memory Devices, Single Electronic Devices, Optical and Chemical Switches, Nanomagnetic Systems, Nanotube Electronics, Molecular Actuation, Logic Circuits, Computing Architectures, Quantum Computing. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Text Book of Electronics, S. Chattopadhyay, New Central Book Agency Pvt., Ltd., Kolkata, 2006. 2. Digital Principles and Applications, A.P. Malvino and D.P. Leach, Tata McGraw-Hill, Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1986. 3. Molecular Electronics from Principle to Practice, Michael C. Petty, John Wiley & Sons. Ltd., 2007. 4. Electronics Principles, Malvino, 6th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2001. 5. Electronics Principles and Applications, A.B. Bhattacharya, New Central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata, 2007.
19
20
22
23
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. 2. 3. 4. Liquid Crystals by S. Chandrasekhar. Thermotropic Liquid Crystals by Vertogen and Jeu. The Physics of Liquid Crystals by de Geenes and Prost. Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals by Goodby et al.
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 3. Glass Science, R. H. Doremus (Wiley, New York, 1973) 4. Glasses for Photonics, Masayuki Yamane, Yoshiyuki Asahara (Cambridge University Press, 2000) 5. Properties, processing and applications of glass and rare earth-doped glasses for optical fibres, Dan Hewak (INSPEC, London, 1998.) 3. Glass ceramics, P.W. Mc Millan (Academic Press, New York, 1964) 4. Fundamentals of Ceramics, M. W. Barsoum (Taylor & Francis Group, NY, 2003)
PHY 307: LASER PHYSICS UNIT-1 a. Coherence: Coherence, spatial and temporal coherence, measurement of spatial and temporal coherence, coherence time, coherence length, line width and monochromaticity; coherence time and line width via Fourier analysis, complex degree of coherence and fringe visibility in Youngs double hole experiment. b. Laser rate equations: Basic structure of a Laser, theory of laser oscillations, round-trip power gain and threshold condition. Rate equations for two, three and four level lasers; variation of laser power around threshold, optimum output coupling. UNIT-2 a. Optical resonators: Plane-parallel resonator, spherical resonator, confocal resonator, unstable resonator, losses in optical resonator, quality factor Q. b. Line broadening mechanisms and laser modes: Line shape broadening: Doppler broadening, collision broadening, natural radiative lifetime broadening, homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening. Laser modes: Longitudinal and transverse modes, experimental arrangement for mode selection. Gain saturation, gain saturation in homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened lasers, hole burning. UNIT-3 a. Single and multimode oscillations: Multimode oscillations, single-line and single-mode oscillation, frequency pulling, Lamb dip and laser frequency stabilization; ultimate line width of the laser (limit to monochromaticity), laser spiking in time-dependent condition. b. Q-switching and mode locking techniques: Q-switching, production of a giant pulse; methods of Q-switching: Mechanical shutters, electro-optical shutters, acousto-optic Qswitches, shutter using saturable dyes, peak-power emitted during the pulse, giant pulse dynamics. Mode locking: Active and passive mode locking techniques, ultrashort laser pulses, Laser amplifiers.
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT-4: Types of Lasers Solid state Lasers: Nd:YAG and Nd:Glass lasers. Gas Lasers: Ionic Lasers: Ar+ Laser, Metal vapour Lasers: He-Cd laser and copper vapour laser. Molecular Laser: CO2 Laser and its types. Liquid Lasers: Dye lasers, ring dye laser, tuning techniques. Excimer laser, chemical laser, semiconductor laser, colour center laser, free-electron laser, X-ray laser and gamma laser. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Optics: Ajoy Ghatak, Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Co., 1994, 2 nd Ed. 2. Lasers: Theory and Applications, K. Thyagarajan and A. K. Ghatak, Mc-Millan India Ltd., 1997. 3. Optical Electronics: Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994. 4. Principles of Lasers: Orazio Svelto, Plenum Press, NY, 1986, 2 nd Ed. 5. An Introduction to Lasers and their Applications: D. C. OShea, W. R. Callen and W. J. Rhodes, Addision, Wiley Publishing Co., 1978. 6. Lasers and their Applications: M. J. Beesley, Taylor and Francis Ltd, London ,1971. 7. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics: B. B. Laud, New Age Intl. (P) Ltd. Publ, 1996, 2 nd Ed. 8. Source Book on Lasers: Hecht.
