2/18/12 Figure 2.

4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]

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.idiageie.i Ad b Gge
CBSE Cla VI o X
3000+ ed ei & e Sd f
He. Regie fee
.LeaNe.c
Cla 1 o Cla 12
Fee NCERT Si, Te Pae,
Le, Aiai, Vide, Pe
.Mei Nai .c
Fee Veilog Simlao
Ge 6 h icee VeiLgge ia
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.cad.c
2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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numbcr systcm to mukc thc proposcd uIgorithm computibIc vith thc digituI hurdvurc.
\cdicmuItipIicutionbuscdonsomcuIgorithms,somcurcdiscusscdbcIov:
2.2.1.1IrdhvuTiryukbhyumsutru
Thc muItipIicr is buscd on un uIgorithm \rdhvu Tiryukbhyum (\crticuI &
Crossvisc)oIuncicnt!ndiun\cdicMuthcmutics.\rdhvuTiryukbhyumSutruisugcncruI
muItipIicution IormuIu uppIicubIc to uII cuscs oI muItipIicution. !t IitcruIIy mcuns
Verticallyandcrosswise. !tisbuscdonunovcIconccptthroughvhichthcgcncrution
2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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Verticallyandcrosswise. !tisbuscdonunovcIconccptthroughvhichthcgcncrution
oIuIIpurtiuIproductscunbcdoncviththcconcurrcntudditionoIthcscpurtiuIproducts.
Thc puruIIcIism in gcncrution oI purtiuI products und thcir summution is obtuincd using
\rdhuvuTriyukbhyumcxpIuincdinIig2.1.ThcuIgorithmcunbcgcncruIizcdIornxnbit
numbcr.SinccthcpurtiuIproductsundthcirsumsurccuIcuIutcdinpuruIIcI,thcmuItipIicr
is indcpcndcnt oI thc cIock Ircgucncy oI thc proccssor. Thus thc muItipIicr viII rcguirc
thcsumcumountoItimctocuIcuIutcthcproductundhcnccisindcpcndcntoIthccIock
Ircgucncy.ThcnctudvuntugcisthutitrcduccsthcnccdoImicroproccssorstoopcrutcut
incrcusingIyhighcIockIrcgucncics.WhiIcuhighcrcIockIrcgucncygcncruIIyrcsuItsin
incrcuscd proccssing povcr, its disudvuntugc is thut it uIso incrcuscs povcr dissipution
vhichrcsuItsinhighcrdcviccopcrutingtcmpcruturcs.Byudoptingthc\cdicmuItipIicr,
microproccssors dcsigncrs cun cusiIy circumvcnt thcsc probIcms to uvoid cutustrophic
dcviccIuiIurcs.ThcproccssingpovcroImuItipIicrcuncusiIybcincrcuscdbyincrcusing
thc input und output dutu bus vidths sincc it hus u guitc u rcguIur structurc. uc to its
rcguIur structurc, it cun bc cusiIy Iuyout in u siIicon chip. Thc MuItipIicr hus thc
udvuntugcthutusthcnumbcroIbitsincrcuscs,gutcdcIuyundurcuincrcuscsvcrysIovIy
us compurcd to othcr muItipIicrs. ThcrcIorc it is timc, spucc und povcr cIIicicnt. !t is
dcmonstrutcdthutthisurchitccturcisguitccIIicicntintcrmsoIsiIiconurcu/spccd[10,4|.
1)MuItipIicutionoltwodccimuInumbcrs-J25*7J8
ToiIIustrutcthismuItipIicutionschcmc,IctusconsidcrthcmuItipIicutionoItvo
dccimuI numbcrs (J25 * 7JS). Linc diugrum Ior thc muItipIicution is shovn in Fig.2.2.
ThcdigitsonthcbothsidcsoIthcIincurcmuItipIicdunduddcdviththccurryIromthc
prcviousstcp.ThisgcncrutcsoncoIthcbitsoIthcrcsuItunducurry.Thiscurryisuddcd
inthcncxtstcpundhcnccthcproccssgocson.!ImorcthunoncIincurcthcrcinoncstcp,
uIIthcrcsuItsurcuddcdtothcprcviouscurry.!ncuchstcp,IcustsigniIicuntbituctsusthc
7

