HexForce Technical Fabrics Handbook

Technical Fabrics Handbook
HexForce Reinforcements
Woven Fabrics Unidirectional Fabrics Glass Carbon Aramid Hybrids
REINFORCEMENTS FOR COMPOSITES

MANUFACTURING, SALES AND CUSTOMER SERVICE Seguin, Texas 1913 N. King St. Seguin, TX 78155 United States Telephone: (830) 379-1580 Fax: (830) 379-9544 Customer Service Toll Free: 1 (866) 601-5430 Technical Service: 1 (830) 401-8180 MANUFACTURING Les Avenieres, France Z.I. Les Nappes 38630 Les Avenieres France For European sales ofce numbers and a full address list, please go to: www.hexcel.com/contact/salesofces
www.hexcel.com
INDUSTRIAL DISCLAIMER
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For Industrial Use Only - In determining whether the material is suitable for a particular application, such factors as overall product design and the processing and environmental conditions to which it will be subjected should be considered by the User. The following is made in lieu of all warranties, expressed or implied: Sellers only obligations shall be to replace such quantity of this product which has proven to not substantially comply with the data presented in this bulletin. In the event of the discovery of a nonconforming product, Seller shall not be liable for any commercial loss or damage, direct or consequential arising out of the use of or the inability to use the product. Before using, User shall determine the suitability of the product for his intended use and User assumes all risks and liability whatsoever in connection therein. Statements relating to possible use of our product are not guarantees that such use is free of patent infringement or that they are approved for such use by any government agency. The foregoing may not be changed except by an agreement signed by an ofcer of Seller.
Kevlar is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours. S Glass is a registered trademark of AGY Holding Corporation Twaron is a registered trademark of Teijin Twaron USA, Inc.
Company ........................................................................... 4 Parameters for Woven Fabric Selection ............................ 5 The Process - Converting Yarn to Fabric ........................... 8 CARBON FIBER FABRICS .............................................. 11 Carbon Fabric Nomenclature....................................... 14 Physical Properties of Selected PAN Carbon Fibers ... 16 PrimeTex ZB Fabrics .................................................. 18 FDS (Fabric De-Size) .......................................................... 24 Carbon Fabrics Construction Data-Hexcel Fibers ....... 26 Aerospace Carbon Fabric Construction Data .............. 30 Commercial Carbon Fabric Construction Data ........... 31 Heatset Uni Construction Data .................................... 33 SPECIALTY AND HYBRID COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENTS .................................................... 35 Specialty and Hybrid Reinforcement Materials ........... 36 Lightning Strike Fabrics ............................................... 38 Hybrid Composite Fabrics ........................................... 39 Specialty Fabrics ......................................................... 40 FIBER GLASS FABRICS .............................................. 41 Physical Properties of Fiber Glass ............................... 42 Industrial Applications .................................................. 44 Fiber Glass Yarn Nomenclature ................................... 46 Glass Composition (Table I) ......................................... 47 Basic Glass Yarn Strands (Table II) .............................. 48 Ultra High Performance Glass Products ...................... 49 Surfboard and Recreation ............................................ 51 Fiber Glass Fabric Finishes ......................................... 52 Others Finishes and Special Processes ...................... 55 FIBER GLASS FABRIC CONSTRUCTION DATA ......... 57 Fiber Glass Fabrics ...................................................... 58 Fiber Glass Fabric Weight Index .................................. 72 Fiber Glass Fabric Thickness Index ............................ 76 ARAMID FABRICS ........................................................... 81 Physical Properties of Aramid Fabrics ......................... 82 Applications of Aramid Fabrics ................................... 83 Aramid Fibers Nomenclature ....................................... 84 Aramid Fabric Finishes ................................................ 85 ARAMID FABRIC CONSTRUCTION DATA ..................... 87 Aramid Fabrics Styles ................................................. 88 TECHNICAL REFERENCE .............................................100 SPECIFICATIONS .......................................................... 106 CONVERSIONS ..............................................................109
COMPANY PROFILE
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Hexcel Corporation is a leading advanced composites company. It develops, manufactures and markets lightweight, high-performance structural materials; including carbon fibers, reinforcements, prepregs, honeycomb, matrix systems, adhesives and composite structures, used in commercial aerospace, space and defense and industrial applications such as wind turbines. As the most vertically integrated supplier in the industry, Hexcel is better able to control the cost, quality and delivery of its products. Vertical integration also means that we can offer enhanced design flexibility and support to our customers worldwide. Hexcels research and technology function supports our businesses worldwide with a highly developed expertise in materials science, textiles, process engineering and polymer chemistry. Hexcel manufactures a wide range of reinforcements for the manufacture of structural composites, used in aerospace, military, transportation and industrial applications. Reinforcements in the form of fabrics or non-wovens are made using a variety of high performance fibers, including glass, carbon, aramids, and specialty reinforcements.
PARAMETERS FOR WOVEN FABRIC SELECTION

In selecting a woven fabric for industrial applications, a number of design parameters may be considered. These are broken down into four basic variables: yarn weight, thread count, weave pattern and fabric nish. The wide range of yarn weights provides the base for fabric design. Yarn weight, combined with thread count [the number of warp ends (lengthwise) and lling picks (widthwise) per inch] determines the strength, weight and thickness of the fabric. Basic weaving concepts are utilized in the manufacture of ber glass and high performance fabrics. The technology, however, is advanced to incorporate specialized precision equipment to meet the exacting demands of modern industry. Almost any weave can be woven; however, for industrial purposes there are six basic patterns as described below.
Plain The plain weave consists of yarns interlaced in an alternating fashion one over and one under every other yarn. The plain weave provides good fabric stability but is generally the least pliable.
Basket The basket weave is similar to the plain weave except that two or more warp yarns and two or more lling yarns are alternately interlaced over and under each other. The basket weave is more pliable, atter and stronger than the plain weave, but is not as stable. Leno The leno weave is used where relatively low numbers of yarns are involved. The leno weave locks the yarns in place by crossing two or more warp threads over each other and interlacing with one or more lling threads. Four Harness Satin (Crowfoot) The four harness satin weave is more pliable than the plain weave and is easier to conform to curved surfaces typical in reinforced plastics. In this weave pattern there is a three-by-one interfacing where a filling yarn floats over three warp yarns and under one.
Eight Harness Satin The eight harness satin is similar to the four harness satin except that one lling yarn oats over seven warp yarns and under one. This is a very pliable weave and is used for forming over curved surfaces. Twill Weave The twill weave is more pliable than the plain weave and has better drapability while maintaining more fabric stability than a four or eight harness satin weave. The weave pattern is characterized by a diagonal rib created by one warp yarn floating over at least two lling yarns
THE PROCESS
8 CONVERTING YARN TO FABRIC
1. Warping
The first step in the warping stage is beaming, where purchased yarn is transferred from the bobbin creel to section beams. Most input yarn is in singles form; however, some yarn is twisted and plied together to yield unique properties. The section beams constitute the machine direction or thread sheet segment of yarn in the loom. Several section beams are produced and consolidated into a group called a set, which provides the input for the slashing process.
2. Slashing
The slashing process combines the warp ends of the sets multiple section beams into a single beam for weaving called a warp or loom beam. Sizing is applied to the threadsheet filaments and to avoid abrasion of individual strands.
3. Entering
The final stage of preparation is entering, where the warp is set up for installation in the loom. A warp can contain over 4,500 individual ends, depending on the design of the style. Each warp end is drawn through a drop wire, heddles and a reed, either by hand or by machine. These parts work together to mechanically arrange and control the warp yarn spreadsheet during the weaving process on the loom.
4. Weaving
After the warp beam is installed in the loom, then either rapier technology for heavy fabrics, or air jet technology for lighter fabrics is used to interlace the filling yarns at 90 degree angles to the warp ends on the loom. The fabric, called greige or loom state, is then wound onto a roll or steel drums called mandrels, and the weaving process is complete.
5. Heat Cleaning
The next stage is batch oven cleaning, where the mandrels are placed on racks, loaded into large ovens, and exposed to high temperatures until all organic binders are removed and a pure clean glass fabric is produced. Organic, polymer-based fabrics are not exposed to this process (fabrics of Kevlar / Twaron fibers).
6. Finishing
In the finishing stage a coupling agent (finish) or chemical treatment is applied to the fabric, and the finished glass is ready for use. The finish serves to provide optimum adhesion between the fiber surface and the matrix resin, to provide fabric stability and protection (weave set), or to provide chemical protection and resistance.
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CARBON FIBER FABRICS
CARBON FABRICS
Hexcel manufactures the most complete line of carbon fabrics and specialty reinforcements for the composite industry and offers a thorough line of globally certified aerospace products. Carbon fiber reinforcements, when properly engineered into the appropriate matrix, can achieve one of the strongest and most rigid composite structures available with significant weight savings when compared to metals and other materials. In addition to the high strength-to-weight ratio, carbon fiber reinforcements are thermally and electrically conductive, have very low CTE and excellent fatigue resistance. Hexcel Corporation can provide users with a wide variety of commercially available fabrics and specialty reinforcements with different ranges of tensile strength, modulus, and thermal/electrical conductivities. Our fabric product line includes traditional 0/90 fabrics, +/-45 degree fabrics, flat-tow 12K fabrics, heat-set uni-directional fabrics, multi layered stitch bonded fabrics, lightning strike (LS) fabrics, double-weave fabrics, and hybrid (multiple fibers) fabrics woven with standard modulus or IM fibers. Many of these fabrics are qualified to major aerospace programs with listings on specifications such as BMS9-8, BMS9-17, 5PTMCT01, LMACT01, etc. and are available with our enhanced surface treatments such as PrimeTex ZB.
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Our Specialty Reinforcements product line includes a number of different technologies that produce an endless variety of carbon-reinforced designs for preform products and your composite needs. (See Specialty Reinforcements Materials in this section) Hexcels staff, with expertise in the areas of textile development, finishing technology, resin chemistry, composite technology, and applications engineering, is readily available to investigate development requirements for engineered fabrics, coated fabrics, and specialty composite-reinforced structures. Often a process is limited by the use of off-the-shelf textile reinforcements. Hexcel offers the development consultation services required to best tailor the textile component to the final product. Throughout Hexcels history our product development staff has worked closely with our customers to create innovative solutions to unique requirements. For Technical questions, dial (830) 401-8180.
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CARBON FABRICS NOMENCLATURE

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Carbon fabrics from Hexcel have a specific nomenclature which enables us to know the fiber used and the weave style as well as any tracers, tracer fiber and the tracer spacing if in the fabric. This nomenclature is referred to as the description on our fabric label that is placed on each box of carbon fabric. Here are some examples of the nomenclature for the US and Europe: US EXAMPLES: SGP203CSDL means: S = IM7 Type Fabric GP = GP sizing 203 = 203 gsm fabric CS = Crowfoot Satin (4 Harness Satin Weave) D = SCG 75 1/0 0.7z 933 L = Tracer yarn every 12 in warp, 6 in fill F3B282(GP) means: F = Fabric 3B = 3K AS4C 28 2= Style 282 (193 gsm) (GP) = GP sizing (This style has no tracers) AGP280-5HAB means: A = AS4 Type Fabric GP = GP sizing 280 = 280 gsm fabric 5H = 5 Harness Satin Weave A =195d. 1.7s t.965 Kevlar B = Tracer yarn every 3 in warp, none in fill
EUROPEAN EXAMPLES: 48193S-P means: 4 = Carbon 8 = 12K 193 = Weight of fabric in gsm S = 12K AS4CGP FLAT TOW P = Plain 48370S-2T means: 4 = Carbon 8 = 12K 370 = Weight of fabric in gsm S = 12K AS4CGP FLAT TOW 2T = 2/2 Twill 43193 S 1070 TCT means: 4 = Carbon 3 = 3K 193 = Weight of fabric in gsm S = 3K AS4 GP 1070 = 1070mm width T = Tracers C = Tracers in warp T = Tracers in fill
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PAN Carbon Fibers Data

