0% found this document useful (0 votes)
147 views44 pages

MT Integral Numeris

This document discusses numerical differentiation and integration techniques. It introduces the concepts of numerical differentiation using difference approximations and various integration methods including the trapezoidal rule, Simpson's rule, and Gaussian quadrature. The trapezoidal rule approximates the integral of a function as the area of a trapezoid, while Simpson's rule uses a second-order or third-order polynomial approximation. These numerical methods provide ways to approximate derivatives and integrals when exact solutions cannot be obtained.
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
147 views44 pages

MT Integral Numeris

This document discusses numerical differentiation and integration techniques. It introduces the concepts of numerical differentiation using difference approximations and various integration methods including the trapezoidal rule, Simpson's rule, and Gaussian quadrature. The trapezoidal rule approximates the integral of a function as the area of a trapezoid, while Simpson's rule uses a second-order or third-order polynomial approximation. These numerical methods provide ways to approximate derivatives and integrals when exact solutions cannot be obtained.
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 44

Numerical Differentiation and Integration

INTEGRASI NUMERIS
Integrasi Numeris
2
Acuan
Chapra, S.C., Canale R.P., 1990, Numerical Methods for
Engineers, McGraw-Hill Book Co., printed in Singapore.
Chapter 15 dan 16, hlm. 459-523.
Diferensial, derivatif
x
i
x
i
+x
i
y
i
y
i
+y
i
x
y
x
i
x
i
+x
i
y
i
y
i
+y
i
x
i
y
i
(a) (b) (c)
( ) ( )
x
x f x x f
x
y
i i
A
A +
=
A
A ( ) ( )
x
x f x x f
x
y
i i
x
A
A +
=
A 0
l i m
d
d
difference approximation
3
Diferensial, derivatif
( ) ( )
x
x f x x f
x
y
i i
A
A +
=
A
A ( ) ( )
x
x f x x f
x
y
i i
x
A
A +
=
A 0
l i m
d
d
pendekatan beda (hingga)
difference approximation
derivatif
4
Diferensial
0
40
80
120
160
0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
slope = dy/dx
0
6
12
18
24
0 2 4 6 8 10
d
y
/
d
x
x
5 . 1
5x y =
5 . 0
5 . 7
d
d
x
x
y
=
5
0
6
12
18
24
0 2 4 6 8 10
y
x
Integral
0
40
80
120
160
0 2 4 6 8 10

y

d
x
x
5 . 0
5 . 7 x y =
5 . 1
5 d x x y =
}
}
=
x
x y
0
d l uas
6
Fungsi
7
Fungsi-fungsi yang di-diferensial-kan atau di-
integral-kan dapat berupa:
fungsi kontinu sederhana:
polinomial, eksponensial, trigonometri
fungsi kontinu kompleks yang tidak memungkinkan
didiferensialkan atau dintegralkan secara langsung
fungsi yang nilai-nilainya disajikan dalam bentuk tabel
[tabulasi data x vs f(x)]
Cara mencari nilai integral
8
( )
}
+
+ +
2
0
5 . 0
2 3
d
si n 5 . 0 1
1 cos 2
x e
x
x
x
x f(x)
0.25 2.599
0.75 2.414
1.25 1.945
1.75 1.993
0
1
2
3
4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
f(x) dx = luas = A
i
Derivatif
9
x
u
u n
x
y
n
d
d
d
d
1
=
( ) ( ) x f v x f u = = dan
n
u y =
v u y =
v
u
y =
x
v
u
x
u
v
x
y
d
d
d
d
d
d
+ =
2
d
d
d
d
d
d
v
x
v
u
x
u
v
x
y

=
x x
e e
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
=
=
=
=
=
d
d
1
l n
d
d
sec tan
d
d
si n cos
d
d
cos si n
d
d
2
a a a
x
a x
x
x
x x x
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x x
a
l n
d
d
l n
1
l og
d
d
cot csc csc
d
d
tan sec sec
d
d
csc cot
d
d
2
=
=
=
=
=
Integral
10
( ) ( ) C b ax
a
x b ax
C x
x
x
a a C
a b
a
x a
n C
n
u
v u
u v uv v u
bx
bx
n
n
+ + = +
+ =
= > + =
= +
+
=
=
}
}
}
}
} }
+
cos
1
d si n
l n
d
1 , 0
l n
d
1
1
d
d d
1
( ) ( )
( )
C x
a
ab
ab bx a
x
C ax
a
e
x e x
C
a
e
x e
C x x x x x
C b ax
a
x b ax
ax
ax
ax
ax
+ =
+
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ + = +

