Page 1 of 32

SYMBOLS A ABM AI AIb AIc AIg AR AT ATb ATc ATg Ab cross-sectional area; area, in.2 cross-sectional area of base metal for a welded joint, in.2 influence area, ft2 influence area of an interior beam, ft2 influence area of an interior column, ft2 influence area of an interior girder, ft2 cross-sectional area of a threaded rod based on the nominal diameter of the rod, in.2 tributary area, ft2 tributary area of an interior beam, ft2 tributary area of an interior column, ft2 tributary area of an interior girder, ft2 nominal unthreaded body area of bolt or threaded rod, in.2 ; cross-sectional area based upon the nominal diameter of bolt Ac Ace area of the compressive plastic zone, in a fully plastified section area of the directly connected elements of a tension member, using transverse welds only, in.2 Ae Af Afe effective net area of tension member, in.2; net tensile area of threaded rod, in.2 gross area of one flange, in.2 effective area of tension flange, in.2

Page 2 of 32 Afg Afn Ag Ag1 Ag2 Ank Agt Agv Ah An Ant Anv As Ast At Av Aw A1 A2 gross area of tension flange, in.2 net area of tension flange, in.2 gross area of a tension member, in.2; gross area of a compression member, in.2 gross area required to satisfy the limit state of yield on gross area of a tension member, in.2 gross area required to satisfy the limit state of fracture on net area of a tension member, in.2 net area along possible failure path k, for a tension member, in.2 gross area subject to tension limit state of block shear rupture, in.2 gross area subject to shear limit state of block shear rupture, in.2 area of cross section lost due to a bolt hole, in.2 net area of a tension member, in.2 net area subject to tension limit state of block shear rupture, in.2 net area subject to shear limit state of block shear rupture, in.2 stress area of bolt, in.2 cross-sectional area of stiffener or pair of stiffeners, in.2 area of the tensile plastic zone, in a fully plastified section net shear area per shear plane, ft2 area of beam web, in.2; effective area of weld, in.2 area of steel bearing plate (or, base plate), in.2 effective concrete support area, below a bearing plate (or, base plate) and within the body of the footing, that is geometrically similar to and concentric with the area A1, in.2 B Bd factor for bending stress in tees and double angles; base plate width, in. design strength of a bolt, kips

Page 3 of 32 Bdv Bdb Bdbo design shear strength of a bolt, kips design bearing strength of a bolt, kips design bearing strength of connected plate element for the limit state of ovalization of bolt hole, kips Bdbte design bearing strength of an end bolt for the limit state of shear tear-out of connected plate element, kips Bdbti design bearing strength of an interior bolt for the limit state of shear tear-out of connected plate element, kips Bdbe Bdbi Bdt Bdv Bn Bnb Bnv Btu Bvu design bearing strength of an end bolt, kips design bearing strength of an interior bolt, kips design tensile strength of a bolt, kips design shear strength of a bolt, kips nominal strength of a bolt, kips nominal bearing strength of a bolt, kips nominal shear strength of a bolt in a bearing type joint, kips tensile component of applied factored load on a bolt for combined shear and tension loading shear component of applied factored load on a bolt for combined shear and tension loading

B1, B2 magnification factors used in determining second-order moment for combined bending and axial compression when first-order analysis is employed BF beam factor (a factor that can be used to calculate the flexural strength for unbraced length Lb between Lp and Lr) C width across points of square or hex bolt head or nut

Page 4 of 32 C coefficient for eccentrically loaded bolt and weld groups

Ca, Cb coefficients used in extended end-plate connection design Cb bending coefficient dependent on the shape of moment diagram for lateral-torsional buckling strength of beam segments Cd Cdb Cdv Ce Cf Cm design strength of connectors in a joint, kips design bearing strength of connectors in a joint, kips design shear strength of connectors in a joint, kips exposure coefficient resultant (force) of the stresses in the compressed flange of a beam coefficient applied to bending term in interaction formula for prismatic members and dependent on column curvature caused by applied moments Cp external pressure coefficient