Tensile Strength (ksi) 644 647/626/649 647/626/634 689 700 833 770/822 885 890 1010 545 620 44.0 44.0 44.0 33.5 37.0 40.0 40.5 35.0 35.5 1.80 1.80 1.90 1.80/1.90 1.80 1.90 2.10 1.60 1.70 33.5 1.80 33.5 1.80 32.0 1.90 Tensile Modulus (msi) Elongation (%) Density (g/c3) 1.80 1.78/1.78/1.79 1.78 1.79 1.79 1.76 1.78 1.78 1.80 1.79 1.76 1.76
Producer
Fiber Name
Availability (laments/tow)
Hexcel
AS2C
3K
AS4
3K, 6K, 12K
AS4C
3K, 6K, 12K
AS4D
12K
AS7
12K
IM6
12K
IM7
6K, 12K
IM8
12K
IM9
12K
IM10
12K
Cytec
T300
1K, 3K, 6K, 12K
T650/35
3K, 6K, 12K
Toray 711 796 580/575 575/555 575/575 705/705 735 825 465 610 630 620 615 580 34.3 34.3 34.3 35.1 35.0 51.2 42.0 35.3 35.2/35.2 34.5/34.3 1.65/1.65 2.00/2.00 2.09 1.97 0.91 1.78 1.82 1.80 1.75 1.60 34.5/34.6 1.67/1.74 34.5/34.6 1.69/1.57 42.6 1.90 1.81 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.80 33.4 2.10 1.80
T300
1K, 3K, 6K, 12K
512
33.4
1.50
1.76
T700
6K, 12K, 24K
T800
6K, 12K
Toho Tenax
HTA40
3K H13/E13
HTA40
6K H13/E13
HTA40
12K H13/E13
UTS50
12K E13/F13
UTS50
24K
IMS60
24K
HMA35
12K
HTS40
3K
HTS40
6K
HTS40
12K
STS40
24K
Tairyfil
TC-35
12K
Actual values may vary. For additional information, please contact a Technical Service Representative at (830) 401-8180.
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PRIMETEX ZB FABRICS
In many end products it is desirable to have a lower crimp fabric to reduce resin rich areas. Hexcels PrimeTex ZB finishing process for carbon fabrics will give you a more uniform spread where the filaments in each tow are spread out creating a thinner and more closed fabric that can give you better mechanicals and less porosity in a composite as well as a uniform cosmetic appearance. PrimeTex ZB can also be used to lower the mass in a composite where lighter weight is the key characteristic. We have the capability to provide this technology from both our US and European facilities. To understand the PrimeTex ZB process, the following chart will show the same style woven with a variety of fibers, the fabric closure as it comes off the loom, and the fabric closure after going through the PrimeTex ZB process:
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PrimeTex 200 GSM

Loom-Fabric Closure 90.0% 92.5% 90.7% 90.7% 91.5% 91.5% 89.5% 93.0% 93.0% <99% <99% <99% <99% <99% <99% <99% <99% <99% After Spreading-Fabric Closure
3K Plain Weave Closure Comparison
Designation
Fiber
43199 9 1250
Grafil TR30S 3K A
43199 UB 1250
HexTow AS2 J 3K HS CP3000
43199 UE 1250
HexTow AS4C GP 3K HS CP3000
43199 SB 1250
HexTow AS4C GP 3K HS CP4000
43199 D 1250
Tenax E HTA40 E13 3K
43199 DA 1250
Tenax E HTA40 E13 3K
43199 K 1250
Thornel T650/35 3K UC309 GV2
43199 B 1250
Torayca FT300B 3k 40B
43199 6 1250
Torayca T300B 3k 40B L2
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In addition to the chart above comparing the same style with different fibers, here are some examples of the various fabrics before and after the PrimeTex ZB process:
20 200 GSM Plain Weave AS2C J 3K CP3000

Before PrimeTex ZB After PrimeTex ZB
HexForce 43199 UB 1250-92.5% Closure
PrimeTex 43199 UB 1250 ST- 99.5% Closure
193 GSM, 2/2 Twill T700 12K Before PrimeTex ZB
After PrimeTex ZB
HexForce 48194 C 1270-<95% Closure
PrimeTex 48194 C 1270 ST->99.7% Closure
Hexcel has established the PrimeTex ZB process on several fabrics in both the US and Europe. On the following pages are products that the US and Europe currently offer with this process. This is not a complete listing so please contact a Technical Service Representative at (830) 401-8180 if you need information on a style that is not listed here.
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PrimeTex ZB Fabric Construction

Count Fill 8 12 12 12 10 10 12.7 12.7 11 3 3 3 3K Carbon, 33MSI 6K Carbon, 40 MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 6K Carbon, 40 MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 4.78 5.78 5.78 5.78 4.72 4.72 5.90 5.90 5.78 5.70 5.70 5.70 Warp Yarn Fill Yarn Fabric Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 162 196 196 196 160 160 200 200 196 193 193 193
Style
Weave
Count Warp
262
Plain
12
282
Plain
12
284
2/2 Twill
12
286
4H Satin
12
43161
Plain
10
43162
2/2 Twill
10
43199
Plain
12.7
43200
2/2 Twill
12.7
46193
Plain
11
48192
Plain
48193
Plain
48194
2/2 Twill
48280 4.5 5 6 6.3 17 17 11 11 11 7.5 IM10 12K AS4H 6K AS4GP 6K AS4GP 6K AS4H 3K AS4H 3K AS4GP 6K AS4GP 6K AS4H 6K IM10 12K AS4GP 3K AS4GP 3K 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 10.90 11.80 8.26 8.28 10.96 10.90 10.90 5.78 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 10.20 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 8.4 285 346 370 400 280 281 372 370 370 196
Plain
12KCarbon, 33MSI
12KCarbon, 33MSI
8.26
280
48286
2/2 Twill
4.5
48350
Plain
48370
2/2 Twill
48400
Plain
6.3
AGP280-5H
5H Satin
17
AH280-5H
5H Satin
17
AGP370-2T
2/2 Twill
11
AGP370-5H
5H Satin
11
AH370-5H
5H Satin
11
TGP196-P
Plain
7.5
Actual values may vary. For additional information, please contact a Technical Service Representative at 830-401-8180.
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FDS (FABRIC DE-SIZE)

Carbon fibers are typically produced with a sizing (binder) on them which aids in processing the fibers later with less broken filaments. In some markets and for some resin systems, it is preferred not to have this chemistry on the carbon fiber surface. Hexcel has developed a proprietary de-sizing process to remove this chemical from the carbon fiber surface. Below are products we currently offer with this process. This is not a complete listing so please contact a Technical Service Representative at (830) 401-8180 if you need information on a style that is not listed here.
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FDS Fabric Construction

Count Fill 12.5 23 17 11 17 12.5 24 21 IM7GP 6K T650 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4H 6K AS4GP 6K AS4GP 6K AS4H 6K AS4CGP 3K T650 3K IM7GP 6K AS4GP 3K AS4GP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS2CJ 3K AS2CJ 3K 5.76 10.86 8.26 10.96 8.28 5.72 10.88 10.90 Warp Yarn Fill Yarn Fabric Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 195 368 280 372 281 194 369 370
Style
Weave
Count Warp
284(E)
2/2 Twill
12.5
ACGP370-8H
8H Satin
24
AGP280-5H
5H Satin
17
AGP370-2T
2/2 Twill
11
AH280-5H
5H Satin
17
F3B282(GP)
Plain
12.5
F4G584
8H Satin
24
SGP370-8H
8H Satin
21
25
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Carbon Fabric Construction Data-Hexcel Fibers

Warp Yarn AS2CGP or J 3K AS2CGP or J 3K AS2CGP or J 3K AS2CGP or J 3K AS2CJ 3K AS2CJ 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS2CJ 3K AS2CJ 3K 5.76 5.72 5.72 5.78 6.04 6.04 6.04 8.30 10.32 10.88 5.76 4.78 162 195 195 194 194 196 205 205 205 281 350 369 Fill Yarn Fabric Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) Common Style
Style 8
Weave
Count Warp
Count Fill
262(E)
4H Satin
12.5
282(E)
Plain
12.5
12.5
284(E)
2/2 Twill
12.5
12.5
286(E)
4H Satin
12.5
12.5
ACGP193-P
Plain
12.5
12.5
ACGP196-P 13 13 13 18 11 23?
Plain
12.5
12.5
ACGP205-2T
2/2 Twill
13
ACGP205-P
Plain
13
ACGP206-P
Plain
13
ACGP280-5H
5H Satin
18
ACGP350-5H
5H Satin
11
ACGP370-2T
2/2 Twill
24?
ACGP370-8H AS4CJ 3K AS4GP 3K AS4GP 3K AS4GP 3K AS4GP 3K AS4GP 3K AS4GP 6K AS4GP 6K AS4GP 3K AS4GP 6K AS4GP AS4H 6K AS4H 6K AS4GP 6K AS4GP 3K AS4GP 6K AS4GP AS4H 6K AS4H 6K AS4GP 6K AS4GP 3K 8.26 10.96 10.90 10.88 11.20 23.14 8.28 10.90 AS4GP 3K 5.70 AS4GP 3K 5.66 192 193 280 372 370 369 380 785 281 370 AS4GP 3K 5.46 185 AS4GP 3K 5.46 185 AS4CJ 3K 5.74 195
8H Satin
24
23
AS4CGP 3K
AS4CGP 3K
10.86
368
ACJ193-P 11 11
Plain
12.5
12.5
AGP185-CS
4H Satin
11
AGP185-P
Plain
11
AGP193-P
Plain
11.5
11.5
AGP195-CS 17 11 11 23
4H Satin
11.5
11.5
AGP280-5H
5H Satin
17
AGP370-2T
2/2 Twill
11
AGP370-5H
5H Satin
11
AGP370-8H
8H Satin
22
AGP380-5H 12 17 11
5H Satin
11.3
11.3
AGP790-3T
3/1 Twill
17
AH280-5H
5H Satin
17
AH370-5H
5H Satin
11
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Carbon Fabric Construction Data-Hexcel Fibers (continued)

Warp Yarn AS4GP 3K AS4GP 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CJ 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CJ 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CJ 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K IM7GP 6K IM7GP 6K AS4CJ 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CJ 3K AS4CGP 3K AS4CGP 3K IM7GP 6K IM7GP 6K AS4CGP 3K AS4CJ 3K AS4CGP 3K 4.72 4.72 5.72 5.72 5.76 5.76 5.70 5.70 5.80 8.40 AS4GP 3K 5.64 AS4GP 3k 5.70 193 191 160 160 194 194 195 195 193 193 197 285 Fill Yarn Fabric Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) Common Style
28
Style
Weave
Count Warp
Count Fill
F3A282
Plain
11.5
11.5
F3A286 8 8
4H Satin
11.5
11.5
F3B262(GP)
Plain
12.5
F3B262(J)
Plain
12.5
F3B282(GP)
Plain
12.5
12.5
F3B282(J)
Plain
12.5
12.5
F3B284(GP)
2/2 Twill
12.5
12.5
F3B284(J)
2/2 Twill
12.5
12.5
F3B286(GP)
4H Satin
12.5
12.5
F3B286(J)
4H Satin
12.5
12.5
F4M282 16
Plain
12.5
12.5
F4M466
5H Satin
16
F6B613(GP) 11 8 11 11 IM7GP 6K IM7GP 6K IM7GP IM7GP 6K IM7GP IM7GP 6K IM10GP 12K AS4GP 3K IM7GP 6K IM7GP 6K IM7GP IM7GP 6K IM10GP 12K AS4GP 3K IM7GP 6K IM7GP 6K 8.38 6.02 5.88 IM7GP 6K IM7GP IM7GP 6K 8.00 8.08 8.26 9.26 10.90 IM7GP 6K 6.02 IM7GP 6K IM7GP 6K 5.78 196 204 271 274 280 314 370 0 284 204 199 IM7GP 6K IM7GP 6K 5.70 193 IM7GP 6K IM7GP 6K 4.26 144 IM8GP 6K IM8GP 6K 5.72 194
5H Satin
12
12
AS4CGP 6K
AS4CGP 6K
11.26
382
HGP196-P
Plain
11
SGP145-P
Plain
SGP193-P
Plain
11
SGP196-P
Plain
11
SGP203-CS
4H Satin
11.5
11.5
SGP273-5H 8 16 9 21 7.5 34 12
5H Satin
15.5
15.5
SGP275-5H
5H Satin
SGP280-5H
5H Satin
16
SGP315-5H
5H Satin
SGP370-8H
8H Satin
21
TGP196-P
Plain
7.5
XAGP280-5H
45 5H Satin
34
XC1400
45 4H Satin
12
XSGP196-P
45 Plain
22.5
22.5
29
30
Aerospace Carbon Fabric Construction Data