PHY 308: ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS UNIT-1 a. Formal theory of nuclear reactions: Nuclear reactions, general formalism and cross sections. Principle of detailed balance. Resonance reactions, Breit-Wigner formula for l = 0, level widths and strength functions. b. Statistical model: Statistical theory of nuclear reactions, evaporation probability and cross sections for specific reactions. Experimental results. c. Optical model: Optical potentials and optical model parameters. Optical model at low energy, Kapur-Pierls dispersion formula for potential scattering and experimental results. UNIT-2 a. Direct reactions: Transfer reactions. Theory of stripping and pickup reaction. Plane wave Born approximation and qualitative consideration of distorted wave Born approximation. b. Heavy ion physics: Special features of heavy ion reactions. Qualitative treatment of remote electromagnetic interaction-Coulomb excitations; close encounters, grazing collisions and particle transfer. Direct and head on collision, compound nucleus and quasi molecule formation. UNIT-3 a. Particle detectors and accelerators: Gas filled ionisation detectors: Current mode and pulse mode operation; proportional counter, position sensitive ionisation chamber and multi-wire proportional counter. Semiconductor detectors: Semiconductor P-N 27
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 junction as a detector. Types of semiconductor detectors; surface barrier, Si(Li), Ge(Li) and high purity germanium detectors. Pelletron accelerator. b. Radiation protection: Dose units, estimation and measurement of dose from beta, gamma and neutron sources. Dosimeters. Biological effects of ionising radiation. Radiation protection, tolerance limits of exposure to radiation and late effects of radiation. Radiation shielding. UNIT-4 a. Neutron diffraction: Classification of neutrons in terms of energy. Bound and free atom cross section, coherent and incoherent cross sections. Neutron diffraction from single crystals and powders, advantages of neutron diffraction over X-ray diffraction. Refractive index of neutrons and mirror reflection of cold neutrons. Neutron interferometer and its application. b. Nuclear techniques: Basic principles, instrumentation and application of positron annihilation spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE), Rutherford back scattering (RBS). REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Nuclear Radiation Detectors: Kapoor and Ramamurthy. 2. Radiation Detection and Measurement: G F Knoll. 3. Measurement and detection of radiation: Nicholas Tsonlfanidis. 4. Physics of Nuclei and Particles : Marmier and Sheldon (Academic Press) 5. Introduction to Experimental Nuclear Physics : Singru. 6. Nuclear Physics: R R Roy and B P Nigam (Wiley Eastern) 7. Nuclear Physics: D C Tayal (Himalaya) 8. Atomic and Nuclear Physics : S N Ghoshal (S. Chand) 9. Neutron Diffraction: G F Bacon
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 b. Neurophysics: The nervous system. Synaptic transmission; information processing in neuronal systems. Physical basis of biopotentials; Action potential; Nernst-Planck equation. Nerve excitation and conduction; Hodgkin-Huxley model. UNIT-3: Physiological biophysics Physics of sensory organs- the transmission of information; Generator potentials. Visual receptor- mechanism of image formation; Auditory receptor- mechanism of sound perception; Mechanisms of chemical, somatic and visceral receptors. Mechanism of muscle contractility and motility. Temporal organisation- basis of biorhythms. UNIT-4 a. Biophysics of the immune system: The Immune system; cellular basis of immunal responses; antibodies and antigens; Immunological memory. b. Genetic engineering: Gene-Structure, expression and regulation; Genetic code and genome organisation; Recombinant technology. Transgenic systems. CyberneticsGenetic information and the brain; neural nets. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. An introduction to biophysics, C Sybesma, Academic, 1977. 2. Biophysics, V Pattabhi and N Gautham, Narosa 2002. 3. Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age 2001. 4. Molecular biophysics: R B Setlow and E C Polland (Addition Wesley, 1962). 5. Biophysics, W Hoppe, W Lohmann, H Markl, H Ziegler (Springer Verlag, 1983). 6. Biophysics and Human Approach, I W Sherman and V G Sherman (Oxford, 1979) 7. Molecular biology of the cell, B. Alterts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raft, K. Roberts and J D Watson (Garland, 1984). 8. Molecular Cell Biology, H Lodish, A Berk, S L Zipursky, P Matsudaira, D Baltomore and J Darnel (Freeman, 2000). 9. Biophysical principles of structure and function: F M Snell, S Shulman, R P Spensor and C Moos, Addition Wesley, 1965. 10. Principles of Neural science: E R Kendel and J H Schwar (Elsevier, 1982).