}
}
}
}
}
1
2
2
tan
1 d
1 d
d
l n d l n
si n
1
d cos
Metode Trapesium
Metode Simpson
Metode Kuadratur Gauss
Metode Integrasi Newton-Cotes
11
The Newton-Cotes Formulae
12
Strategi
mengganti fungsi kompleks dan rumit atau tabulasi
data dengan yang mudah untuk
diintegralkan
( ) ( )
} }
= =
b
a
n
b
a
x x f x x f I d d
( )
n
n
n
n n
x a x a x a x a a x f + + + + + =

1
1
2
2 1 0
...
polinomial orde n
The Newton-Cotes Formulae
13
( ) x f
x a b
( ) x f
x a b
Garis lurus (polinomial orde 1) sbg
fungsi pendekatan.
Kurva parabola (polinomial orde 2) sbg
fungsi pendekatan.
The Newton-Cotes Formulae
14
( ) x f
x a b
Garis lurus (polinomial orde 1) sbg
fungsi pendekatan.
1
2
3
Fungsi yang diintegralkan didekati
dengan 3 buah garis lurus (polinomial
orde 1).
Dapat pula dipakai beberapa kurva
polinomial orde yang lebih tinggi.
Metode Trapesium
15
Fungsi pendekatan untuk menghitung integral adalah
polinomial orde 1.
( ) ( )
} }
= =
b
a
b
a
x x f x x f I d d
1
Sebuah garis lurus dapat dinyatakan dengan
persamaan
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) a x
a b
a f b f
a f x f

+ =
1
Metode Trapesium
16
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
d
b f a f
a b
x a x
a b
a f b f
a f I
b
a
+
~
(

+ ~
}
metode trapesium
( ) x f
x a b
error
Metode Trapesium
17
( )
640533 . 1
6
400
180
4
675
3
200
5 . 12 2 . 0
d 400 900 675 200 25 2 . 0
8 . 0
0
6 5 4 3 2
8 . 0
0
5 4 3 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
+ + + =
}
x x x x x x
x x x x x x I
( )
( ) ( ) 232 . 0 8 . 0 dan 2 . 0 0
400 900 675 200 25 2 . 0
5 4 3 2
= =
+ + + =
f f
x x x x x x f
Penyelesaian eksak
Metode trapesium
( ) 1728 . 0
2
232 . 0 2 . 0
0 8 . 0 =
+
= I
[error] ( ) % 89 467733 . 1 1728 . 0 640533 . 1 ~ = =
t
E
Metode Trapesium
Error atau kesalahan
bentuk trapesium untuk
menghitung nilai integral
mengabaikan sejumlah besar
porsi daerah di bawah kurva
Kuantifikasi error pada
metode trapesium
18
0
1
2
3
4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
x
f(x)
error
( ) ( )
3
12
1
a b f E
t
' ' =
adalah titik di antara a dan b
Metode Trapesium
19
0
1
2
3
4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
x
f(x)
error
( )( ) 56 . 2 0 8 . 0 60 . 0
12
1
3
= =
a
E
( )
3 2 3
8000 10800 4050 400 x x x x f + + = ' '
nilai rata-rata derivatif kedua:
( )
( )
60
0 8 . 0
d 8000 10800 4050 400
8 . 0
0
3 2 3
=

+ +
= ' '
}
x x x x
x f
error:
order of magnitude nilai error ini sama dengan
order of magnitude nilai error terhadap nilai
penyelesaian eksak dan keduanya sama tanda
(sama-sama positif)
Trapesium multi pias
20
Peningkatan akurasi
selang ab dibagi menjadi sejumlah n pias dengan lebar
seragam h
n
a b
h

=
Trapesium multi pias
0
1
2
3
4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
x
f(x)
h = 0.2
0
1
2
3
4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
x
f(x)
h = 0.1
21
n
a b
h

=
Trapesium multi pias
22
n
a b
h

=
n
x b x a = = dan Ji ka
0
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
...
2 2
d ... d d
1 2 1 1 0
1
2
1
1
0
n n
x
x
x
x
x
x
x f x f
h
x f x f
h
x f x f
h I
x x f x x f x x f I
n
n
+
+ +
+
+
+
~
+ + + =

} } }

( ) ( ) ( )
(

+
)
`

+ ~

=
n
n
i
i
x f x f x f
h
I
1
1
0
2
2
( )
( ) ( ) ( )


rata - rata tinggi
1
1
0
lebar
2
2
n
x f x f x f
a b I
n
n
i
i
+
)
`

+
~

=
Trapesium multi pias
23
( )
( )

=
' '

=
n
i
i t
f
n
a b
E
1
3
3
12
Error = jumlah error pada setiap pias
( ) f f
n
n
i
i
' ' = ' '

=1
1 ( )
f
n
a b
E E
a t
' '

