Building a SCADA System

Proprietary Notice The manual and software contain confidential information which represents trade secrets of GE Fanuc International, Inc. and/or its suppliers, and may not be copied or disclosed except as provided in the license with GE Fanuc International, Inc. The information in this manual is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by GE Fanuc International, Inc. GE Fanuc International, Inc. assumes no responsibility for any errors that may be in this document. 2003 GE Fanuc International, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Trademarks 2003 GE Fanuc International, Inc. All rights reserved. Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. All other brands or names are property of their respective holders. iFIX Version 3.5 - 07.03

Contents
Why You Should Read This Manual ................................................................................................ xiii 1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1 Understanding a Database....................................................................................................... 2 Understanding Database Blocks ................................................................................. 3 Understanding Chains ................................................................................................. 4 Processing the Database ............................................................................................ 5 Using the Process Database .................................................................................................... 6 Trending Process Data ................................................................................................ 6 Creating Scripts and Schedules with Process Data .................................................... 7 Archiving Process Data ............................................................................................... 7 Sample Application................................................................................................................... 8 2. Getting Started................................................................................................................................. 9 Starting and Stopping Database Manager ............................................................................... 9 Using the Database Spreadsheet........................................................................................... 10 Understanding Spreadsheet Properties .................................................................... 10 Working with the Pop-up Menu ................................................................................. 10 Editing the Spreadsheet ............................................................................................ 10

Contents

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Working with the Database Manager Toolbar ........................................................................ 11 Setting Database Manager Preferences ................................................................................ 12 Creating a Process Database: Overview................................................................................ 13 3. Implementing a Process Database .............................................................................................. 15 Sample Process Application................................................................................................... 15 Designing a Chain .................................................................................................................. 16 Describing the Sample Process Application .............................................................. 18 Analyzing the Sample Process .................................................................................. 19 Designing an Automation Strategy for the Sample Process...................................... 20 Writing an Automation Algorithm for the Sample Process......................................... 21 Matching Process Steps to Block Types ................................................................... 21 Drawing a Flowchart for the Sample Chain ............................................................... 24 Understanding Chain Designs ................................................................................................ 28 Building Large Databases ...................................................................................................... 29 Saving Large Databases ........................................................................................... 30 Working with Analog and Digital Blocks ................................................................................. 30 4. Working with Database Blocks .................................................................................................... 31 Block Types and Descriptions ................................................................................................ 31 Understanding Primary Blocks .................................................................................. 33 Understanding Secondary Blocks ............................................................................. 35 Understanding Control Blocks ................................................................................... 36 Understanding Statistical Process Control Blocks..................................................... 37 Understanding Batch Blocks ..................................................................................... 37 Understanding SQL Blocks ....................................................................................... 38 Understanding Database Dynamos........................................................................... 38 Block Fields ............................................................................................................................ 40 Locating Block Fields................................................................................................. 41 Completing Block Dialog Boxes ................................................................................ 41

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Scan Times............................................................................................................................. 41 Understanding Time-Based Processing .................................................................... 42 Understanding Exception-Based Processing ............................................................ 44 Understanding One Shot Processing ........................................................................ 47 Phasing................................................................................................................................... 48 Assigning Phase Times ............................................................................................. 50 Overphasing .............................................................................................................. 51 Block Modes ........................................................................................................................... 52 Understanding PMAN Mode ...................................................................................... 55 Understanding Blocks in PAUT Mode ....................................................................... 55 Placing Blocks On and Off Scan ............................................................................................ 56 I/O Drivers .............................................................................................................................. 59 Using the Simulation Driver ....................................................................................... 61 Using Signal Generation Registers in the SIM Driver................................................ 64 Using the Simulation 2 Driver .................................................................................... 67 Generating Bad Data with the SM2 Driver................................................................. 68 Using the SM2 C API................................................................................................. 68 Understanding Alarm Statuses .................................................................................. 73 Connecting to an OPC Server ................................................................................... 75 Understanding Signal Conditioning ........................................................................................ 75 Understanding EGU Limits ........................................................................................ 77 5. Working With the Process Database ........................................................................................... 81 Creating a New Database ...................................................................................................... 81 Opening and Closing a Database........................................................................................... 81 Adding Blocks......................................................................................................................... 82 Adding Multiple Blocks .............................................................................................. 83

Contents

Duplicating Blocks .................................................................................................................. 86 Copying and Pasting Blocks................................................................................................... 87 Moving Blocks ........................................................................................................................ 88 Modifying Blocks..................................................................................................................... 89 Deleting Blocks....................................................................................................................... 90 Displaying Block Information ..................................................................................... 90 Saving a Database ................................................................................................................. 91 Saving a Database from a Script or a Program Block ............................................... 91 6. Locating and Displaying Data ...................................................................................................... 93 Finding Data in a Spreadsheet ............................................................................................... 93 Replacing Data ....................................................................................................................... 94 Using Go To ........................................................................................................................... 95 Updating and Pausing the Spreadsheet ................................................................................. 95 Customizing the Spreadsheet ................................................................................................ 96 Coloring the Spreadsheet .......................................................................................... 96 Creating a Non-Scrolling Column .............................................................................. 96 Defining a Spreadsheet Layout ................................................................................. 98 Saving and Loading Spreadsheet Layouts............................................................................. 99 Overriding the Default Layout ................................................................................................. 99 7. Querying and Sorting Data ......................................................................................................... 101 Understanding Query Syntax ............................................................................................... 101 Using Boolean Operators ........................................................................................ 103 Using Wildcards in a Query ..................................................................................... 104 Grouping Queries .................................................................................................... 105

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Editing a Query..................................................................................................................... 105 Refining and Expanding a Query.......................................................................................... 106 Saving and Loading a Query ................................................................................................ 107 Overriding the Default Query................................................................................................ 107 Understanding Sort Orders................................................................................................... 108 Saving and Loading a Sort Order ......................................................................................... 109 Changing the Default Sort Order .......................................................................................... 109 8. Managing Databases................................................................................................................... 111 Verifying Databases ............................................................................................................. 111 Reloading Databases ........................................................................................................... 113 Reloading a Database from a Visual Basic Script ................................................... 113 Displaying a Database Summary ......................................................................................... 114 Exporting Databases ............................................................................................................ 115 Editing the Export File ............................................................................................. 116 Importing Databases ............................................................................................................ 119 9. Advanced Topics......................................................................................................................... 121 Changing a Databases Scanning Order .............................................................................. 121 Understanding a Databases Scanning Order ......................................................... 122 Changing the Order of Solve ................................................................................... 124 Customizing the Toolbar....................................................................................................... 125 Customizing the Tools Menu ................................................................................................ 125 Index ................................................................................................................................................. 127

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Figures
Figure 1-1: Figure 1-2: Figure 3-1: Figure 3-2: Figure 3-3: Figure 3-4: Figure 3-5: Figure 3-6: Figure 3-7: Figure 3-8: Figure 3-9: Figure 3-10: Figure 4-1: Figure 4-2: Figure 4-3: Figure 4-4: Figure 4-5: Figure 4-6: Figure 4-7: Figure 4-8: Figure 5-1: Figure 6-1: Figure 8-1: Figure 9-1: Figure 9-2: Figure 9-3: Figure 9-4: I/O Data and the Database ....................................................................................... 2 SAC Processing I/O Data ......................................................................................... 6 pH Adjustment Tank ............................................................................................... 18 Creating an Automation Algorithm .......................................................................... 21 Chain Flowchart ...................................................................................................... 24 Sample pH Problem ................................................................................................ 25 Chain Modification .................................................................................................. 26 Modified Flowchart .................................................................................................. 27 Proper pH Adjustment Trend .................................................................................. 27 Trend Block Insertion .............................................................................................. 28 Sample Data Acquisition and Control Chain ........................................................... 28 Sample Monitoring Chain........................................................................................ 29 Chain Showing Secondary Blocks .......................................................................... 35 Exception-Based Chain Processing........................................................................ 46 Improved Exception-Based Chain Processing........................................................ 46 Processing Blocks Without Phasing........................................................................ 48 Phasing for Block 1 ................................................................................................. 49 Phasing Block Scan Times for Multiple Blocks ....................................................... 49 Scaling Values ........................................................................................................ 77 Block Limit Accuracy ............................................................................................... 79 Removing a Block from a Chain.............................................................................. 89 Defining a Non-Scrolling Column ............................................................................ 97 Allocating Memory for Database Blocks ............................................................... 115 Sample Calculation Chain..................................................................................... 121 Blocks Assigned to a Scan Sequence .................................................................. 123 Blocks Deleted from a Scan Sequence................................................................. 124 Blocks Added to a Scan Sequence....................................................................... 124

Figures

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Tables
Table 2-1: Table 3-1: Table 3-2: Table 4-1: Table 4-2: Table 4-3: Table 4-4: Table 4-5: Table 4-6: Table 4-7: Table 4-8: Table 4-9: Table 4-10: Table 4-11: Table 4-12: Table 4-13: Table 4-14: Table 4-15: Table 4-16: Table 4-17: Table 4-18: Table 4-19: Table 4-20: Table 4-21: Table 5-1: Table 6-1: Table 7-1: Table 7-2: Table 7-3: Table 8-1: Table 8-2: Database Manager Preferences ............................................................................. 12 Automating the Sample Process with iFIX .............................................................. 16 Sample Process Analysis........................................................................................ 20 Database Options ................................................................................................... 31 Block Summary ....................................................................................................... 32 Standard Primary Blocks......................................................................................... 34 Standard Secondary Blocks.................................................................................... 35 Control Blocks ......................................................................................................... 36 Statistical Process Control Blocks........................................................................... 37 Batch Blocks ........................................................................................................... 37 SQL Blocks ............................................................................................................. 38 Intellution Database Dynamos ................................................................................ 39 Field Formats .......................................................................................................... 40 Scan Time Ranges ................................................................................................. 42 Time-Based Scan Time Examples.......................................................................... 42 Program and Statistical Data Block Considerations................................................ 45 Phase Time Formats............................................................................................... 50 Blocks in Automatic and Manual Modes ................................................................. 54 SIM Analog and Digital Values ............................................................................... 62 SIM Signal Generation Registers............................................................................ 64 SM2 Address Examples.......................................................................................... 67 C API Functions ...................................................................................................... 69 Example Block EGU Limits ..................................................................................... 76 Available EGU Limits .............................................................................................. 79 Pattern Types.......................................................................................................... 85 Database Manager Default Layout ......................................................................... 99 Relational Operators ............................................................................................. 101 Available EGU Limits ............................................................................................ 102 Boolean Operators ................................................................................................ 103 Resolving Verification Messages .......................................................................... 112 Block Type Abbreviations ..................................................................................... 118

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Why You Should Read This Manual

Building a SCADA System is intended for process engineers responsible for designing and building a process database. This manual shows engineers how to create, modify, and delete blocks and chains. It also teaches the skills engineers need to sort, query, and optimize iFIX databases. Reference Documents For related information about iFIX, refer to the following documents: Understanding iFIX Writing Scripts Creating Recipes

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1. Introduction
iFIX provides process information for plant managers, supervisors, and operators in the form of reports, displays, archived data, alarms, messages, and statistical charts. The sources of this information are OPC servers or process hardware the controllers, sensors, motors, switches, and other devices required to manufacture your product. iFIX reads process information from these devices and saves it in one or more process databases residing on your SCADA servers. The database plays an integral part in your industrial automation strategy; it is the primary source of process data for most iFIX applications. Whether you collect historical values or generate shift reports, iFIX enables you to create a database that supports your specific industrial control and automation needs. Database Manager Your main tool for creating and managing process databases is Database Manager. This program lets you open and configure the database of any SCADA server. You can also: Query and sort the database. Find and replace database information. Import and export a database. Generate multiple database blocks automatically. Customize your display.

Chapter 1. Introduction

Understanding a Database
Every SCADA server loads a process database at start-up. Once loaded, the database: Receives values from an I/O driver or OLE for Process Control (OPC) server. Manipulates values according to its configuration (a control strategy). Compares the values to alarm limits you define. Outputs adjusted values to the I/O driver or OPC server. Sends alarms to operator displays, printers, files, and network alarm destinations.

The following figure illustrates how values enter a database, travel through a sequence of blocks, and exit the database as output.

Database Input

Output

Figure 1-1: I/O Data and the Database

Building a SCADA System

Understanding Database Blocks

The main components of a process database are blocks. Blocks are capable of: Receiving values either from another block, OPC server, or directly from an I/ O driver. Manipulating values according to its configuration. Comparing incoming values against pre-defined limits. Scaling process values to a specified range. Performing calculations. Outputting values back to the I/O driver or OPC server.

iFIX provides different types of blocks, each capable of performing a unique function. For a brief description of each block, refer to the section Block Types and Descriptions. By default, when you install iFIX, it creates an empty database for your SCADA server. Using Database Manager, you can add the blocks you require to this database.

Chapter 1. Introduction

Database Adding a block

Next, you configure the block by entering: The blocks name. How it receives data from an I/O driver, OPC server, or from another block. Where it sends information. If it manipulates values. How it reacts to critical value changes (called alarming). How it scales values for operator displays.

Understanding Chains
Blocks by themselves perform specific tasks in the database. By combining two or more blocks together, you can form chains. Each chain performs the tasks of its component blocks by passing data from one block to the next. When properly configured, chains can generate alarms, acquire data, and verify, automate, and maintain a process. In automating large processes involving a number of I/O devices, a database can contain many chains, each designed to automate and maintain a specific function or process step.

Building a SCADA System

Database Chaining Blocks

Each chain can contain up to 30 blocks, with each block configured to perform a specific processing function. Note that some blocks are designed to work in chains while others are designed to operate on their own. Specific types of blocks, their functions, and their relationship to one another are summarized in the section Block Types and Descriptions. Familiarize yourself with the available blocks. Having a good understanding of the blocks and their capabilities allows you to quickly design optimum strategies for your application.

Processing the Database

In order for your blocks and chains to function, the Scan, Alarm, and Control program (SAC) processes them at the time interval you define. SAC processes your blocks and chains by: Scanning individual blocks in the chain, reading new I/O values and returning values to the process hardware. Alarming on incoming values if they exceed pre-defined limits you specify. Controlling the automation process by assuring that each block verifies or manipulates incoming values according to its configuration and sends values on to the next block in the chain.

The following figure shows SAC reading process values, sending these values through database chains, and returning the output values.

Chapter 1. Introduction

Database Input 4.326 (Address 1:1:4004:13) Output 4.400 (Address 1:1:4003:9)

5.003 (Address 1:1:4005:11)

5.500 (Address 1:1:4006:12)

SAC

I/ODriver

OPC Server

Figure 1-2: SAC Processing I/O Data

Using the Process Database

Once you create a process database, your SCADA server can monitor process conditions and report alarms. Alarms occur when an incoming value exceeds a predefined limit. Using the Intellution WorkSpace, you can draw and animate any object by rotating, coloring, or scaling it when an alarm occurs. These visual cues help operators respond to alarms in a timely fashion. For more information on reporting alarms, refer to the Implementing Alarms and Messages manual.

Trending Process Data

SCADA servers can also trend and display real-time and historical values. Process trends enable you to record and analyze process-critical values and allow you to: Archive process variables to meet federal regulations. Monitor the efficiency of products. Maintain equipment. Analyze post-process data.

Building a SCADA System

For more information on collecting historical values, refer to the Trending Historical Data manual. For more information on trending real-time data for operators, refer to the Creating Pictures manual.

Creating Scripts and Schedules with Process Data

Using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) or the Scheduler, you can adjust database values, place blocks on scan or off scan, change a blocks mode, or launch a script based on a value change or an alarm. For example, using a time-based schedule, you could set the values of a dozen blocks prior to the manufacture of your product or you could automatically ramp a value based on an event (such as a valve closing). Likewise, you could write a script to monitor the value of a block and, when an alarm occurs, open a diagnostic picture. For more information on using these features, refer to the Writing Scripts and Mastering iFIX manuals.

Archiving Process Data

In addition to using scripts and schedules to write values to the process database, you can use a relational database. Writing values from a relational database is similar to writing values with a script. In both cases, values are written at a pre-defined time or when an event occurs (such as a contact opening). However, unlike scripts and schedules, writing data from a relational database requires that you configure the SQL Trigger and SQL Data blocks in the process database. These blocks also let you archive data to a relational database. Once the relational database receives and stores the process data, you can query it to retrieve and analyze any information. For more information on setting up and using a relational database, refer to your ODBC manuals and the Using SQL manual. For more information on process database blocks, refer to the Database Manager online help. IMPORTANT: If you are working in a secure environment and using the Electronic Signature option, you must be aware of the impact of unsigned writes to the process database. Unsigned writes can originate from scripts, schedules, and writes from a relational database. Refer to the Implications of Database Writes With Electronic Signature section of the Using Electronic Signatures manual for detailed information.