Warp Yarn HTA40 3K T300 3K T300 3K T300 3K T650 3K HTA40 3K T650 3K HTA40 3K T300 3K T300 3K T300 3K T650 3K HTA40 3K T650 3K HTA40 3K T300 3K T300 3K T300 3K T650 3K T650 3K T300 3K T300 3K 5.66 5.70 5.70 8.30 8.40 10.80 10.74 10.72 10.76 10.88 T300 3K 5.70 HTA40 3K 5.76 195 193 192 193 193 281 285 366 364 363 365 369 Fill Yarn Fabric Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) Common Style
Style
Weave
Count Warp
Count Fill
F3C282
Plain
12.5
12.5
F3G282
Plain
12.5
12.5
F3GR282
Plain
12.5
12.5
F3T282
Plain
12.5
12.5
F4G282 18 18 24 24 24 24 24
Plain
12.5
12.5
F3C433
5H Satin
18
F4G433
5H Satin
18
F3C584
8H Satin
24
F3G584
8H Satin
24
F3GR584
8H Satin
24
F3T584
8H Satin
24
F4G584
8H Satin
24
Commercial Carbon Fabric Construction Data

Warp Yarn 1K Carbon, 33MSI 1K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 6K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 6K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 3K Carbon, 33MSI 4.78 5.78 5.78 5.78 8.40 8.40 8.40 11.00 1K Carbon, 33MSI 3.92 1K Carbon, 33MSI 3.74 127 133 162 196 196 196 285 285 285 373 1K Carbon, 33MSI 2.48 84 Fill Yarn Fabric Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) Common Style
Style
Weave
Count Warp
Count Fill
84
Plain
16
16
130
Plain
24
24
160
Plain
12
12
262
Plain
12
282
Plain
12
12
284
2/2 Twill
12
12
286
4H Satin
12
12
433
5H Satin
18
18
444
2/2 Twill
18
18
463
2/2 Twill
584
8H Satin
24
24
31
Commercial Carbon Fabric Construction Data (continued)

Warp Yarn 6K Carbon, 33MSI 12K Carbon, 33MSI 12K Carbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12KCarbon, 33MSI 12K Carbon, 33MSI 18.70 5.70 8.26 10.20 10.90 12K Carbon, 33MSI 19.80 6K Carbon, 33MSI 11.10 376 671 634 193 280 346 370 Fill Yarn Fabric Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) Common Style
32
Style
Weave
Count Warp
Count Fill
613
5H Satin
12
12
670
2/2 Twill
11
11
690
Basket 2X2
10
10
48193
Plain
48280
Plain
48350
Plain
48370
2/2 Twill
Heatset Uni Construction Data

Warp Yarn 3K Carbon, 33MSI 6K Carbon, 33MSI Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary 7.90 9.10 13.20 14.16 14.15 13.40 15.70 17.70 6.66 Proprietary 4.61 156 226 268 309 448 480 480 454 532 600 Proprietary 3.13 106 Fill Yarn Fabric Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) Common Style
Style
Weave
Count Warp
Count Fill
GA030
Plain Heatset
13
GA045
Plain Heatset
10
GA060
Plain Heatset
12K Carbon, 33MSI
GA080
Plain Heatset
12K Carbon, 33MSI
GA090
Plain Heatset
10
12K Carbon, 33MSI
GA120
Plain Heatset
13
12K Carbon, 33MSI
GA130
Plain Heatset
14
12K Carbon, 33MSI
GA132
Plain Heatset
14
12K Carbon, 33MSI
GA140
Plain Heatset
14
12K Carbon, 33MSI
GA160
Plain Heatset
16
12K Carbon, 33MSI
GA180
Plain Heatset
19
12K Carbon, 33MSI
33
34
Heatset Uni Construction Data (continued)

Warp Yarn Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary 8.50 12.81 6.18 9.10 6.60 4.82 163 224 288 434 210 309 Fill Yarn Fabric Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) Common Style
Style
Weave
Count Warp
Count Fill
SA047
Plain Heatset
10
SA060
Plain Heatset
13
SA083
Plain Heatset
11
SA120
Plain Heatset
16
KA060
Plain Heatset
20
KA090
Plain Heatset
10
SCG 1250 Roving 463 SCG 1250 Roving 463 SCG 750 Roving 463 SCG 750 Roving 463 HM Aramid 2160 Denier HM Aramid 8050 dtex
35
SPECIALTY AND HYBRID COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENTS
SPECIALTY AND HYBRID REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS

NC2-ADVANCED NON-CRIMP FABRIC: Patented multi-axial material with potential advantages and capabilities: use large tow fibers, lower aerial weight plys (even with large tow fibers), and binder application to individual plys. Available for non-aerospace applications.
36
Rolls up to 100 inches wide 2-4 Plys (angles 0 and between 45 and 90) Ply aerial weights down to 100 gsm Stitch pattern variability TACKIFIED (POWDERED) FABRICS: Binder is applied to fabric to aid in the infusion process. It is generally applied at 2.5 percent on either one side or both sides of the fabric. DRY UNI-DIRECTIONAL MATERIAL: Dry UD products are suitable for many applications including preform construction. Various processes are used to hold the fibers in place depending on the applications and requirements.
LIGHTNING STRIKE FABRICS

Hexcel has carbon fabrics with interwoven wires for lightning strike applications where both structural integrity and lightning protection are required in a single ply. Standard plain weave designs are available (IWWF) where the wire is woven inside the weave next to an adjacent carbon tow, as well as the more elaborate pattern designs like our patent pending double weave, where the woven wire is 92 percent on the surface of the carbon weave.
37
Plain Weave 70 g wire interwoven 193 g 6K fabric
92% of wire positioned on top of carbon
38
Lightning Strike Fabrics

Fill Yarn(1) Fill Yarn (2) Construction Total Fabric Weight
Style
Weave
Warp Yarn(1)
Warp Yarn(2)
AGP193PBLS IM7GP 6K IM7GP 6K AS4GP 3K Phos/Bnz Phos/Bnz Phos/Bnz
Plain
AS4GP 3K
Phos/Bnz
AS4GP 3K
Phos/Bnz
11.5:11.5 X 11.5:11.5 11.2:11.2 x 11.2:11.2 11.2:11.2 x 11.2:11.2 11.5:11.5 x 11.5:11.5
261 g/m2 260 g/m2 260 g/m2 260 g/m2
XLS9103
Plain
IM7GP 6K
Phos/Bnz
XLS9104
Dbl Plain
IM7GP 6K
Phos/Bnz
XLS9123
Plain
AS4GP 3K
Phos/Bnz
Hybrid Composite Fabrics

Warp Yarn 3K Carbon, 33 MSI 3K Carbon, 33 MSI 3K Carbon, 33 MSI 3K Carbon, 33 MSI Kevlar 49, 2160 d SCG 150 1/2 ECG 37 1/0x2 Kevlar 49, 2160 d. 6.70 7.44 3.70 7.30 SCG 75 1/0 4.99 ECG 75 1/0 4.99 169 169 227 252 125 248 Fill Yarn Fabric Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) Common Style
Style
Weave
Count Warp
Count Fill
716
Plain
16
16
717
Plain
16
16
790
Plain
12.5
13
1168 SCG 150 1/2 1K Carbon, 33MSI ECG 37 1/0x2 3K Carbon, 33 MSI
2/2 Twill
7.25 7.25
7.25 7.25
3K Carbon, 33 MSI Kevlar 49, 2160 d.
1119
Plain
20 4
22
1320
Modified Plain
12.5 6.25
25
39
40
Specialty Fabrics
Warp Yarn Fill Yarn Fabric Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) Thickness (mils) (mm)
Style
Weave
Count Warp
Count Fill
Common Style
TEF7 ECG 150 1/2 8.38 283 9.0
5 H Stain
32
30
Thorstrand + ECG 150 1/0 8.57 291 11.4
Thorstrand + ECG 450 1/0
0.29 0.23
1B301 F48
4 H Satin
54
50
ECG 75 1/0
41
FIBER GLASS FABRICS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBER GLASS

The versatility of glass as a fiber makes it a unique industrial textile material. Fiber glass in fabric form offers an excellent combination of properties from high strength to fire resistance. Wide ranges of yarn sizes and weave patterns provide unlimited design potential, allowing the end user to choose the best combination of material performance, economics and product flexibility. Dimensional Stability Fiber glass is a dimensionally stable engineering material. Fiber glass does not stretch or shrink after exposure to extremely high or low temperature. The maximum elongation for E glass at break is 4.8 percent with a 100 percent elastic recovery when stressed close to its point of rupture. Moisture Resistance Glass fibers do not absorb moisture, and do not change physically or chemically when exposed to water. High Strength The high strength-to-weight ratio of fiber glass makes it a superior material in applications where high strength and minimum weight are required. In textile form, this strength can be unidirectional or bidirectional, allowing flexibility in design and cost. Fire Resistance Fiber glass is an inorganic material and will not burn or support combustion. It retains approximately 25 percent of its initial strength at 1,000F.
42
Chemical Resistance Most chemicals have little or no effect on glass fiber. The inorganic glass textile fibers will not mildew, rot or deteriorate. Glass fibers are affected by hydrofluoric, hot phosphoric acids and strong alkaline substances. Electrical Properties Fiber glass is an excellent material for electrical insulation. The combination of properties such as low moisture absorption, high strength, heat resistance and low dielectric constant makes fiber glass fabrics ideal as a reinforcement for printed circuit boards and insulating varnishes. Thermal Conductivity A low coefficient of thermal expansion combined with high thermal conductivity properties make glass fabrics a dimensionally stable material that rapidly dissipates heat as compared to asbestos and organic fibers.
43
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS FOR FIBER GLASS FABRIC

Fiber glass fabrics are used in a wide range of industrial applications. High strength, dimensional stability, design flexibility and excellent electrical properties are some of the characteristics that ensure optimum performance and economy with this highly engineered material. Reinforced Plastics Fiber glass fabrics used as reinforcement for plastics have replaced traditional materials such as wood, steel, and aluminum in a vast array of products. The inherent strength, light weight, dimensional stability and low tooling costs derived from fiber glass reinforced plastics help make many products more durable, attractive and maintenance free. Electrical Fiber glass fabrics offer outstanding performance to the electrical industry. High strength, dimensional stability, temperature resistance and excellent electrical properties provide the basis for use as the prime reinforcement in high pressure laminates for printed circuit boards. Fiber glass fabrics coated with chemistry such as epoxy, silicone, rubber, Teflon and neoprene, as well as reinforcing mica products, provide the long term durability and reliability needed in insulating high voltage generators, transformers, switches and cables.
44
Coated and Laminated Fabrics High strength, dimensional stability, fire resistance and low cost are some of the advantages of using fiber glass fabrics to reinforce foils, plastic film and coatings. Protective covers, vapor barriers, window shades, movie screens, packaging tapes, awnings, protective clothing, gaskets, wall covering and conveyor belts are just some of the products that are improved through the use of fiber glass fabrics. Thermal Insulation Strength retention at high temperatures, corrosion and fire resistance, and ease of handling make fiber glass fabrics an important material for thermal insulation. Both the U.S. Navy and commercial shipyards use fiber glass fabrics almost exclusively as pipe lagging and for thermal pad covers. Construction From pipe wrap to wallboard seaming tape, fiber glass fabrics can be found throughout the construction industry. Fiber glass scrim is used to reinforce paper and film for insulation facings and to provide dimensional stability to asphalt used on roofing, roadways and bridge decks. Fabric structures such as tennis courts, sports centers and football stadiums use coated fiber glass fabrics as an economical way to encapsulate space.
45
FIBER GLASS YARN NOMENCLATURE

The wide variety of fiber glass yarns produced requires a special system of nomenclature for identification. This nomenclature consists of two partsone alphabetical and one numerical. In addition, although the final result is the same, there are differences between the customary U.S. Systems and the TEX/Metric System. U.S. System Example: ECG 150-1/2 A. First Letter - E characterizes the glass composition (see Table I). B. Second Letter - C indicates the yarn is composed of continuous filaments. S indicates staple filament. T indicates texturized continuous filaments. C. Third Letter - Denotes the individual filament diameter: BC, D, DE, E, G, H, K (see Table II). D. First Number - Represents 1/100 the normal bare glass yardage in one pound of the basic yarn strand. In the above example, multiply 150 by 100 which results in 15,000 yards in one pound (see Table II). E. Second Number - Represents the number of basic strands in the yarn. The first digit represents the original number of twisted strands. The second digit separated by the diagonal represents the number of strands plied (or twisted) together. To find the total number of strands used in a yarn, multiply the first digit by the second digit (a zero is always multiplied as 1).
46
TEX/Metric System Example: EC9 33 1X2 A. First Letter - E characterizes the glass composition (see Table I). B. Second Letter - C indicates continuous filament. T indicates textured continuous filament. D indicates staple filament. C. First Number - Denotes the individual filament diameter (see Table II) expressed in micrometers (microns). D. Second Number - Represents the non-linear weight of the bare glass strand expressed in TEX. TEX is the mass in grams per 1,000 meters of yarn (see Table II). E. Third Number - Indicates yarn construction or the basic number of strands in the yarn. The first digit represents the original number of twisted strands and the second digit after the X indicates the number of these strands twisted or plied together.
47
TABLE I Glass CompositionBy Weight

