LOGIC GATE

Electronics And Communication Engineering

Explanation - Random Variable

AnswerKeyforRandomVariable 1B 11C 21B 31C 41B 51B 2C 12D 22C 32B 42A 52A 3A 13B 23C 33A 43A 53D 4D 14 D 24 C 34 C 44 C 5 C 15 A 25 A 35 C 45 C
Q.1 Explanation : If two dice are thrown simultaneously then we can have total 36 combinations of out comes. For combination (1,2), (2,1) the sum of the dots is 3. Probability that outcome is 3 is
p ( X = 3) = 2 1 = 36 18

6 D 16 D 26 A 36 A 46 C

7 B 17 B 27 D 37 D 47 C

8B 18C 28A 38D 48A

9B 19D 29D 39A 49A

10 A 20 C 30 D 40 C 50 B

Q.5

Explanation :

P {0 5 < X 1} = FX (1) FX ( 0 5 )
= 1 1 3 = 4 4

Answer is (C)
Q.6 Explanation :

Q.2

Answer is (B) Explanation :

2 total power = E n ( t ) = 5

P { X > 2} = 1 P { X 2} = 1 FX ( 2 )
= 1-1

DC power = E n ( t )

= 12 = 1

2 ac power n = E n 2 ( t ) E n ( t )

= 5 1 = 4
Q.7

=0

Answer is (D)
Explanation : At X = 1, CDF plot is discontinous and its value is

Q.3

Answer is (C) Explanation : correlation coefficient =

C XY
2 2 xy

changing from p { X = 1} = 1

1 to 1 instantaneously so, 2 1 1 = 2 2

convariance C XY = RXY E [ X ] E [Y ] correlation function RXY = E [ X Y ] If X and Y are uncorrelated then

Answer is (B)
Q.8 Explanation :
fX ( x) = d FX ( x ) dx

RXY = E [ X Y ] = E [ X ] E [Y ]
and C XY = 0

=0
Answer is (A) Q.4 Explanation :
Q.9

Answer is (B)
Explanation :

FX ( ) = P ( X ) = 1
k =1 Answer is (D)

mx = E ( X ) = 2
2 2 x = E X 2 mx = 4

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LOGIC GATE
4 = E X 2 22
E X 2 = 8

Random Variable

Q.13 Explanation :
E [ Z ] = 3 E [ X ] 4 E [Y ]
=64= 2
Answer is (B)

now E [Y ] = E [ 2 X + 5] = 2 E [ X ] + E [5]
= 2 2 + 5 m y = E [Y ] = 9
2 E Y 2 = E ( 2 X + 5 )

Q.14 Explanation :
2 2 z = E z 2 mz
2 E Z 2 = E ( 3 X 4Y ) = 9 E X 2 24 E [ XY ] + 16 E Y 2

= E 4 X 2 + 25 + 20 X = 4 E X 2 + E [ 25] + 20 E [ X ]

= 9 ( 3 + 4 ) 24 2 1 + 16 ( 5 + 1)
= 63 48 + 96 = 111

Answer is (D)

= 4 8 + 25 + 20 2 = 32 + 25 + 40 = 97
2 y

Q.16 Explanation :
FX ( ) = 1
Answer is (D)

= E Y

m2 y

= 97 92 = 97 81

Q.17 Explanation :
From Y = 2 , we have X

= 16
Answer is (B)

Q.10 Explanation : total power of n ( t ) = square mean value of n(t)

= E n 2 ( t ) = 5W

dy 2 2 = 2, x= dx y y

and

Answer is (A)

dy y2 1 = , fY ( y ) = f X ( xi ) dy dx 2 i dx i
dx dy

Q.11 Explanation : output noise PSD

So ( f ) = H ( f

fY ( y ) = f X ( x )

Sn ( f

fY ( y ) =

2 fX y y 2
2

5, f 1 So ( f ) = 0, otherwise

Answer is (B)

Q.18 Explanation : output noise power

Since Y = cX 2
1 1

No =

So ( f ) df = 5df

dy = 2cx and two roots at x1 = dx

y c

= 5 [ f ]1 = 5 1 ( 1) = 10W

Answer is (C)

and x2 =

y c

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Therefore,

Electronics And Communication Engineering

FX ( x ) =

1 r ( x ) r ( x 6 ) 6

fY ( y ) =
i

1 dy dx i

f X ( xi ) =

fX y 2c c 1

y y c + f X c

Q.21

Answer is (C) Area under the curve of PDF is 1.