Chapter 1. Introduction

Sample Application
To help you understand how to create process databases for yourself, this manual uses a sample application for manufacturing fertilizer and monitoring chemical consumption and equipment usage. The blocks and chains that comprise the application were developed by the Enviro company which collects sludge generated by municipal sewage plants and converts it into different grades of agricultural fertilizer in briquette form. The Enviro companys manufacturing process encompasses: Continuous control Batch control Discrete parts

Building a SCADA System

2. Getting Started
You can begin creating process databases by verifying that your SCADA servers are set up and functioning. Once you set up these computers: [1] [2] Install iFIX on each SCADA server. Configure each server with the System Configuration Utility (SCU). Refer to the Setting up the Environment manual to learn how to enable SCADA support. Set up the alarm area database for each server. This database contains the alarm areas you can assign to the blocks on the SCADA server. If you want to share an alarm area database across multiple servers, change the Alarm Area path in the SCU to reference a file server before you create your process databases.

[3]

Starting and Stopping Database Manager

You can start Database Manager by clicking the Database Manager button on the Application toolbar. As the program starts up, it prompts you to select the SCADA server you want to connect to and establishes a connection to the computer you select. Once Database Manager connects to the selected SCADA server, the program opens the servers current database. To exit from the program, select Exit from the File menu. NOTE: Connections to remote SCADA servers are established with a physical node name, not logical node names. Logical and physical node names are identical unless you enable SCADA redundancy. For more information about this feature, refer to the Mastering iFIX manual.

Chapter 2. Getting Started

Using the Database Spreadsheet

Each process database you open appears as a spreadsheet in Database Manager. Blocks appear as rows and block fields appear as columns, allowing you to select a row or field by clicking the mouse. You can also select multiple rows and columns by clicking and dragging the mouse.

Understanding Spreadsheet Properties

The database spreadsheet has many properties you can configure. Among these are: The sort order. The default query. The display format. The color scheme. The font properties.

By configuring these properties you can customize the spreadsheet as needed. To learn more about these properties, refer to the chapters Locating and Displaying Data and Querying and Sorting Data.

Working with the Pop-up Menu

In addition to the properties you can configure, the spreadsheet lets you right-click any row, column, or cell to display a menu containing a list of frequently-accessed commands. These commands are identical to commands you can access from the menu bar. For example, Cut on the pop-up menu is identical to Cut on the Edit menu. Similarly, Add Block on the pop-up menu is identical to Add on the Blocks menu.

Editing the Spreadsheet

You can edit most spreadsheet cells by selecting them and entering the data you want to display, allowing you to change individual items quickly. Cells in certain columns, such as the Tagname column, are read-only and cannot be modified.

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To change multiple fields for a particular block, you can double-click the block to display its dialog box. To change the same field for multiple blocks, you can find and replace data in a spreadsheet column. Refer to the chapter Locating and Displaying Data to learn more about finding and replacing data. Exchanging Data Database Manager also lets you edit blocks by copying or exporting them. Whenever you complete these tasks, the program converts the selected blocks into comma separated value (CSV) format, enabling you to paste or import the data into your favorite text editor or spreadsheet. Once you edit the data, you can copy or import the data back to Database Manager. Often a quicker way to convert blocks into CSV format is by holding down the Control key and dragging and dropping the blocks from Database Manager and into Microsoft Excel. The blocks you move appear in CSV format, allowing you to edit them. When you finish, you can drag them back. To learn more about using Excel with the Database Manager, refer to the section Copying and Pasting Blocks.

Working with the Database Manager Toolbar

Across the top of the spreadsheet is the Database Manager toolbar. This toolbar, shown in the following figure, provides access to common database operations such as saving a database or adding a block.

Chapter 2. Getting Started

11

Save Open Load Empty Database Reload Cut

Copy

Find Refresh Pause/ Automatic Refresh

Delete Block Add Block

Show Block

Help

Paste

Modify Block

About Database Manager

Setting Database Manager Preferences

Database Manager provides preferences for printing, saving, displaying, and editing the database. These preferences let you adjust how Database Manager handles certain operations. The following table summarizes the preferences you can enable. Table 2-1: Database Manager Preferences The Printing preferences Saving preferences Let you Print the database while you configure a block or start another iFIX program. Save the current spreadsheet settings or the process database when you exit Database Manager.

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Table 2-1: Database Manager Preferences (continued) The Display preferences Let you View or hide: Spreadsheet row numbers The status bar The Database Manager toolbar

You also have the option to set the automatic refresh rate. Editing preferences Open block dialog boxes in view or modify mode when you double-click a cell in the spreadsheet. In view mode, you can examine the block configuration but not modify it. The block and its chain remain on scan at all times. In modify mode, you can examine and change the block configuration. The block and its chain are placed off scan even if you do not modify the block. You also have the option to place edited blocks and chains on scan automatically when you finish editing them. By default, this option is disabled and Database Manager prompts you to place modified blocks on scan.

Creating a Process Database: Overview

You can create a process database by following these steps: [1] [2] Create primary blocks for your I/O points. Create any additional blocks you need and connect them to your primary blocks to form chains. Verify the database for errors. Correct any errors and fine-tune the database.

[3] [4]

Chapter 2. Getting Started

13

To learn how to create database blocks, refer to the section Adding Blocks. For information on using standard VBA naming conventions when creating tags, refer to VBA Naming Conventions. For information on verifying and correcting database errors, refer to the section Verifying Databases.

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3. Implementing a Process Database

Implementing a SCADA strategy requires you to collect the following information: Flowcharts of your processes. A list of I/O driver or OPC server addresses. Your alarm requirements. The type of signal conditioning and the range of values that your process hardware can measure. The range of values is called the EGU range.

After you have this data, you are ready to design a database. To help illustrate how to do this, this chapter walks you through the process of designing a chain for the Enviro company, introduced in the section Sample Application. Using these examples, you should be able to create your own blocks and chains for your process database. As you read this chapter, you may find it helpful to skip ahead and learn how to add a block with Database Manager so that you can create the sample chains described here. By creating sample chains, working with Database Manager, and correcting errors, you learn how to avoid mistakes before you create your actual database.

Sample Process Application

The first step in designing a database is to examine the application that you want to automate. Next, assign specific processing, maintenance, and monitoring tasks. For example, the Enviro company identified the following tasks, the specific iFIX features they would use to accomplish them, and the economic benefits.

Chapter 3. Implementing a Process Database

15

The key elements of this application also apply to processes in other industries, such as chemical processing, food processing, and even discrete parts manufacturing. Table 3-1: Automating the Sample Process with iFIX Production Tasks: Schedule production with sales orders. Process sludge into fertilizer. Produce different grades of fertilizer on demand. Monitor chemical usage and maintain inventory. Maintain equipment. Maintain fertilizer count. Archive processing data. iFIX Application: Schedule recipes for batch processing. Perform supervisory control, direct digital control, and alarming. Download a recipe for each grade of fertilizer. Trend chemical levels and print chemical usage reports. Trend pump/value usage and print maintenance reports. Historically trend the process. Calculate the total product weight according to batch and perform statistical quality control. Economic Benefits: Increase production through scheduling. Produce a higher quality product. Increase plant availability by scheduling preventative maintenance. Lower operating costs by making better use of materials and lowering labor cost. Increase responsiveness to market conditions by varying product size, compound, color, and water content. Increase profit.

Designing a Chain
Once you know the tasks you want to accomplish, you can design the chains for your database. The easiest and most efficient way to design a functional chain is to use the following design steps:

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Chain Design Steps [1] Analyze your process and make a record of the data you need, including: [2] I/O addresses of the device controller (a wiring list) Device types Signal conditioning The EGU range

Design an automation strategy that explains how you want your process automated. For example: What types of alarms and alarm limits do you want to establish? How often do you want the chain processed? When do you want operators notified of process events? How do you want process disruptions handled?

[3]

Create an algorithm that combines your process analysis and automation strategy. This determines how iFIX automates your process and provides the specific processing instructions you will enter into block dialog boxes. Match the steps in your algorithm to blocks capable of performing these steps. Draw a flowchart listing the block types that perform each step along with the specific processing instructions for each block.

[4] [5]

The example presented in the following subsections illustrates the thought process involved in designing a simple chain.

Chapter 3. Implementing a Process Database

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Describing the Sample Process Application

One step in the Enviro companys sludge conversion process is neutralizing acids and alkali in the sludge. The treatment process involves four steps: [1] [2] [3] Adding and mixing water with the sludge. Adjusting the sludges pH to neutralize any acid or alkali. Adding potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus to produce different grades of fertilizer. Pumping the prepared sludge to the filter press where excess water is removed to form fertilizer briquettes.

[4]

The remainder of this chapter focuses on the second step: pH adjustment. Sludge from the collection tank is periodically pumped into a large tank where water is added to make the sludge easier to mix. A sensor in the tank registers the sludges pH level. If the sludge is acidic, a device controller turns on a pump that adds an alkaline solution into the tank to raise the pH; if the sludge is alkaline, the device controller turns on a pump that adds an acidic solution into the tank to lower the pH. In either case, the sludges pH is properly adjusted according to the grade of fertilizer that is needed before it is pumped to the filter press. The following figure shows the pH adjustment tank and its equipment.

Device Controller

Alkaline

Acid

Figure 3-1: pH Adjustment Tank

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The next step is to design a chain that examines and adjusts the sludges pH by: Retrieving information from the pH sensor (data acquisition). Sequencing pumps and maintaining pH (Direct digital control).

Once you complete these tasks, you can add blocks to monitor pH fluctuations, chemical usage, pump usage, down time, and other statistical information. You can also historically trend this information, print it in reports, and display it to operators.

Analyzing the Sample Process

The first step in automating your process is analyzing how the process works. By developing a detailed process analysis first, you save time because you isolate the tasks that simple chains can complete and identify those tasks that require more complex chain designs. For example, a task in the Enviro company might be if the pH is greater than 8.5, add the acidic solution until it reaches 7.5. The steps required to adjust the pH are: [1] [2] Test the pH each hour. If the pH is below 5.5, gradually add an alkali solution; if above 8.5, gradually add an acidic solution. Stop adding the solution when the pH is between 6.5 and 7.5.

[3]

Although this analysis describes how the process works, it lacks important information about your control devices. You need to add detailed information on I/O driver or OPC server addresses, the type of controller equipment, signal conditioning, and maximum ranges the equipment can accept. In short, record all detailed information on how the process equipment operates.

Chapter 3. Implementing a Process Database

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After you obtain this information, you can go on to write a detailed analysis of your process. The following table presents a sample analysis of the pH monitoring and adjustment process. Table 3-2: Sample Process Analysis The pH sensor analog address: Acid pumps digital address: Alkali pumps digital address: Device controller: Signal conditioning: EGU range: 1:1:30001 1:1:40004:8 1:1:40004:5 MB1 LIN 0.0 to 14.0

Designing an Automation Strategy for the Sample Process

The next step in designing a database chain is planning a successful automation strategy. This requires you to determine how you want to automate the steps recorded in your process analysis. The following steps provide a sample automation strategy for the pH adjustment process. [1] [2] Receive pH information from the sensor at set intervals. Perform alarming. Set HIHI, HI, LO, LOLO, and ROC (rate of change) alarm limits. Sequence pumps to maintain pH. If the pH is below 5.5, turn on the alkaline pump. If the pH is above 8.5, turn on the acid pump. Repeat step 1 through 5 at set intervals.

[3] [4] [5] [6]

Notice how this automation strategy incorporates an alarming plan for handling process upsets, such as extreme pH fluctuations (rate of change). This helps to assure that empty drums of acidic and alkaline solutions do not go unnoticed and equipment failures do not interrupt your treatment process. 20
Building a SCADA System

Writing an Automation Algorithm for the Sample Process

The next and most important step in designing the pH adjustment chain is writing an algorithm that combines both the process analysis and automation strategy. The following figure shows how the technical specifications outlined in the process analysis are combined with the automation needs listed in the automation strategy.

Process Analysis pH Sensor address Pump1 address Pump2 address Device Type Signal Conditioning EGU Range

Automation Strategy

Perform automatic pH checking Set alarm limits HIHI, HI, LO, LOLO, ROC Maintain pH between 5.5 and 8.5

Automation Algorithm Step 1 Check pH at set intervals using sensor address, device type, and signal conditioning. Step 2 Alarm on HIHI, HI, LO, LOLO, and ROC limits. Step3 If current value is >= 8.5, add acid using acid pump address. If current value is <= 5.5, add alkali using alkali pump address.

Figure 3-2: Creating an Automation Algorithm The algorithm forms the basis of your chain; it identifies the order in which the process proceeds, where each step acquires information, and how iFIX gathers, processes, and verifies information.

Matching Process Steps to Block Types

The next step is finding the right database blocks to perform the steps outlined in the algorithm. This process transforms the algorithm from written steps into a chain schematic. Moreover, this step ensures that you incorporate iFIX capabilities into your processing plans. Once you complete this design step, you can enter your designs into your SCADA servers database.

Chapter 3. Implementing a Process Database

21

Automation Algorithm Step 1 Check pH at set intervals using sensor address, device type, and signal conditioning. Step 2 Alarm on HIHI, HI, LO, LOLO, and ROC limits. Step3 If current value is >= 8.5, add acid using acid pump address. If current value is <= 5.5, add alkali using alkali pump address. Block Type? Block Type? Block Type?

When matching blocks to steps, select a block that can perform the function of a step. In many cases, one block type can handle more than one step, whereas some steps may include too many functions or too many complex operations for any one block. For your pH adjustment process, the following blocks satisfy the algorithm: [1] An Analog Input block can receive analog signals from the pH sensors address.

Analog Input

[2]

The Analog Input block can also accommodate the alarming requirements, so this task is assigned to this block.

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Analog Input Alarm

[3]

The pumps are turned on or off based upon the value that the Analog Input block receives from the pH sensor. The block required for this step must be able to monitor an analog input and, depending on the value of the input, open or close a digital output point.

Turn acid on above 8.5 Turn acid off below 7.5 Turn alkali on below 5.5 Turn alkali off above 6.5

On-Off Control

The digital outputs are sent directly to the acid and alkali pump addresses. The On-Off Control block can perform this function.

On-Off Control
Alkaline Acid

Since the On-Off Control block can turn the pumps on and off without the use of any other block, this completes step 3.

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At this point youve identified the blocks that can perform all the steps in your algorithm.

Drawing a Flowchart for the Sample Chain

The last step is to draw a flowchart showing: The chained blocks. Their names. Their I/O addresses. Additional instructions on how these blocks handle information.

The flowchart is a visual representation of the chain and shows the instructions you will enter into each block as you add them to the database. The following figure shows a flowchart for the pH adjustment process.

pH Sensor Address

Analog Input

On-Off Control

Acid Pump Alkaline Pump

Tag name, Address, Device Type, Signal Conditioning, EGU range, Alarm limits, and Next Block

Tag name Turn acid on above 8.5 Turn acid off below 7.5 Turn alkali on below 5.5 Turn alkali off above 6.5

Pump Address Device Type Pump Address Device Type

Figure 3-3: Chain Flowchart Typically, your chain designs are seldom perfect the first time you implement them. With Database Manager, you can always re-evaluate the design of your chain, add blocks, remove blocks, modify block configurations, or change block types to those that accommodate more sophisticated automation functions.

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Building a SCADA System

The best approach to re-evaluating the design of your chain is to examine the original automation algorithm and determine if other blocks provide more flexibility or features over the existing blocks. For example, after testing the sample chain, Enviro engineers found it works well most of the time, but every so often the adjustment process exceeds acceptable pH limits by pumping in too much acidic solution, which lowers the pH beyond acceptable limits. The following figure illustrates this problem.

Scan Periods

Acceptable pH Range 0 5 10 15

Figure 3-4: Sample pH Problem You want the capability of pumping in acid at short intervals. In the original design, iFIX scans the chain every four minutes. This allows the acid more time to react with the sludge before more acid enters the tank. An additional improvement would be to shorten the chains scan time, providing more pH sampling to determine which solution needs to be pumped into the tank. By re-examining the automation algorithm, you can determine where to make improvements to the chain. Reproduced below is the original automation algorithm that called for the On-Off Control block.

If the pH is below 5.5, turn on the pump to add an alkaline solution. If the pH is above 8.5, turn on the pump to add an acid solution. Acid pump digital address: 1:1:40004:8 Alkaline pump digital address: 1:1:40004:5 If the pH is between 5.5 and 8.5, stop all pumps.

What you want to do is modify this algorithm to run the acid pump for shorter intervals, giving the acid time to decrease the pH before the acid is turned on again. To do this, you need to examine if other blocks can perform this task.

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One block capable of turning a pump on or off is the Program block. You can replace the On-Off Control block with the Program block. However, the Program block cannot establish direct digital contact with the acid and alkali pumps. For this you need to use two Digital Output blocks, one for each pump. The following figure shows the replacement of the On-Off Control block with the Program block and the two Digital Output blocks, and represents how information passes from one block to the next.

pH Sensor Address Digital Output Analog Input Program Acid Pump

Digital Output

Alkaline Pump

Figure 3-5: Chain Modification NOTE: The figure Chain Modification illustrates how the data flows from one block to another, not the actual chain structure. The following figure provides the new programming instructions required to operate the Program and Digital Output blocks.

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Building a SCADA System

pH Sensor Address Digital Output Analog Input Program Acid Pump

Set scan time to 1 minute

Digital Output

Alkaline Pump

If pH is <= 5.5, turn alkali pump on Wait 1 minute Check pH: If pH is <= 6.5, repeat first step else continue Turn pump off If pH is >= 8.5, turn acid pump on Wait 1 minute Check pH: If pH is >=7.0, repeat first step else continue Turn pump off

Figure 3-6: Modified Flowchart With this modification and with the Analog Input blocks scan time reduced to one minute, the chain handles pH adjustment more efficiently by allowing the Program block to run short programs that adjust the pH. The following figure shows how the modified chain handles pH adjustment.