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT-2: Telescope and detectors Optical Telescope: Schmidt Cassegrain Telescope. Detectors for optical and infrared region: Photomultiplier Tube (PMT), Semiconductor PIN photodiode. Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) image sensor. Photometer head, Analog card, pulse counting electronics,DC amplifier, V to F convertor, DC Electronic data display system. UNIT-3: Practical Observation Techniques Finding charts, comparison stars, single star measurements: pulse-counting measurements, DC photometry, differential photometry. Faint stars and photometry of astronomical sources from space. Data reduction procedure: statistic error analysis. Techniques of observation of radio astronomy in far infrared EUV, X-ray and gamma ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum. UNIT-4 a. Properties and application of photometry: Photometric system: properties of UBV system, UBV photometry, Transformation equation, other photometric systems. Basic light curve analysis, eclipsing binaries interinsicvariable solar system objects, spoted, stars, pulsating stars and extragalctic photometry. b. Radio Astronomy: The radio window. Resolution and sesitivity of radio telescope synthesis of telescopes. Thermal and non-thermal emission- synchrotron radiation. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Text book on spherical astronomy: Smart W. M, Cambride Univ. Press, 1962 2. Astronomical photometry: Henden. A. A and Kaitchuck. R. H, Willmann-Bell inc., Virginia 1990 3. Photoelectric photometry of variable stars: Douglas S. Hall, Russell M. Genet, Willmann-Bell inc., Virginia. 4. Observational astronomy: Binney Scott D, Cambridge University, 1991.
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT-3: Kinetic approach to plasma Equations of kinetic theory, Derivation of the fluid equations, Plasma oscillations and Landau damping, Physical derivation of Landau damping, Ion Landau damping, Kinetic effects in a magnetic field. UNIT-4: Waves in plasmas Representation of waves, Plasma oscillations, Electron plasma waves, Sound waves, Ion waves, Validity of plasma approximation, Comparison of ion and electron waves, Electromagnetic waves in magnetized plasma. Hydromagnetc waves, Magnetosonic waves. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Introduction to plasma physics and controlled fusion: F F Chen (Plenum, 1984). 2. Principles of plasma physics: N A Krall and A W Trivelpiece (McGraw Hill, 1973). 3. Plasma physics: R A Cairns (Blackie, 1985). 4. Introduction to plasma theory: D R Nicholson (John Wiley, 1983). 5. Plasma physics for nuclear fusion: K Myamoto (MIT, 1980). 6. The theory of plasma waves: T H Stix (McGraw Hill, 1962). 7. Magnetohydrodynamics: T G Cowling (Interscience, 1957). 8. Foundations of plasma dynamics: E H Holt and R E Huskell (McMillan, 1965). 9. Plasma diagnostic techniques: R H Huddlestone and L S Leonard (Eds, Academic, 1965). 10. Methods in nonlinear plasma physics: R C Davidson (Academic, 1972). 11. MHD instabilities: G. Bateman (MIT, 1978). 12. Cosmical Magnetic fields: E N Parker (Clerendon, 1980).