0 0

y fX c + fX = 2 cy While f X ( x ) =

y c

f X ( x ) dx = 1

ae bx dx + aebx dx = 1

1 , ( a < x < a ) 2a

a bx 0 a bx e e + =1 ( b ) 0 b
a a [1 0] [0 1] = 1 b b

While implies 0 < y < ca 2 . Therefore

fY ( y ) =

( 1 2a ) + ( 1 2a )
2 cy
1 2a cy , 0 < y < ca 2

2a =1 b

fY ( y ) =

a=

b 2

Answer is (B)
Q.22
x2
2 2 x

Answer is (C)

Q.19 Explanation :
fX ( x) = 1
2 2 x

FX ( x ) = for x < 0, FX ( x ) =
FX ( x ) =

f X ( x ) dx

and Y = g ( X ) = 5 X 2
E [Y ] = E 5 X = 5 E X
2 2

ae

bx

dx

a bx x a = ebx e b b

For x < 0,
2 = 5 x 2 f x ( x ) dx = 5 x

For x >0, FX ( x ) =
0

mx = 0, mean of R.V. X is zero.

2 = 5 x

f X ( x ) dx
x

= 5 9 = 45

f X ( x ) dx + f X ( x ) dx
0
x

Q.20

Answer is (D) Explanation :

PDF of X is f X ( x ) = CDF of X is FX ( x ) =
1 u ( x ) u ( x 6 ) 6

aebx dx + aebx dx
0

a bx 0 a bx x e e + ( b ) 0 b

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f X ( x ) dx

LOGIC GATE
2a a bx e For x >0 b b
x2

Random Variable

and
0 0

2 2 x

2 dx = 2 x

Comparing with the given integration,

f X ( x ) dx = 1

2 2 x = 9 2 I = 2 x

ae

bx

dx + aebx dx = 1

I = 9

b a= 2
1 bx , x>0 2 2 e FX ( x ) = 1 ebx , x0 2

Answer is (C)
Q.25 E ( X m ) =

( x m ) f X ( x ) dx

If f X ( x ) is Gaussian then
( x m ) 2 2 e 2 x dx

Q.23

Answer is (C) Area under the curve of PDF is 1.

( x m )2

E ( X m ) =

( x m)

1
2 2 x

f X ( x ) dx = 1
2 2 x E ( X m ) =

( x m) e

( x m )2 2 2 x

dx (25.1)

For Gaussian PDF,

( x m )2

1
2 2 x

2 2 x dx

=1

here E ( X m ) = E [ X ] E [ m ]
2 2 x

2 2 x

= E[X ] m
= mm

dx =

Comparing with the given integration,

2 2 x = 8

E ( x m ) = 0

In LHS of equation (25.1)

2 2 x

I=

= 8

( x m )2 2 2 x

0=

Answer is (C)
Q.24 Area under the curve of PDF is 1.

( x m) e

dx

2 here m = 2, 2 x = 5

f X ( x ) dx = 1

( x 2) e

( x 2 ) 2 5

dx = 0

For Gaussian PDF with zero mean,

Answer is (A)
E[X ] =

1
2 2 x

x2

2 2 x dx

=1

Q.26

1
2 2 x

x2

2 2 x

dx

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LOGIC GATE
If f X ( x ) is Gaussian PDF with zero mean
E[X ] =

x2

Electronics And Communication Engineering

2 If m = 0, 2 x = 5
x2 8 dx

1
2 2 x

x2

2 2 x

dx

then

xe

=0

(27.1)

xe

2 2 x dx

2 = 2 x E [ X ]

(26.1)

I=

x2 5

( x 2) e

x2

dx

here E [ X ] = mean value of random variable X

given I =

E[X ] = 0
in equation (26.1),
x2

xe

dx +

( 2 ) e

x2

dx

I = 02 e

5 dx

(27.2)

xe

2 2 x

dx = 0

area under the curve of Gausian PDF with zero mean is unity.

