Modulation for Analog Communication

Yao Wang Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY11201 http://eeweb.poly.edu/~yao

Outline

Baseband communication: bandwidth requirement Modulation of continuous signals

Amplitude modulation Quadrature amplitude modulation Other modulation techniques: frequency/phase modulation

Frequency division multiplexing Application of modulation Demo of AM and QAM

Yao Wang, 2006

EE3414: Analog Communications

Baseband Communications
Signal strength attenuates with distance. Needs repeaters to amplify the signals in stages Received signal is corrupted by noise
R(t)=A S(t)+ n(t)

Received signal quality depends on channel noise and noise between repeaters accumulate To transmit a signal with bandwidth B, we need >=B Hz in channel bandwidth If the signal is low-pass (0-B), must the channel operate at 0-B range of frequency? How do we send multiple signals over the channel?
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A Typical Communication System

Modulator
Signal to be transmitted (analog or digital)

Transmitter

Demodulator
Received signal

Receiver

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EE3414: Analog Communications

Modulation = Frequency Shifting

Baseband signal

Modulated signal

fc

Frequency

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EE3414: Analog Communications

Why do we need modulation?

A communication channel only operates at a certain frequency range
telephone cables, terrestrial (over the air broadcast), ethernet, optical fiber, etc.

Modulation translates a signal from its baseband to the operating range of the channel By modulating different signals to different frequency bands, they can be transmitted simultaneously over the same channel frequency division multiplexing

Yao Wang, 2006

EE3414: Analog Communications

Frequency Division Multiplexing

To transmit the three signals over the same channel, each signal is shifted to a different carrier frequency and then summed together. From Figure 7.22 in Signals and Systems

Yao Wang, 2006

EE3414: Analog Communications

How do we shift the frequency of a signal?

By multiplying with a sinusoid signal !

x(t )

y (t ) = x(t ) cos( c t )

cos( c t ) carrier signal c : carrier frequency

Yao Wang, 2006

EE3414: Analog Communications

Basic Equalities
Basic equality
x(t )e j 2f ct X ( f f c ) x(t )e j 2f ct X ( f + f c ) x(t )cos(2f c t ) 1 ( X ( f f c ) + X ( f + f c )) 2

Proof on the board

Yao Wang, 2006

EE3414: Analog Communications

Frequency Domain Interpretation of Modulation

From Figure 7.5 in Signals/Syste ms

x(t )

cos( c t )

y (t ) = x(t ) cos( c t )

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EE3414: Analog Communications

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How to get back to the baseband? (Demodulation)

By multiplying with the same sinusoid + low pass filtering!
H ( ) w(t ) y (t )
m cos( c t ) m
2

x (t )

LPF

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EE3414: Analog Communications

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Frequency Domain Interpretation of Demodulation

Figure 7.7 in Signals and Systems

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Temporal Domain Interpretation

Modulation : y (t ) = x(t )cos(2f c t ) Demodulation : w(t ) = y (t ) cos(2f c t ) = x(t )cos 2 (2f c t ) 1 (1 + cos(2 ) ) 2 1 1 1 w(t ) = (1 + cos(4f c t ) )x(t ) = x(t ) + x(t ) cos(4f c t ) 2 2 2 The LPF will retain the first term and remove the second term. Using the equality cos 2 ( ) =

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EE3414: Analog Communications

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Example
How to transmit a signal with frequency ranging in (-5KHz,5KHz) using a channel operating in (100KHz,110KHz)? What should be the carrier frequency ? Draw the block diagrams for the modulator and demodulator, and sketch the spectrum of the modulated and demodulated signals.

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EE3414: Analog Communications

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Frequency Division Multiplexing: Frequency domain interpretation

Figure 7.22 in Signals and Systems

ya (t ) = xa (t ) cos( a t )

ya (t ) = xa (t ) cos( a t )

ya (t ) = xa (t ) cos( a t )

w(t ) = ya (t ) + yb (t ) + yc (t )

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FDM Transmitter

Figure 7.21 in Signals and Systems

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FDM Receiver

Demultiplexing
cos( a t )

Demodulation

Figure 7.23 in Signals and Systems

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Example
How to transmit two signals each with frequency ranging in (-10KHz,10KHz) over a channel operating in the frequency range (300KHz,340KHz)? Draw the block diagrams for the modulator and demodulator, and sketch the spectrum of the modulated and demodulated signals.