Scan Periods

Acceptable pH Range 0 5 10 15

Figure 3-7: Proper pH Adjustment Trend With the pH adjustment complete, you might want to consider how to provide more control over the monitoring process. For example, if your operators need to monitor pH fluctuations, you can use a chart to provide a real-time trend for operators.

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Data trended by a chart is not stored. To store the real-time data use a Trend block. Then with a chart you can view these values directly on an operator display. The following figure shows the same control chain with a Trend block added to the chain.

pH Sensor Address
Digital Output Analog Input Trend Program

Acid Pump

Digital Output

Alkaline Pump

Figure 3-8: Trend Block Insertion Adding other blocks, such as the Statistical Data block, allows you to display statistical data in a graph.

Understanding Chain Designs

The chain shown from the sample application performs data acquisition and control. These types of chains usually receive inputs from an I/O driver or OPC server through an input block, manipulate the inputs with secondary blocks, and return an adjusted value to the I/O driver or OPC server through an Analog Output, Digital Output, or On-Off Control block, as the following figure shows.

Analog Input

Calculation

Trend

Analog Output

Primary

Secondary

Secondary

Primary

Figure 3-9: Sample Data Acquisition and Control Chain

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Building a SCADA System

You can also create chains that collect data for monitoring purposes. These types of chains usually receive inputs from an I/O driver or OPC server through an input block but may not return the inputs, since no process adjustment is required. The following figure shows a sample monitoring chain design.

Analog Input1

Calculation

Trend

Figure 3-10: Sample Monitoring Chain The number of chains you can construct is limited only by memory.

Building Large Databases

With Database Manager you can create very large databases. If you do this, keep in mind: The size of the database that you can construct is limited by the amount of memory you have available in your computer. Plan your database carefully. A database that implements a good scan time and phasing scheme will provide better system performance than the same database that has its blocks scanned all at once. iFIX provides a number of features that can aid in processing large databases: Exception-based processing (triggered by a change at the I/O address). One shot processing. Long scan times (up to 24 hours with phasing configurations of up to HRS:HRS, HRS:MIN, MIN:MIN, MIN:SEC, and so forth). Subsecond processing.

For more information on these topics, refer to the section Scan Times.

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Saving Large Databases

Make sure you have enough disk space available when saving your database to disk. If your SCADA server does not have enough disk space, you may lose the changes you have just made. For example, if you build a 3MB database, make sure you have 3MB of free disk space available.

Working with Analog and Digital Blocks

When planning your automation strategy you may want to consider using Analog Input and Digital Input blocks, or Analog Register and Digital Register blocks. All four blocks combine read/write capabilities and eliminate the need for separate output blocks. Analog Register and Digital Register blocks also have specific addressing and configuration requirements: Neither block can cross a poll record boundary. You select signal conditioning for an Analog Register block when you configure it. This selection applies to all picture objects associated with the block. Offsets to Float or Long data types must be in 2-word (4 byte) increments. This adjusts for the 32-bit word size of these data types. Neither block should be used with exception-based poll records. Although we do not recommend it, if you choose to use Analog Register or Digital Register blocks with exception-based processing, verify that no database block or offset address points to the same address as an exceptionbased database block. For further information, refer to your I/O driver manual. If your I/O driver or OPC server supports structured data types (Timers, Counters, etc.), these data types only support an offset of 0 for Analog and Digital registers.

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Building a SCADA System

4. Working with Database Blocks

Your main task when setting up a SCADA server is creating blocks for your process database. In general, you can create a block by completing its dialog box. However, in order to configure a block, you should understand the basic database concepts, such as scan times and phasing. This chapter discusses these and other database concepts.

Block Types and Descriptions

Typically, every SCADA server comes with two types of blocks: primary and secondary. The main difference between these block types is that primary blocks have scan times and are first in a chain. Secondary blocks do not have scan times and are never first in a chain. You can also purchase the following types of optional blocks: Table 4-1: Database Options The option Control Statistical Process Control (SPC) Batch SQL Provides... Refer to the section

Continuous, PID, direct, and digital control. Statistical data analysis and calculations, alarming, supervisory control, and display of statistical data. State-driven, interlocked, and batch control. Read and write access to a relational database on a remote server.

Understanding Control Blocks to learn more about control blocks. Understanding Statistical Process Control Blocks to learn more about SPC blocks. Understanding Batch Blocks to learn more about batch blocks. Understanding SQL Blocks to learn more about SQL blocks.

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Table 4-2 summarizes the differences among all the blocks. For detailed information on blocks, refer to the Database Manager online help. Table 4-2: Block Summary Block Type Analog Alarm (AA) Analog Input (AI) Analog Output (AO) Analog Register (AR) Boolean (BL) Calculation (CA) Dead Time (DT) Device Control (DC) Digital Alarm (DA) Digital Input (DI) Digital Output (DO) Digital Register (DR) Event Action (EV) Extended Trend (ETR) Fanout (FN) Histogram (HS) Lead Lag (LL) Multistate Digital Input (MDI) On-Off Control (BB) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (Control) x x x x x x x x (SPC) x (Control) Primary x x x x x x x Secondary Standard x x x x x x x (Control) x (Batch) Optional

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Table 4-2: Block Summary (continued) Block Type Pareto (PA) PID (PID) Program (PG) Ramp (RM) Ratio/Bias (RB) Signal Select (SS) SQL Data (SQD) SQL Trigger (SQT) Statistical Control (SC) Statistical Data (SD) Text (TX) Timer (TM) Totalizer (TT) Trend (TR) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Primary x x Secondary Standard Optional x (SPC) x (Control) x (Batch) x (Control) x (Control) x (Control) x (SQL) x (SQL) x (SPC) x (SPC)

NOTE: The tag count limit per tag type is 32,767.

Understanding Primary Blocks

Primary blocks receive data from an I/O driver or OPC server and generate alarms based upon this information. Primary blocks are usually associated with one or more pieces of process hardware. For example, a pump, a tank, a temperature sensor, a photo cell, a limit switch are all process hardware with which you might associate a primary block.

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Most primary blocks, listed in the following table, also include a scan time. The scan time controls when SAC scans the blocks in the database. Refer to the section Scan Times to learn more about them. Table 4-3: Standard Primary Blocks The block Analog Alarm (AA) Analog Input (AI) Analog Output (AO) Function: Provides read/write access to analog data and lets you set and acknowledge alarms. Provides read/write access to analog data and lets you set alarm limits. Sends analog data to an I/O driver or OPC server when the upstream block, an operator, a Program block, a script, or an Easy Database Access (EDA) program supplies a value. Provides read/write access to analog data only when a Data link connected to the block appears on an operator display. Performs boolean calculations based upon up to eight inputs. Provides read/write access to digital data and lets you set and acknowledge alarms. Provides read/write access to digital data and lets you set alarm limits. Sends digital data to an I/O driver or OPC server when the upstream block, an operator, a Program block, a script, or an Easy Database Access (EDA) program supplies a value. Provides read/write access to digital data only when a Data link connected to the block appears on an operator display. Retrieves digital data for up to 3 inputs from an I/O driver or OPC server, combines the inputs into one raw value, and lets you set alarm limits. Lets you read and write a devices text information.

Analog Register (AR) Boolean (BL) Digital Alarm (DA) Digital Input (DI) Digital Output (DO)

Digital Register (DR) Multistate Digital Input (MDI) Text (TX)

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Understanding Secondary Blocks

Secondary blocks manipulate data according to your instructions. Secondary blocks usually receive input from an upstream or primary block and perform a specific function with that input, such as perform a calculation or store several successive input values. Therefore, a secondary block cannot be the first block of a chain. However, you can connect secondary blocks to create a chain like the one shown in the following figure.

Analog Input

Calculation

Trend

Analog Output

Figure 4-1: Chain Showing Secondary Blocks Note that the first block in the chain is a primary block. This block is the primary source of data for the next block in the chain and determines the scan time for the entire chain. The following table lists the available standard secondary blocks. Table 4-4: Standard Secondary Blocks The block Calculation (CA) Event Action (EV) Extended Trend (ETR) Fanout (FN) Signal Select (SS) Timer (TM) Function: Performs mathematical calculations using values from the upstream block and up to seven other constants or block values. Monitors values or alarm conditions of the upstream block and performs actions based on the upstream blocks output. Allows you to collect up to 600 real-time values from an upstream block. You can display these values as a graph by adding charts to your pictures. Sends the value it receives from its upstream block to up to four additional blocks. Samples up to six inputs, manipulating the inputs according to a user-selected mode, and outputs a value to the next block. Counts time by incrementing or decrementing its value.

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Table 4-4: Standard Secondary Blocks (continued) The block Totalizer (TT) Function: Maintains a floating-point total for values passed to it from upstream blocks. This block sends values up to six digits in precision to other blocks. It can display up to fifteen digits of precision in an operator display. Allows you to collect up to 80 real-time values from an upstream block. You can display these values as a graph by adding charts to your pictures.

Trend (TR)

Understanding Control Blocks

Control blocks provide continuous, direct, or digital control capability. The following table lists the available control blocks. Table 4-5: Control Blocks The block Dead Time (DT) Function: Delays the transfer of an input value to the next block in the chain for up to 255 seconds. It can store up to 60 values of incoming variables and sends values on a first in/first out basis. Lets you simulate process dynamics and includes a digital approximation of the exponential equations for lead lag. This block is useful in feed-forward strategies. Compares analog inputs to a user-defined set point and sends out incremental adjustments to bring the process variable closer to the set point. Receives analog values and outputs digital values. Increases or decreases values to a target value at a specified rate. You can enter the target values manually or they can be retrieved from other blocks. You can define three distinct stages for the ramp process. Lets you change incoming signals by adding a constant (bias) and/or by multiplying a constant (ratio) after subtracting an offset from the signal. This block uses less memory and executes faster than the Calculation block.

Lead Lag (LL)

PID (PID) On-Off Control (BB) Ramp (RM)

Ratio/Bias (RB)

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Understanding Statistical Process Control Blocks

Statistical Process Control (SPC) provides statistical data analysis and calculations, alarming, supervisory control, and display of statistical data. The following table lists the available SPC blocks. Table 4-6: Statistical Process Control Blocks The block Histogram (HS) Pareto (PA) Function: Displays an input values frequency of occurrence. Accepts, calculates, and sorts the frequency of up to eight input values. You can display these values in an operator display with filled rectangles to create a bar chart. Adjusts a process variable based on calculations of the average offset and the rate of deviation from a target value, XBARBAR. This block is activated if an alarm is generated by a Statistical Data block. Observes data from operator input or other blocks and performs statistical calculations. This block allows for alarming based on standard SPC techniques.

Statistical Control (SC) Statistical Data (SD)

Understanding Batch Blocks

Batch blocks are specifically designed for discontinuous (state-driven, sequenced, interlocked, and batch) control operations. The following table lists the available batch blocks. Table 4-7: Batch Blocks The block Device Control (DC) Program (PG) Function: Coordinates the opening and closing of digital devices based upon user-defined conditions. Runs short programs for batch operations or to increase the degree of automation in an application.

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Understanding SQL Blocks

SQL blocks read and write data to a relational database. The following table lists the available SQL blocks. Table 4-8: SQL Blocks The block SQL Data (SQD) SQL Trigger (SQT) Function: Identifies the data to send and retrieve between the process database and your relational database. Triggers the execution of SQL commands and defines how your relational database interacts with the process database.

For more information about how these blocks work and how to use them, refer to the Using SQL manual and the Database Manager online help.

Understanding Database Dynamos

iFIX can process information from one or more Database Dynamo objects, also known as loadable blocks. Each Database Dynamo is an optional block that adds functionality to the process database. By using Database Dynamos, you can create new blocks tailored to your needs. For example, you might create a Dynamo that provides a custom PID or other control algorithm. You can create a Database Dynamo by using the Database Dynamo Toolkit. After you create one, iFIX treats your Database Dynamo like any other block in the process database. This feature enables iFIX to process alarms from the Dynamo, along with the other alarms in the system. Database Dynamos also enable you to: Access the Dynamos fields from any iFIX application. Use Database Manager to create, configure, and manage the operation of the Dynamos in the process database.

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Intellution also makes the following Database Dynamos available: Table 4-9: Intellution Database Dynamos The Database Dynamo Analog Input with Freeform Scaling (AIS) Breakpoint Linearization (BPL) Transition Counter (CTR) 16 Bit Digital Status (D16) Group Alarm (GAB) Momentary Digital Output (MDO) Improved PID (PI2) Signal Generator (GEN) Time Date Stamp (TDS) Text Lookup Block (TXT) Text Register (TXR) Function: Essentially the same as an Analog Input block, but will also calculate a slope for EGU limit values when signal conditioning does not apply. Converts a level measurement from a non-linear tank into a volume measurement. Counts the transitions of a digital signal. Monitors up to 16 bits in a digital register, and enables or disables 16 independent messages. Organizes and consolidates the display of alarm information within a large system. Sends a brief pulse to a digital output (for example, to start a motor). Essentially the same functionality as the PID block, with more options. Demonstrates, simulates, or tests. A time-based primary block. Takes a snapshot of the time of an event. Monitors a status or command register in a PLC. Allows the operator to see and enter meaningful strings. Monitors devices where the raw data is an ASCII string. Similar to the Text block (TX), but not scanned.

These Database Dynamos are updated regularly to comply with updates to iFIX. For more description, or to download the Database Dynamos provided by Intellution, visit the Intellution web site at http://www.gefanucautomation.com.

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Block Fields
Whenever you add a block, its configuration dialog box appears. The dialog box fields and controls represent locations in the block called fields. These fields store the information you enter into the dialog box. This information includes such data as the blocks name, description, scan time, I/O address, and scan status. Other block fields receive information from your process hardware or from other blocks. For example, a primary blocks current value comes from an I/O device. However, a secondary block receives its current value from an upstream block. All block fields use a common naming convention:
format _ name

The format indicates the type of data that the field stores. The following table lists the available formats: Table 4-10: Field Formats Format: A_ F_ T_ Description: ASCII Format. Floating-point Format. Graphic Format. Used in... Data links and objects in pictures. Data links, objects in pictures, and block-to-block references. Charts.

Refer to the Creating Pictures manual for more information on Data links, objects in pictures, and charts. The name indicates the specific information in the field. For example, the current value of a block is identified by the name:
CV

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Building a SCADA System

The combination of the field format and the field name provides you with the information you want. For example, if you want the current value of a block displayed as a number, you select the field F_CV. If you want the current value of a block displayed as text, you select the field A_CV.

Locating Block Fields

You can display a list of fields for the currently selected block using the Expression Builder or the Database Manager online help system. Using this information, you can configure Data links or other objects in your operator displays to extract block field data by specifying a data source. Alternatively, you can write a Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) script or an Easy Database Access program to extract and display block field data. For more information about the Expression Builder, specifying data sources, and adding Data links and objects, refer to the Creating Pictures manual.

Completing Block Dialog Boxes

The Database Manager online help provides information to help you complete block dialog boxes. The remainder of this chapter provides related information for completing common block fields, such as the scan time, phase, and I/O driver fields. Refer to these sections to learn how to configure these fields for your blocks.

Scan Times
All primary blocks have a scan time. The scan time determines how often SAC processes the block and sends the current value to the next block in the chain. SAC processes all secondary blocks chained to a primary block according to the primary blocks scan time. SAC can process a chain using one of the following methods: Time-based processing Exception-based processing One shot processing

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Time-based processing is best used when you want to regularly scan a block. If you only need to scan a block when its value changes, use exception-based processing instead. Similarly, you can use one shot processing if you need to scan a block when the process database initially loads.

Understanding Time-Based Processing

In time-based processing, SAC processes a block at a set time. The following table lists the scan time ranges you can enter for time-based chains. Table 4-11: Scan Time Ranges Range 5 to 95 subseconds (0.05 to .95 seconds) 1 to 60 seconds 1 to 60 minutes 1 to 24 hours Increments by... .05 seconds (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and so forth.) 1 second 1 minute 1 hour

SAC scans chains with hour and minute scan times based on the system clock of the local SCADA server. Scan times are set relative to midnight (00:00:00 hours). SAC scans chains with second and subsecond scan times based on the computers start up time, as the following tables describes. Table 4-12: Time-Based Scan Time Examples When a block has a scan time of 1 hour 1 minute 10 seconds SAC processes it every...

Hour on the hour. Minute on the minute. 10 seconds from your computers start-up time.

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Building a SCADA System

Assigning Time-Based Scan Times You can assign a time-based scan time to a block by completing its Scan Time field with the following format:
time unit

The following table lists the valid units and their abbreviations. If you do not enter a unit of time, iFIX assumes the unit is seconds.

Unit Minutes Hours

Entry M H

Example: Assigning Time-Based Scan Times To scan a block every 3 hours, enter:
3H

Because SAC processes this scan time based to the system clock, it scans the block at 0:00, 3:00, 6:00, 9:00, and 12:00 regardless of when you place it on scan.

