HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Experiment # 01 .2
TO DETERMINE MANNINGS ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT n AND CHEZYS CO-EFFICIENT C IN A LABORTARY FLUME

Experiment # 02 11
TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIFIC ENERGY (SE) AND DEPTH OF FLOW(Y) IN A LABORATORY FLUM

Experiment # 03 ..........16
To study the flow characteristics over the hump or weir in a rectangular channel

Experiment # 04 ...25
TO STUDY THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP DEVELOPED IN LAB FLUME

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EXPERIMENT NO. 1
TO DETERMINE MANNINGS ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT n AND CHEZYS CO-EFFICIENT C IN A LABORTARY FLUME.
OBJECTIVE:
To study the variation in n with respect to discharge. To study changes in c with respect to discharge. To manipulate/investigate relation b/w: n and c. To learn the procedure of determining n and c of any existing channel.

APPARATUS:
S6 glass sided Tilting lab flume with manometric flow arrangement and slope adjusting scale. Point gauge (For measuring depth of channel)

RELATED THEORY:
FLUME Open channel generally supported on or above the ground. UNIFORM FLOW: A uniform flow is one in which flow parameters and channel parameters remain same with respect to distance b/w two sections. NON-UNIFORM FLOW: A non-uniform flow is one in which flow parameters and channel parameters not remain same with respect to distance b/w two sections. STEADY FLOW: A steady flow is one in which the conditions (velocity, pressure and cross-section) may differ from point to point but DO NOT change with time. UNSTEADY FLOW: If at any point in the fluid, the conditions change with time, the flow is described as unsteady. (In practice there are always slight variations in velocity and pressure, but if the average values are constant, the flow is considered steady. STEADY UNIFORMM FLOW: Conditions do not change with position in the stream or with time. An example is the flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter at constant velocity. STEADY NON-UNIFORMM FLOW: Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do not change with time. An example is flow in a tapering pipe with constant velocity at the inlet - velocity will change as you move along the length of the pipe toward the exit.

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STEADY UNIFORMM FLOW: At a given instant in time the conditions at every point are the same, but will change with time. An example is a pipe of constant diameter connected to a pump pumping at a constant rate which is then switched off. UNSTEADY NON-UNIFORMM FLOW: Every condition of the flow may change from point to point and with time at every point. For example waves in a channel.

MANNINGS ROUGNESS FORMULA

The Manning formula states:

Where: V k n Rh S is the cross-sectional average velocity (L/T; ft/s, m/s) is a conversion factor of 1.486 (ft/m)1/3 for U.S. customary units and 1 in SI Units. is the Manning coefficient (T/L1/3; s/m1/3) is the hydraulic radius (L; ft, m) is the slope of the water surface or the linear hydraulic head loss (L/L) (S = hf/L)

Manning formula is used to estimate flow in open channel situations where it is not practical to construct a weir or flume to measure flow with greater accuracy. The friction coefficients across weirs and orifices are less subjective than n along a natural (earthen, stone or vegetated) channel reach. Cross sectional area, as well as n', will likely vary along a natural channel. Accordingly, more error is expected in predicting flow by assuming a Manning's n, than by measuring flow across a constructed weirs, flumes or orifices. HYDRAULICS RADIUS: The hydraulic radius is a measure of channel flow efficiency.

Where: Rh is the hydraulic radius, A is the cross sectional area of flow , P is wetted perimeter . The greater the hydraulic radius, the greater the efficiency of the channel and the less likely the river is to flood. For channels of a given width, the hydraulic radius is greater for the deeper channels. The hydraulic radius is not half the hydraulic diameter as the name may suggest. It is a function of the shape of the pipe, channel, or river in which the water is flowing. In wide rectangular channels, the

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hydraulic radius is approximated by the flow depth. The measure of a channel's efficiency (its ability to move water and sediment) is used by water engineers to assess the channel's capacity.