Cp, Tp compressive and tensile stress resultants of a fully plastified section in bending Cy, Ty compressive and tensile stress resultants of a section in bending at the onset of yielding Ct Cv thermal factor ratio of critical web stress, according to linear buckling theory, to the shear yield stress of web material Cw C1 C1 C2 D warping torsional constant of a cross section, in.6 clearance for tightening of bolts, in. electrode coefficient for relative strength of electrodes where, for E70 electrodes , C1 = 1.00 clearance for entering, in. dead load; outside diameter of circular hollow section, in.; number of sixteenths of an inch

Page 5 of 32 in the fillet weld size; slip probability factor for bolts E E Ec Es Et F F FBM FEXX FL Fcr Fe Fex Fey Fez Fn Fnb earthquake load modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus (= 29,000 ksi for steel) modulus of elasticity of concrete, ksi strain hardening modulus, ksi tangent modulus, ksi width across flats of bolt head, in. clearance for tightening staggered bolts, in. nominal strength of the base material to be welded, ksi classification number of weld metal (minimum specified ultimate tensile stress) smaller of (Fyf - Fr) or Fyw, ksi critical stress, ksi; nominal compressive stress of an axially loaded column, ksi elastic buckling stress, ksi elastic flexural buckling stress about the major axis, ksi elastic flexural buckling stress about the minor axis, ksi elastic torsional buckling stress, ksi nominal strength per unit area nominal bearing strength per unit area, assumed to be uniform over the projected area of the bolt on the connected plate element, ksi Fp Fr Ft nominal bearing stress on bolt, ksi compressive residual stress in flange (10 ksi for rolled shapes; 16.5 ksi for built-up shapes) nominal tensile strength per unit area of bolt shank, ksi

Page 6 of 32 Fu Fub FuBM Fup Fuy Fuw Fv Fw Fy FyNNN specified minimum ultimate tensile stress of the type of steel being used, ksi ultimate tensile stress of bolt material, ksi ultimate tensile stress of base material, ksi ultimate tensile stress of connected plate material, ksi ultimate shear stress, ksi ultimate tensile stress of the weld electrode material, ksi nominal shear strength per unit area of bolt shank, ksi nominal shear strength per unit area of the weld electrode material, ksi specified minimum yield stress of the type of steel being used, ksi The theoretical maximum yield stress (ksi) based on the web depth/thickness ratio (h/tw) above which the web of a column is considered a slender element Note: In the tables, indicates FyNNN > 65 ksi. Fyb FyBM Fyc Fyf Fypl Fyst Fyw Fyv G G Fy of a beam yield stress of base material, ksi Fy of a column specified minimum yield stress of the flange, ksi yield stress of the beam bearing plate or column base plate material, ksi specified minimum yield stress of the stiffener material, ksi specified minimum yield stress of the web, ksi shear yield stress, ksi shear modulus of elasticity (= 11,200 ksi for steel) ; gust effect factor distance between the lines of bolts or welds connecting tie plates to the components of a

Page 7 of 32 built-up member, in. G relative stiffness factor (ratio of the total stiffness of columns framing into a joint to that of the stiffening members framing into the same joint) GA, GB relative stiffness factors at ends A and B of a column Gcpi Ge Gi internal pressure coefficient elastic G factor assuming that both columns and girders behave elastically inelastic G factor assuming that the girders behave elastically while the columns behave inelastically H Hbt I Ic horizontal force, kips; average story height; height of bolt head or nut, in. height of a braced bent, ft impact factor; importance factor; moment of inertia, in.4 moment of inertia of column section about axis perpendicular to plane of buckling (bending), in.4 Ig moment of inertia of girder section about axis perpendicular to plane of buckling (bending), in.4 Ig1 , Ig2 , Ig3 , Ig4 moments of inertia of girders connected to ends A and B of column AB considered Ip Ipl Is Ist Iw polar moment of inertia, in.4 polar moment of inertia of a weld group with the weld treated as a line element, in.3 importance factor for snow loads moment of inertia of a stiffener, in.4 importance factor for wind loads

Page 8 of 32 Ix, Iy Ioi moment of inertia of section about x- or y-axis, respectively, in.4 moment of inertia of component, i, about its own center of gravity (parallel axis theorem), in.4 J K KLL KLLb KLLc KLLg KT Kd Km torsional constant for a section, in.4 effective length factor for a column live load element factor live load element factor for an interior beam live load element factor for an interior column live load element factor for an interior girder theoretical K value for a column wind directionality factor modified effective length factor of a column to account for the presence of leaning columns in the frame Ko effective length factor of a column determined from the nomograph, not accounting for the presence of leaning columns in the frame Koi effective length factor of restraining column i obtained from the monograph