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT-3: Fabrication techniques Interfaces in composites and micromechanics of composites molding processes for reinforced composites contact molding, vacuum bag molding, pressure bag molding, vacuum impregnation and injection molding, transfer molding, pultrusion, filament winding, Fabrication of Metal and Ceramic matrix composition. UNIT-4: Properties and applications of composites Mechanical Properties of composite, Effect of fiber volume content, orientation of fibers & void contents on mechanical properties of composite, fracture behaviour of composites, Thermal properties of composites. Applications of composites in different fields. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Science and Engineering of Materials by D. R. Askeland. 2. Science of engineering materials by Manas Chandra. 3. Hand Book of composites by G. Lubin. 4. Composites Materials by K. K. Chawla. 5. An introduction to composites materials by D. Hull.
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT-3: Transport in magnetic fields and high electric fields Hall effect, magneto-resistance and cyclotron resonance in relaxation time approximation and Landau quantization, cyclotron mass High field transport: High field mobility, hot electrons, Gunn effect, momentum loss rate and energy loss rate. UNIT-5: Semiconductor nanostructures Semiconductor nanostructures: Heterojunction, quantum well, quantum wire, superlattice, electron states, energy eigen values and density of states, electron concentration. Transport phenomena of two- dimensional election gas: Boltmann transport equation for 2DEG and its solution in relaxation time approximation, mobility of 2DEG. scattering rate due to acoustic phonon scattering and surface roughness scattering, quantum Hall effect (qualitative), heterojunction lasers. REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Basic semiconductor physics, C. Hamaguchi, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2005). 2. Theory of electrical transport, B. R. Nag, Pergammon Press (1972). 3. Semiconductor physics, K. Seeger, Springer-Verlag (1973). 4. Elementary solid state physics, M. A. Omar, Addison-Wesley (2001). 5. Physics of low-dimensional semiconductors, J. H. Davies, Cambridge University Press (1998). 6. Fundamentals of carrier transport (2nd ed.), M. Lundstrom, Cambridge University Press (2000). 7. Quantum wells, wires and dots, P. Harrison, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (2000). 8. Transport in nanostructures (2nd ed.), D. K. Ferry, S. M. Goodnick and J. Bird, Cambridge University press (2009).
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 ray binaries, black holes in galaxy centers, quantum evaporation of black holes, Hawking radiation. UNIT-4: Composition of the universe, the expanding universe, mapping the universe, evidence for homogeneity, homogeneous, isotropic spacetimes, the cosmological redshift, matter, radiation and vacuum, evolution of the flat FRW models, big bang origin of the universe, age and size of the universe, the Friedman equation, general solution of the Friedman equation. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. J B Hartle: Gravity-an introduction to Einsteins general relativity, Pearson education, 2003. 2. Wheeler, Thorn, Misner: Gravitation, Freeman, 1973. 3. J A peacock: Cosmological Physics, CUP, 1999. 4. S Weinberg: Gravitation and Cosmology, Wiley, 1972. 5. K D Krori: Special and general Relativity, PHI, 2010.
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT 3: Overview of mathematical techniques to solve non linear differential equations, Homotopy perturbation method, Differential transform method, accelerating convergence by multi stepping and Pade approximation methdos. Solution of non linear oscillator (Duffing Oscillator) using homotopy perturbation method, Differential transform method, Pade method, Solution of Van der Pol equation by Homotopy Perturbation method, Differential transform method, Lorentz equation, solution by Homotopy Perturbation method, Differential Transform Method. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Non Linear Dynamics Integrability, Chaos and Patterns, M Lakshmanan, S Rajashekar, Springer, 2008. 2. Non Linear Dynamics Primer with application to Magnetohydradynamics, J K Bhattacharjee, S Chakraborthy, A K Malik, Prism Books, 2011. 3. Fluid Mechanics (Fourth Edition), Pijush K Kundu, Ira M Cohen, Academic Press, 2008.