Composition Silicon Dioxide Calcium Oxide Aluminum Oxide Boron Oxide Sodium & Potassium Oxide Magnesium Oxide E Glass 52-56% 16-25% 12-16% 8-13% 0-1% 0-6% 9-11% 24-26% S-2 Glass 64-66
Fiber glass yarns are available in different formulations. E glass (electrical) is the most common all-purpose glass, while S Glass (high strength) is used for special applications.
TABLE II Basic Glass Yarn Stands

Filament Diameter U.S. Metric Designation (microns) (inches) BC D 0.00017 0.00023 4 5 U.S. x100= yd/lb 150 1800 900 450 Strand Weight Designated TEX 33 2.75 5.5 11 22 16.5 33 50 66 99 134 22 45 33 66 99 134 198 275 Number of Filaments 1064 51 102 204 408 204 408 612 816 1224 1632 204 408 204 408 612 816 816 816
48
DE 0.00025 6
225 300 150 100 75 50 37 E 0.00029 7 225 110 G 0.00036 9 150 75 50 37 H K 0.00043 0.00051 10 13 25 18
ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE GLASS PRODUCTS

The HT fabrics are fashioned after the standard, high volume E-Glass aerospace 7781 and 120 styles. Complimenting these styles in fabric areal weight and weave pattern, 6781HT and 6220HT have similar characteristics in fabric hand, flexibility, weight, and thickness, but with the added benefit of superior impact resistance, tensile strength, and bond integrity using S-2 Glass fiber. The dry fabric tensile strength for HT fabrics is dramatically higher than typical S-2 Glass fabrics made with standard starch oil sizing. Starch oil size fabrics require heat cleaning prior to finishing, significantly reducing fiber tensile strength. The HT fabrics have a simple yet effective organic sizing compatible with high temperature Epoxy, BMI, Phenolics, Cynate Esters, Thermoplastics, Polyamide, Polyimide, PEI, PEEK, PAI, LCP and others.
S-2 Glass 6781 Dry Fabric Tensile Strength Comparison
700
49
600
500
400
ksi
300 200 100 0 6781 Finished 6781HT
Warp
Fill
S-2 Glass 6220 Dry Fabric Tensile Strength Comparison

300
250
200
ksi
150
100
50
0 6220 Finished 6220HT
50
Warp Fill
SURFBOARD AND RECREATION

Hexcel offers a variety of styles and finishes that should work in the surfboard and recreation markets for any of your needs. We have developed a new finish with the ultimate product performance which provides the clarity necessary for colors with the softness to match our F81. Due to the finish attributes, we have named this CLEAR.
Finishes for surfboard and recreation markets: CLEAR Excellent clarity and softness for colors that pop and good lamination properties. RWG Resin compatible binder for polyester applications. Provides strength. F16 Provides the green color for the retro board look. F81 Standard surfboard finish.
51
Styles for surfboard and recreation markets: 1522 4 oz E-Glass 1579 4 oz Warp E-Glass 7533 6 oz E-Glass 7580 6 oz Warp E-Glass 7532 7.5 oz for Fins 1522RWG 4 oz Direct E-Glass 7533RWG 6 oz Direct E-Glass 4522 4 oz S-Glass 4579 4 oz Warp S-Glass 4533 6 oz S-Glass 4985 5 oz S-Glass
FIBER GLASS FABRIC FINISHES

Fiber Glass Fabrics are available with a variety of finishes and treatments. Greige: Loom state fabric that includes the organic binders and size applied to the yarn prior to weaving. Fully heat cleaned fabric treated with the coupling agent which provides a chemical bond between the fiber glass surface and various matrix resins.
Finished:
52
The following finish charts offer recommended Hexcel finishes based on compatibility with resin systems and include special finish processes.
Hexcel Fiber Glass Finishes

Hexcel Finish Recommended Matrix Resin(s)
Epoxy Polyester
Possible Matrix Resin(s)
Performance Features
F69
Silane finish for epoxy composites resins BMS 9-3 Qualified BMI Phenolic Multifunctional silane for use with all major resin systems. Excellent wetting characteristics. Surfboard finish. Silane finish compatible with epoxy resins. Multifunctional silane for use with all major resin systems. Excellent wetting characteristics. Specially developed finish for structural composites. BMS 9-3 Qualified Silane finish BMS 9-3 Qualified Vinyl Ester Volan/Silane finish for structural polyester/vinyl ester and phenolic resins. Fabric will have a green tint from the Volan. Volan is BMS 9-3 Qualified Volan/Silane finish. Fabric will have green tint from the Volan. BMS 9-3 Qualified
F81
Epoxy Polyester Vinyl Ester Urethane Cyanate Ester
Z-6040/F46
Epoxy
Phenolic
53
CS-767
Epoxy Polyimide Urethane Vinyl Ester
Cyanate Ester Polyester
CS-724
Epoxy
CS-310 CS-550/Volan
Epoxy Polyester Epoxy Phenolic
F50
Polyester Epoxy
Vinyl Ester Cyanate Ester Phenolic
Hexcel Fiber Glass Finishes (continued)

Hexcel Finish Recommended Matrix Resin(s)
Polyester Vinyl Ester
Possible Matrix Resin(s)

Epoxy Phenolic
F3/F16
Volan finish compatible with structural epoxy, polyester/vinyl ester and phenolic resins. Fabric will have green tint from the Volan. F3 is BMS 9-3 Qualified Silane finish compatible with polyester and vinyl ester resin systems. Very good clarity Silane finish
54
F43
Polyester
Vinyl Ester
F72 A1100/F40
Polyester Phenolic Acrylic Phenolic Phenolic Urethane Epoxy Urethane Epoxy
Silane Finish recommended for phenolic resins A1100 finish with soft hand Silane finish for phenolic applications Silicone high temperature release finish, applied to fabric style 1B301 only. Surfboard finish with excellent clarity and wetting characteristics. Good fabric hand as well.
A1100S CS-4667
F48
Silicone
CLEAR
Polyester Epoxy
Other Finishes and Special Processes

Hexcel Finishes
Greige
Loom state fabric. No additional fabric finish processing. Used for coating applications. Heat cleaned fabric for silicone processes. "Really White Glass"- surfboard fabric with resin compatible binder for polyester Direct size fabric that is very stable in high temperature applications and can be used in a wide variety of resins
F12 RWG
"HT"
55
56
FIBER GLASS FABRIC CONSTRUCTION DATA
57
Hexcel reserves the right to use equivalent yarns in fiber glass styles. The use of such yarns is designed to maintain the physical properties of the woven cloth. The values listed for weight, thickness, and breaking strengths are typical greige values, unless otherwise noted.
Fiber Glass Fabrics

Fill Yarn ECD 1800 1/0 ECD 1800 1/0 ECD 900 1/0 ECD 900 1/2 ECD 450 1/2 ECD 450 1/2 ECD 450 1/2 ECD 450 1/2 ECE 225 1/2 ECE 225 2/5 ECE 225 1/0 ECG 75 1/2 3.14 6.53 12.00 3.14 12.75 2.46 83 106 221 407 106 432 3.12 106 2.10 71 3.5 3.9 3.7 3.9 6.9 13.8 3.7 14.0 1.42 48 2.2 0.81 27 1.3 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.18 0.35 0.09 0.36 0.57 19 1.0 0.03 68 64 89 119 177 163 177 297 650 192 550 0.49 17 0.78 0.02 39 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 37 59 60 64 100 148 103 150 272 400 151 450 Thickness (mils) (mm) Strength Common (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Style
58
Style
Weave
Count Count Warp Fill
Warp Yarn
101
Plain
75
75
ECD 1800 1/0
104
Plain
60
52
ECD 900 1/0
106
Plain
56
56
ECD 900 1/0
108
Plain
60
47
ECD 900 1/2
112
Plain
40
39
ECD 450 1/2
116
Plain
60
58
ECD 450 1/2
117
Plain
54
39
ECD 450 1/2
120
4H Satin
60
58
ECD 450 1/2
138
4H Satin
65
60
ECE 225 1/2
162
Plain
28
16
ECE 225 2/5
220
4H Satin
60
58
ECE 225 1/0
232
4H Satin
48
30
ECG 37 1/0
332 ECDE 37 1/0 ECE 225 3/2 ECG 150 1/2 ECDE 150 1/0 ECG 75 1/3 ECD 900 1/0 ECC 1200 1/0 ECDE 100 1/0 ECG 150 1/2 ECD 900 1/0 ECD 900 1/0 ECD 900 1/0 0.91 1.02 0.60 4.60 156 31 35 20 5.44 184 0.73 25 1.3 5.6 5.8 1.4 1.9 1.2 0.71 24 1.2 8.70 295 9.1 0.23 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.15 0.04 0.05 0.03 4.11 139 4.7 0.12 300 330 30 45 200 220 57 126 62 8.40 285 8.9 0.23 440 8.71 295 8.2 0.21 50 300 350 250 310 23 40 200 150 57 33 27 13.00 441 14.0 0.36 600 425
4H Satin
48
32
ECG 37 1/0
ECG 37 1/0
13.00
441
14.2
0.36
617
498
333
4H Satin
48
32
ECDE 37 1/0
341
4H Satin
32
49
ECD 450 1/0
403
4H Satin
54
50
ECG 75 1/0
477
4H Satin
54
48
ECDE 150 1/0
520
Plain
18
17
ECG 75 1/3
993
Plain
38
67
ECD 900 1/0
1037
Plain
70
73
ECC 1200 1/0
1047
Plain
47
47
ECDE 100 1/0
1064
Plain
18
21
ECG 75 1/2
1067
Plain
70
70
ECD 900 1/0
1070
Plain
60
35
ECD 450 1/0
1071
Plain
60
30
ECD 900 1/0
The physical properties listed are typical for greige (untreated) fabrics. Actual values may vary. For additional information, please contact a Technical Service Representative at 830-401-8180.
59
Fiber Glass Fabrics (continued)

Fill Yarn ECD 900 1/0 ECD 450 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 ECG 37 1/0 ECDE 100 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 ECD 450 1/0 ECD 900 1/0 ECD 450 1/0 3.79 12.02 1.65 0.79 0.92 3.66 124 129 408 56 27 31 3.86 131 8.39 284 10.3 5.0 4.1 4.2 11.8 2.2 2.0 2.0 3.65 124 4.8 2.60 88 3.5 0.09 0.12 0.26 0.13 0.10 0.11 0.30 0.06 0.05 0.05 1.41 48 2.2 0.06 125 101 194 408 154 165 163 750 128 112 101 0.96 33 1.8 0.05 124 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 24 94 147 268 316 346 268 265 130 116 33 40 Thickness (mils) (mm) Strength Common (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Style
60
Style
Weave
Warp Yarn
1076
Plain
60
25
ECD 450 1/0
1080
Plain
60
47
ECD 450 1/0
1125
Plain
40
39
ECD 450 1/2
1131
Plain
120
52
ECD 450 1/0
1142
Plain
31
21
ECG 37 1/0
1161
Plain
100
42
ECD 450 1/0
1165
Plain
60
52
ECD 450 1/2
1167
Plain
60
55
ECD 450 1/2
1188
4H Satin
47
30
ECH 25 1/0
1280
Plain
60
60
ECD 450 1/0
1297
Plain
50
20
ECD 450 1/0
1299
Plain
50
20
ECD 450 1/0
1311 ECE 110 1/0 ECE 110 1/0 ECG 37 1/3 ECG 75 1/0 3.63 3.70 11.55 5.30 11.98 6.03 13.20 8.52 406 204 448 289 180 392 13.2 6.2 14.0 7.0 15.0 8.2 125 5.3 123 4.7 0.12 0.13 0.34 0.16 0.36 0.18 0.38 0.21 3.51 119 4.3 0.11 152 175 198 684 254 487 284 500 681 10.10 342 19.7 0.50 300 4.95 168 5.3 0.13 220 220 310 171 137 173 524 239 488 200 475 78 4.89 166 5.3 0.13 227 234
Plain
32
21
ECE 225 3/2
ECE 225 3/2
8.49
288
9.7
0.25
471
335
1500
Plain
49
42
ECE 110 1/0
1501
Plain
46
45
ECE 110 1/0
1507
Leno
20
10
ECG 75 1/3
1520
Plain
24
20
ECG 150 1/2
1522
Plain
24
22
1522RWG
Plain
24
22
1523 ECG 150 1/2 ECG 150 3/3 ECG 150 1/2 ECG 150 3/3 ECE 225 1/0
Plain
28
20
ECG 150 1/2 ECG 150 1/2 TD37 ECG 150 3/2
ECG 150 1/2 ECG 150 1/2 TD37 ECG 150 3/2
1526
Plain
35
32
ECG 150 1/2
1527
Plain
17
17
ECG 150 3/3
1528
Plain
42
32
ECG 150 1/2
1530
Plain
20
18
ECG 150 3/3
1543
4H Satin
49
30
ECG 75 1/2
61