Kx, Ky effective length factor for flexural buckling about x axis and y axis (KxLx)y effective length with respect to the minor axis, equivalent in load carrying capacity to the actual effective length about the major axis, ft Kz effective length factor for torsional buckling; velocity pressure exposure coefficient that accounts for terrain and height above ground Kzt topographic factor

Page 9 of 32 L nominal live load due to occupancy (also known as reduced live load, or design live load), psf L story height or panel spacing; span; span of portal frame; length of tension member, in. or ft, as indicated L Lb unbraced length of member, in. or ft, as indicated laterally unbraced length; length between points which are either braced against lateral displacement of compression flange or braced against twist of the cross section; span of beams Lbt Lc Lce Lci Lcon Le Le Leh Lev Le, full width of a braced bent, ft clear distance for a bolt, in.; unsupported length of a column section clear distance for an end bolt, in. clear distance for an interior bolt, in. length of connection in the direction of loading, in. end distance of a bolt measured in direction of line of force, in.; edge distance, in. effective length of a column, in. or ft, as indicated horizontal edge distance, in. vertical edge distance, in. limiting value of end distance above which limit state of bolt ovalization controls bearing strength, in. Lg span length of a girder, ft; unsupported length of a girder or other restraining member, ft; gross length of a fillet weld, in. Lg1 , Lg2 , Lg3 , Lg4 length of girders connected to ends A and B of column AB considered (for

Page 10 of 32 columns in rectangular frames, Lg3 = Lg1 , Lg4 = Lg2 ) Liw Llw Lo Lp length of a segment of intermittent fillet weld, in. length of a longitudinal weld, in. basic, or unreduced live load limiting laterally unbraced length for full plastic bending capacity, uniform moment case (Cb = 1.0), in. Lp* Lp * * LpN limiting laterally unbraced length for full plastic flexural strength (Cb > 1.0 and Lp < Lb # Lr) limiting laterally unbraced length for full plastic flexural strength (Cb > 1.0 and Lb > Lr) limiting laterally unbraced length for the maximum design flexural strength for noncompact shapes, uniform moment case (Cb = 1.0) LpN limiting laterally unbraced length for the maximum design flexural strength for noncompact shapes, uniform moment case (Cb = 1.0) Lpd Lr limiting laterally unbraced length for plastic analysis limiting laterally unbraced length for inelastic lateral-torsional buckling, in. or ft, as indicated Lr Ls Lst Lsw Lt Ltp Ltw roof live load, psf side distance of a bolt measured perpendicular to line of force, in. length of stiffener, in. length of slot for a slot weld, in. thread length of a bolt, in. length of tie plate, measured parallel to the length of the member, in. effective length of a transverse weld, in.

Page 11 of 32 Lw effective length of a fillet weld, in.

Lw, min minimum effective length of a fillet weld, in. Lw* maximum length of end-loaded fillet weld below which the effective length equals the actual length, in. M M MA MB MC MT Mcr number of possible failure paths for a tension member bending moment absolute value of moment at quarter point of the unbraced beam segment, in.-kips absolute value of moment at centerline of the unbraced beam segment, in.-kips absolute value of moment at three-quarter point of the unbraced beam segment, in.-kips applied torsional moment, in.-kips elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment of a beam or a beam segment, in.-kips or ft-kips, as indicated Mcro elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment of a beam or a beam segment under uniform moment Md MdI MdE MdI o MdE o Mdx Mdy Mep design bending strength of a member design bending strength of a beam segment, when Lp < Lb # Lr design bending strength of a beam segment, when Lb > Lr design bending strength of a beam segment under uniform moment, when Lp < Lb # Lr design bending strength of a beam segment under uniform moment, when Lb > Lr design bending strength about the major axis, in.-kips or ft-kips, as indicated design bending strength about the minor axis, in.-kips or ft-kips, as indicated resisting moment of a partially plastified section

