06 Bound
06 Bound
06 Bound
Outline
Overview. Inlet and outlet boundaries.
Velocity. Pressure boundaries and others.
Boundary conditions
When solving the Navier-Stokes equation and continuity equation, appropriate initial conditions and boundary conditions need to be applied. In the example here, a no-slip boundary condition is applied at the solid wall. Boundary conditions will be treated in more detail in this lecture.
Overview
Boundary conditions are a required component of the mathematical model. Boundaries direct motion of flow. Specify fluxes into the computational domain, e.g. mass, momentum, and energy. Fluid and solid regions are represented by cell zones. Material and source terms are assigned to cell zones. Boundaries and internal surfaces are represented by face zones. Boundary data are assigned to face zones.
orifice (interior) outlet
Example: face and cell zones associated with pipe flow through orifice plate
ptotal = pstatic (1 +
k 1 2 k /( k 1) M ) 2
Here k is the ratio of specific heats (cp/cv) and M is the Mach number. If the inlet flow is supersonic you should also specify the static pressure. Suitable for compressible and incompressible flows. Mass flux through boundary varies depending on interior solution and specified flow direction. The flow direction must be defined and one can get non-physical results if no reasonable direction is specified. Outflow can occur at pressure inlet boundaries. In that case the flow direction is taken from the interior solution.
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Velocity inlets
Defines velocity vector and scalar properties of flow at inlet boundaries. Useful when velocity profile is known at inlet. Uniform profile is default but other profiles can be implemented too. Intended for incompressible flows. The total (stagnation) properties of flow are not fixed. Stagnation properties vary to accommodate prescribed velocity distribution. Using in compressible flows can lead to non-physical results. Avoid placing a velocity inlet too close to a solid obstruction. This can force the solution to be non-physical.
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Outflow boundary
Outflow boundary conditions are used to model flow exits where the details of the flow velocity and pressure are not known prior to solution of the flow problem. Appropriate where the exit flow is close to a fully developed condition, as the outflow boundary condition assumes a zero normal gradient for all flow variables except pressure. The solver extrapolates the required information from interior. Furthermore, an overall mass balance correction is applied.
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pressure-outlet (ps)2
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Turbulence intensity
The turbulence intensity I is defined as: u Here k is the turbulent kinetic energy and u is the local velocity magnitude. Intensity and length scale depend on conditions upstream:
Exhaust of a turbine.
I =
2 3
Wall boundaries
Used to bound fluid and solid regions. In viscous flows, no-slip condition enforced at walls.
Tangential fluid velocity equal to wall velocity. Normal velocity component is set to be zero.
Alternatively one can specify the shear stress. Thermal boundary condition.
Several types available. Wall material and thickness can be defined for 1-D or in-plane thin plate heat transfer calculations.
Symmetry boundaries
Used to reduce computational effort in problem. Flow field and geometry must be symmetric:
Zero normal velocity at symmetry plane. Zero normal gradients of all variables at symmetry plane.
No inputs required.
Must take care to correctly define symmetry boundary locations.
symmetry planes
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Periodic boundaries
Used when physical geometry of interest and expected flow pattern and the thermal solution are of a periodically repeating nature.
Reduces computational effort in problem.
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p > 0:
computational domain
Axis boundaries
Used at the centerline (y=0) of a 2-D axisymmetric grid. Can also be used where multiple grid lines meet at a point in a 3D O-type grid. No other inputs are required.
AXIS boundary
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Define fluid zone as laminar flow region if modeling transitional flow. Can define zone as porous media. Define axis of rotation for rotationally periodic flows. Can define motion for fluid zone.
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Used to model flow through porous media and other distributed resistances, e.g:
Packed beds. Filter papers. Perforated plates. Flow distributors. Tube banks.
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Moving zones
For single zone problems use the rotating reference frame model. Define the whole zone as moving reference frame. This has limited applicability. For multiple zone problems each zone can be specified as having a moving reference frame: Multiple reference frame model. Least accurate, least demanding on CPU. Mixing plane model. Field data are averaged at the outlet of one zone and used as inlet boundary data to adjacent zone. Or each zone can be defined as moving mesh using the sliding mesh model. Must then also define interface. Mesh positions are calculated as a function of time. Relative motion must be tangential (no normal translation).
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Material properties
For each zone, a material needs to be specified. For the material, relevant properties need to be specified:
Density. Viscosity, may be non-Newtonian. Heat capacity. Molecular weight. Thermal conductivity. Diffusion coefficients.
Which properties need to be specified depends on the model. Not all properties are always required. For mixtures, properties may have to be specified as a function of the mixture composition.
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Fluid density
For constant density, incompressible flow: = constant. For compressible flow: = pabsolute/RT. Density can also be defined as a function of temperature (polynomial, piece-wise polynomial, or the Boussinesq model where is considered constant except for the buoyancy term in the momentum equations) or be defined with user specified functions. For incompressible flows where density is a function of temperature one can also use the so-called incompressible-idealgas law: = poperating/RT. Generally speaking, one should set poperating close to the mean pressure in the domain to avoid round-off errors. However, for high Mach number flows using the coupled solver, set poperating to zero.
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Summary
Zones are used to assign boundary conditions. Wide range of boundary conditions permit flow to enter and exit solution domain. Wall boundary conditions used to bound fluid and solid regions. Repeating boundaries used to reduce computational effort. Internal cell zones used to specify fluid, solid, and porous regions. Internal face boundaries provide way to introduce step change in flow properties.
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