Fill Yarn ECE 225 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 ECG 37 1/2 ECG 37 1/3 ECG 150 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECG 150 1/2 ECG 150 1/3 ECG 75 1/2 ECG 150 4/2 ECG 37 1/4 ECG 150 1/0 13.52 16.55 26.34 8.78 298 462 561 893 38.46 1308 2.22 75 3.56 121 10.60 359 11.1 4.8 8.2 12.6 16.1 22.9 38.3 3.5 7.83 265 15.8 12.42 421 15.1 0.38 0.40 0.28 0.12 0.21 0.32 0.41 0.58 0.97 0.09 1.88 64 4.9 0.12 102 525 236 600 200 446 611 997 1000 5.25 178 5.3 0.13 379 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 110 75 498 374 100 110 374 573 856 900 1475 1502 160 130 Thickness (mils) (mm) Strength Common (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Style
62
Style
Weave
Warp Yarn
1557
4H Satin
57
30
ECG 150 1/2
1562
Leno
30
16
ECG 150 1/0
1564
Plain
20
18
ECG 37 1/2
1568
Leno
16
ECH 25 1/0
1576
12H Satin
120
24
ECG 150 1/2
1579
Plain
30
16
ECG 150 1/2
1581
8H Satin
57
54
ECG 150 1/2
1582
8H Satin
60
56
ECG 150 1/3
1583
8H Satin
54
48
ECG 75 1/2
1584
8H Satin
44
35
ECG 150 4/2
1597
Plain
30
30
ECG 37 1/4
1608
Plain
30
26
ECG 150 1/0
1609 ECG 150 1/0 ECDE 150 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 ECDE 150 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECDE 150 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECD 450 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 1.66 2.50 2.87 1.62 55 56 85 97 4.13 140 2.59 88 4.4 4.4 3.7 4.5 3.2 4.2 3.75 127 4.9 2.71 92 4.3 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.11 1.60 54 3.2 0.08 111 223 159 210 229 107 78 317 210 2.35 80 5.7 0.14 109 2.42 82 4.0 0.10 160 152 134 102 167 331 126 201 109 103 23 163 2.36 80 4.0 0.10 175 145
Plain
32
10
ECG 150 1/0
ECD 450 1/0
1.48
50
2.8
0.07
167
21
1610
Plain
32
28
ECG 150 1/0
1611
Plain
32
28
ECG 150 1/0
1614
Leno
30
14
ECG 150 1/0
1620
Plain
20
20
ECG 150 1/0
1628
Plain
40
28
ECDE 150 1/0
1632
Plain
30
32
ECG 150 1/0
1636
Plain
40
24
ECDE 150 1/0
1652
Plain
52
52
ECG 150 1/0
1658
Plain
20
10
ECG 150 1/0
1659
Leno
20
10
ECG 150 1/0
1669
Plain
60
12
ECG 150 1/0
1674
Plain
40
32
ECG 150 1/0
63

Fill Yarn ECDE 150 1/0 ECDE 150 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 ECDE 150 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECDE 75 1/0 ECK 18 1/0 ECK 18 1/0 ECG 37 1/2 ECDE 37 1/3 Text 9.39 25.40 26.80 17.05 3.59 122 318 861 909 578 3.54 120 3.19 108 5.2 5.2 5.4 11.2 26.0 26.6 26.2 5.73 194 5.6 3.20 108 4.3 0.11 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.28 0.66 0.68 0.67 4.12 140 4.9 0.12 271 200 390 206 208 190 468 950 1000 575 2.89 98 4.4 0.11 226 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 169 209 200 334 214 247 180 414 800 900 340 Thickness (mils) (mm) Strength Common (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Style
64
Style
Weave
Warp Yarn
1675
Plain
40
32
ECDE 150 1/0
1676
Plain
55
48
ECDE 150 1/0
1678
Plain
40
40
ECG 150 1/0
1680
8H Satin
72
70
ECDE 150 1/0
1692
Plain
40
22
ECG 150 1/0
1694
Plain
40
24
ECG 150 1/0
1695
Plain
40
24
ECDE 150 1/0
1800
Plain
16
14
ECK 18 1/0
1884
8H Satin
44
35
ECK 18 1/0
1938
8H Satin
45
36
ECK 18 1/0
2025
Plain
20
14
ECDE 37 1/3 Text
2112 ECD 450 1/0 ECE 225 1/0 ECE 225 1/0 ECE 225 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECD 450 1/0 ECH 25 1/0 ECH 25 1/0 ECDE 300 1/0 ECDE 300 1/0 6.87 2.83 2.43 11.47 389 233 96 82 2.45 83 4.80 163 6.0 2.8 13.6 9.5 3.0 2.9 3.68 125 4.4 4.32 146 5.9 0.15 0.11 0.15 0.07 0.35 0.24 0.08 0.07 2.60 88 3.5 0.09 120 184 211 185 234 517 345 188 173 3.12 106 3.4 0.09 201 2.69 91 3.3 0.08 190 160 181 120 288 252 300 126 390 278 164 159 2.35 80 2.8 0.07 223 106
Plain
40
39
ECE 225 1/0
ECE 225 1/0
2.10
71
3.0
0.08
120
120
2113
Plain
60
56
ECE 225 1/0
2114
Plain
56
48
ECE 225 1/0
2116
Plain
60
58
ECE 225 1/0
2125
Plain
41
38
ECE 225 1/0
2157
Plain
60
35
ECE 225 1/0
2165
Plain
60
52
ECE 225 1/0
2166
Plain
60
38
ECE 225 1/0
2313
Plain
60
64
ECE 225 1/0
2523
Plain
28
20
ECH 25 1/0
2532
Plain
16
14
ECH 25 1/0
3070
Plain
70
70
ECDE 300 1/0
3313
Plain
61
62
ECDE 300 1/0
65

Fill Yarn ECG 37 1/0 ECG 50 1/0 ECG 37 1/0 ECG 37 1/0 ECG 37 1/3 ECE 225 1/0 ECG 75 1/2 ECG 37 1/0 ECG 37 1/2 ECG 37 1/4 ECDE 37 1/2 SCD 450 1/0 16.15 25.79 5.90 200 546 874 52.30 1773 26.50 2.52 899 85 8.43 286 10.45 354 14.6 7.9 7.8 15.7 24.2 48.7 26.7 2.7 5.59 190 7.1 5.10 173 6.7 0.17 0.18 0.37 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.61 1.24 0.68 0.07 13.76 467 13.8 0.35 700 350 377 393 389 300 750 1180 10.77 365 10.9 0.28 562 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 560 600 300 328 400 33 250 563 936 1900 1600 1014 186 932 207 Thickness (mils) (mm) Strength Common (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Style
66
Style
Weave
Warp Yarn
3434
5H Satin
34
34
ECG 37 1/0
3582
8H Satin
60
56
ECG 50 1/0
3731
Plain
17
15
ECG 37 1/0
3733
Plain
18
18
ECG 37 1/0
3734
Plain
16
11
ECG 37 1/2
3743
4H Satin
49
30
ECG 37 1/0
3780
Plain
22
16
ECG 37 1/0
3783
8H Satin
54
48
ECG 37 1/0
3784
8H Satin
45
36
ECG 37 1/2
3788
12H Satin
42
36
ECG 37 1/4
3884
8H Satin
46
36
ECDE 37 1/2
4180
8H Satin
80
100 SCD 450 1/0
4450 SCG 150 1/2 SCG 75 1/0 493 SCG 75 1/0 493 SCG 75 1/2 SCG 75 1/0 ECG 75 1/2 ECG 75 1/2 SCG 150 1/2 ECDE 600 1/0 SCD 450 1/0 SCE 225 1/0 1.44 3.08 3.05 1.18 40 49 104 103 4.70 159 4.63 157 7.4 6.2 1.7 2.0 4.0 3.9 4.37 148 6.5 3.59 122 5.4 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.16 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.10 5.59 190 8.1 0.21 340 300 230 168 300 87 150 259 257 3.58 121 5.6 0.14 340 5.60 190 6.0 0.15 350 350 310 310 300 145 172 115 83 110 203 259 3.66 124 5.1 0.13 197 157
Plain
18
17
SCG 75 1/2 493
SCG 75 1/2 493
5.54
188
8.9
0.23
450
435
4522
Plain
24
22
SCG 150 1/2
4526
Basket 2x2
36
34
SCG 75 1/0 493
4527
Plain
24
22
SCG 75 1/0 493
4533
Plain
18
18
SCG 75 1/2
4579
Plain
30
16
SCG 150 1/2
4700
Plain
14
13
ECG 37 1/0
4797
Leno
28
14
ECG 75 1/0
4985
Plain
18
22
SCG 75 1/2
6060
Plain
60
60
ECDE 600 1/0
6080
Plain
60
47
SCD 450 1/0
6220
4H Satin
60
58
SCE 225 1/0
6220 HT
4H Satin
60
58
SCE 225 1/0 933 SCE 225 1/0 933
67

Fill Yarn ECE 225 1/0 ECE 225 1/0 SCG 150 1/0 SCG 150 1/2 SCG 75 1/0 933 SCG 75 1/0 SCG 75 1/0 933 ECG 75 1/0 ECG 37 1/2 ECG 75 1/3 ECG 75 1/3 ECG 75 1/2 6.00 9.41 8.39 7.20 5.61 8.97 304 203 319 284 244 191 8.94 303 7.06 239 8.0 9.6 9.7 7.0 11.9 10.1 9.4 7.3 8.75 297 10.4 5.60 190 5.6 0.14 0.26 0.20 0.24 0.25 0.18 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.19 5.31 180 5.8 0.15 250 350 250 589 568 646 300 427 330 344 256 8.52 289 8.6 0.22 700 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 90 90 300 250 645 454 661 300 400 310 300 236 Thickness (mils) (mm) Strength Common (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Style
68
Style
Weave
Warp Yarn
6543
4H Satin
48
30
SCG 75 1/2
6557
4H Satin
57
30
SCG 150 1/2
6580
8H Satin
72
72
SCG 150 1/0
6581
8H Satin
56
54
SCG 150 1/2
6771HT
8H Satin
46
45
SCG 75 1/0 933
6781
8H Satin
57
54
SCG 75 1/0
6781 HT
8H Satin
57
57
SCG 75 1/0 933
7255
Plain
37
37
ECG 75 1/0
7500
Plain
16
14
ECG 37 1/2
7520
Plain
18
18
ECG 75 1/3
7532
Plain
16
14
ECG 75 1/3
7533
Plain
18
18
ECG 75 1/2
7533RWG ECG 37 1/4 ECG 75 1/2 ECG 75 1/3 ECG 150 1/2 ECG 37 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECG 37 1/2 ECG 150 1/2 ECG 37 1/4 ECG 75 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 5.53 5.37 17.76 602 19.86 673 24.8 16.6 40.3 187 182 7.0 6.0 8.99 305 8.9 6.09 206 7.4 0.19 0.23 0.63 0.42 1.02 0.18 0.15 3.61 122 5.2 0.13 11.55 392 13.2 0.34 618 203 300 576 748 1070 16.24 551 15.7 0.40 847 635 384 127 200 509 485 150 1000 1100 353 285 248 287 17.99 612 19.1 0.49 711 721
Plain
18
18
ECG 75 1/2 TD37 5.59 190 8.4 0.21 279 281
ECG75 1/2 TD37
7544
2 End Plain
28
14
ECG 37 1/2
7547
8H Satin
54
46
ECG 75 1/2
7562
Plain
30
18
ECG 75 1/3
7579
Plain
26
20
ECG 75 1/0
7580
Plain
24
14
ECG 75 1/2
7581
8H Satin
57
54
ECG 75 1/0
7587
Mock Leno
40
21
ECG 37 1/2
7594
Triple Plain
48
24
ECG 37 1/2
7597
Double Satin
30
30
ECG 37 1/4
37.90 1289
7624
Plain
44
24
ECG 75 1/0
7626
Plain
34
32
ECG 75 1/0
69

