THE NATURE OF LIGHT

Copyright 2011 All rights reserved

D T YARBROUGH

THE NATURE OF LIGHT

Light leaving the edge of the universe and heading our way should go through many changes before reaching us. It is difficult to say if the laws of physics even exist in this far away place where even space itself is moving at the speed of light. But we have a pretty good idea of what the light from our sun looks like. So let's follow it out to the distant object. I believe that what we refer to as the wavelength of light is actually the spacing between the photons in a beam of light. I will be referring to the spacing of photons. If you prefer, you can think of it as wavelength. Sunlight consists of all the colors of the rainbow. The beam of light has photons with somewhat random spacing. The spacing between the photons in the visible part of the spectrum ranges between 380-780 nm. A nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter. This is about the width of six bonded carbon atoms, or 1/40,000 the width of a human hair or over a billion times the width of an electron. The spacing of photons in visible light is about 1/100 to 1/50 the width of a human hair. The reason for the difference in spacing when the light arrived, compared to when it left, is due to the changes in speed as the photons passed through various mediums, each medium traveling at various speeds. Even the space there is expanding at a different rate than it does here. Photons will always travel at a speed relative to the medium they are passing through. If that medium is space, the speed is the speed of light in space. Within the frame of our solar system, space itself is moving at an orbital and rotational velocity relative to the sun. Space just outside the solar system is moving at an orbital and rotational velocity relative to the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The galaxy moves within the frame of a galactic cluster that orbits around its own center of gravity. The light source exists within similar frames. The volume of the universe (or any sphere) is such that the volume is directly proportional to the cube of the radius. As the radius doubles, the volume becomes eight times greater. The speed of the expanding space is only limited by the speed of light at the edge of the universe. As you start with that speed and work your way back toward the center of the universe, the speed of expansion decreases exponentially. The formula to calculate speed at a specific location is: S = (D/R)
3

If D(distance from Big Bang) is R(radius of the universe), S(speed) is 1/8 the speed of light. If D/R = 1/3, then S = 1/27 the speed of light. As the light leaves our galaxy and enters space, it speeds up by 600 km/s and the spacing between the particles spread out by a factor of 1/500. As it passes through expanding space it speeds up from .183 times the speed of light to twice the speed of light. It spreads out by a factor of 10.93. Unless the distant object is traveling at close to 10.93 times the speed of light, relative to the Big Bang, the light will not look anything like the light that left the earth.

Assuming that light headed this way leaves the distant object in wavelengths similar to our sun's light, then it would speed up as it entered space by some small factor(1/500 to 1/50). As it moved through space it would increase from zero to .817 times the speed of light(relative to the Big Bang). This would be an expansion factor of near infinity. Of course, that light will not reach us here for another 18.225 X 1019 years. If it left the object when the universe was 7,675,000,000 years old when it was 120,000 light years away from where we are today, the light would just reach us today. The expansion rate would still be enormous. This is not possible. It is not what we see. ALTERNATIVE ANSWER: As I said earlier, the spacing between the photons is about a billion times the size of an electron. But what is the size of an electron? An atom has a field diameter 100,000 times the size of a proton itself. The electron, if measured while orbiting an atom, would have a field size 100,000 times smaller than if it where stationary and spinning at full speed. Photons may be close to the size of an electron, though I had expected them to be a thousand times smaller. No one has ever measured a photon's size as far as I know. What if photons at a particular energy lever have a field diameter that matches their socalled wavelength when traveling at 300,000 km/s? As the beam of light slows, the fields expand and the spacing expands. Scattering will occur as all of the photons can no longer fit in a straight line. Scattering of specific field sizes or energy levels or wavelengths, which ever way you want to look at it, is more prevalent than others. This is thought to be absorption, but I believe it is simply scattering. As the beam speeds up, gaps appear between photons, and the trailing photons speed up and fill the gaps. The speed of the overall beam is limited by the lead photon and the friction it encounters in the medium. The beam would reach its destination unchanged except for the so-called absorption lines(missing wavelengths). The scattering also explains the decrease in intensity after passing through dense medium. Light is not a wave. You can simulate wavelight properties with elaborate equipment and fine tuned apparatus, but if it truly were a wave, these would not be needed. If there were wave interference anywhere near the levels these simulations seem to indicate, we wouldn't be able to read size 40 font with a magnifying glass. If someone tossed three colored bottles, one with an electronic beacon, into the ocean at the beach at Normandy and something like the gulf stream carried them around the world, when you found the bottle with the beacon, what are the chances the other two will be nearby? When it comes to light, even after crossing billions of light years distance, the bottles are not only close by, the relative locations are unchanged to an almost unimaginably small scale. This larger size for photons bring up other questions. As far as I can tell, the only difference between particles are their size. This would place the photon as the largest particle. Perhaps this is why photons can't flow through materials that are relatively