2 If 2 x = 8
x2 8

1
2 2 x
x2

x2

2 2 x

dx = 1

then

xe

dx = 0

Answer is (A)
Q.27 E ( X m ) =

2 2 x

2 dx = 2 x

( x m ) f X ( x ) dx

2 If 2 x = 5

If f X ( x ) is Gaussian PDF, ,
( x m )2

x2

dx = 5

E ( X m ) =

( x m)

2 2 x 2 2 x

Substituting this in equation (27.2)

dx

I = 0 2 5 I = 2 5

We know that E ( X m ) = 0 , m = mean value of R.V.X

( x m )2

Answer is (D)
Q.28
2 E ( X m ) =

( x m)

f X ( x ) dx

( x m)
( x m) e

1
2 2 x
( x m )2

2 2 x

dx = 0

If f X ( x ) is Gaussian PDF then

( x m )2 2

2 2 x

dx = 0

E ( X m ) =

( x m)

1
2 2 x

2 2 x

dx

( x m )2

xe

2 2 x

( x m )2 2 2 x

2 2 E ( X m ) = x

dx

me

dx = 0

2 If 2 x = 12, & m = 1

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LOGIC GATE
( x 1) 12 1 2 = ( x 1) e then 2 12 ( x 1)2 2 12 0

Random Variable

dx

dx 1 + x2
1 log 1 + x 2 e 0

2x

6 12 =

( x 1)

=
12

dx

I = 6 12 = 6 2 3 = 12 3

2 But lim 1 + x E [ X ] does not exist.

x +

Answer is (A)
Q.29 E X 2 =

Q.31 x 2 f X ( x ) dx

Answer is (D) Explanaton :

E[X ] =

x f X ( x ) dx

If f X ( x ) is Gaussian PDF with zero mean then

E X =
2

But, we only know

p ( X > x ) = e x + e x , x 0

1
2 2 x

x2

2 2 x

dx

Now,

2 2 here E X = x mean is zero 2 If 2 x = 3 x2

FX ( x ) = p ( X x ) = 1 p ( X > x )
FX ( x ) = 1 e x e x

2 x =

x2

1
2 2 x

2 2 x

Thus,
dx
f X ( x) = d FX ( x ) dx

= e x + e x , x 0
2 3

3 1 x = x2 e 2 3

and dx E [ X ] = x e x + e x dx
0

x2e

x2

dx =

3 3 2

Answer is (D)
Q.30 E X 2 =

= xe x dx + xe x dx
0 0

xf X ( x ) dx exist if and only if

But,
0

xe

x f X ( x ) dx <

1 1 dx = xe x + e x dx 0 0
1 = 0 2 e x 0

E[X ] =

(1 + x2 )
2

dx

=
Hence,

and 1

1 + x 2 dx = 1 + x 2 dx
0

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E[X ] =
Answer is (C) Explanation :
fU(u) (PDF) 1 2 0 2

Electronics And Communication Engineering

+
1 2

fW(w) 1 (w-1) 2

Q.32

CDF of W, fW ( w ) =
u
w

f w ( w ) dw

fW(w) 1 1 2

W is mixer random variable, it is continuous when u 1 and it is discrete when u > 1 . PDF of W , when u 1

Q.34

Answer is (B) Explanation :

1 E (W ) = w dw + p {W = 1} 2 0
w2 1 = + 2 4
0 1

fW ( w ) = fU ( u )
1 = .1 2 fW ( w ) = 1 2

du dw

(32.1) Q.35

1 1 3 + = 4 2 4

PDF of W, when u>1

fW ( w ) = p {W = 1} ( w 1) = p {1 < U 2} (W 1)
1 fW ( w ) = ( w 1) 2

Answer is (C) Explanation :

p ( X x) = p (x X x)

= p ( X x) p ( X < x)
(32.2)