CHEZYS FORMULA:
Chezy formula can be used to calculate mean flow velocity in conduits and is expressed as

v = c (R S) 1/2
Where v = mean velocity (m/s, ft/s) c = the Chezy roughness and conduit coefficient R = hydraulic radius of the conduit (m, ft) S = slope of the conduit (m/m, ft/ft)

PROCEDURE:
Measure Channel (Flume) width. Adjust the suitable slope. Fill the S-6 tilting flume up to some depth. Note down the readings of differential manometer and see the corresponding discharge from the discharge chart. Note down the depth of flow at different points. (e.g. 2m,4m,6m) Calculate the Co-efficient C and n accordingly by the given formulas.

PRECAUTIONS:
Take manometric reading only when flow is steady. The height should not be measured near the joints or at points where there is turbulence in flume. The height measuring needle must be adjusted precisely. The tip of the needle must be just touching the water surface while taking observations.

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HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL Determination of Slope of Energy Line:

For Q= 0.00894 m/s
0.2 0.18 0.16 Depth of EnergyLine (m) 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 1 2 3 4 Distance (m) 5 6 7

For Q= 0. 01200m/s
0.2
0.18 0.16 Depth of EnergyLine (m) 0.14

0.12
0.1 0.08 0.06

0.04
0.02 0 0 1 2 3 4 Distance (m) 5 6 7

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For Q= 0.01600 m/s

0.2 0.18

0.16
Depth of EnergyLine (m) 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0

Distance (m)

For Q= 0.01833 m/s

0.2 0.18 0.16 Depth of EnergyLine (m) 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 1 2 3 Distance (m) 4 5 6 7

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For Q= 0.01918 m/s
0.2 0.18 Depth of EnergyLine (m) 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 1 2 3 Distance (m) 4 5 6 7

For Q= 0.020390 m/s

0.2 0.18 Depth of EnergyLine (m) 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 1 2 3 Distance (m) 4 5 6 7

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Determination of Mannings and Chezys Coefficient:
Bed Q Slope (m/sec) So 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.00894 0.012 0.016 0.01833 0.01918 0.02039 y= Depth Of Flow (mm) y1 55 72 79 84 84 92 y2 59 73 81 83 87 92 y3 60 60 79 81 85 85 yavg 58.000 68.333 79.667 82.667 85.333 89.667 Area Of flow A=(b x y) m 0.0174 0.0205 0.0239 0.0248 0.0256 0.0269 Wetted Perimeter P= b + 2y (m) 0.416 0.437 0.459 0.465 0.471 0.479 Hydraulic Radius R=A/P (m) 0.0418 0.0469 0.0520 0.0533 0.0544 0.0561 Flow Velocity V= Q/A (m/sec) 0.514 0.585 0.669 0.739 0.749 0.758 Slope Of Energy Line S 0.0006523 0.0012705 0.0005000 0.0002416 0.0002500 0.0005573
Manning's Roughness Coefficient Chezy's Coefficient

Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6

n1 0.0104 0.0098 0.0092 0.0085 0.0085 0.0086

n2 0.0059 0.0078 0.0046 0.0029 0.0030 0.0045

C1 56.188 60.395 65.609 71.574 71.827 71.551

C2 98.389 75.777 131.218 205.934 203.156 135.546

Graph b/w Discharge and Chezys Coefficient;

0.025

0.02

Q (m/s)

0.015

0.01

0.005

0 40.000 45.000 50.000 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 75.000 Chezys Coefficient

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Graph b/w Discharge and Mannings Coefficient;
0.025

0.02

0.015 Q (m/s)

0.01

0.005

0 0.0060 0.0065 0.0070 0.0075 0.0080 0.0085 0.0090 0.0095 0.0100 0.0105 0.0110

Manning's Coefficient (n)

Graph b/w Chazys Coefficient and Mannings Coefficient;

0.0120

0.0100 Manning's Coefficient (n)

0.0080

0.0060

0.0040

0.0020

0.0000 50.000 55.000 60.000 Chezy Coefficient,C 65.000 70.000 75.000

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RESULTS:
Value of Chezys Co-efficient increases with increase in discharge. Mannings Co-efficient decreases with increase in discharge. There is Inverse Relation b/w Mannings Co-efficient and Chezys Co-efficient.