good conductors for electrons. It also brings up another question. Gamma ray photons are thought to be more powerful because they can penetrate deeper into matter. Maybe this penetration is the result of their smaller size. This smaller size would also allow them to be emitted while the larger photons remain trapped in super dense collapsed stars. The smaller sizes of photons in the co-called shorter wavelength of the spectrum would also make them easier to scatter into the atmosphere, since the scattering is not due to collisions with the atmosphere, but collisions within the light beam itself as it is slowed by the atmosphere. The largest photons, wider than the path created by the leading photons, would encounter collisions from the side, each collision draining their energy and reducing their size(wavelength). In our atmosphere, only photons in or very near the visible light spectrum are able to penetrate to the earth's surface. If the size of the photons did not limit their spacing within the beam, the ability of the trailing photons to catch up would distort the spacing. Also, without close spacing, relative to size, each photon would feel similar resistance to that of the leading photon and would be unable to catch up or even keep up during the trip through expanding space. The field size (rotational spin) versus velocity inverse ratio of particles plays many very important roles in creating the forces of nature. But this brings up a question about velocity. Is it the velocity relative to the Big Bang or the velocity relative to the medium that determines the field size? If it is relative to the Big Bang then the laws of nature would change within frames traveling at different speed relative to the Big Bang or each other. This does not appear to be the case. This means that the field sizes only change when the speed of the photons change relative to the medium. This only happens as the beam transitions between mediums. Like a train moving along a level track, all of the photons are traveling at speed normal for the medium they are passing through. When the train encounters an incline, the engine slows to the normal speed for its new environment, thus slowing all the cars behind it. As the lead photon enters a new medium, it slows all the photons behind it, most of which are still within the previous medium. They are no longer traveling at the proper speed within that medium and their spin and field size increase. This causes scattering. Unlike the train, the track(so to speak) of the photons is ever contracting due to their reverse motion through expanding space. The photons must continously speed up to maintain their speed relative to the slowing medium. If you look at the way a prism diverts different wavelengths to differing degrees of refraction, you will see that the blue light is defracted the most. This would not make sense if the blue were the more energetic(had more momentum). It is because the blue is the least energetic and smallest of the photons. The photoelectric effect is not created by red light. This is because the larger red photons can not penetrate the material to create the effect.

In a series of landmark observations gathered over a period of four months, NASA's Swift satellite has challenged some of astronomers' fundamental ideas about gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which are among the most extreme events in our universe. GRBs are the explosive deaths of very massive stars, some of which eject jets that can release in a matter of seconds the same amount of energy that the sun will radiate over its 10-billionyear lifetime. Scientist's misconception of the energy levels of gamma ray photons leads them to these outrageous statements. Instead of being millions of times more energetic than visible light photons, they are millions of times less energetic. By applying the proper energy levels to each gamma ray photons, you can easily see that the total energy level in a gamma ray burst is insignificant compared to the daily output of the sun. A more likely scenerio is that high energy photons are accelerated to twice the speed of light, shrinking their fields to minimum. This is accomplished when the photons move relative to the magnetons that make up the magnetic field within the dead star. The magnetons are moving at the speed of light. Once the photons exit the dead star, they slow to the speed of light and expand their fields back to normal for their energy level. They become infrared photons. Their expansion frees stationary gamma ray photons from the space around them. The true energy is in the infrared photons, not the gamma ray photons. The photons in gamma rays are the least intergetic photons in the universe. They exist in space where the temperature is near absolute zero. A nearby black hole, one that is not feeding, will not radiate heat. The gamma photons can exist nearby. A gamma ray burst occurs when accelerated high energy particles slow and expand in close proximity to stationary gamma photons, setting them in motion. The gamma photons must be near a source of over-accelerated high energy photons without being near a source of heat radiation. Gamma rays can occur for other reasons, but not gamma ray bursts. A gamma photon must be freed from its environment without increasing its energy level significantly. This is accomplished by the relatively slow expansion of the highspeed photons as they slow somewhat gradually. Below are examples of beams of visible light. This shows the relative sizes of the photons magnetic fields that make up beams of colored light. A beam of blue light may not consist entirely of BLUE photons, only a majority are BLUE. Just as our eyes interprets a mixture of all the photons as white light, our eyes average out the colors or energy levels. White light is typically thought to consists of multiple beams, each a different color or wavelength. However, it is possible that each beam contains a mixture of wavelengths or photon spacing.