Fill Yarn ECG 75 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECG 75 1/0 ECG 50 1/0 ECG 37 1/0 ECG 37 1/0 Tex 6.86 14.31 7.50 7.32 8.61 ECG 75 1/2 ECG 50 1/0 ECG 150 1/0 ECH 25 1/0 233 485 254 248 292 7.09 240 7.05 239 8.4 9.5 10.9 13.4 8.3 7.4 8.9 4.83 164 5.5 6.26 212 7.1 0.18 0.14 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.34 0.21 0.19 0.23 6.10 207 7.1 0.18 350 342 230 340 323 354 600 400 650 440 5.58 189 6.2 0.16 325 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 175 269 268 230 407 428 185 525 400 70 360 Thickness (mils) (mm) Strength Common (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Style
70
Style
Weave
Warp Yarn
7627
Plain
44
24
ECG 75 1/0
7628
Plain
44
31
ECG 75 1/0
7629
Plain
44
34
ECG 75 1/0
7630
Plain
31
30
ECG 75 1/0
7635
Plain
44
29
ECG 75 1/0
7637
Plain
44
23
ECG 75 1/0
7642
Plain
44
20
ECG 75 1/0
7645
8H Satin
46
42
ECG 75 1/2
7652
Plain
32
32
ECG 50 1/0
7715
Modified Plain
80
18
ECG 75 1/0
7725
2/2 Twill
54
18
ECG 75 1/0
7781 Dacron R-14 ECG 37 1/3 ECG 67 1/0 6.27 213 7.0 0.18 350 8.23 279 17.8 0.45 431 457 350 12.66 429 12.2 0.31 703 48
8H Satin
57
54
ECDE 75 1/0
ECDE 75 1/0
8.87
301
8.6
0.22
501
408
8000
Plain
81
ECG 75 1/2
8800
4H Fancy Leno
17(8)
ECG 150 1/0-ECG 37 1/3
76290
Plain
44
31
ECG 75 1/0
71
Fiber Glass Fabric Weight Index

(g/m2) Style 1614 2113 1610 1611 3313 2313 117 1669 4180 1636 1125 2125 2.52 2.59 2.60 2.60 2.50 2.46 83 85 85 88 88 88 2.45 83 2.43 82 2.42 82 1674 1675 6220 HT 6220 116 2116 120 220 1692 2.36 80 3070 2.35 80 1628 2.35 80 2114 2.69 2.71 2.83 2.87 2.89 3.05 3.08 3.12 3.12 3.14 3.14 3.19 Style 48 48 49 50 54 55 56 56 64 71 71 75 oz/yd2 (g/m2) oz/yd2 (g/m2) 91 92 96 97 98 103 104 106 106 106 106 108
72
Style
oz/yd2
(g/m2)
Style
oz/yd2
101
0.49
17
1080
1.41
104
0.57
19
108
1.42
1071
0.60
20
6080
1.44
993
0.71
24
1609
1.48
1037
0.73
25
1620
1.60
1297
0.79
27
1658
1.62
106
0.81
27
1280
1.65
1067
0.91
31
1659
1.66
1299
0.92
31
1562
1.88
1076
0.96
33
112
2.10
1070
1.02
35
2112
2.10
6060
1.18
40
1608
2.22
1678 129 131 139 140 140 146 148 156 157 159 163 164 166 4533 7533RWG 4526 3733 5.59 5.59 5.59 5.60 7627 5.58 4450 5.54 188 189 190 190 190 190 7624 5.53 187 1047 5.44 184 7626 5.37 182 1528 7580 7628 7629 76290 138 7642 2532 7635 6557 5.31 180 7255 1526 5.30 180 3780 5.90 6.00 6.03 6.09 6.10 6.26 6.27 6.53 6.86 6.87 7.05 1557 5.25 178 1680 5.73 3731 5.10 173 7533 5.61
3.20
108
1632
3.75
127
1501
4.95
168
6580
5.60
190 191 194 200 203 204 206 207 212 213 221 233 233 239
1520
3.51
119
1167
3.79
1694
3.54
120
1161
3.86
1579
3.56
121
477
4.11
4527
3.58
121
1676
4.12
1695
3.59
122
1652
4.13
4579
3.59
122
2157
4.32
7579
3.61
122
4700
4.37
1522
3.63
123
1064
4.60
1131
3.65
124
4797
4.63
1165
3.66
124
4985
4.70
4522
3.66
124
2166
4.80
2165
3.68
125
7630
4.83
1522RWG
3.70
125
1500
4.89
73
Fiber Glass Fabric Weight Index (continued)

(g/m2) Style 7500 1507 3734 1576 3434 2523 1523 7562 1527 162 1188 1564 11.98 12.00 12.02 12.42 11.55 11.55 11.47 389 392 392 406 407 408 421 10.77 365 10.60 359 333 1530 1582 3582 7645 3783 7547 1583 2025 10.45 354 332 10.10 342 232 9.41 319 8000 12.66 12.75 13.00 13.00 13.20 13.52 13.76 14.31 16.15 16.24 16.55 17.05 Style 289 289 292 295 295 297 298 301 303 304 305 318 oz/yd2 (g/m2) oz/yd2 (g/m2) 429 432 441 441 448 462 467 485 546 551 561 578
74
Style
oz/yd2
(g/m2)
Style
oz/yd2
6771HT
7.06
239
1543
8.52
7637
7.09
240
6543
8.52
7532
7.20
244
7725
8.61
7715
7.32
248
520
8.70
7652
7.50
254
341
8.71
1568
7.83
265
6581
8.75
8800
8.23
279
1581
8.78
1142
8.39
284
7781
8.87
7520
8.39
284
6781
8.94
403
8.40
285
6781 HT
8.97
3743
8.43
286
7581
8.99
1311
8.49
288
1800
9.39
7594 893 899 909 3788 52.30 1773 1597 38.46 1308
17.76
602
3784
25.79
874
7597
37.90
1289
7544
17.99
612
1584
26.34
7587
19.86
673
3884
26.50
1884
25.40
861
1938
26.80
75
Fiber Glass Fabric Thickness Index

mm 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 116 120 1658 220 117 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 2125 3.5 1608 3.5 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 1125 3.5 0.09 112 3.5 0.09 2116 3.4 0.09 1611 6220 1165 1167 1674 1520 1628 1678 1636 1652 2114 3.3 0.08 1610 1669 3.2 0.08 6220 HT 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 Style mils mm Style mils mm 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
76
Style
mils
mm
Style
mils
101
0.78
0.02
6080
2.0
104
1.0
0.03
108
2.2
993
1.2
0.03
1080
2.2
1071
1.2
0.03
1280
2.2
106
1.3
0.03
4180
2.7
1037
1.3
0.03
1609
2.8
1067
1.4
0.04
2113
2.8
6060
1.7
0.04
2313
2.8
1076
1.8
0.05
3313
2.9
1070
1.9
0.05
2112
3.0
1297
2.0
0.05
3070
3.0
1299
2.0
0.05
1620
3.2
1675 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 7255 7624 1528 138 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.0 3731 6.7 4700 6.5 7627 6.2 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 4985 6.2 0.16 1526 6.2 0.16 4797 7580 7715 3780 3743 6771HT 4533 341 1543 7626 6.0 0.15 7533 4526 6.0 0.15 7629 2166 6.0 0.15 7628 7.1 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.2 2157 5.9 0.15 3733 7.1
4.4
0.11
7579
5.2
0.13
6557
5.8
0.15
76290
7.0
0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21
2165
4.4
0.11
1500
5.3
1659
4.5
0.11
1501
5.3
477
4.7
0.12
1557
5.3
1522
4.7
0.12
1522RWG
5.3
1131
4.8
0.12
1695
5.4
1579
4.8
0.12
4579
5.4
1562
4.9
0.12
7630
5.5
1632
4.9
0.12
1047
5.6
1676
4.9
0.12
1680
5.6
1161
5.0
0.13
4527
5.6
4522
5.1
0.13
6580
5.6
1692
5.2
0.13
1614
5.7
1694
5.2
0.13
1064
5.8
77
Fiber Glass Fabric Thickness Index (continued)

mm 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 232 333 3582 162 2523 13.6 13.8 13.8 14.0 14.0 7645 13.4 7562 13.2 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36 1523 13.2 0.34 1582 12.6 0.32 8000 12.2 0.31 3734 1530 1564 3783 7547 1568 1583 7594 8800 7544 7500 11.9 0.30 332 1188 11.8 0.30 1527 14.0 14.2 14.6 15.0 15.1 15.7 15.7 15.8 16.1 16.6 17.8 19.1 Style mils mm Style mils mm 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.45 0.49
78
Style
mils
mm
Style
mils
1581
8.2
0.21
2532
9.5
7652
8.3
0.21
7637
9.5
7635
8.4
0.21
6781
9.6
7533RWG
8.4
0.21
1311
9.7
6543
8.6
0.22
6781 HT
9.7
7781
8.6
0.22
7520
10.1
403
8.9
0.23
1142
10.3
4450
8.9
0.23
6581
10.4
7581
8.9
0.23
3434
10.9
7725
8.9
0.23
7642
10.9
520
9.1
0.23
1576
11.1
7532
9.4
0.24
1800
11.2
1507 0.67 0.68 0.68 3788 48.7 1.24 7597 40.3 1.02
19.7
0.50
1884
26.0
0.66
1597
38.3
0.97
1584
22.9
0.58
2025
26.2
3784
24.2
0.61
1938
26.6
7587
24.8
0.63
3884
26.7
79
80
ARAMID FABRICS
81
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ARAMID FIBERS

Aramids Kevlar, Twaron High Strength Aramid fibers are 43 percent lighter than fiber glass, with a density of 1.44 g/cc compared to 2.55 g/cc for fiber glass. Aramids are twice as strong as E-Glass, ten times as strong as aluminum and approach the strength of high strength carbon on a specific tensile strength basis. Dimensional Stability Aramids display excellent dimensional stability with a slightly negative coefficient of thermal expansion (-2.4 X 10-6/C). Chemical Resistance Aramids resist chemicals with the exception of a few strong acids and alkalis. Thermal Stability
82 Aramids display excellent stability over a wide range

of temperatures for prolonged periods. They show essentially no embrittlement or strength loss at temperatures as low as -320F (-196C). Aramids do not melt or support combustion but will start to carbonize at approximately 800F (427C).
APPLICATIONS OF ARAMID FABRICS

Aerospace Hexcel manufactures aramid fabrics for use in aerospace applications. Aramid fabrics are used in aerospace ducting where low weight and strength are important. They are also used for secondary structures and containment cases where impact resistance is key. Marine, Tooling and Recreational Products Hexcels aramid fabrics, exhibiting the properties of high strength and durability, are used in the recreational industry in a variety of applications ranging from boating to skiing. The market for recreational products is a dynamic market driven by strength, durability, clarity and cost. Hexcels products are used in the manufacture of kayaks, boats, hydroplanes, canoes and a wide range of other recreational products where strength and low weight are essential.
83
ARAMID FIBERS NOMENCLATURE

Aramid Fibers are typically designated by denier, tex or decitex (dtex). Each is described below. Denier The denier system is used internationally to measure the size of silk and synthetic filaments and yarns. Denier number indicates the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of filament or filament yarn. For example, if 9,000 meters of yarn weigh 100 grams, it is a 100-denier yarn. The smaller the denier number, the finer the yarn. Denier = dtex X 0.9 Tex The tex system is also applicable to the measurement of filament yarns. It is based on the weight in grams of one kilometer 3,300 feet) of yarn. Decitex (dtex), is defined as ten times tex.
84
Tex = dtex/10
Dtex = Tex X 10 = denier/0.9
For example, 840 denier yarn may also be designated as 933 dtex.
ARAMID FABRIC FINISHES