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EXPERIMENT#02
TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIFIC ENERGY (SE) AND DEPTH OF FLOW(Y) IN A LABORATORY FLUME
OBJECTIVES:
i) ii) To study the variations in specific energy as a function of depth of flow for a given discharge in a lab flume. To validate the theories of E-Y diagram( S.E and Depth) diagrams

APPARATUS:
Tilting lab flume with manometric flow arrangement and slope adjusting scale. Hook gauge

RELATED THEROY:
FLUME: It is a channel supported above the ground level. SPECIFIC ENERGY: S.E if the total energy per unit weight measured relative to the channels bed and mathematically,

Where E = S.E of the per unit weight Y= depth of flow V2/2g = kinetic head or velocity head

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When slopes are involves,

For mild slopes,

SPECIFIC ENERGY CURVE: It is the plot which shows the variations in S.E as a function of Depth of flow.

CRITICAL DEPTH: It is the depth of flow in the channel at which specific energy is minimum. Mathematically

FROUDs NUMBER: It is the ratio of inertial forces to the gravitational forces. Mathematically it is:

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CRITICAL FLOW: It is the flow corresponding to the critical depth with Frouds Number = 1 CRITICAL VELOCITY: Velocity corresponding to critical depth . SUB-CRITICAL FLOW: It is the flow with larger depths and less flow velocities or flow at which Frouds Number is les than 1 .

SUPER CRITICAL FLOW: It is the flow corresponding to the lesser depths and larger flow velocities. And flow will be called as super critical flow for Frouds Number

ALTERNATE DEPTHS: For the value of the specific energy other than at the critical point for a constant discharge, there are two water depths. i) One is greater than critical depths ii) Other is Less than critical depths These two depths for a given specific energy are termed as alternate Depths .

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PROCEDURE:
1. Maintain the constant discharge in open channel 2. For one particular value of flow, find out the water depths at the different locations and calculate the average depth of flow. 3. Calculate the specific energy using this relation: 4. Repeat this by varying the value of slopes. 5. Draw E y curves 6. Find out the critical depths and E min 7.

PRECAUTIONS:
Take manometric reading only when flow is steady. The height should not be measured near the joints or at points where there is turbulence in flume. The height measuring needle must be adjusted precisely. The tip of the needle must be just touching the water surface while taking observations.

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OBSERVATION &CALCULATION:
WIDTH OF FLUME = Sr# 1 2 3 4 5 6 SLOPE 0 1 : 40 1 : 60 1 : 100 1 : 200 1 : 500 Discharge (m/s) 0.012646 0.012646 0.012646 0.012646 0.012646 0.012646 0.3 m DEPTH OF FLOW (m) Y1 0.0814 0.031 0.037 0.041 0.059 0.064 Y2 0.078 0.026 0.031 0.037 0.043 0.0669 Y3 0.0725 0.027 0.033 0.035 0.047 0.0647 Yavg 0.0773 0.0280 0.0337 0.0377 0.0497 0.0652 Velocity (m/s) 0.5453 1.5055 1.2521 1.1191 0.8487 0.6465 V/2g

(m)
0.0278 0.0767 0.0638 0.0570 0.0433 0.0330

SPECIFIC ENERGY 0.1051 0.1047 0.0975 0.0947 0.0929 0.0982

E~Y DIAGRAM (Specific Energy Curve):

0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 Depth,Y (m) 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 Specific Energy,E (m)
Emin

E=Y Curve

E~Y
SUB CRITICAL FLOW SUPER CRITICAL FLOW

YC

VC /2g

0.1

0.12

0.14

RESULTS:
Yc= 0.048 m Emin= 0.092m Flow below 0.048 m is super critical. Flow above 0.048 m is sub critical.

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EXPERIMENT # 03
TO STUDY THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OVER THE HUMP OR WEIR IN A RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
OBJECTIVE
To study the variation of flow with the introduction of different types of weirs in the flume.

