Principles of Biomedical Systems & Devices

0909.504.03 / 0909.404.01
Edna Jones, 67, retired Female

At the Clinic
Difficulty with vision near accident incident 173cm (5 8), 90 kg (198 lb) BP: 118/76, HR: 63 bpm Core body temp: 37C (98.6 F) Other
Water consumption Eye exam Skin temp Sensation Blood glucose ECG Blood test Urine test

WEEK 1: INTRODUCTIO N

Objectives
Principles of Biomedical Systems and Devices (3)
0909.404.01/ 0909.504.03 Fall 2004 Class Homepage: http://engineering.rowan.edu/~polikar/CLASSES/ECE404 Instructors: Robi Polikar, Maria Tahamont (Guest lectures on A&P) Office& Phone: Polikar - 136 Rowan, 256-5372 Tahamont 256 Science, 256-3584 Office Hours: T: 11-12, F:13-14 + Open door policy E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Class Meeting: Wednesdays @ 1615 in Rowan 239 Texts: Introduction to Biomedical Engineering, Enderle, Academic Press, 2000 A basic medical dictionary, available at any bookseller.

The main objective of this course is to introduce you to basic biomedical engineering technology, so that you can understand, design and evaluate systems and devices that can measure, test and/or acquire biological information from the human body. In order to achieve this goal, we will emphasize:
Essential background on anatomy and physiology, in particular fundamental characteristics of signals acquired from the human body Electrical safety issues that must strictly be adhered to in designing medical equipment Practical issues in designing and testing electronic medical equipment. Specific algorithms and techniques in analysis and processing of biological signals Ethical issues regarding biomedical and biotechnology research.

Definition of Biomedical Engineering:

(from Whitaker)

Biomedical Engineering
Bioinstrumentation Biomaterials Biomechanics Biosignals Biosystems Biotransport Cellular engineering Clinical engineering Tissue engineering Rehabilitation engineering

Biomedical engineering is a discipline that advances knowledge in

engineering, biology and medicine, and improves human health through crossdisciplinary activities that integrate the engineering sciences with the biomedical sciences and clinical practice. It includes: 1. The acquisition of new knowledge and understanding of living systems through the innovative and substantive application of experimental and analytical techniques based on the engineering sciences. The development of new devices, algorithms, processes and systems that advance biology and medicine and improve medical practice and health care delivery.

2.

As used by the foundation, the term biomedical engineering research is thus defined in a broad sense: It includes not only the relevant applications of engineering to medicine but also to the basic life sciences.

Also related: Biostatistics

Bioinstrumentation
Apply fundamentals of measurement science to biomedical instrumentation for measuring physiological variables that may originate from molecular, cellular or systemic process.
May be described by mechanical, electrical, chemical, optical or other events Uses sensors and/or transducers Sensors must be designed to / so that
Minimize disturbance to the measured variable and the environment Comply with the requirements of the living system Maximize SNR Achieve accuracy and repeatability

Biomaterials
Application of engineering materials to the production of medical / biological / diagnostic products
Design and development of new biological materials, often to replace failing biological organs / limbs

Designing new materials that the body will not reject one of BMEs most challenging problem. Material must be
nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, chemically inert, stable, and mechanically strong enough to withstand the repeated forces of a lifetime

Measured signal is usually fed into a signal processing algorithm for further conditioning and analysis.

Biomechanics
Study of composition, properties and interaction of biological tissues (such as muscle, bone, etc.) and fluids (such as blood, inter/intracellular fluid, etc.)
Study of motion, material deformation, flow within the body and in devices, and transport of chemical constituents across biological and synthetic media. Development of the artificial heart, replacement heart valves, the artificial kidney, the artificial hip, patient assistance devices, and ergonomic design all fall within the realm of biomechanics. Biomechanics include both fluid mechanics and solid mechanics at molecular, cellular, macroscopic or system level.

Biosignals / Biopotentials
Analysis of biological data to uncover the nature of underlying physiological phenomena
Signal processing Time series analysis Origins of signal variability Transform and statistical techniques Analysis of chaotic behavior of signals / fractal analysis

Clinical Engineering
Application of technology in health care
Clinical engineers typically work in hospitals to assist doctors / nurses with their medical technology needs Managing diagnostic and laboratory equipment in hospitals, interface of different equipment with each other and/or with computers Determine equipment needs Search for and specify optimal equipment Train healthcare workers on equipment Perform maintenance and safety inspections

Cellular Engineering
Design of quantitative biochemical and biophysical techniques and procedures for the study and manipulation of cell function, such as
Cell metabolism Inter and intra cellular signaling and regulation Biomolecular uptake and secretion Cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion

Closely related to biochemistry, biophysics, and molecular biology

Rehabilitation Engineering
A new and growing area of BME Expand capabilities and improve the quality of life for individuals with physical impairments
Design or modify new/old equipment for an individual or a group of individuals with a specific disability

Biostatistics
A specialized branch of applied statistics that deals with the statistical evaluation of experimental research or clinical trial results.
Can also be applied to statistical evaluation of biomedical measurements, statistical evaluation of biomedical equipment, etc.

Relevant topics:
Calculation of mean, standard deviation Gaussian and Poisson distributions Statistical estimation Hypothesis testing Calculation of prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value

Disciplines in which bioengineers work

Anatomy, anesthesiology, biomolecular chemistry, biostatistiscs, medical Agriculture - Soil monitoring informatics, microbiology Botany - Measurements of metabolism and immunology, medical Genetics - Human genome project physics, neurology, Medicine neurophysiology, obstetricsgynecology, oncology, Microbiology - Tissue analysis Pharmacology - Chemical reaction monitoring opthalmology, pathology, pediatrics, physiology, Veterinary science - Neutering of animals psychiatry, radiology, Zoology - Organ modeling rehabilitation medicine, surgery.
In industry

Where Do Biomedical Engineers Work?