Page 12 of 32 Mez Meu Mlt resisting moment of the elastic zone of a partially plastified section required flexural strength for extended end-plate connection, in.-kips maximum first-order factored moment in a beam-column due to lateral frame translation only Mmax Mmax maximum bending moment; required bending strength under factored loads absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced beam segment (including the end points) Mn MnN Mnt nominal bending strength of a member nominal flexural strength for noncompact shapes, when Lb # LpN maximum first-order factored moment in a beam-column assuming there is no lateral translation of the frame Mp Mpc Mpcx Mpcy Mpx Mpy Mpz Mr Mu Mu* plastic bending moment of a section, in.-kips or ft-kips, as indicated reduced plastic moment of a section, in the presence of an axial compressive load P reduced plastic moment of an I-shape bent about its major axis reduced plastic moment of an I-shape bent about its minor axis plastic moment of an I-shape bent about its major axis plastic moment of an I-shape bent about its minor axis resisting moment of the plastic zones of a partially plastified section bending moment in a section when the extreme fiber stress reaches (Fy - Fr) required bending strength of a member under factored loads , in.-kips or ft-kips, as indicated required flexural strength of a beam-column under factored loads, including second-order effects

Page 13 of 32 Mueqo My equivalent factored uniform moment capacity for the segment considered moment corresponding to onset of yielding at the extreme fiber from an elastic stress distribution (= Fy S for homogeneous sections), in.-kips M1 M2 N N smaller moment at end of unbraced length of a beam or beam-column segment larger moment at end of unbraced length of a beam or beam-column segment number of bolts in a joint length of bearing, in.; length of beam bearing plate, in.; length of column base plate, in.; number of bolts in a joint Ns P PE PEi number of shear planes in a bearing-type joint; number of slip planes in a slip-critical joint axial load on column, kips Euler load; elastic buckling load of a pin-ended column, kips Euler load of restraining column i Euler load for buckling about the x- and y- axis of an I-shape, respectvely

PEx , PEy Pbf Pcr Pd Pdx Pdy Pdp Pdps Pdsf Pe

applied factored beam flange force in moment connections, kips critical load of a column design strength of an axially loaded column, kips design strength of an axially loaded column for buckling about its major axis, kips design strength of an axially loaded column for buckling about its minor axis, kips design bearing load on concrete, kips design load on bracket corresponding to the limit state of separation of plates at the top edge design load on bracket corresponding to the limit state of slip elastic buckling load of a column, kips

Page 14 of 32 Peoi Pex Pey Pez Pe1 Pe2 Pfb elastic flexural buckling load of restraining columni based on the nomograph elastic buckling load of a column for buckling about the major axis, kips elastic buckling load of a column for buckling about the minor axis, kips elastic torsional buckling load of a column, kips elastic buckling load used in the determination of magnification factor B1, kips elastic buckling load used in the determination of magnification factor B2, kips resistance to flange local bending at a concentrated tensile force centrally applied across the flange, kips Pmax Pn Pnp Pr Pt Preq Pu Pueq Puf Pui Pwb maximum strength of an axially loaded column (stability limit load) nominal strength of an axially loaded column, kips nominal bearing load on concrete, kips reduced modulus load of a column, kips tangent modulus load of a column, kips required axial compressive strength of column, kips axial force under factored loads; required axial strength of a column, kips equivalent axial load used in selecting a trial shape for design of a beam column factored beam flange force, tensile or compressive, kips factored axial load on restraining column i resistance to web compression buckling under a pair of compressive concentrated forces, applied at both flanges of an I-shaped member at the same location Py Q yield load of a section (also known as squash load), (= Fy Ag), kips concentrated transverse load on a member, kips

Page 15 of 32 Qr Qo QD QDb QE QL QLb QS Qi Qu Qug Quj R R Rd Rdc Rdy first moment of area in shear flow formula, in.3 nominal load effect unfactored dead load, kips dead load transmitted from beams to an interior girder, lbs unfactored earthquake load, kips unfactored live load, kips live load transmitted from beams to an interior girder, lbs unfactored snow load, kips load effects factored concentrated beam load, kips factored concentrated load transmitted from beams to an interior girder, lbs factored axial load on leaning column j rain load; nominal reaction, kips earthquake response modification coefficient design strength, kips design strength of bearing plate corresponding to the limit state of beam web crippling, kips design strength of bearing plate corresponding to the limit state of beam web local yielding, kips Rdp design strength of bearing plate corresponding to the limit state of bearing of plate on concrete or masonry, kips Rdf design strength of bearing plate corresponding to the limit state of plate flexural strength, kips