APPARATUS
S6 tilting flume apparatus which consists of Orifice Differential manometer Large chamber to study flow Controlling meter to vary slope. Hook gauge/point gauge to measure the depth Broad crested weirs Rounded corner weir Sharp corner weir

RELATED THEORY
HUMP Stream lined construction over the bed of a channel is called hump. OR The raised bed of the channel at a certain location is called as hump. WEIR It is the streamlined wall or structure constructed across a river or a stream at a suitable location. It is commonly used to raise the water level at a river or stream to divert the required amount of water into an off taking canal. Weirs can be gated or ungated. Gated weir is called as BARRAGE FLOW OVER WEIR OR HUMP

a) SUB CRITICAL FLOW

Consider a horizontal, frictionless rectangular channel of width B carrying a discharge Q at depth y1. Let the flow be subcritical. At section 2, a smooth hump of height Z is built on the floor. Since there are no energy losses between sections 1 and 2, construction of a hump causes the specific energy at section to decrease by Z. Thus the specific energies at sections 1 and 2 are,

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E2 = E1 - Z

Channel transition with a hump

Since the flow is subcritical, the water surface will drop due to a decrease in the specific energy. In above Fig the water surface which was at P at section 1 will come down to point R at section 2. The depth y2 will be give by,

b) SUPERCRITICAL FLOW
If Y1 is in the supercritical flow regime, Fig below shows that the depth of flow increases due to the reduction of specific energy. Point P` corresponds to y1 and point R` to depth at the section 2. Up to the critical depth, y2 increases to reach yc at Z = Zmax. For Z > Zmax , the depth over the hump y2 = yc will remain constant and the upstream depth y1 will change. It will decrease to have a higher specific energy E1`by increasing velocity V1.

Specific energy diagram

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EFFECT OF HUMP HEIGHT ON THE DEPTH OF FLOW:
Height of hump is less than critical hump height then there will be sub critical flow over the hump, downstream of the hump and upstream of the hump. Depth of flow over the hump will decrease by a certain amount as there is a slight depression in the water. Further increase in the height of hump will create more depression of water surface over the hump until finally the depth becomes equals to the critical depth. When the hump height will be equal to the critical depth then there will be critical flow over the hump, sub critical on the upstream side and super critical just downstream of the hump. If the hump is made still higher, critical depth will maintain over the hump and depth on upstream side will be increased. This phenomenon is referred to as damming action. Critical Hump Height is the minimum hump height that can cause the critical depth over the hump is called as critical hump height.

CASE 1

When Z < << Zc and y2 >>> yc

The flow conditions will be sub critical Upstream level increases Over hump y2 > yc At downstream depth is recovered after a long distance

CASE 2

When Z = Zc Upstream level increases Over hump y2 = yc

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CASE 3 When Z > Zc
Afflux on upstream side (damming action) y1 > y3 and y2 = yc At this stage E1 = y1 + v12/2g + afflux

DAMMING ACTION:
It is the sudden increase of the water depth at upstream side due to increase in hump height.

PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Fix the slope of the flume Introduce a round corner wide crested weir in the flume at certain location Set the discharge in the flume having certain value. Note depth of flow at upstream side of hump, over the hump and downstream side of hump at certain point. Repeat steps 2-4 for the other discharges Repeat the same procedure for sharp cornered wide crest weir Predict the type of flow at every section Compare depths with critical depth for every discharge value and report the type of flow. Draw flow profile over the hump for both types of humps.

PRECAUTIONS:
Take manometric reading only when flow is steady. The height should not be measured near the joints or at points where there is turbulence in flume. The height measuring needle must be adjusted precisely. The tip of the needle must be just touching the water surface while taking observations.

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OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

WEIR TYPE ROUND CORNER SHARP CORNER Height (mm) 120 60 Width (mm) 400 400

DEPTH OF FLOW (mm) Sr.# WEIR TYPE Q m3/sec Yc (mm) Y1

1 2 3 ROUND CORNER WEIR 0.006323 0.01058 0.013263 35.64 50.24 58.41 172 189 202

FLOW CONDITOINS Down Stream

Up Stream Y2
172 190 202

over hump Yavg

171.67 189.00 201.33

Y3
171 188 200

Y1
162 177 190

Y2
150 161 169

Y3
140 142 152

Yavg
150.67 160.00 170.33

Y1
11 12 23

Y2
19 22 25

Y3
24 32.5 37

Yavg
18.00 22.17 28.33

u/s
Sub Critical Sub Critical Sub Critical

Over hump
Sub Critical Sub Critical Sub Critical Sub Critical Sub Critical Sub Critical

d/s
Super Critical Super Critical Super Critical Super Critical Super Critical Super Critical