= p ( X x) p ( X > x)
= p ( X x ) 1 p ( X x )

total PDF of W,
1 , 0 < w <1 2 fW ( w ) = 1 ( w 1) , w =1 2

= p ( X x) 1 + p ( X x) = 2 p ( X x) 1 = 2 FX ( x ) 1
Answer is (C)

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Q.36 Explanation :
p ( X > x) = 1 p ( X x)

Random Variable

Q.39

Answer is (D) Explanation : The roots of the quadratic equation x 2 + Bx + 1 = 0 are x1,2 = B B2 4 B B = 1 2 2 2
2

p ( X x) p ( X > x)
= 1 2 p ( X x ) 1

= 2 2 p ( X x)
= 2 1 FX ( x )

The roots will be real if and only if the discriminant is greater or equal to zero, i.e.

Q.37

Answer is (A) Explanation :

B 1 0 2
or B 2 4 Equivalently, when either B 2 or B 2. For B ( 3,3) , real roots will occur when either

p ( X = x) = p ( x < X x) = p ( X x) p ( X < x) = p ( X x) p ( X > x)

= p ( X x ) 1 p ( X x )

B ( 3, 2] or B [ 2,3) . Let A be the event that

x 2 + Bx + 1 = 0 has real roots, then
P ( A ) = p ({3 < B 2} {2 B < 3} )

= p ( X x) + p ( X x) 1 = FX ( x ) + FX ( x ) 1
Q.38 Answer is (D) Explanation : Area under the curve of PDF is unity.

= p ( 3 < B 2 ) + p ( 2 B < 3)
Since B is uniformly distributed in (-3, 3), then
1 , b ( 3, 3) fB (b ) = 6 0, otherwise

FX ( x ) dx = 1
c 1 x2 dx = 1

and p ( A) =
2 1 = 6 3
2

1 1 1 1 6 db + 6 db = 6 (1) + 6 (1) 3 2

Let x = sin , then dx = cos d and

c 1 x dx
2

c 1 sin
2

cos d

Q.40

Answer is (A) Explanation :

y = e X = g ( x ) = is a monotonically increasing function

=c
= c

cos d cos

fX ( x) dg ( x ) fY ( y ) = dx
x = g 1 ( y )

1 = c
c= 1

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=

Electronics And Communication Engineering

fX ( x) d ex dx

( )

=
x = ln y

f X ( ln y ) e
ln y

f X ( ln y ) y

f tx W

( w) dw = t x e w dw, t x

= e w t x
tx = e ( ), t x

4 ( ln y )3 , = 15 y 0,

y e, e2

Now, x > t , t x < 0 and W 0

FX ( x, t ) = p (W t x ) = p (W 0 )
= e w dw = 1
0

otherwise

Q.41

Answer is (C) CDF of Z is

FZ ( z ) = p ( X z ) = p 1 z X 1 + z = FX 1 + z FX 1 z

)
Q.43

e ( t x ) , t x FX ( x, t ) = t<x 1, Answer is (A) Explanation :

E Y ( t ) = E X ( t ) cos (o t + ) = E X ( t ) E cos (o t + )

Now,
fZ ( z ) = d FZ ( z ) dz

dFX 1 + z dz
dFX 1 + z dx

) dFX (1 z )
dz

Since X(t) and cos (ot + ) are independent, Now, E cos (o t + ) =

2

) dx dFX (1 z ) dx
dz dx dz

= fX 1+ z
fz ( z ) = f X

d 1+ z dz

) f

(1 z )
( )

d 1 z dz

)
Q.44

1 cos (o t + ) d = 0 2

E Y ( t ) = 0
Answer is (A) Explanation : to compute the total average power of Y(t), we need to calculate RY ( ) since
E Y 2 ( t ) = RY ( 0 ) , assuming Y ( t ) is WSS .
RY ( t1 , t2 ) = E X ( t1 ) cos (o t1 ) X ( t2 ) cos (o t2 )

1 1+ z fx 1 z 2 z 2 z

1 fX 1+ z + fX 1 z 2 z

3 3 2 1 + z + 1 z , z ( 0,1) = 15 z 0, otherwise

) (

or
RY ( ) = 1 RX ( ) cos (o ) 2

Answer is (B) Q.42 Explanation :

