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Chapter 7 - First-Order Circuits Source-Free RC Circuit: DT DV C I DT Di L V

This document provides an overview of first-order circuits, which contain one energy storage element (capacitor or inductor) and one or more dissipative elements (resistors). It discusses the differential equations that describe such circuits, both with and without external sources. Examples are provided of first-order RC and RL circuits in various configurations, including their natural response when a source is removed and step responses when a source is applied. Singularity functions like the unit step, unit impulse and unit ramp that model switching events are also introduced. The complete response of a circuit is shown to be the sum of the natural/transient and forced/steady-state responses. Methods for analyzing first-order circuits containing op-amps are described

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25 views

Chapter 7 - First-Order Circuits Source-Free RC Circuit: DT DV C I DT Di L V

This document provides an overview of first-order circuits, which contain one energy storage element (capacitor or inductor) and one or more dissipative elements (resistors). It discusses the differential equations that describe such circuits, both with and without external sources. Examples are provided of first-order RC and RL circuits in various configurations, including their natural response when a source is removed and step responses when a source is applied. Singularity functions like the unit step, unit impulse and unit ramp that model switching events are also introduced. The complete response of a circuit is shown to be the sum of the natural/transient and forced/steady-state responses. Methods for analyzing first-order circuits containing op-amps are described

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atifk_67
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7 First-Order Circuits

In Chapters 1-5, when we apply KVL or KCL: v = Ri In Chapter 7,

Source-Free RC Circuit
Given: R & C, vC(0) = Vo Find: v(t) and i(t)

di dv vL = L L ; iC = C C dt dt

Differential eqns.

First-Order Circuit: One energy storage element (C or L) 1st order diff eq Energy dissipation element/s (R) Excitation (source of energy) Energy initially stored in L or C source-free Vs or Is

Example 1. Given: vC(0) = 15 V Find: vC, vx and ix

Natural Response: behavior w/o external sources decay

exponential

Smaller time constant

faster decay

Example 2. Given: Switch closed for a long time, and opened at t=0. Find: vC, for t>0.

Source-Free RL Circuit
Given: R & L, iL(0) = Io Find: i(t)

Example 3. Given: i(0) = 10 A Find: i(t), and ix(t)

Example 4. Given: Switch open for a long time, and I is closed at t=0. Find: i(t), io(t) and vo(t) for t>0.

Singularity Functions
either discontinuous, or have discontinuous derivatives. useful in switching Unit Step Function:

Example:

Unit Impulse Function:

(t ) =

t<0 0, du (t ) = undefined, t = 0 dt 0, t >0

An applied or resulting shock A very short duration pulse.

Unit Ramp Function:

Step Response of an RC Circuit


-excitation is a step function Given: v(0) = Vo; Switch closed at t=0.

r (t ) = u (t ) dt

0, t 0 r (t ) = = t u (t ) t, t > 0

V , v(t ) = o t / V + (Vo V )e

t<0 t>0

Complete Response = Natural Response + Forced Response

Example 5. Given: Switch has been at position A for a long time, and moves to B at t=0. Find: v(t) for t>0.

Complete Response = Steady-state Response + Transient Response

3 Parameters: 1. Vo Initial voltage from I.C. no jump condition for vc 2. V - steady-state response at steady state, C becomes an open circuit 3. Time constant

Step Response of RL Circuits


Given: i(0) = Io; Switch closed at t=0.

Example 6. Given: Switch has been closed for a long time, and opens at t=0. Find: vL(t) for t>0.

Ex. 7. Find i(t) for t >0.

First-Order Circuits with Op Amps


Method 1: Set up and solve ODE. Method 2: Find RTH as seen by C or L replace with test V or I.
Example: Given: R1 = 20k, Rf = 80k, C=5F, and v(0)=3 V Find: vo(t)

Method 2: Find vo(0+):

Method 1: See Lab #4 Op Amp differentiator

Find RTH:

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