Page 16 of 32 Rdw RdBM design strength of weld corresponding to the limit state of weld metal failure, kips design strength of weld corresponding to the limit state of base material failure, kips

RdBM1 design shear rupture strength of the adjacent base material, kips RdBM2 design shear yielding strength of the adjacent base material, kips Rn Rreq R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 S SS ST Sb Stp Sx Sxe nominal strength, kips required strength, kips an expression consisting of the first portion of LRFDS Eq. K1-3, kips an expression consisting of terms from the second portion of LRFDS Eq. K1-3, kli an expression consisting of the first portion of LRFDS Eq. K1-5a, kips an expression consisting of terms from the second portion of LRFDS Eq. K1-5a, kli an expression consisting of the first portion of LRFDS Eq. K1-5b, kips an expression consisting of terms from the second portion of LRFDS Eq. K1-5b, kli elastic section modulus, in.3; snow load; in. or ft, as indicated spacing of sag rods, ft spacing of trusses, ft spacing of roof or floor beams, ft spacing of tie plates, in. or ft, as indicated elastic section modulus about major axis, in.3 effective section modulus about major axis, in.3

Sxt, Sxb elastic section modulus referred to tension and compression flanges, respectively, in.3 Sxb, Sxt elastic section modulus referred to bottom and top fibers, respectively, in.3 SRF stiffness reduction factor, for use with alignment charts

Page 17 of 32 T change in temperature, F; distance between web toes of fillets at top and bottom of web, in.; axial load in a tension member, kips T unfactored tensile force on slip-critical connections designed at service loads, kips

TS TT

tension in the top sag rod, kips tension in tie rod, kips

Tb, Tm specified pretension load in high-strength bolt, kips Td Tdbs Td1 design strength of a tension member, kips design block shear rupture strength, kips design strength of a tension member corresponding to the limit state of yielding in the gross section, kips Td2 design strength of a tension member corresponding to the limit state of fracture in the net section, kips Td3 design strength of a tension member corresponding to the limit state of block shear failure, kips Td4 design strength of a tension member corresponding to the limit state of connector failure, kips Td Td1 design strength of a tension rod, kips design strength of a tension rod corresponding to the limit state of yielding in the gross section in the unthreaded part (body) of the rod, kips Td2 design strength of a tension rod corresponding to the limit state of fracture in the net section in the threaded part of the rod, kips

Page 18 of 32 Td3 design strength of a tension rod corresponding to the limit state of the nut stripping the threaded portion of the rod, kips Td4 design strength of a tension rod corresponding to the limit state of the nut stripping the threaded portion of the nut, kips Td5 design strength of a tension rod corresponding to the limit state of bearing of the nut on the support, kips TdR Tfnt Tfnv Tn Tn1 design strength of a uniform tension rod (i.e., without upset ends), kips tension rupture component limit state of block shear rupture, kips shear rupture component limit state of block shear rupture, kips nominal strength of a tension member, kips nominal strength of a tension member corresponding to the limit state of yielding in the gross section, kips Tn2 nominal strength of a tension member corresponding to the limit state of fracture in the net section, kips Tn3 nominal strength of a tension member corresponding to the limit state of block shear failure, kips Tn4 nominal strength of a tension member corresponding to the limit state of connector failure, kips Treq Tu Tygt Tygv required strength of a tension member, kips factored tension load, required tensile strength due to factored loads, kips tension yielding component limit state of block shear rupture, kips shear yielding component limit state of block shear rupture, kips

Page 19 of 32 U V Vd Vn Vreq Vu W Wd Wtp reduction coefficient, used in calculating effective net area of a tension member shear force, kips; basic wind speed, mph; design shear strength, kips nominal shear strength, kips required shear strength, kips shear force under factored loads, kips; required shear strength, kips wind load; width across flats of nut, in. design shear strength of a 1 in. long fillet weld, kli width of tie plate, measured normal to the length of the member, in.