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 atmosphere, absolute and relative humidity, hygrometers, movement of water through the atmosphere, dew point temperature, atmospheric stability and daily weather, pressurebarometer, wind-anemometers, horizontal and vertical distribution of pressure, surface winds, rainfall rate-rain gauges, formation and classification of clouds, types of fog, precipitation and its forms, air borne instruments-Radiosonde, Rawinsonde, Rocketsonde, Ozonesonde, Pyroheliometer, Pyregeometer, weather radar, space borne instruments, Radar applications. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Atmospheric Science by John M. Wallace and Peter V. Hobbs, Academic Press, Elsevier, 2006. 2. Atmospheric Physics: J.V. Iribrine and H.R. Cho, D. Reidel Publishing Co. 1980. 3. Radar Meteorology by Henry Sauvageot. Artech House Publishers, 1992. 4. Radar Meteorology by S Raghavan, Kulwer Academic Publishers, 2003. 5. Sun, weather and climate by J Herman and RA Goldberg, NASA , Washington, USA, 1978. 6. The Atmosphere by Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward K. Tarbuk, Prentice Hall Inc., 2007. 7. The Physics of Atmosphere by John Hougton, Cambridge University Press, 1976. 8. Basics of Atmospheric Science, A Chandrashekar, PHI Publications, 2010. 9. Atmosphere, weather and climate, K Siddhartha, Kisalaya Publications, 2007.
PHY 317: ENERGY PHYSICS UNIT-1: a. Sources of energy: A brief survey of various energy sources, present and future needs. Energy conservation, replenishable and non-replenishable energy sources. Estimated reserves of non-replenishable energy sources. Problems and viable solutions of energy utilisation in ecological and sociological perspectives. b. Thermodynamics of energy conversion: Principles of energy conversion and conversion between different forms of energy. Thermodynamics of various conversion processes and their comparison in terms of efficiencies. Heat engines and thermodynamic cycles-Carnot, Otto, Diesel and Rankine cycles and their efficiencies; Comparison of Carnot and other cycles. UNIT-2: Nuclear energy Fission chain reaction, Energy release in fission, Nature of fission fragments, Energy distribution between fission fragments, Emission of neutrons in fission, energetics of fission process, Bohr-Wheeler theory, Particle induced and photo-fission, Reactor materials, Typical power reactors: Gas cooled and graphite moderated reactors, pressurised water reactor, heavy water moderated reactor and fast breeder reactors. Biological and other effects of nuclear radiations. Peaceful utilisation of nuclear energy. 36
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT 3: Solar energy a. Solar radiation: Sun as source of radiation, spectral composition, solar constant; the basic earth-sun angles, solar time and the equation of time. Effect of earths atmosphere on solar radiation, terrestrial insolation and its measurements. b. Direct electrical conversion of solar energy: Photovoltaic effect, solar photoemissive and photovoltaic cells. Solar cell characteristics, efficiency and spectral response. Description and comparison of different types of solar cells, homojunction and hetrojunction cells. Factors affecting efficiency of solar cells. Solar panels and their performances. c. Storage and utilisation of solar energy: Types of storage, brief description of thermal, electrical and chemical storage. Solar production of hydrogen and solar pond. Heating systems: Water heating systems, solar drying, space heating and solar cooler. Power generation, solar thermal generation and tower power generation. UNIT 4 a. Wind, Tidal, Geothermal and Ocean thermal energies: Energy in the wind. Horizontal and vertical axis windmills. Power in waves, tidal energy and its utilisation. Sources of geothermal energy and its utilisation: Energy in the ocean, thermal gradient and ocean electric power generation. b. Electrochemical energy: Fuel cells, types of reactions and efficiency of conversion. Solid state batteries, photochemical cells, working and efficiency. c. Bioenergy: Bioconversion and mechanism of photosynthesis, microbial and plant photosynthesis. Biomass systems, assessment, conversion, utilisation and conservation. Types of conversion of biomass, anaerobic conversion and biogas generation, enzymatic conversion and liquid fuel production. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Renewable Energy: Sorenson. 2. Principles of Energy Conversion: A Culp. 3. Nuclear Physics: S N Ghoshal (S. Chand). 4. Treatise on Solar Energy: H P Garg. 5. Solar Energy Utilisation: G D Rai. 6. Fundamentals of Solar Cells: Fahrenbruch and Bube. 7. Solar Cell device Physics: Fonasn. 8. Physics of Semiconductor Devices: S M Sze. 9. Non-conventional Energy Sources: G. D. Rai