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Follow these guidelines when you assign scan times: Assign scan times larger than the poll rate assigned in the I/O driver. This ensures that the I/O driver has time to read and send new values to SAC before SAC scans each block again. See your I/O driver manual for more information about the poll rate. Phase (stagger) scan times to reduce the risk of overloading the CPU. Refer to the section Phasing to learn more about phasing. Assign critical process chains a more frequent scan time than non-critical chains. If you need to have a chain scanned every 2 minutes, assign a 2-minute scan time, not a 5-second scan time. Remember that very short scan times require more CPU time and SAC processing than longer scan times. If a chain does not need processing at a set time, assign exception-based processing. Doing so will require less CPU time and improve performance.

Understanding Exception-Based Processing

Exception-based processing lets SAC scan a block or chain by exception, not at scheduled time intervals. An exception is: A change in a process value greater than the defined exception dead band; or An unsolicited message from your process hardware.

Using exception-based processing generally requires less CPU time and improves performance because SAC does not have to scan blocks at defined intervals. However, if a blocks value changes very frequently, time-based processing may be more efficient. You can use exception-based processing only if your I/O driver supports it. Consult your I/O driver client manual to learn if your I/O driver supports exception-based processing. NOTE: The SM2 driver supports exception-based processing; the SIM driver does not support exception-based processing.

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CAUTION: Do not assign the same I/O address to exception-based and time-based blocks. Doing so will cause the exception-based blocks to occasionally miss an incoming value. Blocks that Work Best with Exception-Based Processing While you can use exception-based processing with most blocks, certain blocks perform better with exception-processing than others. You can use the following blocks in exception-based chains as needed:

Analog Input Analog Output Digital Input Digital Output Fanout Histogram

On-Off Control Pareto Ratio/Bias SQL Data Timer Totalizer

Using Program and Statistical Data Blocks Typically, the blocks listed in the following table are used as stand-alone blocks and have limitations when incorporated in an exception-based chain. Table 4-13: Program and Statistical Data Block Considerations When you add the block In an exception-based chain, do not use the... CALL, DELAY, WAITFOR, or WAITSTAT commands. WAIT TIME fields.

Program Statistical Data

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Blocks that Receive Multiple Inputs The Boolean, Calculation, Event Action, and Signal Select blocks can use values from multiple blocks, but SAC only processes them according to their upstream primary blocks scan time. Therefore, use these blocks with care in exception-based chains. For example, the following figure shows a sample chain containing a Calculation block that receives values from Analog Input blocks outside the chain.

AI3

AI2

AI1

CA1

AO1

Figure 4-2: Exception-Based Chain Processing In this chain, if SAC scans AI1 by exception, then CA1 only accesses values from the remaining Analog Input blocks when that exception occurs. CA1 does not access values based upon the scan times of the Analog Input blocks outside the chain. This means that regardless of whether AI2 and AI3 change in value, CA1 does not recalculate its output unless triggered by AI1. The following figure shows an improved chain design using the blocks from the previous figure. This chain allows CA1 to recalculate its value whenever an exception occurs to any of the Analog Input blocks and ensures all blocks are processed before the recalculating the output.

AI1

AI2

AI3

CA1

AO1

Figure 4-3: Improved Exception-Based Chain Processing

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Blocks that Define a Time Constant PID, Lead Lag, and Dead Time blocks use the local computers system time to define a time constant. For this reason, Intellution recommends not using them in exceptionbased chains. Using Analog Alarm and Digital Alarm Blocks Analog Alarm and Digital Alarm blocks support exception-based processing. However, you must leave the Re-alarm Time and the Delay Time fields unmodified; otherwise, SAC places these blocks (and their chains) off scan when iFIX starts or when you reload the database. SAC processes exception-based Analog Alarm and Digital Alarm blocks only when an operator acknowledges an alarm from the Intellution WorkSpace. If an operator acknowledges the alarm with the Remote Acknowledge field, SAC does not process the block. Assigning Exception-Based Scan Times You can assign an exception-based scan time to a block by selecting Process by Exception from the blocks dialog box. If you are configuring an exception-based chain with multiple primary blocks, you must enter 0 in the Scan Time field of every primary block that does not start the chain, and select the Off Scan option button. Configuring the primary blocks that do not start the chain in this manner ensures that SAC processes the chain properly.

Understanding One Shot Processing

You can configure any primary block or chain to be scanned once on start-up by setting the scan time to zero and placing the block on scan. Once scanned, SAC does not scan the block or chain again until it restarts, the database is reloaded, or you place the block off scan and then on scan. Any block with a scan time may be configured for one shot processing. However, the same restrictions that apply to exception-based chains also apply to one shot-based chains.

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Phasing
Phasing staggers the time at which SAC scans your blocks. This is particularly important for large databases because it can dramatically improve performance. Even for small databases, phasing blocks results in more efficient use of CPU time. For example, if you have 3 unphased blocks with a 5-second scan time, SAC processes all 3 blocks at the same time. The following figure shows the CPU usage when SAC processes these blocks simultaneously.

Block 1 CPU Usage Block 2

Block3

12:00

6 7 8 9 10 Seconds After Startup

11

12

13

14 15

16

Figure 4-4: Processing Blocks Without Phasing By phasing these blocks, you specify when SAC processes each block. For example, if you specify a 1-second phase for the first block, SAC scans the block as the following figure shows:

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Building a SCADA System

CPU Usage

12:00

6 7 8 9 10 Seconds After Startup

11

12

13

14 15

16

Figure 4-5: Phasing for Block 1 If you specify a 2-second phase for Block 2, and a 3-second phase for Block 3, you can avoid processing the blocks simultaneously and evenly distribute the block processing and the CPU work load, as the following figure shows.

Block 1 Block 2 CPU Usage Block3

12:00

6 7 8 9 10 Seconds After Startup

11

12

13

14 15

16

Figure 4-6: Phasing Block Scan Times for Multiple Blocks

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Phasing Second and Subsecond Blocks Normally, when you specify a phase for a block with a second or subsecond scan time, SAC offsets the blocks initial scan by the phase time when iFIX starts or when the database is reloaded. However, SAC ignores the phase when: A Program or an Event Action block places the phased block on scan. An operator or script places the block on scan. An EDA program places the block on scan.

Assigning Phase Times

You can define the phase time by entering it into the Phase field. The phase you enter must have the same unit or one unit lower than the scan time unit, as the following table describes. Table 4-14: Phase Time Formats If the Scan Time is in... Hours Minutes Seconds Subseconds The Phase Time must be in... Hours:Minutes Minutes:Seconds Seconds Subseconds

For example, if the scan time is 5 minutes, you enter a phase of 1 minute and 30 seconds as follows:
1:30

To specify a 30-second phase instead, enter 0:30.

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Overphasing
You can also overphase your blocks. An overphased block is one that has a larger phase than scan time. For example, assume you have the chain shown in Figure 4-2. In this chain, AI2 and AI3 have 5-second scan times. AI1 is overphased with a 5second scan time and a 10-second phase. This delays AI1 by 10 seconds and ensures that SAC scans AI2 and AI3 before AI1. This means that the Calculation block receives the most recent values on which to perform its functions. Overphasing and Long Scan Times SAC only lets you overphase blocks with second or subsecond scan times. For blocks with a scan time of a minute or more, you can create an initial offset from the time that SAC would normally scan the block. For example, assume you want to scan a block every 6 hours with an offset of 2 hours and 10 minutes. You can configure the offset by entering the following phase in the Phase field:
2:10

Because the scan time is linked to the system clock, SAC always scans the block at 2:10, 8:10, 14:10, and 20:10 regardless of when it was placed on scan. Also remember, SAC scans blocks with scan times of one minute or longer immediately when iFIX starts or when the database is reloaded. To forego this initial scan, start SAC with the S command line parameter. Refer to the section Controlling SAC Startup in the Setting up the Environment manual for more information on specifying SAC command line parameters.

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Block Modes
Blocks can receive data from the following sources: Other blocks. An I/O driver or OPC server. The keyboard (using Data links). Recipes. Easy Database Access programs. Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) scripts.

You can control from where a block receives data by setting its mode, as the following figure shows:

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Automatic Mode In Automatic mode, blocks receive data from the I/O driver or the upstream block. I/O Driver

Analog Input

Calculation

Trend

Analog Output

Manual Mode In Manual mode, blocks receive data from Program blocks (using a SETOUT statement), Fanout blocks, operators using a keyboard to enter values, recipes, VBA scripts, or Easy Database Access (EDA) programs.

Placing a block in Manual mode does not place it off scan; SAC still processes the block using its last value. Manual mode only prevents a block from receiving data from an I/O driver, an OPC server, or the upstream block. SAC also scans exceptionbased blocks when they change mode (from Automatic to Manual mode or vice versa). While in Manual mode, SAC accepts any input within the EGU range and immediately scans the block. No deadband checking is made on these values. You can toggle a block's mode from an operator display by adding an object to the display and then using the Toggle Tag Auto/Manual Expert from the Task Wizard. To display a block's mode from an operator display, add a Data link that references the block's A_AUTO field. If you have enabled in-place data entry when configuring the data link, you can then modify that block's mode from the operator display by clicking on the Data link and entering AUTO or MANL. You can also modify a block's mode from the Database Manager by entering AUTO or MANL in the Curr Mode column for the selected block. NOTE: Blocks perform alarming in both Automatic and Manual modes.

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The exact function of certain blocks depends on their mode, as the following table describes Table 4-15: Blocks in Automatic and Manual Modes The block Analog Input In automatic mode Reads and writes data every scan cycle. And in manual mode Receives data from operators entering values, scripts, Program blocks, recipes, or Easy Database Access (EDA) programs, but does not output values. Suspends execution until the block is placed in Automatic mode. Receives data from operators entering values, scripts, Program blocks, recipes, or EDA programs, but does not output values. Suspends automatic PID outputs. This allows you to change the output from the block. Block values, such as the set point and tuning parameters, can be changed from the keyboard. Suspends execution of its statements until the block is placed in Automatic mode. When the block is switched back to Automatic mode, it continues from where it stopped. Suspends feedback.

Device Control Digital Input

Executes all statements without interruption. Reads and writes data every scan cycle. Performs PID adjustments. Set points can be changed through a Data link in this mode. Executes all statements without interruption.

PID

Program

Statistical Control

Feeds information back into your process when the Statistical Data block generates an alarm. Performs online statistical process control on incoming data from other blocks.

Statistical Data

Suspends online data observations. Used for offline statistical process control.

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Understanding PMAN Mode

As blocks change from Automatic and Manual modes, they enter a pending state. This state indicates that SAC has acknowledged the mode switch and will change it on the next scan. Blocks placed into Manual mode enter PMAN mode. The block remains in this state until SAC scans the block again. While in PMAN mode, SAC continues to scan the block according to its scan time and phase. Manual entries from an operator or a Program block force SAC to scan the block immediately and put it into Manual mode. Scans after a manual entry depend on the blocks scan time. Example: Blocks in PMAN Mode For blocks with short scan times, the next scan time occurs relative to the manual entry. For example, suppose SAC scans the block AI1 at 1:15:30. This block has a 30second scan time and a 5-second phase. If an operator puts AI1 into Manual mode and enters a value at 1:15:45, SAC scans the block immediately and resets AI1s next scan to 1:16:15 and every 30 seconds thereafter. If the operator subsequently enters another value at 1:15:50, SAC scans AI1 again and reset AI1s next scan to 1:16:20 and every 30 seconds thereafter. For blocks with scan times of a minute or longer, SAC synchronizes the next scan to the system clock. For example, assume AI2 has a one hour scan time and a 30-minute phase. If an operator placed the block into Manual mode and enters a value at 15 minutes past the hour, SAC scans AI2 immediately and on the half hour.

Understanding Blocks in PAUT Mode

Blocks placed in Automatic mode enter PAUT mode. The block remains in this state until SAC scans the block again. While in PAUT mode, SAC scans the block as if it were in Automatic mode.

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Example: Blocks in PAUT Mode For blocks with short scan times, this means that the next scan time occurs relative to the last scan. For example, suppose SAC scans AI1 at 1:15:30. This block has a 30second scan time. If an operator changes the blocks mode to Automatic, SAC: [1] [2] Puts the block into PAUT mode. Scans the block again at 1:16:00, placing it in Automatic mode.

For blocks with long scan times, SAC synchronizes the next scan to the system clock. For example, assume AI2 has a one hour scan time and a 30-minute phase. If an operator places the block into Automatic mode, SAC: [1] [2] Puts AI2 into PAUT mode. Scans the block again on the half hour, placing it into Automatic mode.

Placing Blocks On and Off Scan

SAC processes all database blocks placed on scan when it starts or a database is loaded. By default, Database Manager prompts you to place on scan each block you add. SAC stops processing a block or a chain when: From the Intellution WorkSpace, you select an object connected to a primary block and you run a script that places the block off scan. You modify a block with Database Manager. Modifying a block while SAC is processing that blocks chain places the entire chain off scan. As an option, you can set up Database Manager to automatically place the modified block

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and its chain on scan when you finish editing it. Refer to the section Setting Database Manager Preferences to learn more about Database Manager options. You delete any block within a chain. Refer to the section Deleting Blocks to learn more about removing blocks from the process database. Statements in Program blocks, Event Action blocks, or an EDA program place a chains primary block off scan. You connect the blocks in a chain incorrectly and SAC cannot scan the chain. Use Database Managers Verify command to determine which blocks are improperly chained. Refer to the section Verifying Databases to learn about examining your database for errors. A Program block finishes processing its statements and exits, the Program block does not execute again until the database is reloaded or the block is turned off and placed back on scan. You can place a block off scan from the Scan Status column displayed in the spreadsheet. An operator clicks an object with a VBA script that places a block off scan. You can quickly add such a script to an object with the Turn Tag Off Scan button. To use this button, you must first drag it from the CommandTasks toolbar category onto a toolbar. To learn how to display toolbar categories and add a button to a toolbar, refer to the section Customizing Toolbars in the Understanding iFIX manual.

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Placing a primary block off scan turns that blocks entire chain off scan. You can put the chain back on scan by: Opening an operator display, selecting an object connected to the chains primary block, and running a script that places the block on scan. Setting up a Program or an Event Action block that places the chain back on scan. Changing the text in the Scan status column from OFF to ON. Adding or modifying a block with Database Manager or the Intellution WorkSpace. Depending on the options selected, both programs can automatically place the block on scan. An operator clicks an object with a VBA script that places a block on scan. You can quickly add such a script to an object with the Turn Tag On Scan button. To use this button, you must first drag it from the CommandTasks toolbar category onto a toolbar. To learn how to display toolbar categories and add a button to a toolbar, refer to the section Customizing Toolbars in the Understanding iFIX manual.

Blocks with Long Scan Times Blocks that have long scan times react differently to on/off scan changes than blocks that have short scan times. If you change the blocks scan status, it enters a pending state: PON (pending on) or POFF (pending off). This state indicates that a scan status change was requested and is pending, but SAC has not placed the block off or on scan. While a block is in PON, new values are ignored. Example: Placing Blocks with Long Scan Times On Scan Assume you have a block with a one hour scan time and you place it on scan 45 minutes into its scan cycle. The block enters the PON state and remains there for 15 minutes in order to synchronize it with SAC. Once synchronized, SAC changes the blocks state and places it on scan.

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Using the S Parameter By default, SAC changes a blocks scan status shortly after entering the pending state. However, if SAC was started with the S command line parameter, the block remains in the pending state until SAC is ready to scan it.

I/O Drivers
In order for each primary block in the database to receive data, you must connect to your I/O using an I/O driver. The driver you select depends on your process hardware. Intellution sells drivers for many types of hardware. Contact your Intellution Sales Representative or visit the Intellution web site at http:// www.gefanucautomation.com/products/fixiodrivers/default.asp for a list of available drivers. Once you purchase a driver and install it, you can start specifying I/O points you want the current block to use. If the I/O point does not exist, Database Manager starts your I/O driver configuration program so you can add it. Refer to your I/O driver documentation to learn how to add an I/O point to your driver configuration. Simulation Drivers iFIX also supplies two simulation drivers, SIM and SM2, that you can use to test your chains before you connect to real I/O. The simulation drivers are matrixes of addresses. Database blocks read values from and write values to these addresses. If one block writes to a specific address, other blocks can read the same value from the same address. You can save these values when you save the process database; however, iFIX removes them from memory when SAC starts or you reload the database. Both drivers have the following in common: Provide a matrix of addresses that database blocks can read from and write to. Support analog and digital database blocks. Support text blocks.

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The drivers differ in the following ways:

The SM2 driver Provides three independent sets of registers. Analog blocks automatically access the analog registers, digital blocks automatically use the digital registers, and Text blocks automatically access the text registers. Changing a register in one set does not change the same register in the other set. For example, if you change the value of the analog register 1000, the value of the digital register 1000 is unchanged. Provides 20,000 analog, 20,000 16-bit digital registers, and 20,000 text registers. Stores analog values in 4-byte (32-bit) floating point registers, numbered 0 to 19999. Incoming values are not scaled. Digital values are stored in 16-bit integer registers, numbered 0 to 19999. Text values are stored in 8-bit registers numbered 0 to 19999. Each register holds one text character for a total of 20,000 bytes of text. Provides a register to simulate communication errors.

The SIM driver Provides one set of registers shared by both analog, digital, and text blocks.