X1, X2 beam buckling factors defined by LRFDS Eqs. F1-8 and F1-9, respectively Z Ze Zx req a plastic section modulus, in.3 effective plastic section modulus, in.3 required plastic section modulus, in.3 clear distance between transverse stiffeners, in.; coefficient for eccentrically loaded weld group; depth of bracket plate, in.; length of a rectangular plate measured in the direction of main longitudinal stress in the plate, in.; a distance from bolt centerline to edge of fitting subjected to prying action, but not greater than 1.25b, in. b compression element width perpendicular to load direction, in.; width of a rectangular section, in.; minimum shelf dimension for deposition of fillet weld, in.; width of bracket plate, in.; width of bracket flange plate, in.; distance from bolt centerline to face of fitting subjected to prying action, in.

Page 20 of 32 b be bf bs bst c cb ct d coefficient related to axial compressive strength for beam-column design, (kips)-1 effective width of the compression block of a bracket flange plate, in. flange width of rolled beam or plate girder, in. width of extended end-plate, in. width of transverse or diagonal plate stiffener, in. distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber where flexural stress is computed, in. distance from neutral axis to extreme bottom fiber distance from neutral axis to extreme top fiber nominal diameter of a bolt, in.; overall depth of member, in. ; pin diameter, in.; roller diameter, in. dR db dc dcope ddp de dh di nominal diameter of a threaded rod, in. depth of beam, in. depth of column, in. depth of cope, in. width of doubler plate, in. effective width of bolt hole, in. diameter of bolt hole (STD or OVS holes), in. distance between the center of gravity of an element, i of a cross section to the center of gravity of the cross section (for use in parallel axis theorem) dfp moment arm between the center lines of flange plates of a flange-plated moment connection, in. ddp width of doubler plate, in.

Page 21 of 32 dpw diameter of plug weld, in.

dpw, max maximum diameter of hole for a plug weld, in. dpw, min minimum diameter of hole for a plug weld, in. dsw width of slot for a slot weld, in.

dsw, max maximum width of hole for a slot weld, in. dsw, min minimum width of hole for a slot weld, in. e eo ey ep f fE fa fb fc fcr fpl fr frc frt fu fv base of natural logarithm = 2.71828...; eccentricity of load; elongation horizontal distance from the outer edge of channel web to its shear center, in. lever arm between the forces Cy and Ty lever arm between the forces Cp and Tp stress; computed compressive stress; average stress in a stub column test Euler stress (elastic buckling stress of a pin-ended column), ksi average compressive stress in a plate, ksi maximum bending stress, ksi specified 28-day compressive strength of concrete, ksi critical stress of a compressed member or element, ksi proportional limit; proportional limit from stub column test residual stress residual compressive stress residual tensile stress ultimate stress of a plate, including any post-buckling strength nominal shear stress, ksi

Page 22 of 32 g transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between bolt gage lines, in.; acceleration due to gravity (= 32.2 ft/sec2 ) gA gB gage used in leg A of framing angle, in. gage used in leg B of framing angle, in.

ga , gb gage distances to lines of bolt holes located in two adjacent elements of a tension member, measured from the heel, in. gaN, gbN gage distances to lines of bolt holes located in two adjacent elements of a tension member, measured along the center line of those elements, in. gab distance between two lines of bolt holes, in two adjacent elements of a tension member, measured along the center line of those elements gj g1 gage for jth diagonal segment along possible failure path k, for a tension member, in. gage distance in angle leg when only one line of bolts is used in that leg, in.

g2, g3 gage distances in angle leg when two lines of bolts are used in that leg, in.

clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner radius for rolled shapes; and for builtup welded sections, the clear distance between flanges, in.

h h hc

mean roof height of a building, ft; height of a portal frame, in. or ft, as indicated rise of a roof truss or gable, ft twice the distance from the centroid to the following: the inside face of the compression flange less the fillet or corner radius, for rolled shapes; the inside face of the compression flange when welds are used, or the nearest line of bolts at the compression flange, for builtup sections, in.

