Bilgisayar Mhendislii Blm
Computer Programming
Arrays
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Declaring Arrays
Array: uses consecutive area in memory
Can be referenced as a group
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Simple memory types: single memory cell Group of related data items: adjacent memory cells
Array elements: each data item
Can be accessed individually
Ex:
double x[8];
Name of the array is x There are eight elements (memory cells) Each element is double
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Declaring Arrays
Ex: double x[8]; Each element can be accessed individually Ex: x[0], x[1],, x[7]
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x[5] is a subscripted variable 5 is a array subscript
Any integer From 0 to 7 !!!
printf(%.2f, x[0]); x[3] = 12.20; sum = sum +x[5]; x[2] = 13 + x[0]; x[7] = pow(x[1],x[4]); scanf(%lf, &x[0]);
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Example: Student Records
#define NUM_STUDENTS 50 int id[NUM_STUDENTS]; double gpa[NUM_STUDENTS];
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Parallel arrays
id[i] and gpa[i] are related
First students ID is in id[0] First students GPA is in gpa[0]
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Example: Grading Program
#define NUM_QUEST 10 #define NUM_CLASS_DAYS 5 typedef enum {monday, tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday} class_days_t; char ansers[NUM_QUEST]; Int score[NUM_CLASS_DAYS];
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
Declaring Arrays
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More than one array can be declared at once double bolts[20], needle, pins[10]; An array can be initialized in declaration int primes[5] = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}; int primes[] = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}; Syntax: element_type array_name[size]; element_type array_name[size] = {initialization list};
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Array Subscripts
Subscript specifies array elements
Any expression if type int Must be between 0 to size-1
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Syntax array_name[subscript] EX:
i = 5; x[i-2] = x[i]-2; x[2*i] = x[i--]; i = (int)x[(int)x[3+1]];
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Using for loops to access arrays
int square[20], i; for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) square[i] = i * i;
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Processing elements of an array in sequence Ex: Array of squares
Ex: Sum of scores
sum_score = 0; for(today = monday; today <= friday; ++today) scanf(%d, &score[today]); for(today = monday; today <= friday; ++today) sum_score += score[today];
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Program to Print a Table of Differences
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
Array Elements as Function Arguments
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Array elements can be arguments to functions
As other variables Input argument printf(%d, a[1]); Output argument scanf(%d, &a[1]); Input/output argument void do_it(double arg1, double *arg2_p , double *arg3_p); do_it(p, &r, &s); do_it(x[0], &x[1], &x[2]);
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Data Area for Calling Module and do_it
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Array Arguments
Passing whole arrays to functions
Array as a actual parameter
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array name without subscript in the argument list
Formal parameter is the address of the first array element
Use subscript to access arrays elements Work on the original array not on a copy!...
Ex: Fill an array with the same value void fill_array(int list[], int n, int in_value); fill_array(x, 5, 1)
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Data Areas for fill_array (x, 5, 1);
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
Function fill_array
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
Array Arguments
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You can use *list instead of list[] in a formal parameter list Pass an array as a argument int list[]; means parameter is an array int *list; is correct as well
Array argument: passing the address of the first element But, it does not shot that the argument is an array! You should remember that it is array not output parameter
What if the array is only input parameter
Use the const qualifier You can not modify const parameters
Ex: Finding max element in an array
You do not need to modify array elements It is safer to use const qualifier
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Find the Largest Element
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
Returning Array Result
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You can not return an array as a functions return value You should define it as a output parameter
Ex: Adding two arrays
void add_arrays(const double ar1[], const double ar2, doube arrsum[], int n); add_arrays(x, y, x_plus_y, 5);
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Data Areas for add_arrays(x, y, x_plus_y, 5);
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Function to Add Two Arrays
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Partially Filled Arrays
Array is not completely used
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Some part is reserved for later use Need to reuse the same array for other purpose later
Need to remember the actual number of elements in the array
Declared size should be larger than actual size!.. Ex: Fill an array until a sentinel value is entered
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Driver for Testing fill_to_sentinel
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Stacks
Remember stack?..