Hexcel Finish CS-800/F100 Greige Performance Features Scour finish for Aramid fabric. Loom state fabric. No additional fabric finish processing.
85
86
ARAMID FABRIC CONSTRUCTION DATA

87
88
Aramid Fabric Styles

Fill Yarn Vectran 1500 denier Vectran 1500 denier Kevlar 29 6000 denier Kevlar LT 400 denier Kevlar 49 1420 denier Kevlar 49 195 denier Kevlar 49 380 denier 1.7 5.1 6.5 3.6 122 220 58 173 7.0 12.8 3.0 8.7 12.4 420 33.5 4.9 166 10.6 0.27 0.85 0.18 0.33 0.08 0.22 4.9 166 10.6 0.27 1087 1012 890 600 905 210 720 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 998 987 609 600 940 210 658 Thickness (mils) (mm) Breaking Strength (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Common Style
Hexcel Style
AMS Style
Weave
Count Warp Fill
Warp Yarn
170
Plain
12
12
Vectran 1500 denier
170CS
Crowfoot
12
12
Vectran 1500 denier
297
Plain Leno
14
14
Kevlar 29 6000 denier
310
Plain
36
36
Kevlar LT 400 denier
328
328
Plain
17
17
345
124
4H Satin
34
34
348
181
8H Satin
50
50
350 Kevlar 49 380 denier Kevlar 49 1140 denier Kevlar 49 1140 denier Kevlar 49 1420 denier Kevlar 49 195 denier Kevlar 49 2160 denier Kevlar 49 1420 denier 10.7 9.1 309 363 3.7 125 7.2 14.8 19.0 4.9 166 9.8 0.25 0.18 0.38 0.48 5.2 176 9.3 0.24 688 677 556 5.2 176 9.8 0.25 748 728 686 659 584 1131 1096 1360 1300 2.2 75 4.8 0.12 296 298
120
Plain
34
34
1.8
61
3.9
0.10
260
262
351
220
Plain
22
22
352
281
Plain
17
17
353
285
4H Satin
17
17
354
Plain
13
13
372
Twill 4x4
72
72
383
5H Satin
16
16
384
1050
Basket 4x4
28
28
89
90

Fill Yarn Kevlar 49 2160 denier Kevlar 49 1420 denier Kevlar LT 400 denier Kevlar 129 840 denier Kevlar KM2 850 denier Kevlar KM2 600 denier Kevlar KM2 600 denier 5.4 4.8 6.9 6.8 231 234 183 163 3.1 105 6.0 13.9 13.8 11.1 9.4 15.5 526 27.6 0.70 0.15 0.35 0.35 0.28 0.24 13.9 471 26.4 0.67 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) Thickness (mils) (mm) Breaking Strength (lbf/in) (lbf/in) 1785 1550 1935 1705 572 850 899 756 727 586 1084 984 884 833 Common Style
Hexcel Style
AMS Style
Weave
Count Warp Fill
Warp Yarn
386
Basket 4x4
27
22
388
1033
Basket 8x8
40
40
431
Plain
31
31
704
Plain
31
31
705
Plain
31
31
Kevlar KM2 850 denier
706
Plain
34
34
707
Plain
31
31
708 Kevlar 29 1500 denier Kevlar K129 600 denier Kevlar 29 1000 denier Kevlar 129 1420 denier Kevlar 129 1420 denier Kevlar 129 1000 denier Kevlar 129 840 denier 5.7 6.2 210 193 8.6 292 16.4 11.4 10.8 7.7 261 14.4 0.37 0.42 0.29 0.27 8.2 278 16.8 0.43 761 4.5 153 8.7 0.22 776 819 1043 1091 1075 644 763 872 930 776 950 9.7 329 19.4 0.49 1100 1200
Plain
31
31
Kevlar K129 600 denier
Kevlar k129 600 denier
4.7
159
8.6
0.22
672
735
710
Plain
24
24
711
Plain
29
29
Kevlar K129 600 denier
713
Plain
31
31
720
Plain
20
20
722
Plain
22
22
724
Plain
24
24
726
Plain
26
26
91
92

Fill Yarn Kevlar 129 1000 denier Kevlar 29 1500 denier Kevlar 129 1420 denier Kevlar 29 1000 denier Kevlar 129 1000 denier Kevlar 29 400 denier Kevlar 29 1500 denier 3.2 14.1 7.9 5.6 190 268 108 478 6.6 224 12.8 11.6 15.2 6.2 25.4 6.6 224 12.7 0.32 0.33 0.29 0.39 0.16 0.65 6.7 227 12.3 0.31 974 910 905 829 892 476 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 970 904 892 798 962 473 1738 1794 Thickness (mils) (mm) Breaking Strength (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Common Style
Hexcel Style
AMS Style
Weave
Count Warp Fill
Warp Yarn
727
Plain
26
26
728
Plain
17
17
729
Plain
17
17
730
Plain
22
22
731
Plain
31
31
732
Plain
32
32
735
Basket 2x2
35
35
736 Kevlar 29 200 denier Kevlar 29 3000 denier Kevlar 29 3000 denier Kevlar 29 1500 denier Kevlar KM2 600 denier Kevlar 29 3000 denier Kevlar 29 3000 denier 15.7 16.5 559 532 4.4 149 7.9 29.0 28.9 18.8 637 32.1 0.82 0.20 0.74 0.73 13.3 451 25.3 0.64 8.5 288 16.1 0.41 1100 1150 1194 1722 2200 2300 688 699 2000 2000 2000 2000 2.1 71 5.2 0.13 338 350
Basket 2x2
36
36
14.1
478
26.3
0.67
1950 2000
740
Plain
40
40
741
Plain
11
11
745
Plain
17
17
748
Basket 8x8
48
48
751
Plain
29
29
754
Basket 2x2
21
21
755
Basket 4x4
21
21
93
94

Fill Yarn Kevlar KM2 400 denier Kevlar 29 3000 denier Kevlar 129 1420 denier Kevlar 159 200 denier Spectra 900 1200 denier Spectra 900 1200 denier Spectra 900 650 denier 7.0 6.5 5.6 3.8 129 190 237 220 8.5 15.5 19.1 18.1 11.8 400 21.1 18.0 610 30.0 0.76 0.54 0.22 0.39 0.49 0.46 2.9 98 5.6 0.14 524 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 529 Thickness (mils) (mm) Breaking Strength (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Common Style
Hexcel Style
AMS Style
Weave
Count Warp Fill
Warp Yarn
756
Plain
28
28
759
Basket 4x4
24
24
2330 2500 887 389 900 629 576 850 1100 1100 950 900
760
Basket 2x2
30
30
779
Plain
70
70
902
Plain
17
17
Spectra 900 1200 denier
903
Plain
21
21
904
Plain
34
34
945 Spectra 1000 650 denier Spectra 1000 215 denier Spectra 1000 215 denier Spectra 1000 375 denier Spectra 1000 650 denier Kevlar 100 1500 denier 5.3 5.2 176 180 5.8 197 13.1 10.3 11.3 3.2 108 8.0 0.20 0.33 0.26 0.29 1.9 64 5.0 0.13 400 600 3.4 115 8.4 0.21 700 650 360 550 1050 1000 785 923 793 799 3.0 102 9.6 0.24 600 550
Plain
45
45
2.6
88
6.0
0.15
500
475
951
Plain
17
17
955
Plain
56
56
956
Plain
34
34
960
Plain
32
32
985
8H Satin
32
32
1629 (Black)
Plain
14
14
1629T (Black)
Plain
14
14
Technora 230B Technora 230B 1670 dtex 1670 dtex
95
96

Fill Yarn Kevlar XLT 800 denier Kevlar A200 600 denier Kevlar XLT 800 denier Kevlar XLT 800 denier Twaron 2200 1580 dtex Twaron 1055 405 dtex Twaron 1055 405 dtex 4.9 2.2 6.4 5.0 168 217 166 75 8.8 12.0 8.0 4.6 4.6 156 8.5 3.4 115 6.0 0.15 0.22 0.22 0.30 0.20 0.12 3.7 125 7.3 0.19 675 625 790 700 700 660 287 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 654 650 782 725 750 650 288 Thickness (mils) (mm) Breaking Strength (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Common Style
Hexcel Style
AMS Style
Weave
Count Warp Fill
Warp Yarn
4000
Plain
18
18
Kevlar XLT 800 denier
4010
Plain
22
22
Kevlar A200 600 denier
4015
Plain
22
22
4020
Plain
24
24
5328
328
Plain
17
17
Twaron 2200 1580 dtex
5348
181
8H Satin
50
50
5351
220
Plain
22
22
5352 Twaron 2200 1270 dtex Twaron 2200 1580 dtex Twaron 2200 2420 dtex Twaron 2200 1580 dtex Twaron 2200 2420 dtex Twaron 2200 1580 dtex 6.8 15.3 519 231 13.6 461 25.0 26.9 12.9 10.7 363 19.0 0.48 0.64 0.68 0.33 9.4 319 13.0 0.33 104 4.9 166 10.0 0.25 568 600 104 1360 1300 1826 1473 1830 1790 916 971 5.2 176 9.7 0.25 784 779
281
Plain
17
17
5.2
176
10.7
0.27
830
815
5353
285
4H Satin
17
17
5354
Plain
13
13
5383
5H Satin
16
16
5384
1050
Basket 4x4
28
28
5386
Basket 4x4
27
22
5388
1033
Basket 8x8
40
40
5704
Plain
31
31
Twaron T-2040 Twaron T-2040 930 dtex 930 dtex
97
98

Fill Yarn 8.2 6.5 6.0 6.9 8.1 234 275 454 549 203 10.0 12.1 16.1 24.2 30.0 220 11.0 0.28 0.25 0.31 0.41 0.61 0.76 278 16.3 0.41 900 760 760 775 949 Weight (oz/yd2) (g/m2) 925 775 770 800 987 1700 1800 2000 2000 Thickness (mils) (mm) Breaking Strength (lbf/in) (lbf/in) Common Style
Hexcel Style
AMS Style
Weave
Count Warp Fill
Warp Yarn
5713
Plain
31
31
5724
Plain
24
24
5726
Plain
26
26
5728
Plain
17
17
5731
Plain
31
31
5745
Plain
17
17
Twaron T-1000 Twaron T-1000 13.4 3300 dtex 3300 dtex
5755
Basket 4x4
21
21
Twaron T-1000 Twaron T-1000 16.2 3300 dtex 3300 dtex
5930 7.0 7.8 264 10.2 0.26 656 648 237 12.0 0.30 900 950
Plain
27
27
5.8
197
10.5
0.27
872
955
5931 ECG 18 1/0
Plain
31
31
9000
Plain
13
13
99
100
Technical Reference - English

Tensile Modulus (msi) 10.5 12.5 33.5 42.3 1.8 11.97 6.58 1.5 8.33 5.27 5.5 7.42 1.40 4 5.28 1.11 3.00 0.90 -0.33 -0.33 Strain to Failure (%) Specic Tensile Strength (106in) Specic Tensile Modulus (108in) Coefcient of Thermal Expansion (10-6/OF) Decomposition Temperature (OF) 1346 1562 6332 6332
Fiber
Density (lb/in3)
Tensile Strength (ksi)
E-Glass
0.095
500
S-2 Glass
0.090
665
Carbon Fiber Standard Modulus PAN
0.064
530
Carbon Fiber Intermediate Modulus PAN 63.3 27 92 0.4 0.8 1 9.18 3.30 4.96
0.064
770
Carbon Fiber High Modulus PAN
0.066
610
9.52 3.87 12.01
-0.61 -0.33 -0.81
6332 6332 6332
Carbon Fiber Low Modulus Pitch
0.070
230
Carbon Fiber High Modulus Pitch
0.077
380
Kevlar 49 1420 denier 15.8 10.9 13.6 10.8 13.6 11.8 11.4 14.9 16.4 2.9 3.1 3.6 9.93 11.70 13.27 3.6 9.55 2.27 3.25 4.25 4.68 3.4 9.55 2.61 3.5 9.55 2.08 -1.22 -1.22 -1.22 3.3 9.21 2.61 -1.22 3.4 8.15 2.10 -1.22 842 842 842 842 842 302 302 302 2.5 8.15 3.04 -1.50 842
0.052
424
0.052
424
0.052
479
0.052
497
0.052
497
0.052
497
0.035
348
0.035
410
0.035
465
101
102
Technical Reference - English (continued)