Changing an analog register in the SIM driver modifies the register for analog, digital, and text reads. For example, if you change the value of the analog register 1000, you also modify the value of the same digital register. Provides 2000 analog and digital registers, a total of 32,000 bits. Stores analog values in 16-bit integer registers, numbered 0 to 2000. Incoming 32bit values are scaled to 16-bit values (0 65535). Digital values are stored in 16-bit integer registers, numbered 0 to 2000. Text values are stored in the same area as analog and digital values, numbered 0 to 2000. Cannot simulate communication errors. However, the SIM driver does provide registers RA through RK and RX through RZ to generate random numbers. For more information, refer to the Using Signal Generation Registers in the SIM Driver section. Does not support a C API for accessing SIM values.

Supplies a C API that allows applications to access SM2 analog, digital, and text values.

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The SM2 driver Supports exception-based processing. Supports latched data for Analog Input, Analog Alarm, Digital Input, Digital Alarm and Text blocks when a simulated communication error is enabled. Can read and write the individual alarm status of each SM2 register. Does not provide alarm counters.

The SIM driver Does not support exception-based processing. Does not support latched data.

Cannot read and write the individual alarm status of any SIM register. Provides alarm counters that show the general alarm state of a SCADA server. For more information, refer to the Using Alarm Counters chapter of the Implementing Alarms and Messages manual.

Using the Simulation Driver

You may prefer to use the SIM driver over the SM2 driver for one or more of the following conditions: Generating a repeating pattern of random and predefined values to help you test your chains. Using alarm counters to show the general alarm state of your SCADA server.

To use the SIM driver: [1] [2] Enter SIM in the primary blocks Driver field. Complete the I/O Address field with the following syntax:
register:bit

For analog values, the register ranges from 0 to 1999. The bit is not used. For digital values, the register ranges from 0 to 1999. The bit is 0 to 15. The full range of register/bit settings is 0:0 to 1999:15.

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Examples: SIM Addresses

0:0 50:2 63:15

The SIM driver shares only one set of registers for Analog and Digital blocks. As a result, you can address all 2000 registers as analog or digital values. The following table shows the digital bit values when a SIM register contains an analog value. Table 4-16: SIM Analog and Digital Values When the Analog Value is... 65535 The Bits for Digital Values are...

Bits 15 to 0 are set to 1

15 11111111

8 7 11111111

32768

Bit 15 is set to 1 Bits 14 to 0 are set to 0

15 10000000

8 7 00000000

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Table 4-16: SIM Analog and Digital Values (continued) When the Analog Value is... 32767 The Bits for Digital Values are...

Bit 15 is set to 0 Bits 14 to 0 are set to 1

255

Bits 15 to 8 are set to 0 Bits 7 to 0 are set to 1

15 00000000

8 7 11111111

Database Manager does not accept entries into the Hardware Options and Signal Conditioning fields when using the SIM driver. In addition, the SIM driver supports: Only five-digit precision instead of the standard seven-digit precision. Time-based processing; you cannot use exception-based processing. The output of good values. The SIM driver does not output bad values. If you are testing your system for fault tolerance, remember that the SIM driver does not send communication errors (BAD values).

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Using Signal Generation Registers in the SIM Driver

To help you test your database with simulated input, the SIM driver provides a set of registers that generate a repeating pattern of random and predefined values. For example, you could ramp a value to simulate the performance of specific chains or you might generate a series of random numbers to test the entire database. To assign one of these registers to a block: [1] [2] Enter SIM in the blocks Driver field. Complete the I/O Address field with the following syntax by entering a twoletter register acronym as listed in Table 4-17:
register:bit

The bit portion is needed only when using a digital block. Example To ramp a value with the RA register, enter the following text in the I/O Address field:
RA

The following table lists the available registers. Table 4-17: SIM Signal Generation Registers The register RA RB RC Lets you Valid Entry Read only Read only Read only

Ramp a value from 0 to 100% of the EGU range at a rate controlled by the RY register. Count from 0 to 65535 at a rate of twenty counts per second. Shift one bit through a 16-bit word at a rate controlled by the RZ register.

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Table 4-17: SIM Signal Generation Registers (continued) The register RD RE Lets you Generate a sine wave from 0 to 100% of the EGU range at a rate controlled by the RY register. Generate a sine wave from 0 to 100% of the EGU range at a rate controlled by the RY register. The sine wave is delayed 90 degrees relative to the RD register. Generate a sine wave from 0 to 100% of the EGU range at a rate controlled by the RY register. The sine wave is delayed 180 degrees relative to the RD register. Generate random values between 25% and 75% of the EGU range. Ramp up a value to 100% of the EGU range and then ramp it down to 0% again at a rate controlled by the RJ register. Control the ramp direction of the value in the RH register. When zero, register RH ramps down; when one, RH ramps up. The value automatically changes when RH reaches 0 or 100% of its EGU value. Control the ramp speed (in cycles per hour) for the value in register RH. The default value is 60 (1 cycle per minute). Enable or disable the generation of the value in the RH register. Enter zero to freeze (disable) ramp and a nonzero value to enable it. Enable or disable the generation of values in the other registers. Enter zero to freeze (disable) all registers and a non-zero value to enable all registers. Valid Entry Read only Read only

RF

Read only

RG RH

Read only Read only

RI

Numeric Value (0 or 1)

RJ

Numeric Value (2 to 3600) Numeric Value (0 or 1) Numeric Value (0 or 1)

RK

RX

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Table 4-17: SIM Signal Generation Registers (continued) The register RY Lets you Control the speed (in cycles per hour) at which new values are generated for registers RA, RD, RE, and RF. By default, the RY register is set to 60 (1 cycle per minute). Control the speed (in bits per minute) that the register RC changes its value. By default, the RZ register is set to 180 (3 bit shifts per second). Valid Entry Numeric Value (2 to 3600) Numeric Value (2 to 1200)

RZ

All SIM registers support Analog Input, Analog Register, Digital Input, and Digital Register blocks. However, as the following table describes, certain blocks provide optimum performance when used with certain registers.

The block Analog Input Analog Output Analog Register Digital Input Digital Register

Works best with the register RA, RD, RE, RF, RG, and RH RJ, RY, and RZ RA, RD, RE, RF, RF, RH, RI, RJ, RK, RX, RY, and RZ RB and RC RB, RC, RI, RK, and RX

NOTE: The RB and RC registers support Digital Register offsets of A_0 to A_15.

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Using the Simulation 2 Driver

You may prefer to use the SM2 driver over the SIM driver when one or more of the following conditions occur: You have more test data than the SIM driver can hold. You want to determine how the database responds to 32-bit values. You need to access the driver from a C program.

Accessing SM2 Registers The SM2 driver matrix consists three independent sets of registers, one for analog values, one for digital values, and one for text values. Analog database blocks read from and write to analog registers only. Once a block writes a value, other analog blocks can read the value from the register written to. Digital database blocks work the same way, reading and writing from the digital registers. iFIX clears all SM2 values when iFIX starts. The SM2 driver does not use the Hardware Options or Signal Conditioning fields. To use the SM2 register: [1] [2] Enter SM2 in the primary blocks Device field. Complete the I/O Address field with the following syntax: For Analog values: register For Digital values: register:bit For Text values: register Table 4-18: SM2 Address Examples Analog Examples 1000 16435 Digital Examples 5000:10 23:15 Text Examples 2000 off

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Generating Bad Data with the SM2 Driver

The SM2 driver provides an S register to simulate a communication error. Using this register, all analog and digital reads return an error as if communication to the process hardware has been lost. To use this feature, set the S register to 1. NOTE: The SM2 driver latches data when a simulated communication error is enabled.

Using the SM2 C API

You can access SM2 analog, digital, and text values through the C API that the driver supplies. The file SM2API.H describes the API and the functions reside in the file SM2API.LIB. You can link this library file to your C application to access the APIs functions. You can find both files in your Base path. By default, this path is C:\DYNAMICS\ or C:\IFIX\, depending where you installed iFIX. NOTE: You must have the iFIX EDA Toolkit installed to use this API. Example Suppose you are using the SM2 driver to store data from a legacy system. Using the C API and a number of dummy analog blocks, you can extract your data from the legacy system and store it in your process database.

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Table 4-19: C API Functions Syntax UINT16 GetAnalog(UINT16 index, FLOAT *data); Values read, written, and returned GetAnalog reads an analog value (32-bit float) to the register indicated by 'index'. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range. UINT16 SetAnalog(UINT16 index, FLOAT data); SetAnalog writes an analog value (32-bit float) to the register indicated by 'index' and causes an exception for the specified register even if the data has not changed. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range. UINT16 GetDigital(UINT16 index, UINT16 *data); GetDigital reads 16 digital values (all 16 bits in one of the 20,000 digital registers) to the register indicated by 'index'. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range. NOTE: The API can only read and write the entire 16 bit digital register at one time. If you want to change 1 bit, you can read the register, modify the desired bit and write the register. However, when you modify a single bit, ensure that only one thread in one application is accessing a digital register at one time.

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Table 4-19: C API Functions Syntax UINT16 SetDigital(UINT16 index, UINT16 data); Values read, written, and returned SetDigital writes 16 digital values (all 16 bits in one of the 20,000 digital registers) to the register indicated by 'index' and causes an exception for all 16 bits of the specified register even if the data has not changed. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range. NOTE: The API can only read and write the entire 16 bit digital register at one time. If you want to change 1 bit, you can read the register, modify the desired bit and write the register. However, when you modify a single bit, ensure that only one thread in one application is accessing a digital register at one time. UINT16 SetDigitalEx(UINT index, UINT16 data, UINT16 mask) SetDigitalEx writes 16 digital values (all 16 bits in one of the 20,000 digital registers) to the register indicated by 'index' and causes an exception for specific bits selected from a mask. An exception is triggered for the bits set in the mask even if the data has not changed. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range. NOTE: The API can only read and write the entire 16 bit digital register at one time. If you want to change 1 bit, you can read the register, modify the desired bit and write the register. However, when you modify a single bit, ensure that only one thread in one application is accessing a digital register at one time. UINT16 GetCommError(UINT16 *data); GetCommError reads the communication error flag to the S register. The flag is a 1 bit integer value. FE_OK is returned always.

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Table 4-19: C API Functions Syntax UINT16 SetCommError(UINT16 data); Values read, written, and returned SetCommError writes the communication error flag to the S register. The flag is a 1-bit integer value. You should only pass 0 or 1 to the SetCommError function. Using any other value can have unpredictable results. FE_OK is returned always. UINT16 SetAnalogAlarm(UINT16 index, INT16 alm); SetAnalogAlarm writes an alarm status to an analog register indicated by 'index' and causes an exception for the specified register even if the data or alarm has not changed. To learn more about available alarm statuses, refer to Understanding Alarm Statuses. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range. UINT16 GetAnalogAlarm(UINT16 index, INT16 *alm); GetAnalogAlarm reads an alarm status from an analog register indicated by 'index'. To learn more about available alarm statuses, refer to Understanding Alarm Statuses. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range. UINT16 SetDigitalAlarm(UINT16 index, INT16 alm); SetDigitalAlarm writes an alarm status to a digital register indicated by 'index' and causes an exception even if the data or alarm has not changed. The same alarm is associated with all 16 bits in the digital register. To learn more about available alarm statuses, refer to Understanding Alarm Statuses. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range.

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Table 4-19: C API Functions Syntax UINT16 GetDigitalAlarm(UINT16 index, INT16 *alm); Values read, written, and returned GetDigitalAlarm reads an alarm status from a digital register indicated by 'index'. To learn more about available alarm statuses, refer to Understanding Alarm Statuses. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range. UINT16 SetText(UINT16 index, char *data, int size) SetText writes the text specified by data to text registers starting at the register indicated by index. The number of characters to write is indicated by size. Exception-based processing is not supported for text values. SetText does not automatically add a null terminator to the text being written. If you require null-terminated strings, make sure your program adds a null terminator prior to writing the text. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range. UINT16 GetText(UINT16 index, char *data, int size) GetText reads the text specified by data from text registers starting at the register indicated by index. The number of characters to read is indicated by size. GetText does not automatically add a null terminator to the text being read. If you require null-terminated strings, make sure your program adds a null terminator after reading text. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range.

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Table 4-19: C API Functions Syntax UINT16 SetTextAlarm(UINT16 index, INT16 alm) Values read, written, and returned SetTextAlarm writes an alarm status to a text register indicated by 'index'. When a block reads data from the SM2 driver, the alarm status of the first byte is returned. The status of additional bytes is ignored. To learn more about available alarm statuses, refer to Understanding Alarm Statuses. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range. UINT16 GetTextAlarm(UINT16 index INT16 alm) GetTextAlarm reads an alarm status from a text register indicated by index. To learn more about available alarm statuses, refer to Understanding Alarm Statuses. FE_OK is returned if the operation succeeds. FE_IO_ADDR is returned if the register index is out of range.

Understanding Alarm Statuses

iFIX can process alarm status information from I/O drivers. This information complements the alarms generated by iFIX database blocks. When an alarm is returned from a driver, iFIX compares the driver alarm against the block alarm. The alarm with the higher severity is used as the block alarm and the other alarm is ignored. iFIX defines the following alarms with the following severity:

Severity 16 (highest) 7

Alarm Status IA_COMM IA_CFN

Description Communication Error ("BAD" value). Change From Normal (Digital block only).

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Severity 7

Alarm Status IA_HIHI or IA_LOLO

Description The block is in the HIHI alarm state (High High), or the block is in the LOLO alarm state (Low Low). Value exceeds rate of change setting since last scan period. The block is in the HI alarm state (High), or the block is in the LO alarm state (Low). Deviation from the set point. The block is in normal state.

6 6

IA_RATE IA_HI or IA_LO

5 0 (lowest)

IA_DEV IA_OK

Using the preceding table, you can see that if a driver returns a HIHI alarm to a block that is in HI alarm, iFIX changes the alarm state to HIHI because the driver alarm is more severe. However, if the alarms are of equal severity, iFIX does not change the alarm state of the block. For example, if the block is in HI alarm and the driver returns a LO alarm, the blocks alarm state does not change because both alarms have equal severity. Once an operator acknowledges the HI alarm, iFIX changes the blocks alarm state. NOTE: If you set a communication error to the S register with the SetCommError function, then all SM2 registers show a COMM alarm status. When examining the alarm status of text, only the status of the first character (byte) is read. You can control the alarm status functions of the SM2 driver using its C API only. Refer more information about this API, refer to the Using the SM2 C API section.

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Connecting to an OPC Server

In addition to I/O drivers, the WorkSpace can send and receive data with an OLE for Process Control (OPC) server. You can configure any database block to receive or send OPC data by completing the blocks I/O driver fields as the following table describes:

Enter OPC The OPC address

In the Driver field. I/O Address field.

The OPC address has the following syntax:

ServerName;GroupName;ItemID;AccessPath

where ServerName is the name of your OPC server, GroupName is the name of the OPC group you want to access, and ItemID is the name of the OPC item you want to read or write. Including the AccessPath is optional and instructs the server how to access its data. For more information about connecting to your OPC server, refer to your OPC PowerTool documentation.

Understanding Signal Conditioning

Very often raw values from your process hardware are not meaningful to operators. This is particularly true when the hardware reports values in a numeric format, such as an unsigned integer, to indicate how full a tank is. In this situation, what is needed is a way to map the range of values you receive into a different range of values. Many I/O drivers provide this ability by applying signal conditioning. Signal conditioning converts the data received from the process hardware into a format that is easily recognizable by operators. You can apply signal conditioning by selecting the type you want to use from a blocks Signal Conditioning field.

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Example: Understanding Signal Conditioning Suppose you have a 700-gallon water tank and you want to display how much water is in the tank. You can display the tanks water level as: Unscaled integer received from your process hardware Gallons Percent filled

For this example, assume the I/O driver sends an unsigned integer to the process database (that is, 0 to 65535). The following table lists sample high and low EGU limits you could assign to the input block. These settings scale the incoming values to display the tanks water level in percent filled and in gallons. Table 4-20: Example Block EGU Limits Operator Display: Unsigned Integer Percent Gallons Limit Settings: 0 to 65535 0 to 100 0 to 700

The following figure shows the values that are displayed when the tank is full, half full, and empty.

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Unsigned Integer Full 65535

Gallons 700

Percentage 100%

Half Full

32767

350

50%

Empty

0%

Figure 4-7: Scaling Values

Understanding EGU Limits

EGU limits have a precision and range. The precision is the number of digits after the decimal point. The range is the span of values. For example, the default range for blocks is 0 to 100. Changing the EGU Limit Precision You can change the EGU limits precision by editing the High Limit and Low Limit fields. When you change the precision, Database Manager modifies all references to the current block throughout the database. For example, if you create an Analog Input block with EGU limits of 0.0 to 100.0 and then change the precision to 0.00 to 100.00, Database Manager searches the database for all references to this block and makes the appropriate changes. In this case, a Program block that contains the following step:
SETOUT AI1 50.0

is adjusted to read:
SETOUT AI1 50.00

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Changing the EGU Limit Range To change the EGU limits range, you must change all references to this block manually. For example, if you create an Analog Input block with limits of 0.0 to 100.0 and then change the range to 0.0 to 700.0, all references to this blocks EGU limits are unaffected until you edit them. In this case, assume you have a Program block that outputs a value equal to half of this blocks original range, as shown below:
SETOUT AI1 50.0

You must modify this Program blocks SETOUT statement to reflect the new range, as shown below:
SETOUT AI1 350.0

EGU Limit Formats Database Manager accommodates the EGU limit formats listed in the table Available EGU Limits. Each format is accurate to six digits. Because of compiler limitations, round-off errors may occur in the seventh digit. The following figure shows sample values and their accuracy.

