Polymer Rheology

Rhe-

CM4650 Polymer Rheology Michigan Tech

Greek for flow

What is rheology anyway?

Rheology = the study of deformation and flow.
What is Rheology Anyway? Faith A. Morrison, The Industrial Physicist, 10(2) 29-31, April/May 2004.
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

What is rheology anyway?

To the layperson, rheology is Mayonnaise does not flow even under stress for a long time; honey always flows Silly Putty bounces (is elastic) but also flows (is viscous) Dilute flour-water solutions are easy to work with but doughs can be quite temperamental Corn starch and water can display strange behavior poke it slowly and it deforms easily around your finger; punch it rapidly and your fist bounces off of the surface

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

What is rheology anyway?

z

To the scientist, engineer, or technician, rheology is

cross-section A:

fluid

Yield stresses Viscoelastic effects Memory effects

Release stress

R
R

Shear thickening and shear thinning

For both the layperson and the technical person, rheology is a set of problems or observations related to how the stress in a material or force applied to a material is related to deformation (change of shape) of the material.
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

What is rheology anyway? Rheology affects:

Processing (design, costs, production rates)

www.corrugatorman.com/ pic/akron%20extruder.JPG

www.math.utwente.nl/ mpcm/aamp/examples.html

End use (food texture, product pour, motor-oil function)

Pomar et al. JNNFM 54 143 1994

Product quality (surface distortions, anisotropy, strength, structure development)

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Goal of the scientist, engineer, or technician:

Understand the kinds of flow and deformation effects exhibited by complex systems Apply qualitative rheological knowledge to diagnostic, design, or optimization problems In diagnostic, design, or optimization problems, use or devise quantitative analytical tools that correctly capture rheological effects
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

do we reach these goals?

How

How?

By observing the behavior

of different systems

Understand the kinds of flow and deformation effects exhibited by complex systems Apply qualitative rheological knowledge to diagnostic, design, or optimization problems

By learning
which

calculations with models in appropriate situations

By making

In diagnostic, design, or quantitative optimization problems, Use or devise models quantitative analytical tools that apply in what correctly capture rheological effects
circumstances
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Learning Rheology (bibliography)

Descriptive Rheology
Barnes, H., J. Hutton, and K. Walters, An Introduction to Rheology (Elsevier, 1989)

Quantitative Rheology
Morrison, Faith, Understanding Rheology (Oxford, 2001) Bird, R., R. Armstrong, and O. Hassager, Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, Volume 1 (Wiley, 1987)

Industrial Rheology
Dealy, John and Kurt Wissbrun, Melt Rheology and Its Role in Plastics Processing (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990)

Polymer Behavior
Larson, Ron, The Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids (Oxford, 1999) Ferry, John, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers (Wiley, 1980)

Suspension Behavior
Larson, Ron, The Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids (Oxford, 1999) Macosko, Chris, Rheology: Principles, Measurements, and Applications (VCH Publishers, 1994)
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

The Physics Behind Rheology: 1. Conservation laws

mass momentum energy

Cauchy Momentum Equation

v + v v = p + g t

2. Mathematics
differential equations vectors tensors

3. Constitutive law = law that relates stress to

deformation for a particular fluid

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

CM 4650 Polymer Rheology

Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics

Newtonian fluids: (fluid mechanics)

dv 21 = 1 dx2
Newtons Law of Viscosity

material parameter deformation

This is an empirical law (measured or observed) May be derived theoretically for some systems

Non-Newtonian fluids: (rheology)

Need a new law or new laws

These laws will also either be empirical or will be derived theoretically
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

CM 4650 Polymer Rheology

Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics

Newtonian fluids: (shear flow only)

21 =

dv1 dx2

Constitutive Equation Non-Newtonian fluids: (all flows) stress tensor

=f

()

Rate-ofdeformation tensor

non-linear function (in time and position)

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Introduction to Non-Newtonian Behavior

Rheological Behavior of Fluids, National Committee on Fluid Mechanics Films, 1964
Velocity gradient tensor
Type of fluid Momentum balance

Stress Deformation relationship (constitutive equation) Stress is isotropic Stress is a function of the instantaneous velocity gradient Stress is a function of the history of the velocity gradient Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Inviscid (zero viscosity, =0) Newtonian (finite. constant viscosity, ) Non-Newtonian (finite, variable viscosity plus memory effects)

Euler equation (NavierStokes with zero viscosity) Navier-Stokes (Cauchy momentum equation with Newtonian constitutive equation) Cauchy momentum equation with memory constitutive equation

Rheological Behavior of Fluids - Newtonian

1. Strain response to imposed x shear stress
2

v1 ( x2 ) x1

shear rate is constant

d =constant dt

t
r

2. Pressure-driven flow in a tube (Poiseuille flow) viscosity is constant

3. Stress tensor in shear flow only two components are nonzero

Q=

R 4 =constant 8L

PR 4 8L

12 0
0 0 0 0
123

= 21
0

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Rheological Behavior of Fluids non-Newtonian

1. Strain response to imposed x shear stress
2

v1 ( x2 ) x1

shear rate is variable

Release stress

t
r

2. Pressure-driven flow in a tube (Poiseuille flow) viscosity is variable

3. Stress tensor in shear flow

Normal stresses

Q
2Q1 Q1

all 9 components are nonzero

Q = f (P )

11 12 13 = 21 22 23 31 32 33

123

P1

2P1

P
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Rheological Behavior of Fluids non-Newtonian

1. Strain response to imposed x shear stress
2

v1 ( x2 ) x1

shear rate is variable

Release stress

t
r

2. Pressure-driven flow in a tube (Poiseuille flow) viscosity is variable

Q
2Q1 Q1

Q = f (P )

Normal stresses

all 9 components are nonzero

11 12 13 = 21 22 23 31 32 33

123

P1

2P1

P
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Examples from the film of . . . .

Dependence on the history of the deformation gradient
Polymer fluid pours, but springs back Elastic ball bounces, but flows if given enough time Steel ball dropped in polymer solution bounces Polymer solution in concentric cylinders has fading memory Quantitative measurements in concentric cylinders show memory and need a finite time to come to steady state

Non-linearity of the function = f

()

Polymer solution draining from a tube is first slower, then faster than a Newtonian fluid Double the static head on a draining tube, and the flow rate does not necessarily double (as it does for Newtonian fluids); sometimes more than doubles, sometimes less Normal stresses in shear flow Die swell
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Show NCFM Film on Rheological Behavior of Fluids

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.