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 Nuclear Reactor Engineering, S Glasstone and A Seasonke, Reinhold, 1981. Radiation Biology, A Edward Profio, Prentice Hall, 1968. Radiation Theory, Alison P Casart. Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry, F.H. Attix, Wiley VCH, 1986. 9. Nuclear Radiation Detectors: Kapoor and Ramamurthy. 10. Measurement and detection of radiation: Nicholas Tsonlfanidis. 11. Introduction to Experimental Nuclear Physics: Singru. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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PHY 322 Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences
Chap 1: Systematic and random errors: Errors uncertainties. Chap 2: Mean and standard deviation: Parent population sample parameters. Chap 3: Distribution: Binomial distribution Poisson distribution Gaussian or normal error distribution Lorentzian distribution. Chap 4: Propagation of errors: General methods Special methods. Chap 5: Estimates of mean and errors: Methods of least squares instrumental uncertainties statistical fluctuations - test of distribution. Chap -6: Least squares fit to a straight line: Dependent and independent variables method of least squares instrumental uncertainties statistical fluctuations estimation of errors. Chap 7: Correlation probability: Linear correlation coefficient correlation between many variables. Chap 8: Least squares fit to a polynomial: Analytical methods independent parameters matrix inversion. Chap 9: Multiple Regressions: Multiple linear regression polynomials non linear functions. test F test. Chap 10: Goodness of fit: Chap 11: Least squares fit to an arbitrary function: General method searching parameters space parabolic extrapolation of - linearization of function error determination. Chap 12: Fitting composite curves: Area determination curves background subtraction. Chap -13: Data manipulation: Smoothing interpolation and extrapolation area integration. Ref: 1. Data reduction and error analysis for the physical science Philip R. Bevington, McGraw Hill Book company.
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Text Book: 1. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Joseph R Lakowicz, Plenum Press, NewYork, 1986 References:
2. 1992. 3. 1970. Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, Birks J B, Wiley - Interscience, London Fundamentals of Photochemistry, Rohtagi Mukherjee K K, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
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Text Book:
1) Fundamentals of Photochemistry, Rohtagi Mukherjee K K, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1992.
References:
1) Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Joseph R Lakowicz, Plenum Press, NewYork, 1986. 2) Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, Birks J B, Wiley - Interscience, London 1970.
Unit I: Solar radiation analysis; Solar radiation measurements, data and data estimation
Solar energy and its prospects, radiation, reflectivity, transmissivity, Transmittanaceabsorption product, Conversion, structure of Sun, Solar constant, Electromagnetic energy Spectrum: solar radiation: at the earth surface, outside the Earths atmosphere, solar time derived solar angles. Measuring equipements, solar radiation data, estimation of average solar radiation data Unit II: storage of Solar energy and its utilization Introduction, types of energy storages: Thermal, electrical, fuel (chemical storage), hydro storage: solar furnace, solar pumping, Solar distillation, Solar cooking, Solar Green House, solar energy in space Unit III: solar photovoltaics: electrical power generation Introduction, semiconductor principles, types of Solar cells, Solar cell construction, design of photovoltaic systems, PV technology in India. Unit IV: Deposition of thin films: Antireflective coatings Deposition of films using Physical methods: Thermal evaporation, Cathodic Sputtering; Deposition of films using Chemical methods: Chemical vapour deposition, Solution deposition, Electrodeposition, Epitaxial growth of films.