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1.234567 123.234567 1234567.654321

Shaded text indicates the accurate values

Figure 4-8: Block Limit Accuracy Table 4-21: Available EGU Limits Format: Standard Integer Accepts Limits From: -32768 to 32767 0 to 65535 0 to 999 0 to 4095 (signed int) (unsigned int) (3BCD) (12 Binary)

Expanded Decimal Notation

-9999999 to 9999999 Using this format, you can specify up to six places after the decimal point. Make sure you enter the same number of decimal places in fields that require both high and low limits. Note that this range would be 1E7 to +1E7 in scientific notation. 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38 Use this format to display large or small numbers. Again, only the first seven digits are accurate. If you prefer, you can also use scientific notation for numbers that iFIX can display in decimal notation. Using decimal notation with scientific notation, you can specify up to six places after the decimal point.

Scientific Notation

NOTE: Refer to your I/O driver manual for additional integer ranges supported by your equipment.

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5. Working With the Process Database

As you develop your process databases, you need to complete many basic operations including: Creating a new database. Opening and closing an existing database. Adding blocks to the current database. Copying, modifying, duplicating, displaying, and deleting database blocks. Moving blocks from one database to another. Saving the current database.

This chapter describes how to complete these tasks.

Creating a New Database

One of your first tasks when developing a process database is to create a new database. Creating a new database loads the empty database, EMPTY.PDB, into memory and removes any existing database that may be loaded. If the existing database has unsaved changes, Database Manager prompts you to save them before the new database loads.

Opening and Closing a Database

Before Database Manager can open and display a database, the program establishes a connection to a SCADA server (either local or remote) on the network. It accomplishes this by prompting you to select the SCADA server to which you want to connect. Once you select the server, Database Manager establishes the connection and opens the servers current database.

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You can establish a connection with a different server by opening a different database. Once you select the new server you want to connect to, Database Manager disconnects from the existing server and opens the selected servers current database. You can also disconnect from a SCADA server by closing the database. If the database has unsaved changes, Database Manager prompts you to save them before breaking the connection.

Adding Blocks
After you open or create a new database, you can begin adding blocks to your database. Database Manager lets you add blocks by: Double-clicking a blank cell in the spreadsheet. Right-clicking a cell in the spreadsheet and selecting Add block from the popup menu. Clicking the Add button from Database Managers toolbar. Entering the name of a nonexistent block in the Next field of a block dialog box and clicking the arrow button. Refer to the VBA Naming Conventions section of the Writing Scripts manual for information on appropriate names. Using the Generate Wizard.

When any of the first four methods are used, you can select the type of block you want to add. Once you do this, a block configuration dialog box appears. By completing the dialog box and clicking OK, you can add the block to the database. For more information on completing a block configuration dialog box, refer to the Database Manager online help. NOTE: Whenever you add or delete a block in the database, we recommend you resolve your pictures. For more information about resolving pictures, refer to the Creating Pictures manual.

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Adding Multiple Blocks

The Generate Wizard lets you add many similar blocks to the database quickly, saving development time. You simply select the type of block you want to create and the block names you want to use. For the block type, you can select an existing or a new block. This selection determines the specific values assigned to each block created. For example, when you select a new block, the Wizard creates blocks with default values. However, when you select an existing block, the Wizard creates blocks with values of the selected block. This option lets you create many similar blocks quickly without having to reconfigure them later. When specifying the block names, you must enter a prefix, suffix, starting number, ending number, and increment value. The Generate Wizard uses this information to systematically assign names to the blocks it creates. For example, the following values create blocks with the names F1T1 through F20T1.

Prefix F

Starting number 1

Ending number 20

Increment 1

Suffix T1

The Generate Wizard cannot create a block with a name that already exists. If the information you specify results in an existing block name, the Wizard skips that block and continues on to the next one. Using the Generate Wizard, you also have the option of customizing up to 5 fields. Customizing these fields lets you fine tune the blocks configuration. For example, if you need to create 50 Digital Input blocks, each one will have a different I/O address. You can use the Generate Wizard to assign these addresses if they occur in a sequential order. You can customize a field by selecting it and entering a prefix, suffix, starting number, ending number, and increment value. The Wizard handles this information identically to the block name values you entered. If the resulting sequence of field values ends before the Wizard creates all the new blocks, the sequence repeats from

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the beginning. For example, suppose you want to create 10 Analog Input blocks, AI1 through AI10 and you customize the I/O address of each block with the following information:

Prefix

Starting number 10

Ending number 50

Increment

Suffix

10

:7

The blocks receive the following addresses:

Block AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AI5 AI6 AI7 AI8 AI9 AI10

Address N10:7 N20:7 N30:7 N40:7 N50:7 N10:7 N20:7 N30:7 N40:7 N50:7

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You also have the option of enabling the Use Custom Format check box. When you enable this check box, the Wizard lets you enter multiple patterns for the five fields you have selected. A pattern acts as a programming statement for generating a range of numeric or string values. The following table lists the syntax for each type of pattern. Table 5-1: Pattern Types Type Numeric Syntax <start:end:increment> where start is the initial value of the pattern, end is the ending value, and increment is the amount to add to the current pattern value. Alphanumeric List <string1, string2,... string> where string1 is the first string, string2 is the second string, and string is the last string. Each string must be enclosed in quotation marks. Literals string where string is up to 40 alphanumeric characters. Constants string where string is up to 40 alphanumeric characters, including the quotation marks. Alarms Elapsed Time Analog Input Curr Value > 100 I/O Addr < 500 PLC:N7:<766:780:1>/15 <A, B, C, D> <Area A, Area B, Area C> <Pump 1, Pump 2, Pump 3> Example <1:10:1> generates a range of numbers from 1 to 10. <1:20:3> generates the numbers 1,4,7,10,13,16, and 19.

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Notice that the difference between literals and constants is minor. Both are strings and can be up 40 characters. However, quotation marks ( ) are required for constants when the string contains any mark of punctuation or non-alphanumeric symbol such as an angle bracket or a colon. If the string contains only numbers or letters, the quotation marks are optional. Also notice that negative and floating point numbers are not supported within patterns. You can generate these types of numbers by enclosing a minus sign or a decimal point in quotation marks outside of the pattern. Negative increments are not supported. Consider the following examples:

The pattern... -<1:10:1> <1:5:1>.<5>

Yields the result... -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5

By combining different pattern types, you can generate a wide range of block field entries. For example, if you want to customize the Description field for a group of blocks, you could enter a pattern such as Alarm Status from Area <A, B, C>. Notice that the text outside the pattern does not require quotation marks.

Duplicating Blocks
Another way you can add similar blocks to the database is by duplicating them. Like the Generate Wizard, you can duplicate multiple blocks. However, you cannot customize specific block fields; you can only specify a new name for the duplicated blocks. As a result, the new blocks are identical to the original ones. For example, suppose you have an Analog Input block monitoring the speed of a pump and want to monitor five other pumps in a similar way. By duplicating the block, you can reproduce it and create the additional blocks you need.

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Copying and Pasting Blocks

Database Manager lets you share block information among your process databases and third-party applications by copying and pasting them to the clipboard. Copying and pasting blocks between two databases is a quick way to create new ones. This works best when the database you want to create contains blocks similar to existing blocks in other databases. By copying existing blocks, you save time because you only need to change the information that differs between the original block and the new copy. Copying and pasting between Database Manager and a third-party application lets you quickly modify a block from your text editor or spreadsheet. You can also create new blocks with your third-party application and paste them into Database Manager. This feature can be helpful when you do not have access to iFIX and you want to create new blocks for later inclusion into the process database. When you copy blocks to the clipboard, Database Manager converts and saves them in comma separated value (CSV) format. Once saved on the clipboard, you can paste the blocks into any application that supports CSV files. Pasting blocks into Excel requires you to configure the program so that it converts and displays the data correctly. You also need to configure Excel when you drag and drop data from Database Manager or import a database saved in CSV format. You can configure Excel as follows: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Paste your blocks into an Excel spreadsheet. Select Text to Columns from the Data menu. Select Delimited. Click Next. Select the Comma check box. Click Finish.

Pasting CSV-based blocks into Database Manager converts and adds them to the process database in memory. If the names of these blocks are already in use, Database Manager prompts you to replace the existing blocks with the ones you are pasting. If you do not replace them, Database Manager generates an error for each

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duplicate block. You can avoid creating these errors by loading a database that does not contain the blocks you are pasting or by modifying the names of the blocks prior to pasting them into Database Manager. Database Manager also displays errors if you attempt to paste a block from Excel that is not in the correct format. The easiest way to ensure the block is in the correct format is to export a block of that type from the process database or paste a block into Excel, modify it, and paste the modified block back into Database Manager.

Moving Blocks
In addition to sharing blocks by copying and pasting them, you can cut and paste them. Cutting blocks from the database is similar to copying them; the main difference is that cut blocks are physically moved and placed on the clipboard, allowing you to move blocks to other databases. Prior to removing blocks from their chains, Database Manager takes each chain off scan. Make sure you place the chain on scan when you finish editing it. iFIX provides several ways to do this. For more information about placing a block or chain on scan, refer to the section Placing Blocks On and Off Scan. If you cut a block from the middle of the chain, Database Manager attempts to connect the two portions of the chain, as the following figure shows.

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Assume you want to remove the Trend block from this chain.

Analog Input

Calculation

Trend

Analog Output

Select the block.

Analog Input

Calculation

Trend

Analog Output

While the block is highlighted, select Cut or Delete to remove the block from the chain.

Analog Input

Calculation

Analog Output

Once the block is removed, Database Manager fills in the hole and connects the Calculation and Analog Output blocks.

Analog Input

Calculation

Analog Output

Figure 5-1: Removing a Block from a Chain

Modifying Blocks
You can modify any database block displayed in the spreadsheet. Typically, you need to modify a block: After you copy it into the database. If you discover an incorrect field value. Whenever your database needs change.

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NOTE: While you can modify Analog Register and Digital Register blocks, we do not recommend that you modify the current value of these blocks using Database Manager. To learn more about using Analog Register and Digital Register blocks, refer to the section Working with Analog and Digital Blocks.

Deleting Blocks
Whenever you find that specific blocks are no longer needed, you can delete them from the database. Database Manager lets you delete blocks by selecting the blocks you want to remove and cutting them without subsequently pasting them, or by selecting the Delete button from Database Managers toolbar. The difference between these methods is the Delete button removes the selected blocks completely and does not let you retrieve them if you change your mind. By cutting blocks, you instruct Database Manager to save a copy on the clipboard allowing you to paste them back into the database until the next copy or cut occurs. Regardless of the method you choose to remove the blocks, Database Manager displays a message box with the following text:
Following tag(s) selected for deletion from database

Click Cancel to retain the blocks and continue using Database Manager. If you click Delete All, Database Manager deletes the blocks and takes the chains containing them off scan. Make sure you place the chain on scan when you finish editing it. iFIX provides several ways to do this. For more information about place a block or chain on scan refer to the section Placing Blocks On and Off Scan. If the deleted block was in the middle of the chain, Database Manager attempts to connect the two portions of the chain as Figure 5-1 shows.

Displaying Block Information

Before you modify a block, you can determine the exact fields to change by displaying the blocks configuration dialog box. Unlike modifying a block, displaying a blocks dialog box leaves the block and its chain on scan.

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Saving a Database
When you finish making changes to a database, you can save the database to disk. By saving the database, you enable the SCADA server to reload the database in memory when you restart iFIX.

Make sure you have enough disk space available when saving your database to disk. If your SCADA server does not have enough disk space, you may lose the changes you have just made. For example, if you build a 3MB database, make sure you have 3MB of free disk space available.

Saving a Database from a Script or a Program Block

You can also save a database automatically using the RUNTASK command from a Program block or a script. When you save a database using the Program block, use the following syntax:
RUNTASK DBBSAVE -Nnodename -Ddatabase

The -N command line parameter enables you to save a database on a remote SCADA server. The -D command line parameter enables you to save a database to another PDB file name. Both command line parameters are optional; if you do not use them, you save the current database on the local SCADA server. When you save a database from a VBA script, use routines similar to the following:
Private Sub FixEvent1_OnTrue() Dim save_pdb As String Dim return_value As Double Dim nodename As String Dim database As String nodename = "MIXER1" database = "BACKUP" save_pdb = System.ProjectPath + "\DBBSAVE" + " -N" + nodename + " -D" + database return_value = Shell (save_pdb, 0) End Sub

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End SubRefer to the Database Manager online help system for more information about the RUNTASK from the Program block. For information about the Shell function, refer to the iFIX Automation Interfaces Help file.

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6. Locating and Displaying Data

Using Database Manager, you can locate and display data in the spreadsheet. This chapter explains how to accomplish these tasks by finding and replacing data or by jumping to a specific spreadsheet cell. The chapter also describes how to pause and refresh the spreadsheet, create a custom color scheme, and create, save, and load custom display formats.

Finding Data in a Spreadsheet

As you develop and test your process database, you may find it necessary to locate specific spreadsheet values. For example, you may want to locate and adjust the scan times of your primary blocks. With Database Manager, you can search in any spreadsheet column for text by selecting the column head of the column you want to search in. You must also enter a search string. The string is the text you want to locate in the selected column. You can enter up to 29 alphanumeric characters for the search string. Once you enter the text you want to locate, Database Manager locates the first occurrence of the string in the selected column. To locate subsequent occurrences, you can repeat this process. Find Options You can toggle the case sensitivity of a search using the Match Case option. When this option is enabled, Database Manager searches for the exact text and case you enter. The search string is not case sensitive when you disable the option. For example, selecting the Tag Name column and entering the search string:
AI

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is the same as entering any of the following search strings: ai Ai aI

You can also find whole or partial words with the Match Whole Word Only option. Database Manager treats the search string as a whole word when you enable the option. By disabling the option, you can find the specified string inside other words. For example, if you search for the string line with the Match Whole Word Only option disabled, Database Manager matches the following descriptions with the search string: Alarms for Line 1 Alkaline Pump Linear accelerator for proton chamber

Replacing Data
In addition to finding text, you can find and replace it. Finding and replacing text is similar to just finding it. Both tasks require you to select the cell or column you want to search in and enter a search string. However, when finding and replacing data, you can also enter a replacement string. This text is the data with which you want to replace the search string. Find Options You can enter up to 29 alphanumeric characters for both the search and replacement strings. Both strings also accept the Match Case and Match Whole Words Only options. However, while you can toggle the case sensitivity of the search string with the Match Case option, the replacement string is always case sensitive. This means that when replacing data, Database Manager inserts text exactly as you enter it. You also have the option to replace the text in the current selection (a cell or column) or the current column. The Selection option button lets you replace text in the current selection. The Entire Column option button lets you replace text in the entire column. 94

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Using Go To
While working with your database, you may want to display the text in a specific row or column. When the number of rows or columns is small, using the scroll bars to move through the spreadsheet is a quick way to display the necessary information. However, as the spreadsheet grows, you may find scrolling through it slow and timeconsuming. To speed up locating information, you can jump to any row or column. You can also jump to any block in the spreadsheet when do not know the blocks row number by entering its name instead.

Updating and Pausing the Spreadsheet

You can configure Database Manager to automatically update the spreadsheet by enabling the Auto Refresh option. This option periodically refreshes the values in the spreadsheet. You can enter refresh rates between 5 and 3600 seconds. By automatically updating the spreadsheet, you can troubleshoot your database by monitoring specific blocks. Should you identify an error, you can correct it and immediately see your changes effect. You can temporarily disable the automatic refresh option by pausing the spreadsheet. Pausing updates instructs the Database Manager to stop updating the screen. It does not affect SAC or the scan status of the blocks in the database. NOTE: Database Manager automatically pauses updating the screen when you add, modify, delete, or generate blocks or when you print, reload, or import the database. In addition to automatically refreshing the screen, you can manually update it whenever you want to refresh the values in the spreadsheet. Manually updating the screen can be particularly helpful when you automatically update the spreadsheet infrequently, and can be used in conjunction with the automatic refresh option to update the screen more frequently than every 5 seconds.

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Customizing the Spreadsheet

Database Manager lets you customize the spreadsheet by: Changing its colors. Defining a non-scrolling column. Defining a spreadsheet layout.

By completing these tasks, you can create a custom display for yourself and other database developers.

Coloring the Spreadsheet

Changing spreadsheet colors is like changing the colors of a window with the Windows Display in the Control Panel. First, you select the item whose color you want to change and then you select the color for it. You can change the color of the following spreadsheet properties: Cell text Spreadsheet grid Row and column head background and text

Creating a Non-Scrolling Column

As its name suggests, a non-scrolling column is one that does not move when you scroll left or right, as the following figure shows.