Tensile Modulus (msi) 9.4 12.9 14.7 2.1 9.69 2.85 3.3 9.21 2.50 3.7 9.74 1.81 -1.22 -1.22 -1.33 Strain to Failure (%) Specic Tensile Strength (106in) Specic Tensile Modulus (108in) Coefcient of Thermal Expansion (10-6/OF) Decomposition Temperature (OF) 842 842 842
Fiber
Density (lb/in3)
Twaron 1000
0.052
507
Twaron 2000
0.052
479
Twaron HM
0.052
507
Technical Reference - Metric

Tensile Modulus (msi) 72 85 231 292 1.8 30.42 16.71 1.5 21.18 13.38 5.5 18.86 3.55 4 13.42 2.82 1.6 0.48 -0.60 -0.60 Strain to Failure (%) Specic Tensile Strength (106in) Specic Tensile Modulus (108in) Coefcient of Thermal Expansion (10-6/OF) Decomposition Temperature (OF) 730 8.50 3500 3500
Fiber
Density (lb/in3)
E-Glass
2.50
2600
S-2 Glass
2.48
4800
Carbon Fiber Standard Modulus PAN
1.76
3657
Carbon Fiber Intermediate Modulus PAN 437 186 635 0.4 0.8 1 23.31 8.38 12.60
1.78
5313
Carbon Fiber High Modulus PAN
1.84
4209
24.19 9.84 30.52
-1.10 -0.60 -1.45
3500 3500 3500
Carbon Fiber Low Modulus Pitch
1.93
1587
Carbon Fiber High Modulus Pitch
2.12
2622
103
104
Technical Reference - Metric (continued)

Tensile Modulus (msi) 109 75
94 75 94 81 79 103 3.1 3.6 3.6 3.4 24.6 24.27 25.23 29.72 3.5 24.27 3.3 23.39 6.64 5.27 7.52 5.76 8.26 10.80
Fiber
Density (lb/in3)
Tensile Strength (ksi) 2.5 3.4 20.71 5.32 20.71 7.72 -2.70 -2.20
-2.20 -2.20 -2.20 -2.20 -
Strain to Failure (%)
Specic Tensile Strength (106in) Specic Tensile Modulus (108in) Coefcient of Thermal Expansion (10-6/OF)
Decomposition Temperature (OF) 450 450

450 450 450 450 150 150
1.44
2926
1.44
2926
1.44
3305
1.44
3429
1.44
3429
1.44
3429
0.97
2401
Kevlar 129 840 denier Kevlar KM2 850 denier Kevlar LT 400 denier Kevlar KM2 600 denier Spectra 900 650 denier Spectra 1000 375 denier
0.97
2829
Spectra 2000 195 denier 113 65 90 103 2.1 24.59 7.23 -2.40 3.3 23.39 6.35 -2.20 3.7 24.76 4.59 -2.20 450 450 450 2.9 33.71 11.89 150
0.97
3209
Twaron 1000
1.44
3498
Twaron 2000
1.44
3305
Twaron HM
1.45
3498
105
SPECIFICATIONS
AMS 3824 This specification covers the basic forms of finished glass fabrics used by themselves or as components of other materials. AMS 3902 This specification covers cloth woven from high-modulus, continuous, multifilament aramid yarn. AMS-C-9084 This specification replaces MIL-C-9084 and covers the requirement for glass fabrics that have been woven, cleaned and finished for further fabrication into glass fabric base resin laminates and sandwich materials. ASTM-D-579 Standard specifications for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics. This specification includes the basic forms of greige woven glass fabrics and their testing. ASTM-D-1668 This specification covers open mesh woven glass fabrics used for membrane waterproofing and built up roofing (Type II). ASTM-D-4029 Standard specifications for finished woven glass fabrics. This specification includes finished fabrics woven from E glass fiber yarns intended as a reinforced material in laminated plastics for structural use.
106
SPECIFICATIONS
MIL-C-20079 This specification covers glass and tape used as lagging material over thermal insulation and as a facing material for hull insulation board. MIL-C-22787 Vinyl coated glass fabrics. The base cloth is glass fabric. MIL-I-24244 This specification covers thermal insulation with special corrosion and chloride requirements. MIL-P-25515 Phenolic Laminates. Glass fabrics used as supports for phenolic resin laminates. MIL-Y-1140 This specification covers the basic forms of untreated glass yarns and fabrics used by themselves or as components of other materials. The materials are generally used as electrical insulation, mechanical support or as structural members. MIL-R-7575 Resin, Polyester, Low Pressure Laminates, Fiber Glass Base. Glass fabrics used as supports for polyester resin laminates. MIL-R-9300 Resin, Epoxy, Low Pressure Laminates, Fiber Glass Base. Glass fabrics used as supports for polyester resin laminates.
107
SPECIFICATIONS
MIL-C-44050A This specification covers cloth woven from high-modules, continuous, multifilament yarn. U.S.C.G. Subpart 164-009 Non-combustible material for merchant vessels. Woven glass cloth containing not more than 2.5 percent lubricant is automatically considered non-combustible. BMS 9-3 This specification covers the Boeing Commercial Airplane Companys requirements for woven, cleaned, and finished E-Glass fiber glass fabrics. End fabric uses are high performance structural prepreg for aircraft structure and wet lamination of tooling and structural composite repair. BMS 9-8 This specification establishes requirement for woven and non-woven carbon reinforcements in a Boeing application. BMS 9-17 This specification establishes requirements for intermediate modulus carbon fibers and fabric in a Boeing application.
108
CONVERSIONS
Areal Weight 2 oz/yd x 33.9057 = g/m2 2 2 g/m x 0.0295 = oz/yd Mass oz: ounce, lb: pound 1 oz = 28.35 g 1 g = 0.035 oz 1 lb = 0.454 kg 1 kg = 2.205 lb Force N: Newton, daN: decaNewton 1 N = 0.102 kgf 0.1 kgf 1 daN = kgf 1kgf 1 kgf = 9.81 N 10 N or 1 daN 1 lbf = 4.4482 N = 0.4536 kgf Strength Pa: Pascal, MPa: megaPascal 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2 1 MPa = 10bars = 0.1 hbar 10 kgf/cm2 or 0.1 kgf/mm2 1 bar = 0.1 MPa =105 Pa 1daN/cm 1 kgf/cm2 1 hbar = 10 MPa = 107 Pa 1kgf/mm2 100 psi (lbf/in2) = 0.69 MPa 1 MPa = 145 psi 1 psi (lbf/in2) = 6894.76 Pa 0.0703kgf/cm2 Length yd: yard, ft: foot, in: inch UK mile: 1 mile = 1.609 km 1 km = 0.62 mile Nautical Mile: 1 mile = 1.852 km 1 yd = 0.91 m 1 m =1.09 yd 1 ft (1/3 yd) = 0.3048 m 1 m = 3.281 ft 1 in (1/12 ft) = 2.54 cm 1 cm = 0.39 in
109
CONVERSIONS
Surface 1 sq in = 6.45 cm2 1 cm2 = 0.15 sq in 1 sq yd = 0.83 m2 1m2 = 1.19 sq yd 1 sq ft = 0.093 m2 1 m2 = 10.76 sq ft 1 sq mile = 2.59 km2 1 km2 = 0.30 sq mile 1 acre = 0.40 ha 1 ha = 2.47 acre Volume 1 cu in = 16.39 cm3 1 cm3 = 0.06 cu in 1 cu yd = 0.76 m3 1 m3 = 1.31 cu yd 1 cu ft = 28.31 dm3 1 dm3 = 0.035 cu ft Density 1 lb/in3 = 27.68 g/cm3 1 g/cm3 = 0.036 lb/in3 1 lb/ft3 = 0.016 g/cm3 1 g/cm3 = 62 lb/ft3 Capacity (US) Gallon: 1 gal = 3.781 1 l = 0.26 gal (UK) Gallon: 1 gal = 4.541 1 l = 0.21 gal Consumption (US) 0 miles/gal = 23.50/100 km 10 l/100 km = 23.8 miles/gal (UK) 10 miles/gal = 28.21/100 km 10 l/100 km = 29.5 miles/gal Velocity 1 km/h = 0.2778 m/s 1mph = 1.609 km/h = 0.4470 m/s
110
Yarn Conversions Tex = 496,055/(yd/lb) Dtex = Tex X 10 = Denier/.9 Denier = dtex X .9 = 9 tex Denier = g/9000m Tex = dtex/10 = g/1000m
CONVERSIONS
Energy and Power J: Joule, cal: calorie, th: thermal unit, W: watt Density 1 W = 1 J/s 1 Wh = 3 600 J = 0.860 kcal 1 kcal = 4 185.5 J = 1,1626 Wh 1 kJ = 0.2389 kcal 1 cal = 4.185 J = 0.2389 cal 1 th = 1,000 kcan tep: ton (metric) equivalent fuel oil tec: tonne (metric) equivalent coal 1 tep = 10,000 th = 11,626 kWh = 11.6 MWh = 1.5 tec 1 100 Nm3 natural gas Specific Heat kj/kgK: kilojoule per kilogram Kelvin Thermal Conductivity 1 W/mK or W/mC = 0.860 kcal/mhC Coefficient of Thermal Loss: 1 W/m3K or W/n3C = 0.8m60 kcal/m3hC Temperature K: Kelvin, C: degree Celsius, F: degree Fahrenheit TK = C + 273.18 F = 9/5C + 32
111
NOTES
112
US Operations 1913 North King Street Seguin, Texas 78155 Telephone (830) 379-1580 Fax (830) 379-9544 Technical Service (830) 401-8180 Customer Service Toll Free (866) 601-5430
For European sale ofce numbers and full address list, please go to: www.hexcel.com/contact/salesofces
www.hexcel.com
December 2010

HexForce Technical Fabrics Handbook

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Technical Fabrics Handbook

REINFORCEMENTS FOR COMPOSITES

PARAMETERS FOR WOVEN FABRIC SELECTION

CARBON FIBER FABRICS

CARBON FABRICS NOMENCLATURE

PAN Carbon Fibers Data

3K, 6K, 12K

3K, 6K, 12K

1K, 3K, 6K, 12K

3K, 6K, 12K

1K, 3K, 6K, 12K

6K, 12K, 24K

PrimeTex 200 GSM

3K Plain Weave Closure Comparison

HexTow AS2 J 3K HS CP3000

HexTow AS4C GP 3K HS CP3000

HexTow AS4C GP 3K HS CP4000

Tenax E HTA40 E13 3K

Tenax E HTA40 E13 3K

Thornel T650/35 3K UC309 GV2

Torayca FT300B 3k 40B

Torayca T300B 3k 40B L2

20 200 GSM Plain Weave AS2C J 3K CP3000

HexForce 43199 UB 1250-92.5% Closure

PrimeTex 43199 UB 1250 ST- 99.5% Closure

193 GSM, 2/2 Twill T700 12K Before PrimeTex ZB

HexForce 48194 C 1270-<95% Closure

PrimeTex 48194 C 1270 ST->99.7% Closure

PrimeTex ZB Fabric Construction

FDS (FABRIC DE-SIZE)

FDS Fabric Construction

Carbon Fabric Construction Data-Hexcel Fibers

Carbon Fabric Construction Data-Hexcel Fibers (continued)

Aerospace Carbon Fabric Construction Data

Commercial Carbon Fabric Construction Data

Commercial Carbon Fabric Construction Data (continued)

Heatset Uni Construction Data

12K Carbon, 33MSI

12K Carbon, 33MSI

12K Carbon, 33MSI

12K Carbon, 33MSI

12K Carbon, 33MSI

12K Carbon, 33MSI

12K Carbon, 33MSI

12K Carbon, 33MSI

12K Carbon, 33MSI

Heatset Uni Construction Data (continued)

SPECIALTY AND HYBRID COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENTS

SPECIALTY AND HYBRID REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS

LIGHTNING STRIKE FABRICS

Plain Weave 70 g wire interwoven 193 g 6K fabric

92% of wire positioned on top of carbon

Lightning Strike Fabrics

AGP193PBLS IM7GP 6K IM7GP 6K AS4GP 3K Phos/Bnz Phos/Bnz Phos/Bnz

11.5:11.5 X 11.5:11.5 11.2:11.2 x 11.2:11.2 11.2:11.2 x 11.2:11.2 11.5:11.5 x 11.5:11.5

261 g/m2 260 g/m2 260 g/m2 260 g/m2

Hybrid Composite Fabrics

3K Carbon, 33 MSI Kevlar 49, 2160 d.

TEF7 ECG 150 1/2 8.38 283 9.0

Thorstrand + ECG 150 1/0 8.57 291 11.4