THE EAR

Daphne Ganancial Janine Villas John Rev Lorenzo DDM III-B

The ear consists of the . . .

External ear
middle ear Inner ear

External Ear
-consists of the pinna or auricle and

external auditory meatus.

-It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the

eardrum (tympanic membrane).

Auricle Or Pinna
has characteristic shape and collects air vibrations

It is composed of a thin plate elastic cartilage covered by the skin.

Possesses both intrinsic and extrinsic muscle, which are supplied by the facial nerve.

PARTS OF THE AURICLE

External auditory meatus: mouth of the canal of the temporal bone that carries sounds to the eardrum. Concha: deep fossa of the external ear.

Helix: fold surrounding the auricle.

Navicular fossa: boat-shaped fold of the ear.

Root of the helix: part of the helix. Anthelix: curved ridge in front of the helix. Tragus: prominence over and in front of the acoustic meatus.

Scapha: hollow at the end of the helix.

Lobe: fleshy part at the base of the ear.

Antitragus: ear projection opposite the tragus.

External auditory meatus

It is a curve tube. It conducts sound waves from auricle to the tymphatic membrane. Meatus is lined by the skin and its outer third is provided with hairs, sebaceous and ceruminous glands. Sweat glands that secrete yellowish-brown wax. The hair and wax provide sticky barrier that prevents the entrance of foreign bodies

The approximal: 2/3 bony 1/3 cartilaginous

Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity)

-is an air-containing cavity -Lined with mucous membrane - a narrow, oblique, slitlike cavity whose long axis lies approximately parallel to the plane of the tympanic membrane

It contains the Auditory Ossicles, whose function is to transmit the vibrations of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the perilymph of the internal ear.

The middle ear has . . .

Roof Floor Anterior Wall Posterior Wall Lateral Wall Medial Wall

The middle ear and its relations.

Roof

-Formed by a thin plate of bone

Tegmen tympani
it separates the tympanic cavity from meninges and the temporal lobe of the brain in the middle cranial fossa

Lateral wall of the right middle ear viewed from the medial side.

The middle ear and its relations.

Floor
-Sperates

the tympanic cavity

from Superior Bulb of the Internal Jugular Vein.

The middle ear and its relations.

Anterior wall

-Separtes the tympanic cavity from

Internal Carotid Artery.

Lateral wall of the right middle ear viewed from the medial side.

The middle ear and its relations.

Posterior wall
Upper part: -a large, irregular opening called the Aditus to the

mastoid antrum

Lower part:
-small hollow conical projection called Pyramid From whose apex emerges the Tendon of the Stapedius

Muscle

Medial wall of the right middle ear viewed from the lateral side.

Medial Wall

-formed by the lateral wall of the inner ear.

The greater part shows a rounded projection called Promontory

Medial wall of the right middle ear viewed from the lateral side.

Lateral wall

-Largely formed by

Tympanic Membrane.

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (Eardrum)

-is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear in humans. FUNCTION: transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear.

Parts of the Tympanic Membrane

Pars flaccida
a small triangular area on a the tympanic membrane that is bounded by fold.

Parts of the Tympanic Membrane

Pars tensa
-drumlike part of the tympanic membrane.

Parts of the Tympanic Membrane

Malleus
-bone that bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.

Parts of the Tympanic Membrane

Umbo
-the most depressed part of this concavity and produce by the tip of the malleus.

Auditory Ossicles
-Tiny bones in the middle ear of vertebrates, which connect eardrum to inner ear. -They transmit vibrations of the eardrum caused by sound waves in the air to fluid of inner ear.

Three bones of the ossicles:

malleus (or hammer), incus (or anvil), stapes (or stirrup).

Three bones of the ossicles:

Malleus (hammer-like)

-largest ossicle and has head, neck, a long process or handle, an anterior process, and a lateral process

Head rounded and articulates posteriorly with incus.

Neck constricted part below the head. Handle passes downward and backward and is firmly attach to the medial surface of tympanic membrane it can be seen through the tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination. Anterior process a spicule of bone that is connected to the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity by a ligament.

Malleus

Lateral process projects laterally and is attach to the anterior and posterior melleolar folds of the tympanic membrane.