rcsuItbitunduIIothcrbitsuctuscurryIorthcncxtstcp.!nitiuIIythccurryistukcntobc
zcro.TomukcthcmcthodoIogymorccIcur,unuItcrnutciIIustrutionisgivcnviththchcIp
oflinediagramsinfigure2.2wherethedotsrepresentbit0or1[4|.
2/18/12 Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
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igurc2.1:MuItipIicutionoltwodccimuInumbcrsbyIrdhvuTiryukbhyum.
2)AIgorithmlor4x4bitcdicmuItipIicrIsingIrdhvuTiryukbhyum
(crticuIIy undcrosswisc)lortwoinurynumbcrs [10|-
CP=CrossProduct(\crticuIIyundCrossvisc)
XJ X2 X1 X0 MuItipIicund
YJ Y2 Y1 Y0 MuItipIicr
--------------------------------------------------------------------
H G F E C B A

P7 P P5 P4 PJ P2 P1 P0 Product
---------------------------------------------------------------------
S

PARALLELCOMP\TAT!ONMETHOOLOGY
1. CP X0 = X0 * Y0= A
Y0
2. CP X1X0 = X1*Y0+X0*Y1=B
Y1Y0
J. CP X2 X1 X0= X2*Y0+X0*Y2+X1*Y1=C
Y2 Y1 Y0
4. CP XJ X2 X1X0 =XJ*Y0+X0*YJ+X2*Y1+X1*Y2=
YJ Y2 Y1Y0
5.CP XJ X2 X1 =XJ*Y1+X1*YJ+X2*Y2=E
YJ Y2 Y1
. CP XJ X2 =XJ*Y2+X2*YJ=F
YJ Y2
7 CP XJ =XJ* YJ=G
YJ
J) AIgorithm lor 8 X 8it MuItipIicution IsingIrdhvu Triyukbhyum
(crticuIIyundcrosswisc)lortwoinurynumbcrs [11|-
A= A7AA5A4 AJA2A1A0
X1 X0
B= B7BB5B4 BJB2B1B0
Y1 Y0
X1 X0
*Y1 Y0
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*Y1 Y0
---------------------------------------------------------
FEC
CP=X0*Y0=C
CP=X1*Y0+X0*Y1=
CP=X1*Y1=E
WhcrcCP=CrossProduct.
Notc: EuchMuItipIicutionopcrutionisuncmbcddcdpuruIIcI4x4MuItipIy
moduIc.

ToiIIustrutcthcmuItipIicutionuIgorithm,IctusconsidcrthcmuItipIicutionoItvo
binury numbcrs uJu2u1u0 und bJb2b1b0. As thc rcsuIt oI this muItipIicution vouId bc
morcthun4bits,vccxprcssitus...rJr2r1r0.LincdiugrumIormuItipIicutionoItvo4-bit
numbcrsisshovninFig.2.2vhichisnothingbutthcmuppingoIthcFig.2.1inbinury
systcm. For thc simpIicity, cuch bit is rcprcscntcd by u circIc. Lcust signiIicunt bit r0 is
obtuincd by muItipIying thc Icust signiIicunt bits oI thc muItipIicund und thc muItipIicr.
ThcproccssisIoIIovcduccordingtothcstcpsshovninFig.2.1.
igurc2.2:incdiugrumlormuItipIicutionoltwo4-bitnumbcrs.
FirstIy, Icust signiIicunt bits urc muItipIicd vhich givcs thc Icust signiIicunt bit oI thc
product(vcrticuI).Thcn,thcLSBoIthcmuItipIicundismuItipIicdviththcncxthighcrbit
oIthcmuItipIicrunduddcdviththcproductoILSBoImuItipIicrundncxthighcrbitoI
thc muItipIicund (crossvisc). Thc sum givcs sccond bit oI thc product und thc curry is
uddcd in thc output oI ncxt stugc sum obtuincd by thc crossvisc und vcrticuI
muItipIicution und uddition oI thrcc bits oI thc tvo numbcrs Irom Icust signiIicunt
position.Ncxt,uIIthcIourbitsurcproccsscdvithcrossviscmuItipIicutionunduddition
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togivcthcsumundcurry.ThcsumisthccorrcspondingbitoIthcproductundthccurryis
10