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Only top element can be accessed Operations Push Pop Array as a stack What should be parameters to push and pop
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Stacks
Remember stack?..
Only top element can be accessed Operations Push Pop Array as a stack
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What should be parameters to push and pop void push(char stack[], char item, int *top, int max_size); char pop(char stack[], int *top); push(s, 2, &s_top, STACK_SIZE); c = pop(s, &s_top);
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Functions push and pop
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
Searching an Array
Searching: Locating a particular value Sorting: Ordering the elements
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Two important problems in processing arrays
Searching: Linear search
Test each elements in the array one by one Until the array is exhausted or the target is found
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Linear Search Algorithm
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1. Assume the target has not been found 2. Start with the initial array element 3. Repeat while the target is not found and there are more array elements 4. if the current element matches the target 5. set a flag to indicate that target found else 6. Advance to the next array element 7. If the target was found 8. return the target index as the search result else return -1 as the search result
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
Sorting an Array
Sorting is quite useful
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Many operations implemented more efficiently if the data is sorted Output is more understandable if the information is sorted
Selection sort:
Not very efficient but simple Locate the smallest element and move it to location 0 Locate the smallest element in the remaining array starting with location 1 and move it to location 1 Locate the smallest element in the remaining array starting with location 2 and move it to location 2 Continue like this until location n-2
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Selection Sort Algorithm
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1. for each value of fill from 0 to n-2 2. find index of the smallest element in the unsorted subarray list[fill] through list[n-1] 3. if fill is not the position of the smallest element 4. exchange the smallest element with the one at the position fill
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Trace of Selection Sort
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
Multidimensional Arrays
Tables of data Matrices Tic-tac-toe board char tictac[3][3];
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Array with two or more dimensions
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Multidimensional Arrays
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Syntax: element-type aname[size1][size2][sizen]; Parameter to a function element-type aname[][size2][sizen] Ex: double table[NROWS][NCOLS]; int tt[7][5][6]; void process_matix(double table[][NCOLS], int nrows); void process_t(int tt[][5][6], int nrows);
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Check Whether Tic-tac-toe Board Is Filled
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
Initialization of Multidimensional Arrays
Initialize like one dimensional arrays
Use group of values as rows EX: char tictac[3][3] = {{ , , },{ , , },{ , , }};
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
Arrays with Several Dimentions
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Three dimensional array for enrollment data int enroll[MAXCRS][5][4];
courses: 0 to MAXCRS-1 campuses: 0 to 4 years: 0 to 3
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Three-Dimensional Array enroll
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Find and display the total number of students in each course Find and display the number of students at each campus
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Case Study: Hospital Revenue
Input: revenue transactions (in a file)
Unit number, quarter, revenue amount
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Track revenue by unit and by quarter
Output: a table as following
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Case Study: Hospital Revenue
New types
quarter_t unit_t
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{fall, winter, spring, summer} {emerg, medic, oncol, ortho, psych}
Problem constants
NUM_UNITS NUM_QUARTERS 5 4
Problem inputs
Transaction file double revenue[NUM_UNITS][NUM_QUARTERS]
Problem outputs
double unit_totals[NUM_UNITS] double quarter_totals[NUM_QUARTERS]
GIT Computer Engineering Department
Case Study: Hospital Revenue
Algorithm:
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1. Scan revenue data, posting by unit and quarter, returning a value to show successor failure of the data scan 2. It the data scan proceeded without error 3. compute unit totals 4. compute quarterly totals 5. Display revenue table and row and column sums
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GIT Computer Engineering Department
Bilgisayar Mhendislii Blm
GIT Computer Engineering Department
Bilgisayar Mhendislii Blm
GIT Computer Engineering Department
Bilgisayar Mhendislii Blm
GIT Computer Engineering Department
Bilgisayar Mhendislii Blm
GIT Computer Engineering Department
Bilgisayar Mhendislii Blm
GIT Computer Engineering Department
Bilgisayar Mhendislii Blm
GIT Computer Engineering Department
Bilgisayar Mhendislii Blm
GIT Computer Engineering Department
