Dynamic Routing Protocols II OSPF

Relates to Lab 4. This module covers link state routing and the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol.

Distance Vector vs. Link State Routing

With distance vector routing, each node has information only about the next hop:
Node A: to reach F go to B Node B: to reach F go to D Node D: to reach F go to E Node E: go directly to F

Distance vector routing makes poor routing decisions if directions are not completely correct (e.g., because a node is down).

If parts of the directions incorrect, the routing may be incorrect until the routing algorithms has re-converged.
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Distance Vector vs. Link State Routing

In link state routing, each node has a complete map of the topology
A B C A B C A B C

If a node fails, each node can calculate the new route

Difficulty: All nodes need to have a consistent view of the network

D
A A B C D D E F E B C

E
A F D E B C

Link State Routing: Properties

Each node requires complete topology information Link state information must be flooded to all nodes Guaranteed to converge

Link State Routing: Basic princples

1. Each router establishes a relationship (adjacency) with its neighbors 2.Each router generates link state advertisements (LSAs) which are distributed to all routers
LSA = (link id, state of the link, cost, neighbors of the link)

3. Each router maintains a database of all received LSAs (topological database or link state database), which describes the network has a graph with weighted edges 4. Each router uses its link state database to run a shortest path algorithm (Dijikstras algorithm) to produce the shortest path to each network

Operation of a Link State Routing protocol

Received LSAs

Link State Database

Dijkstras

Algorithm

IP Routing Table

LSAs are flooded to other interfaces

Dijkstras Shortest Path Algorithm for a Graph

Input: Graph (N,E) with N the set of nodes and E N N the set of edges dvw link cost (dvw = infinity if (v,w) E, dvv = 0) s source node. Output: Dn cost of the least-cost path from node s to node n
M = {s};
for each n M Dn = dsn; while (M all nodes) do Find w M for which Dw = min{Dj ; j M}; Add w to M; for each n M Dn = minw [ Dn, Dw + dwn ]; Update route; enddo
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OSPF
OSPF = Open Shortest Path First The OSPF routing protocol is the most important link state routing protocol on the Internet The complexity of OSPF is significant

History:
1989: RFC 1131 OSPF Version 1 1991: RFC1247 OSPF Version 2 1994: RFC 1583 OSPF Version 2 (revised) 1997: RFC 2178 OSPF Version 2 (revised) 1998: RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 (current version)

Features of OSPF

Provides authentication of routing messages Enables load balancing by allowing traffic to be split evenly across routes with equal cost Type-of-Service routing allows to setup different routes dependent on the TOS field Supports subnetting Supports multicasting Allows hierarchical routing

Example Network
10.10.10.1
.1

10.10.10.2

10.10.10.4
.2

10.10.10.6
.4

4
10.1.1.0 / 24

.2

2
10.1.4.0 / 24

.4

1
10.1.7.0 / 24

.6

.1

.2
10.1.3.0 / 24

.4
10.1.6.0 / 24

.6

.3 .3 .3

.5

5
10.1.5.0/24

.5 .5

Link costs are called Metric

10.10.10.2

10.10.10.5

Metric is in the range [0 ,

216]

Metric can be asymmetric

10

10

Router IDs are selected independent of interface addresses

.1

.8

.0

/2

3
2 .0 /2 4

10 .1 .

Link State Advertisement (LSA)

10.10.10.1

The LSA of router 10.10.10.1 is as follows: .1 Link State ID: 10.10.10.1 = Router ID Advertising Router: 10.10.10.1 = Router ID Number of links: 3 = 2 links plus router itself
Description of Link 1: Description of Link 2: Description of Link 3: Link ID = 10.1.1.1, Metric = 4 Link ID = 10.1.2.1, Metric = 3