Reference books:
1. Solar energy utilization G.D.Rai, Khanna publishers (2001) 2. Photovoltaic-Robert G Seippel, Reston publishing company 3. Preparation of thin films- Joy George, Marcel & Dekker (1992) 4. Physics of thin film L. Eckert ova. Plenum press, N.Y (1986)
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Microelectronics: J Millman and Arvin Grabel. 2. Electronic Fundamentals and Application: J D Ryder. 3. Digital Principles and Application: Malvino and Leach. 4. Microcomputers/Microprocessors: John L lHiburn and Paul M Julich. 5. Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications: Ramesh S Gaonkar. 6. Electronic Instrumentation, H. S. Kalsi, TMH, 1995. 7. Handbook of Analytical Instruments, R. S. Khandpur, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi. 8. Instrumental method of Analysis, Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, 6th Edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors, Delhi. 9. Instruments methods of Chemical analysis, Chatwal and Anand, Himalaya Publishing House.
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 b. Characterization methods-II: Impedance Analysis - Micro hardness - nanoindentation, vibrating sample magnetometer, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Thermogravimetric/Diffferential Thermal Analyzer (TG/DTA), UV, Visible Spectrophotometer - FTIR, Principle and Applications, Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy. UNIT-4: Lithographic methods Introduction, Lithography, Photolithography - Phase-shifting photolithography Electron beam lithography - X-ray lithography - Focused ion beam (FIB) lithography Neutral atomic beam lithography - Nanomanipulation and Nanolithography, Soft Lithography - Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanowires Other Methods for Microfabrication. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Recent Advances in the Liquid-phase syntheses if inorganic nanoparticles, Brain L.Cushing, Vladimir L.Kolesnichenko, Charles J. OConnor, Chem Rev. 104 (2004) 3893-3946. 2. Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, C. N. R. Rao, P. J. Thomas and G. U. Kulkarni, Springer (2007). 3. Nanotechnology - Enabled Sensors, Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh and Benjamin Fry, Springer (2008). 4. Nanostructures & Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties & Applications, Guozhong Gao, Imperial College Press (2004). 5. Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach to Nanomaterials, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK (2005). 6. Nanocomposite science and technology, Pulickel M.Ajayan, Linda S.Schadler, Paul V.Braun, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weiheim (2003). 7. Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization, C. Richard Brundle, Charles A. Evans Jr., Shaun Wilson, Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers (1992). 8. Handbook of Microscopy for Nanotechnology, Ed. By Nan Yao and Zhong Lin Wang, Kluwer Academic Press (2005). 9. Nanochemistry, G. B. Sergeev, Elsevier (2006). 10. Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies, Mick Wilson, Kamali Kannangara, Geoff Smith, Michelle Simmons, Burkhard Raguse, Overseas Press (2005). 11. Handbook of Analytical Techniques, Edited By Helmut Gnzler and Alex Williams, Wiley VCH, 2002.
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 7. Duncan Mc Kie & Christins Mc Kie: Crystalline Solids, Nelson, London, 1973. 8. Azaroff. L.V. Elements of X-ray crystallography, McGraw-Hill , New York, 1968. 9. Woolfson, M. M.: X-ray Crystallography, Cambridge University Press, 1978. 10. Glusker, J. P. & True blood. K.N.: Crystal Structure Analysis, Oxford Univ. Press, 1985. 11. Bacon. G. E.: Neutron Diffraction, Oxford Univ. Press, 1962. 12. Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 6: Part A, Associate Press. 13. Ladd. M. F. C. & Palmer. R. A., Structure Determination, Plenum Press, New York & London, 1985. 14. Janot. C, Quasicrystals, Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon press, Oxford, 1992. 15. David Blow, Outline of crystallography for Biologists, Oxford University press, 2004.