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Demo: modulating a sound signal

(amplitude_modulation.m)
X1 Waveform 10 0.2 0
0

X1 Spectrum

fs=22k
-0.2 5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 x 10 Modulated X1: Waveform 0.2 0
4

10

-10

10
4

10

x 10 Modulated X1: Spectrum

fc=50k

-0.2 5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05

4

10

-10

10 x 10
4

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DeModulated X1: Waveform 0.5 10

0

DeModulated X1: Spectrum

-0.5 5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 x 10 Reconstructed X1: Waveform 0.2 0 -0.2 5
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4

10

-10

10
4

x 10 Reconstructed X1: Spectrum 10

0

10

-10

5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 10

10 10
4

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Lowpass Filter
0.12
0

0.1

Magnitude (dB)

-50

0.08

-100

-150

0.06
0 Phase (degrees)

6 Frequency (Hz)

10 x 10
4

0.04

-200 -400 -600 -800

0.02

10

15

20

25

6 Frequency (Hz)

10 x 10
4

Length=20, Cut-off freq=11k

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Original and Reconstructed Waveform 0.3 original reconstructed

0.2

original
0.1

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

reconstructed

5000

5005

5010

5015

5020

5025

5030

5035

5040

5045

5050

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

With amplitude modulation: a signal with bandwidth B needs 2B channel bandwidth
This is called double sideband (DSB) AM Other techniques can reduce the bandwidth requirement
Single sideband (SSB) Vestigial sideband (VSB)

By using QAM, we can send 2 signals each with bandwidth B over a channel bandwidth of 2B
Equivalent to each signal with bandwidth B

Yao Wang, 2006

EE3414: Analog Communications

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

A method to modulate two signals onto the same carrier frequency, but with 90o phase shift
cos( 2 f1t ) s1 ( t )
m (t )

cos( 2 f1t ) s1 ( t )
LPF
m (t )

s2 (t ) sin( 2 f1t )
QAM modulator

LPF

s2 (t )
sin( 2 f1t )
QAM demodulator

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QAM in more detail

Proof (in time domain) the demodulator can separate the signal on board! Discuss the sensitivity of the system to synchronization of the carrier signal.

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Other Modulation Methods

Amplitude modulation
y (t ) = x(t ) cos(2f c t + 0)

The amplitude of the carrier signal is controlled by the modulating signal Pitfall of AM: channel noise can corrupt the amplitude easily.

Frequency modulation

y (t ) = cos( (t )),

d (t ) = 2f c t + k f x(t ) dt

The frequency of the carrier signal is proportional to the modulating signal

Phase modulation

y (t ) = cos(2f c t + 0 + k p x(t ))

The phase of the carrier signal is proportional to the modulating signal

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Application of Modulation and FDM

AM Radio (535KHz--1715KHz):
Each radio station is assigned 10 KHz, to transmit a mono-channel audio (bandlimited to 5KHz) Using Amplitude modulation to shift the baseband signal

FM Radio (88MHz--108 MHz):

Each radio station is assigned 200 KHz, to transmit a stereo audio. The left and right channels (each limited to 15KHz) are multiplexed into a single baseband signal using amplitude modulation Using frequency modulation to shift the baseband signals

TV broadcast (VHF: 54-88,174-216MHz, UHF:470-890MHz)

Each station is assigned 6 MHz The three color components and the audio signal are multiplexed into a single baseband signal Using vestigial sideband AM to shift the baseband signals.
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What Should You Know

Understand the bandwidth requirement
Channel bandwidth > signal bandwidth

Understand the principle of amplitude modulation

Know how to modulate a signal to a certain frequency Know how to demodulate a signal back to the baseband Can write the equation and draw block diagram for both modulation and demodulation Can plot the signal spectrum after modulation and demodulation

Understand the principle of frequency division multiplexing

Can write the equation and draw block diagram for both modulation and demodulation, for multiplexing of two to three signals.

Understand how do AM and FM radio and analog TV work in terms of modulation and multiplexing.

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References
A. M. Noll, Chapter 10. A. V. Oppenheim and A. S. Willsky, Signals and Systems, 2nd edition, Chapter 8, Sec. 8.1-8.3 (copies provided)

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