FX ( x, t ) = p X ( t ) x = p [t W x ]

1 1 1 E Y 2 ( t ) = RY ( 0 ) = RX ( 0 ) = E X 2 ( t ) = 1 2 2 2

= p [W t x ]

1 W 2

Answer is (C)

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LOGIC GATE
Q.45 Explanation :
W(t) h(t)

Random Variable

Y(t)

200 = 100 2 + 104

Y ( t ) = h (t ) W ( t ) =

h ( )W ( t ) d

1 t H ( ) = F {h ( t )} = F e RC u ( t ) = j + 1 RC
H ( ) =
2

E Y 2 ( t ) = E h ( ) W ( t ) d h ( ) W ( t ) d
= E h ( ) h ( ) W ( t )W ( t ) d d

1 1 j + j + RC RC

2 +

1 RC

If

h ( )W ( t ) d < ,

then

1 1 SY ( ) = 2 104 2 2 4 1 + 10 2 + RC k k = 2 104 2 2 + 104 1 2 + RC

k= 1 1 10 4 RC
2

E Y 2 ( t ) =

E {h ( ) h ( )W ( t )W ( t )}d d

h ( ) h ( ) E {W ( t )W ( t )} d d
h ( ) h ( ) RW ( ) d d

and

h ( ) h ( )o ( ) d d

Thus,

RY ( ) = F 1 {SY ( )}
RC

= o

h ( ) h ( ) ( ) d d
2

RC e = 2 104 k 2

1 100| | e 200

and

= o

h ( ) d
Q.47

1 RC E Y 2 ( t ) = RY ( 0 ) = 2 104 k = 100 2 200

Answer is (C) Explanation :
1 RC 1 E Y 2 ( t ) = 2 104 2 2 200 1 104 RC

Q.46

Answer is (C) Explanation : We know that

RY = h ( ) h ( ) RX ( )
and SY ( ) = H ( ) S X ( )
2

Now,

S X ( ) = F { RX ( )} = F 100 e100| |

1 1 RC = 2 104 100 1 100 + 1 200 100 RC RC RC

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LOGIC GATE
100 RC E Y 2 ( t ) = 1 100 + RC
100 RC 100 = 1 100 + RC

Electronics And Communication Engineering

Q.51

Explanation :
SY ( f ) = H ( f ) S X ( f )
2

Q.52

Answer is (B) Explanation : E Y 2 ( t ) = RY ( 0 ) =

100

SY ( f ) df = 2 SY ( f ) df
0

100 ( RC ) 10 RC 100 = 0
2 4

to get RC, we must obtain the positive root of the quadratic equation, i.e,

=2

(100 )2 + ( 2 f )2 df 0
100

104

RC1,2 =

104 108 + 4 104 = 100 01, 0 01 200

= 2 104

RC = 100.01
Q.48 Answer is (C) Explanation :
S X ( f ) = F { R X ( )} = 1 e 2
2 f 4 ,V

(100 )2 + ( 2 f )2 df 0
100

2 104 1 2 = tan f 2 100 0 200

f

106 1 106 tan ( 2 ) 0 = 2 tan 1 ( 2 ) 2

Q.49

Answer is (A) Explanation :

SY ( f ) = H ( f ) S X ( f )
2

= 1 122 107 W

Q.53

Answer is (A) Explanation :

S ( f ) , | f | 2 SY ( f ) = X otherwise 0,

FZ ( z ) = f X ( z ) fY ( z )
1 1 = u ( z + 2 ) u ( z 2 ) u ( z + 2 ) u ( z 2 ) 2 2
= 1 1 1 r ( z + 4) r ( z ) + r ( z 4) 4 2 4

Q.50

Answer is (A) Explanation :

RXY ( ) = h ( ) RX ( ) Thus
S XY ( f ) = F { R XY ( )} = F {h ( ) R X ( )} = H ( f ) S X ( f

Answer is (D)

1 = SX ( f ) 100 + j 2 f

104 , | f | 100 = 100 + j 2 f 0, otherwise

Answer is (B)

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