Waqas Qadeer waqas.qadeer@gmail.

com

Topics
y if else statements y switch y Loops: y for y while y do while y goto y break y continue y Operators
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Repetition Statements
y For y while y do while y goto

Example of For Loop

int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) { println( %d Hello ,num); }

num

Example of Repetition

int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl; // this is similar as printf( %d\n ,num);

OUTPUT

num

Example of Repetition

int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

OUTPUT

num

Example of Repetition
true

int num;

for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

OUTPUT

num

Example of Repetition

int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

OUTPUT

1Potato

num

Example of Repetition

int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

OUTPUT

1Potato

num

Example of Repetition
true

int num;

for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

OUTPUT

1Potato

10

num

Example of Repetition

int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

OUTPUT

1Potato 2Potato

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num

Example of Repetition

int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

OUTPUT

1Potato 2Potato

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num

Example of Repetition
true

int num;

for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

OUTPUT

1Potato 2Potato

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num

Example of Repetition

int num; for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

OUTPUT

1Potato 2Potato 3Potato

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num

Example of Repetition

int num; for (num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

OUTPUT

1Potato 2Potato 3Potato

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num

Example of Repetition
false

int num;

for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

OUTPUT

1Potato 2Potato 3Potato

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num

Example of Repetition
false

int num;

for(num = 1; num <= 3; num++) cout << num << Potato << endl;

When the loop control condition is evaluated and has value false, the loop is said to be satisfied and control passes to the statement following the For statement

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Output
The output was 1Potato 2Potato 3Potato

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What is output?
int count; for (count = 0; count < 10; count++) { cout << *; }

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Answer
**********

The 10 asterisks are all on one line. Why?

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Displaying first 20 natural numbers

int counter; cout<< first 20 natural numbers ; for( counter=1; counter<=20;counter=counter+1) { cout<<counter<<endl; }

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Count-controlled loop
int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) { count

cout<< count is << count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT

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Table for 2
2x1=2 2x2=4 2x3=6 : : 2 x 10 = 20

Example - Calculate Table for 2

#include <iostream.h> main ( ) { int counter ; for ( counter = 1 ; counter <= 10 ; counter = counter + 1 ) { cout << "2 x " << counter << " = " << 2* counter << "\n ; } }

Finding a Leap Year!! How will do it for 100 Years?

y y y y y y y y y y

int main() { int year; scanf("Enter any year %d ,&year) = "; if(year%4==0) printf("YES! It is a Leap Year\n ); else printf( No! it is not a Leap Year\n ); return 0; }
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Repetition Structures
while repetition structure
Continues indefinitely as long as the condition is true
product = 2; while (product <= 1000) product *= 2;
product *= 2

true product <= 1000

false

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) {

count

cout<< count is << count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) { TRUE

count

cout<< count is <<count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) {

count

cout<< count is <<count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT count is 1

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) {

count

cout<< count is << count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT count is 1

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) { TRUE

count

cout<< count is << count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT count is 1

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) {

count

cout<< count is << count ; count++; } cout<< Done ; OUTPUT count is 1 count is 2

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) {

count

cout<< count is << count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT count is 1 count is 2

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) { TRUE

count

cout<< count is <<count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT count is 1 count is 2

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) {

count

cout<< count is + count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT count is 1 count is 2 count is 3

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) {

count

cout<< count is <<count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT count is 1 count is 2 count is 3

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) { TRUE

count

cout<< count is << count ; count++; } cout<< Done ; OUTPUT count is 1 count is 2 count is 3

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) {

count

cout<< count is <<count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT count is 1 count is 2 count is 3 count is 4

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) {

count

cout<< count is << count ; count++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT count is 1 count is 2 count is 3 count is 4

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) { FALSE

count

cout<< count is << count ; scount++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT count is 1 count is 2 count is 3 count is 4

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int count; count = 1; while ( count <= 4 ) {

count

cout<< count is << count ; scount++; } cout<< Done ;

OUTPUT count is 1 count is 2 count is 3 count is 4 Done

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While Loop
while ( c != y ) { } test expression

false test expression true body of loop exit

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Repetition Structures
do/while repetition structure
Loop body is executed at least once do { statement while (condition);

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do/while Repetition Structure

Print counter

do { cout<< counter; }while (++counter <= 10);

true

++counter <= 10

false

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Example-Guessing game (do-while example)

char c ; int tryNum = 1 ; do { cout << "Please enter your guess by pressing a character key from a to z ; cin >> c ; if ( c == 'z ) { cout << "Congratulations! you guessed the right answer ; tryNum = 6 ; } else tryNum = tryNum + 1 ; } while ( tryNum <= 5 ) ;

break Statement Example

// using break statement with for loop void main() { int x; for (x = 1; x<= 10; x++) { if (x = = 5) break; cout<<x; } cout<<\nBroke out of loop at x<< x; }

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what is Continue ?
y What is Continue Statement ? When and How do

we use it????

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continue Statement
y The continue statement causes the program to skip the

rest of the loop in the current iteration as if the end of the statement block had been reached, causing it to jump to the start of the following iteration.

goto statement
y goto allows to make an absolute jump to another

point in the program. You should use this feature with caution since its execution causes an unconditional jump ignoring any type of nesting limitations. y The destination point is identified by a label, which is then used as an argument for the goto statement. y A label is made of a valid identifier followed by a colon (:).

Operators
y ++ y -y += y -= y *= y %= y &&

+ -

* % ||

< > <= >= == ! !=

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Escape Characters
Escape Sequence \n \t \\ \ \ Working New Line Tab Backslash Double quotation mark Single Code