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Spreadsheet before scrolling

Tag Name 1 2 3 4 5 Non-scrolling column Type Scan Time

Spreadsheet after scrolling

Tag Name Tag Name 1 2 3 4 5 Scan Time Type Description Scan Time

Figure 6-1: Defining a Non-Scrolling Column Using this feature, you can display related information without resizing or rearranging the spreadsheet columns. For example, if you configure the Type column to stop scrolling, you can easily relate block values, names, and types, allowing you to identify the block containing the values in each column. When you create a non-scrolling column, all columns to the left of it no longer scroll until you unlock them.

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Defining a Spreadsheet Layout

You can define a spreadsheet layout by selecting the: Columns you want to display. Order these columns appear in the spreadsheet. Column headings. Columns width.

The columns you can select correspond to common and block-specific fields. Columns corresponding to common block fields appear with only the field name. For example, the following text appears for the common field Current Value:
Curr Value

Columns corresponding to block-specific fields use the following naming convention:

type fieldname

The type is a two or three-character abbreviation for the block type and the fieldname is the name of the block field. For example, suppose you see the following text:
AI Smooth

AI is the block abbreviation and identifies the field as an Analog Input specific field. The text Smooth indicates the field name and corresponds to a block field (in this case the A_SMOTH field). Table 8-2 lists the abbreviations for each block. NOTE: If you remove a column from the spreadsheet that Database Manager uses to sort data, the column is also removed from the sort order.

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Saving and Loading Spreadsheet Layouts

If you display database information in different ways, you may want to save your spreadsheet layouts to a format file. Format files define the following information for each spreadsheet column: The column heading. The column width. The block field to which the column corresponds.

By saving spreadsheet layouts, you eliminate the need to recreate them. Database Manager saves your spreadsheet layout in format files residing in the FIX Local path by default. These files have the extension .FMT. Loading a format file is like creating a spreadsheet layout. It appears in the Properties dialog box, allowing you to modify it as needed. In addition, when Database Manager opens the format file, the program replaces the current set of spreadsheet columns with the ones listed in the format file. If a block does not include a field that corresponds to one of the new columns, the text ---- appears in that cell.

Overriding the Default Layout

The first time you run Database Manager, it loads its preset default spreadsheet layout stored in the format file, DEFAULT.FMT. The following table lists the preset default columns and the corresponding fields that appear. Table 6-1: Database Manager Default Layout Default Column Tag Name Type Description Scan Time Corresponding Field A_TAG A_NAME A_DESC A_SCANT

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Table 6-1: Database Manager Default Layout Default Column I/O Dev I/O Addr Curr Value Corresponding Field A_IODV A_IOAD A_CV

If you prefer a different default arrangement of the spreadsheet columns, you can override the preset default layout with your own by saving the current settings. You can also restore the original layout as the default by loading the format file and selecting Save Settings from the Tools menu.

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7. Querying and Sorting Data

One of the most powerful features that Database Manager provides is querying a database. A query is a request to display specific information. For example, you might want to display all the Analog Input blocks with a scan time of five seconds or less. Alternatively, you might want to display every block in security area Packaging for a specific device driver. After you create a query, Database Manager selects the blocks from the database that match the request and displays them, replacing any previously displayed blocks.

Understanding Query Syntax

Before you can create a query, you must know the information you want to retrieve from the database. For example, you might want to display all the Analog Input blocks with a current value greater than 50. Alternatively, you might want to display every block in alarm area Line5 for a specific I/O driver. Once you know the information you want to display, you can construct the query using the following syntax:
{column} operator value

or
value operator {column}

where column is a column heading you want to display, enclosed in curved brackets, operator is one of the relational operators listed in the table Relational Operators, and value is a number or string enclosed with quotation marks ( ). Table 7-1: Relational Operators Operator = <= Meaning Equal to Less than or equal to

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Table 7-1: Relational Operators (continued) Operator < != >= > Meaning Less than Not equal to Greater than or equal to Greater than

Case Sensitivity Strings entered in a query are not case sensitive. For example, a query such as:
{Tag Name} = AI*

retrieves blocks with names that start with AI. It also retrieves blocks with names that start with: Ai ai aI

When entering a number, the blocks EGU range determines the maximum and minimum values you can enter. The following table lists these limits. To learn more about the EGU range, refer to the section Understanding EGU Limits. Table 7-2: Available EGU Limits The format Standard Integer Accepts EGU Limits From -32768 to 32767 0 to 65535 0 to 999 0 to 4095 (signed int) (unsigned int) (3BCD) (12 Binary)

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Table 7-2: Available EGU Limits (continued) The format Expanded Decimal Notation Scientific Notation Accepts EGU Limits From -9999999 to 9999999 +/-3.4E-38 to +/-3.4E+38

Each query you create is evaluated from left to right.

Using Boolean Operators

You can combine two or more queries using one of the boolean operators in the following table. Using these operators you could build a query such as:
{Scan time} = 3 AND {Security Area 1} = Packaging

to display all the blocks in security area Packaging with a scan time of 3 seconds. Table 7-3: Boolean Operators The operator AND OR NOT NOR XOR NAND Instructs Database Manager to Select the block when both query A and query B are true. Select the block if either query A or query B is true. Invert query. If query A is true, its value becomes false. Select the block when both query A and query B are false. Select the block if query A and query B are not both true or both false. Select the block when query A and query B are not both true. Example A AND B A OR B NOT A A NOR B A XOR B A NAND B

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Using Wildcards in a Query

You can also include the following wildcards in queries containing the equal to (=) operator.

The wildcard Asterisk (*) Question mark (?)

Represents One or more characters. Any single character.

Examples: Query Wildcards

The query... {Type} = * {Tag Name} =A* {Type} = ?I

Retrieves... Every block in the database. Every block whose name that begins with an A. All Analog Input and Digital Input blocks.

Other operators, such as the greater than (>) or less than (<) operators, treat wildcards literally.

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Examples: Using Relational Operators

The query... {Scan Time} > ?M

Retrieves... No blocks, because the question mark is treated literally and 1M through 9M have a lesser ASCII value than ?M. All blocks with a scan time from 1 minute to 9 minutes.

{Scan Time} = ?M

Grouping Queries
You can group queries together using parenthesis. For example, consider the following query:
{Tag name} = A* AND ({Type} = AI OR {Type} = AO)

Database Manager evaluates this query from left to right. Expressions enclosed in parenthesis are treated as a unit. Consequently, as Database Manager evaluates the above query, it retrieves every block that begins with an A. From this list of blocks, the program then displays all the Analog Input or Analog Output blocks. Be careful where you place parenthesis in a query. The following query yields a very different spreadsheet compared to the query given above.
({Tag name} = A* AND {Type} = AI) OR {Type} = AO

This query displays every Analog Input block that begins with an A and every Analog Output block in the database.

Editing a Query
After you create a query, it remains the current query until you change it. Using this feature, you can append a new query to the existing one and re-query the database. For example, suppose you create the following query:
{Type} =AI AND {Alarm Areas} =Boston

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This query displays all the Analog Input blocks in the Boston alarm area. By appending the query:
AND {AI LOLO Alarm}<= 10

you can display only those Analog Input blocks in the alarm area which have a LOLO alarm value less than or equal to ten. To locate blank cells in the database: [1] [2] Select Properties from the View menu. Select the Query tab and enter the following query.
{TAG NAME} = "*" AND {column_name}=

For example, to find blank cells in the Description column use the query:
{TAG NAME} = "*" AND {Description}=

This query displays all the blocks in the database that have no text in their Description fields.

Refining and Expanding a Query

The number of blocks that Database Manager retrieves from a query depends on how broad your request is. If the query is broad (for example, display all Analog Input blocks) the program retrieves more blocks than if the query is narrow (for example, display all Analog Input blocks with a scan time of five seconds and a name that begins with Q). You can adjust the number of blocks retrieved by refining or expanding your query. One way to refine a query is to start with a simple query and append other queries to it. For example, the following query displays all the Analog Input blocks in the database.
{Type} = AI

Once Database Manager retrieves these blocks, you can refine the query by adding other queries to it. For example, you could add the following query to display only the Analog Input blocks with a scan time of two seconds:

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AND {Scan Time} = 2

Similarly, you could increase the number of blocks in the spreadsheet by displaying all the Analog Input blocks and then, to the original query, add all Analog Output blocks in the database with the following query:
OR {Type} = AO

Saving and Loading a Query

If you find yourself frequently entering and re-entering the same query, you may want to save it to a file. By saving a query, you cut down on frequent retyping and eliminate the possibility of mistyping the query. Database Manager saves your queries in separate files. These files reside in the FIX Local path by default and have the extension .QRY. Loading a query is like entering one. It appears in the Enter Query field, allowing you to refine or expand the query as needed. In addition, when Database Manager opens the query file, the program retrieves the blocks that match the specified criteria.

Overriding the Default Query

By default, Database Manager loads the query file DEFAULT.QRY when you initially start the program. This query retrieves every block from the database. If you routinely request certain information from the database, you may want to override the current default query by saving the current settings. You can also restore the original query, DEFAULT.QRY, as the default, by loading the query file and selecting Save Settings from the Tools menu.

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Understanding Sort Orders

Database Manager automatically sorts all the blocks in the spreadsheet whenever you query or open a database. The blocks are sorted according to the current sort order. A sort order defines: The columns to sort on. The column to sort first, the column to sort second, and so on. How to sort each column, either in ascending or descending order.

How Sort Orders Work Database Manager sorts the spreadsheet, by: [1] [2] [3] Identifying which columns to sort. Sorting the first column in ascending or descending order. Repeating the previous step for the remaining columns in the sort order.

When sorting by ascending or descending order, Database Manager sorts: Special characters (such as marks of punctuation) by ASCII value. Numbers by numeric value. Letters in alphabetical order.

For example, suppose you want to sort the spreadsheet by the Type and Scan Time columns in ascending order. Once you select these columns: [1] Database Manager sorts the spreadsheet by the Type column alphabetically (ascending order). Next, the program sorts the Scan Time column in numeric order.

[2]

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Saving and Loading a Sort Order

If you sort your database in different ways, you may want to save each sort order to a file. By saving your sort orders, you eliminate the need to recreate it. Database Manager saves each sort order in a separate file. These files reside in the FIX Local path by default and have the extension .SRT. Loading a sort order is like entering one. It appears in the Properties dialog box, allowing you to modify it as needed. In addition, when Database Manager opens the sort order file, the program re-sorts the spreadsheet. Before loading a sort order, verify that the columns Database Manager sorts on appear in the spreadsheet. If the columns do not appear, add them. For more information about adding columns to the spreadsheet, refer to the chapter Locating and Displaying Data. NOTE: Because the Tag Name column only contains unique data, Database Manager never needs to sort beyond this column. For this reason, when you save or load a sort order containing the Tag Name column, Database Manager ignores any column that follows. Ignored columns are not saved or loaded.

Changing the Default Sort Order

By default, Database Manager loads the sort order DEFAULT.SRT when you initially start the program. This sort order arranges the blocks in the spreadsheet by block type and then by block name. If you prefer a different sort order, you can override the default by saving the current settings. You can also restore the original sort order, DEFAULT.SRT, as the default, by loading the sort order file and selecting Save Settings from the Tools menu.

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8. Managing Databases
Database Manager lets you manage your process databases in many different ways. For example, you can verify them to ensure they do not contain any errors. You can also reload, import, and export your databases as needed. This chapter describes all these management tools.

Verifying Databases
You can ensure a process database contains no configuration errors by verifying it. Verifying a database also ensures that iFIX can process each block and that the database functions as you intend. While verifying a process database, Database Manager ensures that each block: Is in only one chain. Is linked to an appropriate block (for example, a Statistical Control block can be preceded only by a Statistical Data block). Is used in the correct context (for example, as a stand-alone, a primary, or a secondary block). Does not reference non-existent blocks.

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If Database Manager detects no errors, it displays a message box to inform you. However, if it encounters errors, the Verify Database dialog box appears. This dialog box lists each error and the block that contains it. The following table lists the possible verification errors and how to resolve them. Table 8-1: Resolving Verification Messages When you see the message tagname a:tagname b Tag is in more than one chain It means To correct this configuration Remove one or more links to tagname b.

The block, tagname b, has more than one upstream block linked to it. Tagname a identifies one of these blocks. You may have a secondary block that is not in any chain or is the first block in a chain. The block, tagname, chains to a block that does not exist.

tagname:Tag is not in any chain tagname: Block not found for NEXT

Remove the secondary block or add a primary block to the start of the chain. Create a block with the name specified in the Next field or enter the name of a block that exists. Change the name in the Next field or leave it blank. If you want to repeatedly perform a task, use a Program block instead. Create the block or change the reference to a block that exists. Change the reference to a field that exists. Redesign this chain by breaking it into two smaller chains or remove any unnecessary blocks.

tagname:Chains to itself

The block, tagname, contains its own name in its Next field.

tagname: is not defined

The block, tagname, does not exist and another block references it. The field, fieldname, does not exist and it is referenced by a block in the database. The database contains a chain with more than 30 blocks.

fieldname No such field in FDT Exceeding MAX chain size of 30

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Correcting Errors You can correct any error by double-clicking it to display the associated block configuration dialog box. Once this dialog box appears: [1] [2] [3] Edit the block to correct the problem. Save the block. Re-verify the database.

Reloading Databases
Even though you can create multiple databases for a SCADA server, Database Manager can load and display only one of them at a time. You can load any database residing on the current SCADA server by selecting Reload from the Database menu. Reloading a database lets you: Switch from one database to another. Restore the database to its saved configuration. Load a database after completing and saving modifications. Place on scan the chains configured to begin processing when SAC starts.

Using the SCU, you can select the default database to load on start-up. When you load another database, it remains in memory until you restart iFIX. Refer to the Setting up the Environment manual for more information about specifying the database to load on start-up.

Reloading a Database from a Visual Basic Script

If you want operators to reload the database from the Intellution WorkSpace, you can create a script to reload the database using a routine similar to the following:
Private Sub FixEvent1_OnTrue() Dim load_pdb As String Dim return_value As Double Dim nodename As String

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Dim database As String nodename = "MIXER1" database = "BACKUP" load_pdb = System.ProjectPath + "\DBBLOAD" + " -N" + nodename + " -D" + database return_value = Shell (load_pdb, 0) End Sub

The -N command line parameter enables you to reload a database on a remote SCADA server. The -D command line parameter enables you to reload a database other than the currently loaded one. Both command line parameters are optional; if you do not use them, you reload the open database on the local SCADA server. For information about using the Shell function from a script, see the Visual Basic help system. CAUTION: The DBBLOAD system task does not prompt you to save changes to the database. Be sure you save your database before executing a script that reloads the database. Otherwise, you will lose all your changes.

Displaying a Database Summary

Database Manager lets you display a summary of the current database. This summary lists the databases: Size in bytes. Serial number. Contents. I/O count.

Using this information can help you manage your databases. For example, knowing the databases serial number can help you determine if someone modified your database since its last save. The serial number is a unique code that Database Manager creates whenever you add or delete a block. By writing down the serial number after you modify the database, you can subsequently compare the current number to the previous one.

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High-level documentation about the database can also help you manage your databases. You can provide this level of information by displaying the databases contents. The contents lists by block type the number of blocks used and allocated. A used block is one you have configured. An allocated block is a placeholder in memory. To make efficient use of memory and improve performance, all SCADA servers pre-allocate 10 blocks at a time when you initially create a block of a specific type, as the following figure shows.

When you create your first Analog Input block, the SCADA server allocates 10 spaces in memory for new Analog Input blocks.

After you use these spaces in memory, the SCADA server allocates another 10 spaces when you create your eleventh Analog Input block.

Figure 8-1: Allocating Memory for Database Blocks As an option, you can restrict your process database to a specific number of I/O blocks (intended for small applications that do not require many I/O points). In this environment, the I/O count lets you determine how many I/O blocks are in use.

Exporting Databases
You can export the current process database to a comma separated value (CSV) or GDB text file. Typically, you export a database when you want to: Complete large editing tasks using a text editor or spreadsheet, Change the alarm area database used by the process database; or Import it into a relational database for subsequent analysis.

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For example, you could export your process database in CSV format and import the data into Microsoft Excel. By importing the file into Excel, you can: Automatically number or enter block values. Format values with Excel styles. Calculate a value with a spreadsheet formula. Automate the creation and modification of blocks by creating and running macros.

For more information using these features, refer to your Excel documentation. Database Manager exports all the blocks displayed in the spreadsheet. As a result, you can query the database to display only the blocks you want to export. For example, to export all the Analog Input blocks in the database, use the query:
{TYPE} = "AI"

For more information about querying the database, refer to the section Understanding Query Syntax.

Editing the Export File

Once you export the database, you can edit it with any text editor. As you edit the export file, use the following guidelines: Verify that each block name is 30 characters or less. Ensure each block field is spelled correctly. Confirm the block type matches one of the types listed in Table 8-2.

You can also enter comments into the export file by typing an exclamation point (!) as the first character on a line.