= ~
2
3
12
setiap kelipatan jumlah pias, error mengecil
dengan faktor kuadrat peningkatan jumlah pias
Trapesium multi pias
24
( )
5 4 3 2
400 900 675 200 25 2 . 0 x x x x x x f + + + =
n h I E
t
%E
t
E
a
1 0.8 0.1728 1.4677 89% 2.56
2 0.4 1.0688 0.5717 35% 0.64
4 0.2 1.4848 0.1557 9% 0.16
8 0.1 1.6008 0.0397 2% 0.04
( ) 640533 . 1 d
8 . 0
0
= =
}
x x f I
( )
}
~
8 . 0
0
1
dx x f I (the trapezoidal rule)
(exact solution)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 4 8
n
%E
t
vs n
Metode Simpson
Fungsi pendekatan:
polinomial orde 1
Peningkatan ketelitian
dpt dilakukan dengan
meningkatkan jumlah
pias
Fungsi pendekatan:
polinomial:
orde 2: Simpson 1/3
orde 3: Simpson 3/8
25
The trapezoidal rule Simpsons rules
Metode Simpson
0
1
2
3
4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
x
f(x)
f
2
(x)
0
1
2
3
4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
x
f(x)
f
3
(x)
26
Simpson Simpson
Metode Simpson
27
Polinomial orde 2 atau 3
dicari dengan metode Newton atau Lagrange (lihat
materi tentang curve fitting)
Simpson
28
( ) ( )
} }
~ =
b
a
b
a
x x f x x f I d d
2
n
x b x a = = dan Ji ka
0
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
}
(



+


+


~
b
a
x x f
x x x x
x x x x
x f
x x x x
x x x x
x f
x x x x
x x x x
I d
2
1 2 0 2
1 0
1
2 1 0 1
2 0
0
2 0 1 0
2 1
dan f
2
(x) diperoleh dengan metode Lagrange
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 1 0
4
3
x f x f x f
h
I + + ~
2
a b
h

=
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
6
4
2 1 0
x f x f x f
a b I
+ +
~
atau
( )
( )

=
4
4
5
180
f
n
a b
E
t
Simpson multi pias
29
( ) ( ) ( )
} } }

+ + + ~
n
n
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x f x x f x x f I
2
4
2
2
0
d ... d d
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6
4
...
6
4
2
6
4
2
1 2 4 3 2 2 1 0 n n n
x f x f x f
h
x f x f x f
h
x f x f x f
h I
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
~

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
x f x f x f x f
a b I
n
n
i
i
n
i
i
3
2 4
2
6 , 4 , 2
1
5 , 3 , 1
0
+ + +
~


=

=
( )
4
4
5
180
f
n
a b
E
a

= (estimasi error,
4
f rata-rata derivatif ke-4)
Simpson
30
( ) ( )
} }
~ =
b
a
b
a
x x f x x f I d d
3
n
x b x a = = dan Ji ka
0
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
} (



+


+


+


~
b
a
x x f
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x f
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x f
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x f
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
I d
3
2 3 1 3 0 3
2 1 0
2
3 2 1 2 0 2
3 1 0
1
3 1 2 1 0 1
3 2 0
0
3 0 2 0 1 0
3 2 1
dan f
3
(x) diperoleh dengan metode Lagrange
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
3 2 1 0
3 3
8
3
x f x f x f x f
h
I + + + ~
3
a b
h

=
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


rata rata tinggi
3 2 1 0
lebar
8
3 3

+ + +
~
x f x f x f x f
a b I
atau
Simpson
31
( )
( )

=
4
5
6480
f
a b
E
t
Error
( ) =
4 5
80
3
f h E
t
atau
Simpson dan
32
( )
5 4 3 2
400 900 675 200 25 2 . 0 x x x x x x f + + + =
( ) 640533 . 1 d
8 . 0
0
= =
}
x x f I (exact solution)
Metode I E
t
Simpson (n = 2) 1.367467 0.273067 (17%)
Simpson (n = 3) 1.51917 0.121363 (7%)
Simpson (n = 4) 1.623467 0.017067 (1%)
Pias tak seragam: metode trapesium
33
( )
5 4 3
2
400 900 675
200 25 2 . 0
x x x
x x x f
+
+ + =
i x
i
f(x
i
) I
0 0 0.2
1 0.12 1.309729 0.090584
2 0.22 1.305241 0.130749
3 0.32 1.743393 0.152432
4 0.36 2.074903 0.076366
5 0.4 2.456 0.090618
6 0.44 2.842985 0.10598
7 0.54 3.507297 0.317514
8 0.64 3.181929 0.334461
9 0.7 2.363 0.166348
10 0.8 0.232 0.12975
1.594801
I dihitung dengan metode
trapesium di setiap pias:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
...
2
2
1 1 2
2
0 1
1