Page 23 of 32 hdp k kc kv k1 l m height of doubler plate, in. distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet; plate buckling coefficient plate buckli9ng coefficient web plate buckling coefficient distance from web centerline to flange toe of fillet, in. length of the reference segment of weld group considered, in. number of floors supported by a column, at a level considered

m m n

coefficient related to strong-axis flexural strength for beam-column design, (ft-kips)-1 cantilever dimension for base plate, used to determine plate thickness, in. number of component parts in a built-up section; number of bolts in a vertical row; number of threads per inch on threaded fasteners

n n nN nd ne

coefficient related to weak-axis flexural strength for beam-column design, (ft-kips)-1 cantilever dimension for base plate, used to determine plate thickness, in. number of bolts above the neutral axis (in tension) number of gage spaces with a diagonal segment along failure path k of a tension member number of end bolts in a bolted joint ; number of elements in the cross section of a tension member

ni nr nt p

number of interior bolts in a bolted joint number of bolts in a horizontal row number of threads per inch distance center-to-center of two adjacent bolt holes on a given gage line (pitch of bolts), in.;

Page 24 of 32 longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of intermittent fillet welds, in. p wind pressure, psf; length of supporting flange parallel to stem or leg of hanger tributary to each bolt in determining prying forces, in. pDb pLb pLc pLg pe dead load per unit area on the tributary area of an interior beam, psf design live load intensity on the tributary area of an interior beam, psf design live load intensity on the tributary area of an interior column, psf design live load intensity on the tributary area of an interior girder, psf external wind pressure, psf; effective span used to compute Meu for extended end-plate connections, in. pf distance from centerline of bolt to nearer surface of tension flange in extended end-plate connections, in. pi pg pf ps pfull internal wind pressure, psf ground snow load, psf flat roof snow load, psf sloped-roof snow load, psf limiting value of pitch above which limit state of bolt ovalization controls bearing strength, in. pui puw q qb qc intensity of unbalanced snow load on the leeward side, psf intensity of unbalanced snow load on the windward side, psf uniformly distributed transverse load on a member, klf self-weight per unit length of an interior beam, plf self-weight per unit length of an interior column, plf

Page 25 of 32 qDb qg qh qLb qsv qu dead load per unit length of an interior beam, plf self-weight per unit length of an interior girder, plf velocity pressure evaluated at height h live load per unit length of an interior beam, plf shear flow, kli additional tension per bolt resulting from prying action produced by deformation of the connected parts, kips/bolt qub qug qz r factored uniformly distributed load on a beam, plf factored uniformly distributed load on a girder, plf velocity pressure radius of gyration, in.; governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in.; radial distance, in. rL rLmin ri rib live load reduction multiplier minimum value to be used for the live load reduction multiplier, rL minimum radius of gyration of individual component in a built-up member, in. radius of gyration of individual component relative to centroidal axis parallel to member axis of buckling, in. rmin rn rx , r y ryC rz least radius of gyration, in. nominal strength per bolt from LRFDS radius of gyration about x and y axes, respectively, in. radius of gyration of a channel with respect to its y-axis, in. radius of gyration of an angle with respect to z-axis, in.

Page 26 of 32 ro s s sj polar radius of gyration about the shear center, in. staggered pitch (or, stagger), in.; bolt spacing, in.; length of stub column back-to-back spacing of angles in built-up double angle members, in. staggered pitch for the jth diagonal segment along possible failure path k, for a tension member, in. slpw stpw slsw stsw t t to ta tdp te tf tfin ti tj longitudinal spacing of plug welds, in. transverse spacing of plug welds, in. longitudinal spacing of slot welds, in. transverse spacing of slot welds, in. thickness of element, in.; HSS design wall thickness, in.; thickness of a plate, in. thickness of bearing plate, in.; thickness of column base plate, in. thickness of the base plate to be ordered, in. thickness of framing angle, in. thickness of doubler plate, in. effective throat thickness of a fillet weld, in. flange thickness, in. finishing allowance for base plate thickness, in. thickness of element Ii of a tension member, in. average element thickness corresponding to the jth diagonal segment, along failure path k of a tension member tp tp1 thickness of plate, in. thickness of thinner part joined