.1

4
10.1.1.0 / 24

10.10.10.2
.2 .2

10.1.4.0 / 24
.2
10.1.3.0 / 24

3
10 .1 . 2 .0 /2 4
.3

.3 .3

10.1.5.0/24 10.10.10.3

Link ID = 10.10.10.1, Metric = 0

Each router sends its LSA to all routers in the network (using a method called reliable flooding)
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Network and Link State Database

10.10.10.1
.1

10.10.10.2
.2 .2 .4

10.10.10.4
.4 .6

10.10.10.6

10.1.1.0 / 24
.1 .2
10.1.3.0 / 24

10.1.4.0 / 24
.4
10.1.6.0 / 24

10.1.7.0 / 24
.6

Each router has a database which contains the LSAs from all other routers

.3 .3 .3 .5

.5

10.1.5.0/24 10.10.10.2 10.10.10.5

.5

LS Type Router-LSA Router-LSA Router-LSA Router-LSA Router-LSA Router-LSA

Link StateID 10.1.10.1 10.1.10.2 10.1.10.3 10.1.10.4 10.1.10.5 10.1.10.6

Adv. Router 10.1.10.1 10.1.10.2 10.1.10.3 10.1.10.4 10.1.10.5 10.1.10.6

Checksum 0x9b47 0x219e 0x6b53 0xe39a 0xd2a6 0x05c3

LS SeqNo 0x80000006 0x80000007 0x80000003 0x8000003a 0x80000038 0x80000005

10

.1

.8

.0

/2

10 .1 . 2 .0 /2 4

LS Age 0 1618 1712 20 18 1680

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Link State Database

The collection of all LSAs is called the link-state database Each router has and identical link-state database
Useful for debugging: Each router has a complete description of the network

If neighboring routers discover each other for the first time, they will exchange their link-state databases The link-state databases are synchronized using reliable flooding

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OSPF Packet Format

IP header

OSPF Message

OSPF packets are not carried as UDP payload! OSPF has its own IP protocol number: 89

OSPF Message Header

Body of OSPF Message

Message Type Specific Data

LSA

LSA

... ...

LSA

TTL: set to 1 (in most cases)

LSA Header LSA Data

Destination IP: neighbors IP address or 224.0.0.5 (ALLSPFRouters) or 224.0.0.6 (AllDRouters)

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OSPF Packet Format

OSPF Message Header

Body of OSPF Message

2: current version is OSPF V2

Message types: 1: Hello (tests reachability) 2: Database description 3: Link Status request 4: Link state update 5: Link state acknowledgement Standard IP checksum taken over entire packet
Authentication passwd = 1: Authentication passwd = 2:

version

type

message length

source router IP address Area ID checksum authentication type

ID of the Area from which the packet originated

0: no authentication 1: Cleartext password 2: MD5 checksum (added to end packet)

authentication authentication
32 bits

64 cleartext password 0x0000 (16 bits) KeyID (8 bits) Length of MD5 checksum (8 bits) Nondecreasing sequence number (32 bits)

Prevents replay attacks

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OSPF LSA Format

LSA

Link Age

Link Type Link State ID

LSA Header
LSA Header LSA Data

advertising router link sequence number checksum length

Link ID

Link 1
Link Type

Link Data
#TOS metrics

Metric

Link ID

Link 2
Link Type

Link Data
#TOS metrics

Metric
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Discovery of Neighbors
Routers multicasts OSPF Hello packets on all OSPF-enabled interfaces. If two routers share a link, they can become neighbors, and establish an adjacency
10.1.10.1 10.1.10.2

Scenario: Router 10.1.10.2 restarts

OSPF Hello OSPF Hello: I heard 10.1.10.2

After becoming a neighbor, routers exchange their link state databases

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Neighbor discovery and database synchronization

10.1.10.1

Scenario: Router 10.1.10.2 restarts

10.1.10.2

Discovery of adjacency

OSPF Hello OSPF Hello: I heard 10.1.10.2

After neighbors are discovered the nodes exchange their databases

Database Description: Sequence = X

Sends database description. (description only contains LSA headers) Acknowledges receipt of description