Design of new biomedical equipment, devices and system where an in-depth understanding of living systems and of technology is essential. Performance testing of new or proposed products.

In government positions
Product testing and safety, Establishing safety standards for biomedical devices and systems.

In hospitals,
Provide advice on the selection and use of medical equipment, Supervise medical device performance testing and maintenance. Customize devices for special health care or research needs.

In research institutions
Supervise laboratories and equipment, participate in or direct research activities with other researchers with such backgrounds as engineering, medicine, physiology, and nursing.

In academia
Training next generation biomedical and/or other engineers Academic research

Are There Jobs Out There?

U.S. Dept. of Labor estimates that the job market for BMEs will increase by 31.4%, faster than the average of all occupations, through 2012. This is double the overall job growth rate of 15.2% and more than three times the overall growth rate of 9.4% for all engineering jobs. Median annual earnings of biomedical engineers were $60,410 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $58,320 and $88,830. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $48,450, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $107,520.

http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos262.htm

Biological Measurements

General Instrumentation Systems

Measurand: The physical quantity to be measured
Power source Variable conversion element Signal processing Output display Perceptible output Control and feedback

Sensor Primary sensing element

Measurand

Transducer

Calibration Signal Radiation, electric current, or other applied energy

Data storage

Data transmission

The sensor converts energy or information from the measurand to another form (usually electric). This signal is the processed and displayed so that humans can perceive the information. Elements and connections shown by dashed lines are optional for some applications.

Common Medical Measurands

(invasive & Noninvasive)
Measurement Blood flow Blood pressure Cardiac output Electrocardiography Electroencephalography Electromyography Electroretinography pH pCO2 pO2 Pneumotachography Respiratory rate Temperature Range 1 to 300 mL/s 0 to 400 mmHg 4 to 25 L/min 0.5 to 4 mV 5 to 300 V 0.1 to 5 mV 0 to 900 V 3 to 13 pH units 40 to 100 mmHg 30 to 100 mmHg 0 to 600 L/min 2 to 50 breaths/min 32 to 40 C Frequency, Hz 0 to 20 0 to 50 0 to 20 0.05 to 150 0.5 to 150 0 to 10000 0 to 50 0 to 1 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 40 0.1 to 10 0 to 0.1 Method Electromagnetic or ultrasonic Catheter, Cuff or strain gage Fick, dye dilution Skin electrodes Scalp electrodes Needle electrodes Contact lens electrodes pH electrode pCO2 electrode pO2 electrode Pneumotachometer Impedance Thermistor

Sensor Specifications & Constraints

Specification Pressure range Overpressure without damage Maximum unbalance Linearity and hysteresis Risk current at 120 V Defibrillator withstand Value 30 to +300 mmHg 400 to +4000 mmHg 75 mmHg 2% of reading or 1 mmHg 10 A 360 J into 50

Sensor specifications (for a blood pressure sensor) are determined by a committee composed of individuals from academia, industry, hospitals, and government.

System Specifications
Specification Input signal dynamic range Dc offset voltage Slew rate Frequency response Input impedance at 10 Hz Dc lead current Return time after lead switch Overload voltage without damage Risk current at 120 V Value 5 mV 300 mV 320 mV/s 0.05 to 150 Hz 2.5 M 0.1 1s 5000 V 10

Physiological Effects of Electricity Medical Safety

Specification values for an electrocardiograph are agreed upon by a committee.

Threshold or estimated mean values are given for each effect in a 70 kg human for a 1 to 3 s exposure to 60 Hz current applied via copper wires grasped by the hands.

Panel / Series Measurements

Laboratory test Hemoglobin Hematocrit Erythrocyte count Leukocyte count Typical value (male) 13.5 to 18 g/dL 40 to 54% 4.6 to 6.2 106/ L 4500 to 11000/ L Neutrophil 35 to 71% Band 0 to 6% Lymphocyte 1 to 10% Monocyte 1 to 10% Eosinophil 0 to 4% Basophil 0 to 2%

Differential count

Levels of Organization

Closely related measurements are often grouped together, and called series / panel measurements, e.g., blood count. How do we measure these?

Anatomical Directions

Anatomical Definitions

Whats In This Course?

Week of
August September 30 6 13 20 27 October 4 11 18 25 November 1 8 15 22 29 December 6 13

The BME challenge: Food for thought

Material to be uncovered
Introduction and motivation: Why do we study biomedical engineering, basic measurement and physiological concepts. Introduction to bioinstrumentation The origin of biopotentials, electrical activity of excitable cells, action potentials, membrane models The origin of biopotentials, continued: ECG, EMG, EEG, MEG, etc. Biopotential electrodes and amplifiers Measurement of blood flow and pressure Cardiovascular system, hemodynamics - Midterm exam Respiratory system, measurements of the respiratory system Measurement of blood pressure Processing of biological signals - Part I Processing of biological signals - Part II Contemporary topics - Clinical laboratory systems Contemporary topics - Biomedical imaging systems Electrical safety Contemporary topics - Other Contemporary topics - Other FINALS WEEK

The Cardiovascular System

The Heart As a Pump
No ordinary pump 100,000 km (60000 miles) of blood vessels During sleeping pumps 30 x of its weights, 5 L of blood / minute 14,000 liters (3,600 gallons) blood per day after day after day 10,000,000 liters (2,600,000 gallons) blood per year Multiply by 70 years (average life expectancy) !!! and that is only if you sleep all day!

Homework
Read Chapter 1 and 2 of the text. Find the meaning and definitions of prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value