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 and down conversion, self focusing of light, optical phase conjugation, four wave mixing, optical stability. Two photon processes, theory for two photon processes, experiments in two photon processes, multiphonon processes. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Lasers:Theory and Applications: K. Thyagarajan and A. K. Ghatak. Mc-Millan India Ltd., 1997. 2. Optical Electronics:A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge Univ. Press 1994. 3. Principles of Lasers : Orazio Svelto, Plenum Press, NY ,1986, 2nd Ed. 4. An Introduction to Lasers and their Applications: D.C.OShea, W.R.Callen and W.J.Rhodes, Addision, Wiley Publishing Co., 1978. 5. Lasers and their Applications: M. J. Beesley, Taylor and Francis Ltd, 1971. 6. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics : B.B. Laud, New Age Intl. Publ.,1996, 2nd Ed. 7. Fiber Optics through Experiments: A. K. Ghatak and M. R. Shenoy, Viva Books , 1994. 8. An Introduction to Fiber Optics: R. Allen Shotwell, PHI, 1999. 9. Fiber Optics: Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999. 10. Optical Fiber Communications: Gerd Keiser, McGraw Hill Interl., 3 rd Ed.,2000. 11. Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communications: C.K.Sarkar and D.C.Sarkar, New Age Intl., 2001. 12. Optoelectronics-An Introduction, J. Wilson and J.F.B.Hawkes, PHI,1996, 2nd Ed. 13. Nonlinear Optics: E.G.Sauter, John Wiley, NY, 1996. 14. Photonics: Elements and Devices, V.V.Rampal, Wheeler Publ., 1992. 15. Nonlinear Optics: D.L.Mills, Springer-Verlag, 1991 16. Raman Spectroscopy: D. A. Long, Mc. Graw-Hill International Book Company. 17. Fundamentals of Photonics: B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich, John-Wiley, 1991. 18. Photonics: Principles and Applications, Pampal, Wheeler Publications.
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 relaxation time, velocity disperson, relaxation frequency, losses due to viscosity and heat conduction, excess or anomalous absorption, molecular relaxations, thermal relaxation and vibrational, structural relaxations, rotational, isomerism. Ultrasonic stressing of liquid, tensile strength of liquids thermodynamics and excess parameters. General futures of velocity data for electrolytic solutions, comparision of velocity and compressibility data with predications based on the Debye-Huckel theory, ionsolvent intractions, effects of chemical equilibrium on ultrasonic velocity and compressiblity relaxations processes in electronic solutions. UNIT 3: Experimental techniques Methods of measurement of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation of ultrasonic waves in liquids: Ultrasonic velocity, pulse-echo-overlap method, mathematical analysis, McSkimint criterion, pulse superposition method, Sing-Around system. UNIT 4: Attenuation Pulse-echo measurements with bonded transducers methods with buffer rods between transducers and specimen, applications of Ultrasonics. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Ultrasonic Absorption, A B Bhatia (Dover Publications Inc., NY, 1967). 2. Liquids and their Properties, (Ellis Horwood Ltd, 1978). 3. Physical Acoustics: Principles and Method Vol.I-XIII, W P Mason (Academic Press, NY). 4. Analytical Acoustics (Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc./ Butterworth Group, Michigan 1980). 5. Ultrafast Phenomenon, Springer-Verlag, Inc, Series.
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Ref:
1. Experimental techniques in low temperature physics. Guy Kendall White. 2. Cryogenic systems II Edition Randall F. Barron, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1985.
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1. Principles of Instrumental Analysis- Douglas A Skoog, E J Joller, & T A Neiman, Harcourt Asia Pte Ltd. Singapore, 1998.
2. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS- WILIARD H H. Reference: 1. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis-CHATWAL (GR) AND ANAND (SK)
1. Solar cells: Martin A. Green 2. Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells: Suresh Chandra 3. Solid State electronic Devices: B.G. Streetman 4. Nanostructured and photoelectrochemical systems for solar photon conversion: Mary D.Archer & Arthur. J. Nozik 5. Solar cell technology and applications: A. R. Jha
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