Page 27 of 32 tp2 ttp tw twb twc twg twz u v w w we wmax thickness of thicker part joined thickness of tie plate, in. web thickness, in. beam web thickness, in. column web thickness, in. girder web thickness, in. panel zone web thickness, in. deflection in the major axis plane (bending or buckling about minor axis) deflection in the minor axis plane (bending or buckling about major axis) leg size of fillet weld, in.; thickness of plug or slot weld, in.; width of plate, in. unit weight of concrete, pcf effective leg size of fillet weld, in. maximum size of fillet weld along the edge of a plate element, in. x-coordinate of center of gravity; horizontal distance from the outer edge of a channel web to its centroid, in. connection eccentricity, in. y-coordinate of center of gravity xo, yo z " " coordinates of the shear center with respect to the centroid, in. height above ground level, ft shape factor; coefficient of expansion, in./in.; column parameter (Eq. 8.4.5) ratio of moment at bolt line to moment at stem line for determining prying action in hanger connections

Page 28 of 32 "m $ coefficient for calculating Meu for extended end-plate connections member relative stiffness factor for a portal frame; confinement coefficient for concrete under bearing plate or base plate ( * load factor deflection, in.; central deflection of a simple beam; deflection at the free end of a cantilever beam; ratio of net area at bolt line to gross area at face of stem or angle leg used to determine prying action for hanger connections *all *e ) )oh , ,m ,st ,u ,y allowable deflection, in. percentage elongation sway, in.; elongation of a tension member, in. translation deflection of the story under consideration, in. strain strain corresponding to Fu , in./in. strain at the onset of strain hardening range, in./in. fracture strain, in./in. yield strain (also known as, elastic strain), in./in. strain in the x-, y-, and z-direction, respectively

,x, ,y, , z . 0 2

exponent for alternate beam-column interaction equation exponent for alternate beam-column interaction equation roof slope; inclination of a diagonal brace with the horizontal; inclination of diagonal stiffener with the horizontal; angle of loading measured from the weld longitudinal axis

slenderness parameter

Page 29 of 32 8c 8e 8p 8pf 8pw 8r 8rf 8pv column slenderness parameter equivalent slenderness parameter limiting slenderness parameter for compact element limiting slenderness parameter for the flange of a compact I-shape limiting slenderness parameter for the web of a compact I-shape limiting slenderness parameter for noncompact element limiting slenderness parameter for the flange of a noncompact I-shape limiting slenderness of the web below which shear yielding rather than shear buckling controls the design 8rw : limiting slenderness parameter for the web of a noncompact I-shape Poissons ratio (= 0.3 for steel); coefficient of static friction; mean slip coefficient for slipcritical connections J J stiffness reduction factor (SRF) shear stress at a point on a given cross section of a beam, located at a distance y from the ENA M N Nb Nc Nr Nt Nt1 curvature resistance factor resistance factor for flexure (= 0.90) resistance factor for compression (= 0.85) resistance factor for compression, used in web crippling calculations resistance factor for tension resistance factor for tension, limit state of yield on gross area (= 0.90)

Page 30 of 32 Nt2 Nv S resistance factor for tension, limit state of fracture in net area (= 0.75) resistance factor for shear (= 0.90) factor of safety

Subscripts BM C D E FLB I L LTB PC PL PT T base metal channel direct component elastic domain flange local buckling I-shape; instantaneous center of rotation; inelastic domain angle lateral torsional buckling pseudo-channel plate; pseudo-angle pseudo-tee T-shape; torsional component

WLB web local buckling WT a avg b c WT-shape axial; average; seat angle average beam; bending; bolt; bearing; bottom column; compression; clear; concrete

Page 31 of 32 con cr d dp e el f l lt lw min max n nt p pl pw r req st sw t end connection of a tension member critical design doubler plate elastic; end; effective elastic limit state flange weld considered as a line element lateral translation longitudinal weld minimum maximum nominal no-translation plastic; polar plate; plastic limit state plug weld reinforcement (panel zone); reduced modulus required stiffener; strain hardening slot weld tension; top; tangent modulus

Page 32 of 32 tw u v w x y y z z z transverse weld ultimate; under factored load; required shear web; weld subscript relating symbol to member strong axis yield subscript relating symbol to member weak axis subscript relating symbol to member longitudinal axis subscript relating symbol to week principal axis of angle related to panel zone