4 5 6 SHARP CORNER WEIR

0.008488 0.011659 0.015228

43.37 53.60 64.04

120 134 148

121 135 149

120 133 148

120.33 134.00 148.33

115 127 140

97 100 108

92 99 106

101.33 108.67 118.00

19 20 30

23 30 37

23 39 44

21.67 29.67 37.00

Sub Critical Sub Critical Sub Critical

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SURFACE WATER PROFILES: Round Corner Broad Crested Weir:

0.25 WATER DEPTH (m) 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 1 2 3 4 HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m) 5 6 7 8

Q = .006323 m3/s

0.25 WATER DEPTH (m) 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 1 2 3 4 HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m) 5 6 7 8

Q = .01053m3/s

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0.25 WATER DEPTH (m) 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 1 2 3 4 HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m) 5 6 7 8

Q = .0.013263m3/s

Sharp Corner Broad Crested Weir:

0.14 WATER DEPTH (m) 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 1 2 3 4 HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m) 5 6 7 8

Q = 0.008488m3/s

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0.14 WATER DEPTH (m) 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 1 2 3 4 HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m) 5 6 7 8

Q = 0.011659m3/s

0.18 0.16 WATER DEPTH (m) 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 1 2 3 4 HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m) 5 6 7 8

Q = 0.015228 m3/s

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RESULTS:
The Flow is sub Critical at upstream in both cases. The Flow is subcritical over weir in both cases. The Flow in all of the above cases is Supercritical at the downstream side immediately after the weir.

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EXPERIMENT # 04
TO STUDY THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP DEVELOPED IN LAB FLUME
OBJECTIVES
1. 2. 3. 4. To physically achieve the hydraulic jump in lab flume. To measure the physical dimensions of hydraulic jump. To calculate the energy loses through hydraulic jump. To plot water surface profiles of the hydraulic jump for various discharges.

APPARATUS
S-6 tilting lab flume with Manometer Flow arrangement Slope adjusting scale Hook gauge

RELATED THEORY
HYDRAULIC JUMP The rise of water level which takes place due to transformation of super critical flow to sub critical flow is termed as hydraulic jump.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP To dissipate the energy of water flowing over the hydraulic structures and thus preventing scouring (vertical erosion) downstream of structures. To recover head or raise the water level on the downstream of a hydraulic structure and thus to maintain high water level in the channel for irrigation or other water distribution purposes. To increase the weight of apron and thus reduce uplift pressure under the structure by raising water depth on the apron. Apron: Layer of flexible material provided on the downstream floor. It act as an inverted filter.

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To mix chemicals used for water filtration etc. EXPRESSION FOR DEPTH OF HYDRAULIC JUMP From the figure below. Depth of hydraulic jump

We can find d2 , for known value of d1 , by using expression,

EXPRESSION FOR LOSS OF ENERGY DUE TO HYDRAULIC JUMP

On simplifying, we can find head loss for known values of d1 and d2 ,

LENGTH OF HYDRAULIC JUMP The length between two sections where one section is taken just before the hydraulic jump and second section is taken just after the hydraulic jump is termed as length of hydraulic jump. Approximate length of hydraulic jump = 5 -7 times depth of hydraulic jump

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LOCATIONOF HYDRAULIC JUMP Location of hydraulic jump is governed by two factors, I) d2 II) Y2 (Depth of flow just after the hydraulic jump) (Normal depth of flow on downstream side of hydraulic structure)

CASE 01

When d2 < Y2
Crest

U/S

D/S

y2

In Case 01, Hydraulic jump will be formed over the glaces of hydraulic structure as shown in the figure and it will be weak jump/Submerged jump.

CASE 02

When d2 = Y2

Crest

U/S

d2

D/S

y2

In Case 02, Hydraulic jump will be formed on the toe of hydraulic structure as shown in the figure and it will be a relatively strong jump than Case - 01.