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CSV File Format For more intricate editing of the export file, you need to understand the file format. For example, an export file saved in CSV format lists each row of the spreadsheet as one row in the CSV file. Each blocks fields appear delimited by commas. The first two fields of each block are:
A_NAME, A_TAG

You only need to enter values for these two fields when creating new blocks. If no additional field values are present, Database Manager creates the block using the default block values. However, by adding these optional values to a block entry, you can complete specific dialog box fields when the block is imported. For example, the following line creates an Analog Input block with a scan time of 1 minute:

AI, AI2, , , , 1M

GDB File Format The format of the GDB file is different. It uses the syntax:
label
:: field_value ; fieldname

The first two lines of each block entry are required and contain the block type and block name. Without these lines, Database Manager will not add the block to the database when you subsequently import it. Subsequent lines in a block entry appear for each field on the blocks configuration dialog box. Including these additional lines is optional. If no additional lines are present, Database Manager creates the block using the default block values. However, by adding these optional lines to a block entry, you can complete specific dialog box fields when the block is imported. For example, to set the scan time of the block AI1 to 5 seconds, the export file should contain the following information:
Block Type:: AI ;A_NAME Tag Name :: AI1 ;A_TAG

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Scan Time :: 5

; A_SCANT

Table 8-2: Block Type Abbreviations Block Type Analog Alarm Analog Input Analog Output Analog Register Boolean Calculation Dead Time Device Control Digital Alarm Digital Input Digital Output Digital Register Event Action Extended Trend Fanout Histogram Lead Lag Multistate Digital Input On-Off Control Pareto Abbreviation AA AI AO AR BL CA DT DC DA DI DO DR EV ETR FN HS LL MDI BB PA

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Table 8-2: Block Type Abbreviations (continued) Block Type PID Program Ramp Ratio/Bias Signal Select SQL Data SQL Trigger Statistical Control Statistical Data Text Timer Totalizer Trend Abbreviation PID PG RM RB SS SQD SQT SC SD TX TM TT TR

Importing Databases
Using Database Manager, you can import any database into memory. Importing a database merges it with the database currently in memory. NOTE: Before you import a database, stop any I/O drivers or OPC servers you may have running. Typically, you import a database when you want to: Change the scanning order of the blocks in the database. Combine two databases.
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You can change the scanning order of a databases blocks by: [1] Exporting a database. For more information about exporting a database, refer to the section Exporting Databases. Changing the order in which the blocks are listed in the export file. For more information on a databases scanning order, refer to the section Changing a Databases Scanning Order. Clicking the New button from Database Managers toolbar. Importing the edited export file.

[2]

[3] [4]

This process ensures that only the original database resides in memory when Database Manager imports your database. You can combine two process databases by using a similar method: [1] [2] Export each database. Examine each export file. Verify that each block in each database has a unique name. If two blocks have the same name, change one. Remember to also change the text in the Next field of the previous block so that the chain remains intact. Into an empty database, import one of the databases you want to merge. Import the other database.

[3] [4]

Import errors encountered by Database Manager are stored in the file IMPORT.ERR. This file resides in the Database path.

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9. Advanced Topics
After you put a database into production, you may find that SAC scans certain blocks in an order you did not intend. This chapter explains how you can fine-tune your database and change the scanning order. This chapter also describes how to customize Database Managers toolbar and Tools menu. Customizing the toolbar lets you select only the toolbar buttons you require. Customizing the Tools menu lets you add menu items that launch other applications from Database Manager. Refer to sections Customizing the Toolbar and Customizing the Tools Menu for more information on these features.

Changing a Databases Scanning Order

You can control the precise order you want SAC to scan your blocks and chains by adjusting the databases scanning order, called the order of solve. Typically, you only need to adjust the order of solve when the value of one block depends on the value of another. For example, suppose you are calculating a value from three Analog Input blocks as the following figure shows.

AI3

AI2

AI1

CA1

AO1

Figure 9-1: Sample Calculation Chain Also assume that by default SAC scans AI1 first, AI2 second, and AI3 third. Because SAC scans AI1 first, it processes the entire chain, computing the value of the Calculation block, before it scans AI2 and AI3. If either of these values change during the current scan cycle, the Calculation does not receive them until AI1 is processed again.

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Changing the scanning order addresses this potential problem. By scanning AI1 last, you ensure SAC has updated values for both AI2 and AI3 prior to computing the value of the Calculation block. You can also phase the blocks so that SAC scans AI1 last. To learn more about phasing, refer to the section Phasing.

Understanding a Databases Scanning Order

On each scan cycle: [1] Regardless of their order in the database, SAC processes blocks that output a value to an I/O device (using a Cold Start value). SAC does not examine these values for alarm conditions. SAC updates all primary blocks according to the scan time and phase. Blocks with the same scan time and phase update in the following order. [a] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g] [h] [i] [j] [k] [l] Analog Input blocks Analog Output blocks Digital Input blocks Digital Output blocks Ramp blocks Multistate Digital Input blocks Statistical Data blocks Boolean blocks Device Control blocks Analog Alarm blocks Digital Alarm blocks Pareto blocks

[2]

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[m] [n]

Text blocks Program blocks

NOTE: Analog Register and Digital Register blocks do not require SAC processing. Instead, iFIX processes them only when an operator opens a picture containing a link to either block or when a script that references either block runs. When either event happens, iFIX processes the blocks before the Ramp block. [3] When SAC scans a primary block, it: [a] [b] [4] Processes that blocks entire chain. Scans the next primary block.

SAC scans primary blocks of the same type, scan time, and phase in the order these blocks occur in the database, as the following example shows.

Example: Understanding a Databases Scanning Order Suppose you create the five identical Analog Input blocks, shown in the following figure. SAC scans these blocks in the order shown.

AI1

AI2

AI3

AI4

AI5

Scanning Order

Figure 9-2: Blocks Assigned to a Scan Sequence Now, assume you delete the third Analog Input block because you no longer need it. This creates an empty space in the database, as the following figure shows. SAC now scans the blocks as shown.

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AI1

AI2

AI3

AI4

AI5

Scanning Order

Figure 9-3: Blocks Deleted from a Scan Sequence You subsequently discover you need to add two new Analog Input blocks, AI6 and AI3. The first new block, AI6, fills in the space left by deleting a block. The second new block, AI3, is added after AI5. SAC now scans the blocks in the order shown by the following figure.

AI1

AI2

AI4

AI5

Scanning Order

Figure 9-4: Blocks Added to a Scan Sequence

Changing the Order of Solve

You can change the order of solve by exporting the database and editing the export file. Database Manager exports primary blocks in the order SAC scans all primary blocks. This results in all Analog Input blocks appearing first in the export file, followed by all Analog Output blocks, and so on. Once the primary block types are exported, Database Manager exports the secondary blocks. For example, using the blocks in Figure 9-1, you can ensure SAC scans AI1 after AI2 and AI3 as follows: [1] [2] [3] [4] Export the database. Locate AI2s and AI3s entries in the export file. Move both entries to the start of the file. Save the export file and import it into an empty database.

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For more information about completing these tasks, refer to the sections Exporting Databases and Importing Databases.

Customizing the Toolbar

As an option, Database Manager lets you customize its toolbar by arranging and removing the toolbar buttons. Customizing the toolbar lets you display the buttons to frequently-used functions. For example, while developing a database you might display the buttons that let you add, modify, and delete blocks. However, when the database is complete, you might want to remove these buttons from the toolbar. Once you remove a button, you can always add it back to the toolbar. Adding custom buttons is not supported. By default, the toolbar comes pre-configured with all the available buttons added for you.

Customizing the Tools Menu

Depending on your needs, you may want to start other applications after launching Database Manager. For example, if you routinely drag blocks to an Excel spreadsheet for modification, you may want to start Excel after Database Manager opens. By customizing Database Managers Tools menu, you can add menu items that launch any iFIX or third-party application. You can also arrange and delete these menu items as needed. Adding a menu item requires you to enter: An applications path and name. The text that appears in the Tools menu. The arguments (command line parameters) you want to use when the application runs. As an option, you can configure Database Manager to prompt you for arguments when the specified application runs.

Once you specify this information, Database Manager creates the menu item and saves it as part of its default configuration. You can subsequently select the menu item to launch the associated application.

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Index
A
adding blocks to the process database 82 multiple blocks to the process database alarm area database setting up on each server 9 alarms described 6 allocated blocks 115 archiving process data 7 Auto Refresh option database spreadsheet 95 automatic mode described 52 function by block type 54 83 batch 37 configuring 4 control 36 copying 11 copying and pasting 87 Database Dynamos 38 deleting 90 described 3 displaying information 90 duplicating 86 exception-based processing 44 function 3 how processed by SAC 5 importing 11 in the database spreadsheet 10 matching process steps to block types 21 modifying 89 moving 88 off scan 56 on scan 56 one shot processing 47 optional 31 pasting into Excel 87 pattern type syntax 85 phasing 48 planning your automation strategy 30 primary 31, 33 reaction to on/off scan changes 58 saving 91 scan order 121 scan times 41 scan times for large databases 29 secondary 31, 35 sort order in database spreadsheet 108 SQL 38 Statistical Process Control (SPC) 37 summary 39 time-based processing 42 types and descriptions 31
Index

B
batch blocks 37 block fields block name 40 described 40 formats 40 locating 41 naming convention 40 block modes described 52 function by block type 54 block types abbreviations 118 blocks adding 82 adding multiple 83 adding to Database Manager allocating memory 115

127

boolean operators in queries 103 building large databases 29

C
chains adjusting the design 24 described 4 designing 16 drawing a flowchart 24 how processed by SAC 5 maximum size 5 scanning order 121 understanding the design 28 writing an automation algorithm 21 closing the process database 81 collecting process information 15 color changing in a database spreadsheet 96 columns adding in a spreadsheet 98 creating a non-scrolling 96 modifying in a spreadsheet 98 removing from a spreadsheet 98 configuration errors checking the database for 111 correcting 113 resolving 112 configuring blocks 4 control blocks 36 copying and pasting blocks in the process database 1, 87 creating process database 13, 81 CSV block data format conversion 11 Editing an export file 117 exporting process database to 115 customizing Database Manager toolbars 125 Database Manager Tools menu 125 database spreadsheet 96

D
database changing the scanning order correcting errors 113 designing 15 displaying a summary 114 editing an export file 116 exporting 115 121

importing 119 order of solve 124 reloading 113 reloading from a Visual Batch script 113 scanning order 122 verifying 111 Database Dynamos 39 function 38 toolkit 38 Database Manager adding blocks 3 adjusting the chain design 24 block types 31 building large databases 29 configuring blocks 4 customizing a spreadsheet 96 customizing the Tools menu 125 described 1 designing a chain 16 designing an automation strategy 20 displaying a database summary 114 drawing a flowchart for the chain 24 exchanging data 11 exiting 9 gathering process information 15 matching process steps to block types 21 pausing a spreadsheet 95 queries 101 replacing data in a spreadsheet 94 right mouse menu 10 saving databases from a script or Program block 91 saving large databases 30, 91 saving spreadsheet layouts 99 searching a spreadsheet 93 setting preferences 12 sort orders 108 starting 9 toolbar 11 understanding chain designs 28 updating a spreadsheet 95 using Go To in a spreadsheet 95 working with analog and digital blocks 30 writing an automation algorithm 21 database spreadsheet coloring 96 commands 10 creating a non-scrolling column 96 customizing 96 defining the layout 98 editing 10 loading layouts 99 overriding the default layouts 99 pausing 95

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properties 10 replacing data 94 restoring the default layouts 100 saving layouts 99 searching 93 updating 95 using Go To 95 using in Database Manager 10 deleting blocks from the process database 90 designing chains 16, 24, 28 process database 15 displaying any row in a spreadsheet 95 block information from the process database blocks in a database spreadsheet 95 columns in a database spreadsheet 95 database summary 114 rows in a database spreadsheet 95 duplicating blocks in the process database 86

exporting a process database

115

F
freezing columns in a spreadsheet 96

G
GDB editing an export file 117 exporting process database to 115 Generate Wizard adding blocks 82 adding multiple blocks 83 automatic block name assignment 83 customizing block fields 83 entering patterns 85 Go To using in a spreadsheet 95

90

E
editing database spreadsheet 10 EGU limit formats 78 precision and range 77 errors correcting verification 113 example Enviro company overview 8 Excel converting block data 11 pasting blocks into 87 exception-based processing Analog Alarm block considerations 47 Boolean block considerations 46 Calculation block considerations 46 Dead Time block considerations 47 Digital Alarm block considerations 47 Event Action block considerations 46 Lead Lag considerations 47 PID considerations 47 Program block considerations 45 Signal Select block considerations 46 Statistical Data block considerations 45 understanding 44 export file editing 116 exporting process data to 115 historical trends function 6

I
I/O data and the database 2 how processed by SAC 5 I/O drivers defining an OPC server 75 described 59 signal conditioning 75 SIM driver 61 SM2 driver 67 iFIX installing 9 importing a process database 119 importing blocks 11

L
layout defining in a database spreadsheet 98 loadable blocks (see Database Dynamos) 38 loading queries 107 spreadsheet layouts 99
Index

129

locking columns in a spreadsheet

96

M
manual mode described 52 function by block type 54 memory allocating for blocks 115 building large databases 29 saving databases from a script or Program block 91 saving large databases 30, 91 modifying blocks in the process database 89 moving blocks to the process database 88

N
non-scrolling column creating in a spreadsheet 96

O
objects Database Dynamo 38 off scan blocks 56 on scan blocks 56 one shot processing 47 OPC server 75 opening the process database optional blocks list 31 order of solve changing 124 overphasing blocks 51 overriding default query 107 default spreadsheet layout

81

99

P
pasting blocks into Excel 87 pattern types syntax 85 pausing a spreadsheet 95 PAUT mode example 56 function 55 understanding 55

phasing assigning 50 second and subsecond blocks 50 what it does 48 planning block scan times 29 designing the process database 15 gathering process information 15 PMAN mode example 55 function 55 precision EGU limits 77 preferences Database Manager 12 primary blocks described 31 function 33 scan times 41 standard 33 summary 39 process analyzing 19 process data archiving 7 trending 6 process database adding blocks 82 adding multiple blocks 83 adjusting the chain design 24 basic operations 81 before you begin creating 9 building large databases 29 changing the scanning order 121 closing 81 copying and pasting blocks 87 creating 13, 81 customizing a spreadsheet 96 deleting blocks 90 described 1 describing 18 designing 15 designing a chain 16 designing an automation strategy 20 displaying a summary 114 displaying block information 90 drawing a flowchart for the chain 24 duplicating blocks 86 editing an export file 116 example 8 exporting 115 functions 2 gathering process information 15 importing 119 matching process steps to block types

21

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modifying blocks 89 moving blocks 88 opening 81 order of solve 124 overriding the default spreadsheet layout 99 pausing a spreadsheet 95 reloading 113 reloading from a Visual Batch script 113 replacing data in a spreadsheet 94 restoring the default spreadsheet layout 100 sample application 15 saving blocks 91 saving databases from a script or Program block 91 saving large databases 30, 91 saving spreadsheet layouts 99 scanning order 122 searching a spreadsheet 93 understanding chain designs 28 updating a spreadsheet 95 using 6 using Go to in a spreadsheet 95 using the database spreadsheet 10 verifying 111 working with analog and digital blocks 30 writing an automation algorithm 21 processing large databases 29

R
range EGU limits 77 refreshing the screen database spreadsheet 95 relational database functions 7 reloading database from a Visual Basic script 113 process database 113 replacing data in a database spreadsheet 94 restoring default spreadsheet layout 100 preset default query 107 right mouse menu 10

S
SAC block phasing 48 changing the database scanning order 121 exception-based processing 44 function 5 one shot processing 47 processing I/O data 5 time-based processing 42 saving blocks to the process database 91 databases from a script or Program block 91 large databases 30, 91 queries 107 spreadsheet layouts 99 SCADA servers establishing a connection from Database Manager 81 loading process database from 113 monitoring and reporting functions 6 trending and display capabilities 6 scan time assigning 43, 47 block reaction to on/off scan changes 58 described 41 examples 43 exception-based 44 one shot 47 time-based 42 scanning order changing in the database 121 described 122 example 123

Q
queries appending 105 boolean operators 103 case sensitivity 102 described 101 editing 105 expanding 106 grouping 105 loading 107 overriding the default 107 refining 106 relational operator examples 105 relational operators 101 restoring the preset default 107 saving 107 syntax 101 wildcard examples 104 wildcards 104

Index

131

Scheduler adjusting database values using 7 functions 7 SCU configuring each server 9 searching a database spreadsheet 93 secondary blocks described 31 function 35 standard 35 summary 39 sharing blocks among process databases 87 signal conditioning 75 SIM driver analog values 62 described 61, 67 digital values 62 generating random values 64 signal generation registers 64 using 61 SM2 driver accessing 67 C API 68 generating bad data 68 sort order adding a column 108 arranging columns 108 changing the default 109 described 108 loading 109 removing a column 108 saving 109 sorting columns in database spreadsheet 108 disabling in database spreadsheet 108 SQL blocks 38 standard blocks summary 39 Statistical Process Control (SPC) blocks 37 syntax database query 101

T
time 47 time-based processing assigning a scan time 43 examples 43 understanding 42 toolbar customizing Database Manager 125 Database Manager 11 Toolkit Database Dynamo 38 Tools menu customizing in Database Manager 125 trending historical values 6 process data 6

U
unfreezing columns in a spreadsheet 96 unlocking columns in a spreadsheet 96 updating a spreadsheet 95 used blocks 115 using the process database 6

V
VBA adjusting database values using 7 functions 7 reloading a database from a script 113 verification messages list 112 resolving 112 verifying a process database 111

W
WorkSpace reloading a database from 113 using to provide visual cues for alarms writing an automation algorithm 21 6

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