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    Ch5 Evolution of Woody and Seed Plants

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    Gabriel Alfonso D. Robeniol
    The document summarizes the evolution of woody and seed plants. It describes how secondary xylem enabled tall growth as trees. It discusses vascular cambium and its role in secondary growth. It also outlines the evolution of heterospory, from telomes and lagenostomes in early plants to the pollen and seeds of modern gymnosperms like conifers and gnetophytes. Key evolutionary adaptations like protective seed coats and nutritive tissues within seeds are also highlighted.

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    Ch5 Evolution of Woody and Seed Plants

    Uploaded by

    Gabriel Alfonso D. Robeniol
    215 views66 pages
    The document summarizes the evolution of woody and seed plants. It describes how secondary xylem enabled tall growth as trees. It discusses vascular cambium and its role in secondary growth. It also outlines the evolution of heterospory, from telomes and lagenostomes in early plants to the pollen and seeds of modern gymnosperms like conifers and gnetophytes. Key evolutionary adaptations like protective seed coats and nutritive tissues within seeds are also highlighted.

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    The document summarizes the evolution of woody and seed plants. It describes how secondary xylem enabled tall growth as trees. It discusses vascular cambium and its role in secondary growth. It also outlines the evolution of heterospory, from telomes and lagenostomes in early plants to the pollen and seeds of modern gymnosperms like conifers and gnetophytes. Key evolutionary adaptations like protective seed coats and nutritive tissues within seeds are also highlighted.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    215 views66 pages

    Ch5 Evolution of Woody and Seed Plants

    Uploaded by

    Gabriel Alfonso D. Robeniol
    The document summarizes the evolution of woody and seed plants. It describes how secondary xylem enabled tall growth as trees. It discusses vascular cambium and its role in secondary growth. It also outlines the evolution of heterospory, from telomes and lagenostomes in early plants to the pollen and seeds of modern gymnosperms like conifers and gnetophytes. Key evolutionary adaptations like protective seed coats and nutritive tissues within seeds are also highlighted.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 66

    Chapter 5 Evolution of Woody and Seed Plants

    Michael G. Simpson

    Evolution of wood from secondary xylem of vascular cambium enabled plants to grow very tall, as large trees.

    Illustrated: Sequoiadendron giganteum, giant sequoia, largest non-clonal organism on earth; most tissue dead secondary xylem (wood).

    Divisions of vascular cambium mostly tangential (some radial) 2 xylem > inside, 2 phloem > outside: bifacial growth.

    Secondary growth from lateral meristems: vascular cambium & cork cambium.

    Vascular cambium: 2 xylem > inside; 2 phloem > outside: = bifacial growth. Tissue to outside (cortex, older 2 phloem) gradually crushed.

    In most temperate regions (growth season / winter) and some tropical regions (dry/wet season), seasonal annual rings form. Annual rings can be used to date wood. Dendrochronology study of wood in relation to time and environment/climate.

    cork cambium - like vascular cambium bifacial cork > outside, phelloderm > inside

    Seed = embryo enclosed by nutritive tissue, surrounded by seed coat

    Ovule = immature seed (prior to fertilization/maturation)

    Seed Evolution

    Heterospory

    telomes & lagenostome found in fossil (extinct) taxa, functioned in pollen capture

    micropyle hole in integument, where pollen enters (gymnosperms)

    pollination droplet secreted from micropyle; pollen grains stick to, are pulled inside as droplet evaporates.

    Ginko biloba

    Pollen grains = immature endosporic male gametophytes

    Pollen grains develop from microspores by mitotic divisions/differentiation.


    [When haploid nucleus of microspore starts to divide mitotically, it becomes a pollen grain.]

    Pollen tube exosporic, tube-like extension from pollen grain.

    Pollen tube haustorial (parasitic, feeding off tissues) in Gymnosperms -In cycads & Ginkgo sperm delivered to fertilization chamber, where sperm swims to archgonium = zooidogamy. -In conifers (incl. Gnetales) tube grows directly to archegonium = siphonogamy.

    Ovule development

    Adaptive significance of seeds


    1) Protection of embryo (seed coat) 2) Nutrition of embryo (nutritive tissue=female gametophyte in Gymnosperms) 3) Dispersal unit (e.g., fleshy, carried by animals; winged, transported by wind) 4) Dormancy mechanisms (seed coat involved in preventing germination except when conditions right)

    eustele single ring of vascular bundles

    Two fossil (extinct) lignophytes:

    Archeopteris large tree, wood like a conifer, leaves like a fern; some heterosporous.

    Medullosa a tree fern, bore seeds, but with fern-like foliage.

    Gymnospermae (naked seed) seeds not enclosed by carpel; sister to Angiospermae.