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CASE 03 When d2 > Y2

U/S d2

D/S

y2

In Case 03, Hydraulic jump will be formed ahead of hydraulic structure as shown in the fig. And it will be a relatively strong jump as compared to Case 01 and Case 02. Comparatively, Case 02 is ideal case with sufficient energy dissipation and structure will also be safe (because jump will be formed at the toe of structure). CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC JUMP Type of hydraulic jump is defined based on Froudes number, i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) FN = FN = FN = FN = FN = FN > 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.7 2.5 2.5 4.5 4.5 9.0 9.0 No jump Undulated jump/Roller type jump Weak jump Oscillating jump Steady jump Strong jump

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PROCEDURE
Adjust the S-6 Tilting flume at a slope and check if there is any problem in arrangement or anything residual inside the flume causing obstruction in flow. Setup a specific discharge in the flume. Note down the depth of the water surface before, after and at the hydraulic jump. Repeat the above procedure with by increasing discharge. Complete the table of observations and calculations and plot the water surface profile for all discharges.

PRECAUTIONS
The height should not be measured near the joints or at points where there is turbulence in flume. The height measuring needle must be adjusted precisely. The tip of the needle must be just touching the water surface while taking observations. The reading measurement at the hydraulic jump is difficult, so note the flow carefully and take the reading at desired point.

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OBSERVATION & CALCULATION: Width of Flume -0.3 m

Discharge SR. Q # 3 (m /sec)

Depth of Flow (m)

Horizontal Distances (m) (xo) 2 2 2 2 2 2 (x1) (x2)

yc (m)

(yo) 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.000798 0.010925 0.012326 0.013853 0.015228 0.016488 0.0227

(y1) 0.02

(y2) 0.076

Height Length of of Jump Jump Hj (x2-x1) (y2-y1) (m) (m) 0.056 0.145 0.252 0.252 0.282 0.291 0.159

Loss of Energy at jump

hL (m) 0.028884

V1 = Q/(B.y1) (m/sec)

FN1

Type of Jump

Theoretical Sequent Depth (y2) m

3.982 4.13 0.009

0.133

0.3

0.0275 0.0236 0.0847 0.03 0.026 0.0936

4.112 4.36 0.051 0.0611 4.206 4.46 0.056 0.0676 0.06 0.064

0.028528 1.543079096 3.21 0.031734 1.58025641 3.13

0.0327 0.0298 0.0938 0.0361 0.0323 0.0995 0.0391 0.035 0.107

4.302 4.58

0.023446 1.549552573 2.87 0.023606 1.571517028 2.79 0.024916 1.570285714 2.68

4.386 4.68 0.064 0.0672 4.63 4.79 0.068 0.072

Roller type jump Oscillating Jump Oscillating Jump Oscillating Jump Oscillating Jump Oscillating Jump

0.0084 0.0491 0.0533 0.0580 0.0619 0.0654

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HYDRAULIC JUMP PROFILES: 1st Observation: 1st Observation

0.12
Depth of Flow (y) (m) 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04

0.02
0 1.5 2.5 Horizontal Distance (x) (m) 3.5 4.5

2nd Observation: 2nd Observation

0.12 Depth of Flow (y) (m) 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04

YC

0.02
0 1.5 2.5 3.5 Horizontal Distance (x) (m) 4.5 5.5

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3rd Observation: 3rd Observation

0.12 Depth of Flow (y) (m) 0.1

0.08
0.06 0.04 0.02 0 1.5 2.5 Horizontal Distance (x) (m) 3.5 4.5 5.5

YC

4th Observation: 4th Observation

0.12 Depth of Flow (y) (m) 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 1.5 2.5 3.5 Horizontal Distance (x) (m) 4.5 5.5

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5th Observation: 5th Observation

0.12
Depth of Flow (y) (m) 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 1.5 2.5 3.5 Horizontal Distance (x) (m) 4.5 5.5

YC

6th Observation: 6th Observation

0.12 Depth of Flow (y) (m) 0.1

0.08
0.06 0.04 0.02 0 1.5 2.5 3.5 Horizontal Distance (x) (m) 4.5 5.5

YC

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HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

COMMENTS:
According to definition hydraulic jump is formed due to change in slope or change of flow from super critical to sub critical flow, but in observation 1 there is no change of slope or there is no change in flow, this might be due to some error while performing experiment. The reading measurement at the hydraulic jump was difficult as the turbulence was not allowing us to consider a constant point for observation. There might be error in depth of flow values due to momentary variation in height of the jump. Some Water is also flowing under the hump and this may disturb the results adversely.

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