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Computer Programming

Arrays

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Declaring Arrays
Array: uses consecutive area in memory
Can be referenced as a group

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Simple memory types: single memory cell Group of related data items: adjacent memory cells

Array elements: each data item

Can be accessed individually

Ex:

double x[8];
Name of the array is x There are eight elements (memory cells) Each element is double

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Declaring Arrays
Ex: double x[8]; Each element can be accessed individually Ex: x[0], x[1],, x[7]

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x[5] is a subscripted variable 5 is a array subscript

Any integer From 0 to 7 !!!

printf(%.2f, x[0]); x[3] = 12.20; sum = sum +x[5]; x[2] = 13 + x[0]; x[7] = pow(x[1],x[4]); scanf(%lf, &x[0]);
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Example: Student Records

#define NUM_STUDENTS 50 int id[NUM_STUDENTS]; double gpa[NUM_STUDENTS];

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Parallel arrays
id[i] and gpa[i] are related
First students ID is in id[0] First students GPA is in gpa[0]

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Example: Grading Program

#define NUM_QUEST 10 #define NUM_CLASS_DAYS 5 typedef enum {monday, tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday} class_days_t; char ansers[NUM_QUEST]; Int score[NUM_CLASS_DAYS];

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Declaring Arrays

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More than one array can be declared at once double bolts[20], needle, pins[10]; An array can be initialized in declaration int primes[5] = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}; int primes[] = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}; Syntax: element_type array_name[size]; element_type array_name[size] = {initialization list};

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Array Subscripts
Subscript specifies array elements
Any expression if type int Must be between 0 to size-1

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Syntax array_name[subscript] EX:

i = 5; x[i-2] = x[i]-2; x[2*i] = x[i--]; i = (int)x[(int)x[3+1]];

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Using for loops to access arrays

int square[20], i; for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) square[i] = i * i;

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Processing elements of an array in sequence Ex: Array of squares

Ex: Sum of scores

sum_score = 0; for(today = monday; today <= friday; ++today) scanf(%d, &score[today]); for(today = monday; today <= friday; ++today) sum_score += score[today];
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Program to Print a Table of Differences

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Array Elements as Function Arguments

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Array elements can be arguments to functions

As other variables Input argument printf(%d, a[1]); Output argument scanf(%d, &a[1]); Input/output argument void do_it(double arg1, double *arg2_p , double *arg3_p); do_it(p, &r, &s); do_it(x[0], &x[1], &x[2]);

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Data Area for Calling Module and do_it

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Array Arguments
Passing whole arrays to functions
Array as a actual parameter

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array name without subscript in the argument list

Formal parameter is the address of the first array element

Use subscript to access arrays elements Work on the original array not on a copy!...

Ex: Fill an array with the same value void fill_array(int list[], int n, int in_value); fill_array(x, 5, 1)
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Data Areas for fill_array (x, 5, 1);

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Function fill_array

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Array Arguments

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You can use *list instead of list[] in a formal parameter list Pass an array as a argument int list[]; means parameter is an array int *list; is correct as well
Array argument: passing the address of the first element But, it does not shot that the argument is an array! You should remember that it is array not output parameter

What if the array is only input parameter

Use the const qualifier You can not modify const parameters

Ex: Finding max element in an array

You do not need to modify array elements It is safer to use const qualifier
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Find the Largest Element

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Returning Array Result

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You can not return an array as a functions return value You should define it as a output parameter

Ex: Adding two arrays

void add_arrays(const double ar1[], const double ar2, doube arrsum[], int n); add_arrays(x, y, x_plus_y, 5);
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Data Areas for add_arrays(x, y, x_plus_y, 5);

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Function to Add Two Arrays

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Partially Filled Arrays

Array is not completely used

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Some part is reserved for later use Need to reuse the same array for other purpose later

Need to remember the actual number of elements in the array

Declared size should be larger than actual size!.. Ex: Fill an array until a sentinel value is entered

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Driver for Testing fill_to_sentinel

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Stacks
Remember stack?..

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Only top element can be accessed Operations Push Pop Array as a stack What should be parameters to push and pop

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Stacks
Remember stack?..
Only top element can be accessed Operations Push Pop Array as a stack

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What should be parameters to push and pop void push(char stack[], char item, int *top, int max_size); char pop(char stack[], int *top); push(s, 2, &s_top, STACK_SIZE); c = pop(s, &s_top);
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Functions push and pop

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Searching an Array
Searching: Locating a particular value Sorting: Ordering the elements

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Two important problems in processing arrays

Searching: Linear search

Test each elements in the array one by one Until the array is exhausted or the target is found

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Linear Search Algorithm

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1. Assume the target has not been found 2. Start with the initial array element 3. Repeat while the target is not found and there are more array elements 4. if the current element matches the target 5. set a flag to indicate that target found else 6. Advance to the next array element 7. If the target was found 8. return the target index as the search result else return -1 as the search result
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Sorting an Array
Sorting is quite useful

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Many operations implemented more efficiently if the data is sorted Output is more understandable if the information is sorted

Selection sort:
Not very efficient but simple Locate the smallest element and move it to location 0 Locate the smallest element in the remaining array starting with location 1 and move it to location 1 Locate the smallest element in the remaining array starting with location 2 and move it to location 2 Continue like this until location n-2
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Selection Sort Algorithm

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1. for each value of fill from 0 to n-2 2. find index of the smallest element in the unsorted subarray list[fill] through list[n-1] 3. if fill is not the position of the smallest element 4. exchange the smallest element with the one at the position fill

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Trace of Selection Sort

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Multidimensional Arrays
Tables of data Matrices Tic-tac-toe board char tictac[3][3];

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Array with two or more dimensions

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Multidimensional Arrays

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Syntax: element-type aname[size1][size2][sizen]; Parameter to a function element-type aname[][size2][sizen] Ex: double table[NROWS][NCOLS]; int tt[7][5][6]; void process_matix(double table[][NCOLS], int nrows); void process_t(int tt[][5][6], int nrows);

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Check Whether Tic-tac-toe Board Is Filled

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Initialization of Multidimensional Arrays

Initialize like one dimensional arrays
Use group of values as rows EX: char tictac[3][3] = {{ , , },{ , , },{ , , }};

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Arrays with Several Dimentions

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Three dimensional array for enrollment data int enroll[MAXCRS][5][4];

courses: 0 to MAXCRS-1 campuses: 0 to 4 years: 0 to 3

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Three-Dimensional Array enroll

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Find and display the total number of students in each course Find and display the number of students at each campus

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Case Study: Hospital Revenue

Input: revenue transactions (in a file)
Unit number, quarter, revenue amount

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Track revenue by unit and by quarter

Output: a table as following

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Case Study: Hospital Revenue

New types
quarter_t unit_t

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{fall, winter, spring, summer} {emerg, medic, oncol, ortho, psych}

Problem constants
NUM_UNITS NUM_QUARTERS 5 4

Problem inputs
Transaction file double revenue[NUM_UNITS][NUM_QUARTERS]

Problem outputs
double unit_totals[NUM_UNITS] double quarter_totals[NUM_QUARTERS]
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Case Study: Hospital Revenue

Algorithm:

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1. Scan revenue data, posting by unit and quarter, returning a value to show successor failure of the data scan 2. It the data scan proceeded without error 3. compute unit totals 4. compute quarterly totals 5. Display revenue table and row and column sums

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