Three bones of the ossicles: Incus (anvil)

-has a large body and two processes:

Body
rounded and articulates anteriorly with the head of the malleus.

Long process
descends behind and parallel to the handle of the malleus. -Its lower end bends medially and articulates with the head of the tapes.

Short process
projects backward and is attach to the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity by a ligament.

Three bones of the ossicles: Stapes (stirrup)

- has a head, a neck, two limbs and a base. Head
small and articulates with the long process of thye incus.

Neck
narrow and receives the insertion of stapedius muscle.

Two limbs
diverge from the neck and are attached to the oval base. - the end of the base is attach to the margin of fenestra vestibule by a ring of fibrous tissue, the annuar ligament.

Muscles of the Ossicles

Muscle

Tensor Tympani Stapedius

Origin Wall of auditory tube and of its own canal Pyramid ( bony projection on posterior wall of middle ear)

Insertion Nerve supply Action Handle of malleus Manibular division Dampens down of trigeminal vibrations of nerve tympanic membrane Neck of stapes Facial nerve Dampens down vibrations of stapes

Movements of the auditory ossicles:

The malleus and incus rotate on an anteroposterior axis that runs through:

1.The ligament connecting the anterior process of the malleus to the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity. 2.The anterior process of the malleus and short process of the incus. 3.the ligament connecting the short process of incus to posterior wall of tmpanic cavity.

Auditory tube
a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear It serves to equalize air pressure in the tympanic cavity and the nasal pharynx.

Mastoid antrum
air space in the mastoid portion of the temporal bone communicating with the tympanic cavity and the mastoid cells

Mastoid air cells

a series of communicating cavities within the process that arer continous above the antrum and the middle ear.

The Internal Ear or the Labyrinth

The labyrinth is situated in the petrous part of the temporal bone, medial to the middle ear. It consist of bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth.

Bony Labyrinth

Bony Labyrinth
The bony labyrinth are lined by
endosteum and contain a clear fluid, the perilymph.

Bony Labyrinth
the bony labyrinth consist of three parts:

Vestibule- The central part of the bony labyrinth. Lies posterior to the cochlea and anterior to semicircular canal. The three semicircular canals superior, posterior and lateralopen onto the posterior part of the vestibule. Each canal has swelling at one end called the ampulla. The Cochlea resembles a snail shell. It opens into the anterior part of the vestibule. Basically it consist of a central pillar, the modiolus.

Membranous Labyrinth

The membranous labyrinth is lodge within the bony labyrinth.

Membranous Labyrinth
-It consist of the utricle and saccule.

a. The utricle is the larger of the two vestibular sacs. It is indirectly connected to the saccule and the ductus endolymphaticus by the ductus utriculosaccularis. b. The saccule is globular and is connected to the utricle.

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

The nerves divides into vestibular and cochlear portions.

The vestibular nerve is expanded to from the vestibular ganglion. The cochlear nerve divides into branches, which enter foramina at the base of the modiolus.

NERVE SUPPLY
Auditory Nerve Facial Nerve Vestibular

Auditory Nerve
The auditory nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers that carries hearing information between the cochlea the brain.

Facial Nerve
the facial nerve enters the petrous temporal bone into the internal auditory meatus (intimately close to theinner ear) The facial nerve is the seventh (VII) of twelve paired cranial nerves.

Vestibular Nerve
The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other). It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion. It receives positional information.

Clinical Notes
Tympanic Membrane Examination

Otoscopic examination of the tympanic membrane is facilitated by first straightening the external auditory meatus by gently pulling the auricle upward and backward in the adult, and straight backward or backward and downward in the infant. Normally, the tympanic membrane is pearly gray and concave. Remember that in the adult the external meatus is about 1 in. (2.5 cm) long and is narrowest about 0.2 in. (5 mm) from the tympanic membrane.

The right tympanic membrane as seen through the otoscope.

The arrow indicates the direction that the auricle should be pulled to straighten the external auditory meatus before insertion of the otoscope in the adult.

Clinical Notes
Infections and Otitis Media

Pathogenic organisms can gain entrance to the middle ear by ascending through the auditory tube from the nasal part of the pharynx. Acute infection of the middle ear (otitis media) produces bulging and redness of the tympanic membrane.

Thank You!