7/13/2008

System Model

Text: 5.8 5.11

Topics

System Model Regulating Transformers

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

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7/13/2008

System Model

weve discussed transmission lines, transformers, per unit, one line diagrams now we put them all together to model the system we will also discuss power flow control devices

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

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System Model

G1: 50 MVA, 12.2 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. G2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. T1: 80 MVA 12.2/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. T2: 40 MVA 13.8/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. Load: 50 MVA, 0.80 PF (lagging), operating at 154 kV Draw the impedance diagram
T1
40 160 j

T2 G2
4

G1

20 80 j

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

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7/13/2008

System Model

G1: 50 MVA, 12.2 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. G2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. T1: 80 MVA 12.2/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. T2: 40 MVA 13.8/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. Load: 50 MVA, 0.80 PF (lagging), operating at 154 kV

we have 3 sections convert all quantities to a common base assume transmission line section base is given as: V3B =132 kV SB = 100 MVA
T2 G2
5

T1 G1
Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

40 160 j

20 80 j

20 80 j

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System Model

G1: 50 MVA, 12.2 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. G2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. T1: 80 MVA 12.2/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. T2: 40 MVA 13.8/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. Load: 50 MVA, 0.80 PF (lagging), operating at 154 kV

T1 G1
Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

power base remains the same for all sections find the other section base voltages by transformer ratios: G1 section: V1B= 132 x (12.2/161) = 10.002 kV G2 section: V2B 132 x (13.8/161) = 11.31 kV
T2

40 160 j

20 80 j

20 80 j

G2
6

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7/13/2008

System Model

G1: 50 MVA, 12.2 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. G2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. T1: 80 MVA 12.2/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. T2: 40 MVA 13.8/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u.
new Z p.u. old Z p.u. new SB VBold old S B VBnew 2

T1 G1
Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

40 160 j

now convert all parameters to p.u. on the common base G1: X = 0.15 x (100/50) x (12.2/10.002)2 = .4463 p.u. G2: X = 0.15 x (100/20) x (13.8/11.31)2 = 1.1166 p.u. T1: X = 0.1 x (100/80) x (12.2/10.002)2 = 0.1 x (100/80) x (161/132)2 = 0.18596 p.u. T2 = 0.1 x (100/40) x (13.8/11.31)2 = 0.3719 p.u. T2

20 80 j

20 80 j

G2
7

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System Model

G1: X = 0.4463 p.u. G2: X = 1.1166 p.u. T1: X = 1.1166 p.u. T2: X = 0.3719 p.u. Load: 50 MVA, 0.80 PF (lagging), operating at 154 kV

T1 G1
Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

40 160 j

now for the transmission lines: Z3B = (132)2/100 = 174.24 p.u. Zline,a = (40 + j160)/174.24 = 0.2296 + j0.9183 Zline,b = (20 + j80)/174.24 = 0.1148 + j0.4591 p.u. and for the load: S = 50(.8 + j.6) = 40 + 30j MVA Zload = {(154)2/(40 + 30j)}* = 379.456 + j284.529 = 2.18 + j1.63 p.u. T2 G2
8

20 80 j

20 80 j

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7/13/2008

System Model

G1: X = 0.4463 p.u. G2: X = 1.1166 p.u. G1 T1: X = 0.1859 p.u. T2: X = 0.3719 p.u. Load: 50 MVA, 0.80 PF (lagging), operating at j0.1859 154 kV
Z = 0.2296 + j0.9183 Z = 0.1148 + j0.4591 p.u. Zload = 2.18 + j1.63 p.u.
j0.4463

T1

40 160 j

T2
G2

20 80 j

20 80 j

0.2296 + j0.9183 j0.3719

0.1148 + j0.4591 2.18 + j1.63

0.1148 + j0.4591

j1.1166

G1

G2

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

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System Model

we can use this circuit for per-phase analysis of the system

j0.1859

j0.3719

j0.4463

0.1148 + j0.4591 2.18 + j1.63

0.1148 + j0.4591

j1.1166

G1

G2

impedance diagram
Copyright 2008 Henry Louie www.slackbus.com

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Regulating Transformers

we can now describe the system model in per unit with the impedance diagram we have seen that using per unit on normal systems, we have eliminated the transformers however, this is not a general result as there are some transformers that do not disappear when per unit normalization is used

regulating and off-nominal transformers

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Regulating Transformers

transformers used to adjust voltage magnitude or phase are called regulating transformers they do this by adding a small amount (+ or 10 %) of voltage to the line or phase voltages voltage can also be changed by adjusting the turns ratio of the transformer (called tap changing) tap changing may be automatic and may occur while the transformer is energized (load-tapchanging)

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7/13/2008

Regulating Transformers
a a b c b c

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Regulating Transformer
a
Va ' n Vb ' n Vc ' n Van Vbn Vcn Van Vbn Vcn

a b c

b c

Van Van

voltage magnitude increase

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7/13/2008

Phase-Shifting Transformer

basic idea: add a voltage that is 90 degrees out of phase

Va ' n

Van 1 p 3e

j 2

Van 1

jp 3

phase shift, and small voltage magnitude change occur

phase shift
Vc ' n

Vcn
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Vbn Vb ' n
15

Off-Nominal Turns Ratio

consider two transformers in parallel with different ratios assume system is per unit normalized to T1 ratio, n T1 disappears from the impedance circuit assume T2 has the ratio n (off-nominal) n' define: n n T1: X = 0.2 T2: X = 0.4, n is such that n 1.05 45 V2 1 0 Load: I load 1.05
I1 T1 I1

V1
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I2

T2

I2 V2
16

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7/13/2008

Off-Nominal Turns Ratio

T2 does not disappear from the circuit, we must include it using a transformer model how does arrangement affect power flows through each transformer?
I1 I1 I1 + I2 V1 1: n 1.05

I1 I2
I load 1.05 45

I2

V1

I2 V2

V2

1 0

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Off-Nominal Turns Ratio

using KVL and KCL:

1.05

45 1 ' 0 j 0.4 1.05I 2 1.05 ' j 0.42 I 2 0.0476

V1 1 0 j 0.2 I1'
I1'
' I2

j 0.2 I1'

0.5030 0.2395

j 0.4262 j 0.3163

I1 I2

I1 I2
I load 1.05 45

+ V1 -

Z2=j0.4

V2
1: n 1.05

1 0

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7/13/2008

Off-Nominal Turns Ratio

finding the power:

0.5030 0.2395

j 0.4262 j 0.3163

if the turns ratios were the same:

I1 I2 + V1 1: n 1.05

I1 I2
I load 1.05 45

note the large effect on VARS

V2

1 0

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Summary

the system model procedure discussed takes a one line diagram of a power system and produces an impedance diagram

per unit is convenient and lends itself to three phase or single phase quantities most transformers disappear from the system

regulating transformers can be used to adjust real and reactive power flows through the system next lecture we begin to focus on two other representations of the system using network matrices
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