The photons are much larger than electrons. That is why, in order to see extremely small objects, electron microscopes are used. This picture represents photons ranging in size from 380-780 nanometers. This is the size of the magnetic fields of the photons when they are traveling at 300,000 km/s. When they are not zipping around at the speed of light, they are stationary relative to the medium around them. That is to say, they do

not have a continous motion in any one direction. They vibrate and collide with other photons and miscellaneous particles. Their expanded fields may be up to 100,000 times wider, occupying 1 quadrillion times the volume of a fast moving photon. To limit their field to some smaller size, they would have to vibrate faster than a nitrogen atom. With less mass, this is quite possible. The nitrogen atom has a field 100,000 times the diameter of the nucleus and while it vibrates at 5 trillion time a second, it only manages to travel the length of it field diameter in each direction, for an overall speed of 18 meters/sec. Chances are the photon can only vibrate a distance equal to its field diameter in each direction. There is probably a principle involved here. Greater movement would not contain the other photons around them and they would not remain trapped and vibrating. At 38,000,000 nanometers, their fields are .038 meters wide(1.48 inches). You can not see these magnetic fields, no more than you can see the magnetic field of a magnet or of the planet earth. They could not exist long in the earths atmosphere, as their overall weight per volumn would prevent this. They would float very rapidly back to space, shrinking their field as they accelerated. While in the atmosphere, they would never be able to expand to anywhere near this size, as any initial expansion would set them in motion opposite the direction of most resistance. Photons are slowed and cooled as they pass through clouds. By cooled, I mean that they lose energy due to collisions with cooler (slower vibrating) atoms and molecules. They rise above the clouds and are struck by fast moving photons, creating sprites. Scientists say the the spacing between particles in the atmosphere averages 68 nanometers. This would allow gamma, xray and most ultraviolet photons to scatter, while visible light would not scatter, except for the lead photon. Beyond ultraviolet light we are no longer dealing with photons. Radio waves are made up of magnetons, the same particles that make up magnetic fields. Radio waves are actually waves. While sound waves are made of air molecules, radio waves are made from magnetons. Magnetons exist throughout the universe, in space, in air, and in matter. Radio waves can penetrate non electrically conductive materials such as plastic, wood, concrete, etc. Only the smallest photons can do this. Radio waves are strongly affected by magnetic interference, photons are not. From the illustration below, you see that while visible light reaches the earth, most of the infrared is blocked. This is because of the larger photon fields. Then we see that short wavelength radio waves penitrate the atmosphere but long wavelengths do not. This is not due to particle size, as magnetons are the smallest of all particles. They make up the magnetic field of all the other particles, small and large. There is however a distinction between penitrating and penitrating intact. The long wavelength waves are distorted beyond recognition. I have not yet tried to figure out the forces that come into play here.