Database Description: Sequence = X, 5 LSA headers = Router-LSA, 10.1.10.1, 0x80000006 Router-LSA, 10.1.10.2, 0x80000007 Router-LSA, 10.1.10.3, 0x80000003 Router-LSA, 10.1.10.4, 0x8000003a Router-LSA, 10.1.10.5, 0x80000038 Router-LSA, 10.1.10.6, 0x80000005 Database Description: Sequence = X+1, 1 LSA header= Router-LSA, 10.1.10.2, 0x80000005 Database Description: Sequence = X+1

Sends empty database description Database description of 10.1.10.2

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Regular LSA exchanges

10.1.10.1 10.1.10.2

Link State Request packets, LSAs = Router-LSA, 10.1.10.1, Router-LSA, 10.1.10.2, Router-LSA, 10.1.10.3, Router-LSA, 10.1.10.4, Router-LSA, 10.1.10.5, Router-LSA, 10.1.10.6,

10.1.10.2 explicitly requests each LSA from 10.1.10.1

10.1.10.1 sends requested LSAs

Link State Update Packet, LSAs = Router-LSA, 10.1.10.1,0x80000006 Router-LSA, 10.1.10.2, 0x80000007 Router-LSA, 10.1.10.3, 0x80000003 Router-LSA, 10.1.10.4, 0x8000003a Router-LSA, 10.1.10.5, 0x80000038 Router-LSA, 10.1.10.6, 0x80000005

10.1.10.2 has more recent value for 10.0.1.6 and sends it to 10.1.10.1 (with higher sequence number)

Link State Update Packet, LSA = Router-LSA, 10.1.1.6, 0x80000006

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Routing Data Distribution

LSA-Updates are distributed to all other routers via Reliable Flooding Example: Flooding of LSA from 10.10.10.1
10.10.10.1 10.10.10.2 10.10.10.4 10.10.10.6

LSA ACK
Update database

LSA
Update database

LSA ACK

Update database

Update database
10.10.10.2

LSA

Update database
10.10.10.5
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Dissemination of LSA-Update
A router sends and refloods LSA-Updates, whenever the topology or link cost changes. (If a received LSA does not contain new information, the router will not flood the packet) Exception: Infrequently (every 30 minutes), a router will flood LSAs even if there are not new changes. Acknowledgements of LSA-updates: explicit ACK, or implicit via reception of an LSA-Update Question: If a new node comes up, it could build the database from regular LSA-Updates (rather than exchange of database description). What role do the database description packets play? 21

Autonomous Systems
An autonomous system is a region of the Internet that is administered by a single entity. Examples of autonomous regions are: UVAs campus network MCIs backbone network Regional Internet Service Provider Routing is done differently within an autonomous system (intradomain routing) and between autonomous system (interdomain routing).

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Autonomous Systems (AS)

Ethernet Ethernet

Autonomous System 1

Router

Ethernet

Router

Router Ethernet

Router Ethernet Router

Autonomous System 2

Router Ethernet

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BGP
BGP = Border Gateway Protocol Currently in version 4 Note: In the context of BGP, a gateway is nothing else but an IP router that connects autonomous systems. Interdomain routing protocol for routing between autonomous systems Uses TCP to send routing messages BGP is neither a link state, nor a distance vector protocol. Routing messages in BGP contain complete routes. Network administrators can specify routing policies

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BGP
BGPs goal is to find any path (not an optimal one). Since the internals of the AS are never revealed, finding an optimal path is not feasible. For each autonomous system (AS), BGP distinguishes: local traffic = traffic with source or destination in AS transit traffic = traffic that passes through the AS Stub AS = has connection to only one AS, only carry local traffic Multihomed AS = has connection to >1 AS, but does not carry transit traffic Transit AS = has connection to >1 AS and carries transit traffic
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BGP

AS 1
Router Router

AS 2
Router

Router

AS 3
Router

Router

Router

AS 4

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