+
+ +
+
+
+
=
n n
n
x f x f
h
x f x f
h
x f x f
h I
( ) 594801 . 1 d
8 . 0
0
=
}
x x f
Pias tak seragam: metode Simpson
34
( )
5 4 3
2
400 900 675
200 25 2 . 0
x x x
x x x f
+
+ + =
i x
i
f(x
i
) I
0 0 0.2
1 0.12 1.309729
2 0.22 1.305241
3 0.32 1.743393
4 0.36 2.074903
5 0.4 2.456
6 0.44 2.842985
7 0.54 3.507297
8 0.64 3.181929
9 0.7 2.363
10 0.8 0.232
I dihitung dengan metode
Simpson dan Simpson :
PR, dikumpulkan minggu depan
Metode Integrasi Numeris
35
Metode Jumlah pias Lebar pias
Trapesium 1
Trapesium multi pias n > 1 seragam
Simpson 2 seragam
Simpson multi pias genap (2m, m = 2,3,) seragam
Simpson 3 seragam
Kuadratur Gauss 1
Kuadratur Gauss
36
( ) x f
x
( ) x f
x
error terlalu besar upaya mengurangi error
Kuadratur Gauss
37
( ) x f
x
( )
0
x f
( )
1
x f
0
x
1
x 1 1
Kuadratur Gauss 2 Titik: Gauss-Legendre
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 0 0
1
1
d x f c x f c x x f I + ~ =
}

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 d
3 2 d
2 d
2 d 1
1
1
3
1 1 0 0
1
1
2
1 1 0 0
1
1
1 1 0 0
1
1
1 1 0 0
= = +
= = +
= = +
= = +
}
}
}
}

x x x f c x f c
x x x f c x f c
x x x f c x f c
x x f c x f c
unknowns : , , ,
1 0 1 0
x x c c
Kuadratur Gauss
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
38
( ) x f
x
( ) 1 = x f
( ) x x f =
2 d 1
1
1
=
}

x 0 d
1
1
=
}

x x
( ) x f
x
Kuadratur Gauss
0
1
2
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
39
( ) x f
x
( )
2
x x f = ( )
3
x x f =
3 2 d
1
1
2
=
}

x x 0 d
1
1
3
=
}

x x
( ) x f
x
Kuadratur Gauss
40
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 d
3 2 d
2 d
2 d 1
1
1
3
1 1 0 0
1
1
2
1 1 0 0
1
1
1 1 0 0
1
1
1 1 0 0
= = +
= = +
= = +
= = +
}
}
}
}

x x x f c x f c
x x x f c x f c
x x x f c x f c
x x f c x f c
( ) ( )
1 1 0 0
x f c x f c I + ~
3 1
3 1
1
1
0
1 0
=
=
= =
x
x
c c
( ) ( ) 3 1 3 1 f f I + ~
Kuadratur Gauss
41
Untuk batas integrasi dari a ke b:
diambil asumsi suatu variabel x
d
yang dapat dihubungkan dengan variabel asli
x dalam suatu relasi linear
d
x a a x
1 0
+ =
jika batas bawah, x = a, berkaitan dengan x
d
= 1
jika batas atas, x = b, berkaitan dengan x
d
= 1
( ) 1
1 0
+ = a a a
( ) 1
1 0
a a b + =
2
dan
2
1 0
a b
a
a b
a

=
+
=
( ) ( )
( )
d
d
x
a b
x
x a b a b
x
d
2
d
2

=
+ +
=
d
x a a x
1 0
+ =
Kuadratur Gauss
42
( )
5 4 3 2
400 900 675 200 25 2 . 0 x x x x x x f + + + =
( ) 640533 . 1 d
8 . 0
0
= =
}
x x f I (exact solution)
Penyelesaian dengan metode Kuadratur Gauss:
( ) ( )
d d
d
d
x x x
x
x
x
d 4 . 0 d
2
0 8 . 0
d
4 . 0 4 . 0
2
0 8 . 0 0 8 . 0
=

=
+ =
+ +
=
Kuadratur Gauss
43
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
=

(
(

+ + +
+ + + + +
= + + +
}
}

1
1
5 4
3 2
8 . 0
0
5 4 3 2
d 4 . 0
4 . 0 4 . 0 400 4 . 0 4 . 0 900
4 . 0 4 . 0 675 4 . 0 4 . 0 200 4 . 0 4 . 0 25 2 . 0
d 400 900 675 200 25 2 . 0
d
d d
d d d
x
x x
x x x
x x x x x x
( )
( ) 305837 . 1 3 1
516741 . 0 3 1
= =
= =
d
d
x f
x f
( )
822578 . 1
305837 . 1 516741 . 0
d
8 . 0
0
=
+ =
~
}
x x f I
44

You might also like