Infrared photons are the most energetic of the photons. Energy within photons is created or lost when they collide with other matter. Pressure creates heat, causing particles to vibrate. Vibration causes particles to spread apart, creating more freedom of motion and greater speeds. When a photon absorbs enough energy from these collisions, it is able to free itself from its environment. Scientist's misinterpretation of the energy levels within the photons, leads them to many other misconceptions. For instance, they believe that a gamma ray burst can create more energy in a few seconds than our sun will create throughout its 10 billion year lifetime. They think that some stars are a billion times more massive than our sun, for similar reasons. If they simply apply the correct energy levels to the correct photons, they will see that the universe is not such a mysterious place. They think stars, including our sun, create temperatures in the millions of degrees kelvin. They think they create ever higher temperatures within colliders. This is all because they think that the x-ray and gamma ray photons required these temperatures to create them. Instead visible light requires 1/100 the temperature to create it than infrared. Ultra violet requires 1/10 to 1/100 the temperature of visible light. X-rays require 1/100 the temperature of ultraviolet and Gamma rays require 1/10 to 1/100 the temperature of x-rays. Gamma rays are 10,000 times less energetic than infrared, possible 100,000,000 times less, depending upon how energy affects field size. As energy doubles, it may double the diameter or it may double the volume of the field. I am not certain. To prove my point that x-rays do not require a great deal of energy to create them,

scientist's discovered that peeling scotch tape from a roll creates x-rays in a vacuum. This occurs as electrons jump from the roll to the tape where they slow down, expand and set stationary photons in motion. The reason this doesn't happen in air is that there are no stationary photons in air unless they are locked up inside molecules. They are lighter than air. They do however exist within a vacuum. RED SHIFT: Red shift is determined by the locations of the absorption lines in the spectum of the light. Hydrogen only absorbs photons of a specific energy level or field size. As a beam of light passes through a hydrogen cloud, the speed of the photons and therefore their field sizes are controlled by the lead photon. While the lead photon is within the cloud, the other photons' fields are normal within that medium. The gas absorbs the same photons that it does anywhere else in the universe. When the lead photon leaves the cloud, all the photons in the beam speed up and their fields shrink. At this point, a different set of photons are being absorbed. The spread between the absorption lines corresponds to the difference in speed of the gas cloud and the speed of space around it. Just as the Milky Way is moving 600 km/s faster that space around it (55,095 km/s), the clouds are moving faster than the space around them. The farther out, the greater this difference would be. Objects and their frames at the edge of the observable universe may be moving up to the speed of light relative to expanding space. Most likely they are traveling much more than 1% faster than expanding space, as that is our speed relative to space here. The % would have to differ with distance to account for red shift being relative to distance. As objects and their frames outrun the leading edge of expanding space, their frames expand and gravity breaks down. Nanoscale nonlinear light source created:

Not long after the development of the first laser in 1960 scientists discovered that shining a beam through certain crystals produced light of a different color; more specifically, it produced light of exactly twice the frequency of the original. The phenomenon was dubbed second harmonic generation. For many photonic applications, including signal and information processing, it is desirable to electrically manipulate nonlinear light generation. The new device resembles a nanoscale bowtie with two halves of symmetrical gold leaf approaching, but not quite touching, in the center. This thin slit between the two halves is filled with a nonlinear material. The narrowness is critical. It is just 100 nanometers across. I will not waste your time with their explanation for this phenomenon. Obviously photons can't pass through a 100nm slot, whether you think of them as particles or waves with a physical size of 380 to 780 nm. What happens is that as the red photons strikes the surface they slow and their magnetic fields expand. This field expansion set magnetons within the metal in motion is a process called plasmonics. The waveguides, tiny notches cut into the metal, direct this motion toward the slot. When photons strike the slot and expand their fields, they accelerate the magnetons through the slot in the direction the photon was heading. After passing through the slot, the magnetons strike photons on the other side, slowing them before they strike the surface. This reduces their reflected energy , turning what would have been gold photons into green ones. When an electric current is applied, the magneton flow with the current and do not strike the photons. If photons or waves could actually pass through the slot, electrical current would not stop them.

These are my theories. Don't except them as fact. If you detect any obvious errors please let me know. If this is not your area of expertise, I would sincerely appreciate it if you could make them available to someone that could point out any mistakes. Obviously my theories to not agree with the socalled standard theory. I do not not see that as an error. But if you can show me where I am mistaken in other ways, it will be deeply appreciated.