    Cycadophyta - Cycads

    Cycadophyta Cycads
    -trunks short (rarely elongate, tree-like)

    -leaves pinnate (rarely bipinnate), coriaceous, with circinate vernation (like ferns)

    -dioecious (separate male & female individuals)

    -sperm motile

    Cone = determinate shoot systems, consisting of a single axis with sporophylls = modified leaves with attached sporangia.

    Pollen cones (male) bear microsporophylls, with microsporangia.


    pollen cone

    seed cone

    Ovulate / seed cones (female) bear megasporophylls, with ovules/seeds.

    Cycadophyta Cycads
    Cycadaceae: female plants without cones; seeds born on megasporophylls from stem axis. One genus: Cycas Cycas revoluta sago-palm -starch derived from pith > flour, bread. [C. media -edible seeds]

    Cycadophyta Cycads
    Zamiaceae: female plants with seed cones; leaves pinnate or bipinnate

    Cycadophyta Cycads
    Zamiaceae: female plants with seed cones; leaves pinnate or bipinnate

    Ginkgophyta Maidenhair Trees One family: Ginkgoaceae


    Maidenhair Tree family

    One species (monotypic): Ginkgo biloba

    Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba


    - tree with short shoots - leaves obtriangular - venation dichotomous - dioecious

    Ginkgo biloba Pollen cones catkin-like: axis bearing stalk-like microsporophylls, each with two microsporangia.

    Ginkgo biloba Ovulate reproductive structures: stalk bearing two, erect ovules, each with basal collar. Seeds fetid (butyric acid).

    Coniferae conifers Apomorphy:


    pollen tube siphonogamous

    -leaves simple Three groups:


    Pinopsida Cupressopsida Gnetales

    Pinaceae: Pinus

    Mystery of the conifer cone: compound

    Evolution of the conifer cone:


    Compound structure (axis bearing two components): bract homologous with leaf ovuliferous scale homologous with shoot system

    Coniferae conifers Pinopsida: One family: Pinaceae

    Pinaceae
    -pollen cones with 2 microsporangia / microsporophyll -pollen grains of some taxa saccate (with 2 bladders)

    Pinaceae
    -seeds usu. 2 per ovuliferous scale, inverted, winged.

    Pinaceae
    -leaves linear to acicular (needle-shaped) - in some taxa, short shoots (e.g., Cedrus) or determinate fascicles (Pinus).

    Pinaceae
    Include: Abies fir Cedrus cedar Larix larch Pinus pine Pseudotsuga Douglasfir Tsuga - hemlock

    Coniferae conifers Cupressopsida


    5-6 families We will cover 4: Araucariaceae Podocarpaceae Cupressaceae Taxaceae

    Araucariaceae
    -leaves broad to acicular -microsporangia numerous (5-20) per microsporophyll -ovule 1 per scale Includes: Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Island-Pine Araucaria bidwillii bunya-bunya Agathis australis kauri

    Cupressaceae
    -leaves linear, acicular, or subulate, spiral, opposite, or whorled -branches flattened in some, resembling pinnate leaves in some -seed cones with numerous seeds per scale (2-20) -pollen not saccate Includes: Cupressus cedar Juniperus - juniper Sequoia sempervirens redwood Sequoiadendron giganteum giant sequoia Taxodium bald-cypress

    Podocarpaceae
    -leaves linear, elliptic, or subulate -seed cones usu. fleshy, often reduced, in some subtended by fleshy receptacle, seed may be enveloped by fleshy epimatium derived from scale Includes: Podocarpus, e.g., P. gracilior Phyllocladus spp.

    Taxaceae Yew family


    -seed cones usu. reduced to 1 ovule -seed surrounded by fleshy aril

    Includes: Taxus yew taxol derived from T. brevifolia, used to treat ovarian cancer

    Coniferae conifers Gnetales:


    3 families: Ephedraceae Gnetaceae Welwitschiaceae All dioecious

    Gnetales:
    Apomorphies: 1)Pollen striate 2)Vessels porate

    Gnetales Gnetaceae One genus: Gnetum (ca. 30 spp.)

    Gnetum tropical vines [trees, shrubs], leaves simple, opposite

    Gnetales Ephedraceae
    One genus: Ephedra (35-45 spp.) Morman Tea

    Ephedra Morman-Tea
    Shrubs Deserts of S.W. North America, W. South America, N. Africa, and Eurasia

    Ephedra
    - pollen cones with stalk-like microsporangiophore, bearing synangia - seeds of seed cones with fleshy, connate bracteoles and micropylar tube

    Gnetales
    Welwitschiaceae One genus/species: Welwitschia mirabilis -native to deserts of Namibia

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