uguinuddcdtothcncxtstugcmuItipIicutionundudditionoIthrccbitscxccptthc
LSB.ThcsumcopcrutioncontinucsuntiIthcmuItipIicutionoIthctvoMSBstogivcthc
MSBoIthcproduct.ForcxumpIc,iIinsomcintcrmcdiutcstcp,vcgct110,thcn0viII
uctusrcsuItbit(rcIcrrcdusrn)und11usthccurry(rcIcrrcduscn).!tshouIdbccIcurIy
notcdthutcnmuybcumuIti-bitnumbcr.
ThusvcgctthcIoIIovingcxprcssions:
r0=u0b0 (1)
c1r1=u1b0+u0b1 (2)
c2r2=c1+u2b0+u1b1+u0b2 (J)
cJrJ=c2+uJb0+u2b1+u1b2+u0bJ (4)
c4r4=cJ+uJb1+u2b2+u1bJ (5)
c5r5=c4+uJb2+u2bJ ()
cr=c5+uJbJ (7)
With crr5r4rJr2r1r0 bcing thc IinuI product. Hcncc this is thc gcncruI muthcmuticuI
IormuIuuppIicubIctouIIcuscsoImuItipIicution.
igurc2.J:HurdwurcurchitccturcolthcIrdhvutiryukbhyummuItipIicr [4|
ThchurdvurcrcuIizutionoIu4-bitmuItipIicrisshovninIigurc2.J.
11

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ThishurdvurcdcsignisvcrysimiIurtothutoIthcIumousurruymuItipIicrvhcrc
un urruy oI uddcrs is rcguircd to urrivc ut thc IinuI product. AII thc purtiuI products urc
cuIcuIutcd in puruIIcI und thc dcIuy ussociutcd is muinIy thc timc tukcn by thc curry to
propugutcthroughthcuddcrsvhichIormthcmuItipIicutionurruy.CIcurIy,thisisnotun
cIIicicntuIgorithmIorthcmuItipIicutionoIIurgcnumbcrsusuIotoIpropugutiondcIuyis
invoIvcdinsuchcuscs.TodcuIviththisprobIcm,vcnovdiscussNikhiIumSutruvhich
prcscntsuncIIicicntmcthodoImuItipIyingtvoIurgcnumbcrs[4|.
2.2.1.2NikhiIumSutru
Nikhilam Sutra literally means all from 9 and last from 10. Although it is
uppIicubIctouIIcuscsoImuItipIicution,itismorccIIicicntvhcnthcnumbcrsinvoIvcd
urcIurgc.SinccitIindsoutthccompIimcntoIthcIurgcnumbcrIromitsncurcstbuscto
pcrIorm thc muItipIicution opcrution on it, Iurgcr is thc originuI numbcr, Icsscr thc
compIcxity oI thc muItipIicution. Wc Iirst iIIustrutc this Sutru by considcring thc
muItipIicutionoItvodccimuInumbcrs(*J)vhcrcthcchoscnbuscis100vhichis
ncurcsttoundgrcutcrthunboththcsctvonumbcrs.
igurc2.4:MuItipIicutionIsingNikhiIumSutru [4|
Thc right hund sidc (RHS) oI thc product cun bc obtuincd by simpIy muItipIying thc
numbcrs oI thc CoIumn 2 (7*4 = 2S). Thc IcIt hund sidc (LHS) oI thc product cun bc
IoundbycrosssubtructingthcsccondnumbcroI CoIumn2IromthcIirstnumbcroI
12
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Ahmed Abd El Razek
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INTRODUCTION
VEDIC MULTIPLICATION ALGORITHMS
2.2.1 VEDIC MULTIPLICATION
Figure 2.1: Multiplication of two decimal numbers by Urdhva Tiryakbhyam
Figure 2.2: Line diagram for multiplication of two 4 - bit numbers
Figure 2.3: Hardware architecture of the Urdhva tiryakbhyam multiplier [4]
Figure 2.4: Multiplication Using Nikhilam Sutra [4]
2.2.2 SQUARE ALGORITHM
2.3.1 POWER:
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