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DC 'VCBVQ T: GVT Igi Dvi"K WK V Cökvmb Wefvm WK V I M Elyv Bbw÷Wudu XVKV Wek We' VJQ

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
168 views8 pages

DC 'VCBVQ T: GVT Igi Dvi"K WK V Cökvmb Wefvm WK V I M Elyv Bbw÷Wudu XVKV Wek We' VJQ

Uploaded by

Omar Faruk
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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_vbv wkv Awdmvi cv_wgK we`vjq ckvmbi mv_ Nwbfve RwoZ| wZwb mKj cv_wgK we`vjqi Qv Qvx, zjmn Avmevec, wkK`i eZb I mLjv, wkvg~jK Zveavqb cfwZ KvRi Rb `vqx| hnZz _vbv wkv Awdmvi wewfb KvRi mv_ Nwbfve RwoZ, dj cv_wgK we`vjq cwi`kb Zvi g~j KvR njI ew`b hveZ Zv Am vlRbK iq MQ | GB mgmv gvKvejv Kivi Rb mnKvwi wkv Awdmvii h KvWvi Zwi Kiv nq| Zvi kZKiv 50 fvM c_wgK we`vjqi cavb wkK`i viv c~ib Kiv nq| evwK 50%ewnivMZ vZK wWMxavix `i ^Kvjxb cwkY c`vbi ci wbePb Kiv nq| Dk nQ wbweo Ges djcmy we`vjq cwi`kb| (Avjx I eMg, 1993) we`vjq myzfve cwiPvjbvi Rb myz Zveab `iKvi| cavb wkK hw` we`vjqi me wefvMi Dci mwVKfve bRi bv ivLZ cvib, Zvnj AbK mgq Ggb RwUj cwiwwZi De ne h, hvi Rb wZwb wbRB `vqx neb| wZwb wewfb mgq kbxK wkY I wkv_x`i KvR Zveavb Kieb Ges cqRbeva wb`k w`eb| (Avbmvi Avjx, 1995) wkvg~jK Zveavbi cavb Dk nQ :wkY-wkLb Kvhgi mvweK DbwZ mvab, we`vjq wkvi Dchy cwiek GZwi, wkK`i ckvMZ Dbqb, Kvh`Zv ew, `vwqZMnb I cvib wbvi cwZv, we`vjq, wkK, wkv_x Ges AwffveK`i mgvRi cwieZbi mv_ Lvc LvBq PjZ mvnvh Kiv BZvw`| (eMg I AvLZvi, 2000) g~j welq nj wkK`i ckvMZ `Zv Dbqbi Rb wewfb cwkYg~jK cvMvg _vKjI Gi KvhKvwiZv wbfi Ki wkKi AvwiKZv, BQ , AvMni Dci| hw`I wkK`i G welqwUi NvUwZ bv _vKjI AbK mgh wbRi ARvB AbK wKQy mwVKfve mb KiZ cvib bv| Avi Gi mgvavbi Rb q| Zveavbi Rb iqQ Zveavbhv GKRb ZveavqK cwiPvjbv Ki _vK| evweK c cv_wgK i GB Zveavb Gi eev _vKjI Zv mwVKfve cvjb Kiv nq bv| Zveavbi `vwqZ wbqvwRZ _vK DcRjv chvq DcRjv/_vbv wkv Awdmvi ImnKvwi wkv Awdmvi , _vbvi wkv Awdmvi Zvi ckvmwbK KvRi RbLye Zveavbi myhvM cvbbv ejB _vbv mnKvwi wkv Awdmvii c`wU mw Kiv hvZ Ki wkK`i ckvMZ Dbqb cwqvwU wbwZ nq|

Z_vwc evsjv`ki cv_wgK ii wkK`i ckvMZ `Zv ewi Rb h Zveavb Gi K_v ejv nqQ Zv wK mwVKfve mb nQ? f~wgKvt evsjv`k cw_exi ga `wi` Zg `kjvi AbZg | `yZ Dbqbi cZvkvq Avgv`i miKvi I mAvi Rb wkv wbwZKib Rvivjv c`c wbqQ| bxwZ wbaviK gnji wekvm h, AwZ A w`bi gaB evs`k wbiiZvgy ne| mv_ mv_ `ki gvbyli Drcv`b gZv I Kg`Zv evoe| cwievi cwiKbvmn ^v welqK mPZbZv evoe| bvixi gZvqb cvw_wgK wkv GKvB KvhKi cfve dje| ( kwd Bng`, 2007) cv_wgK wkvq eeZ DcKib, eB-cyK, wkK cwk, cwkY j vb I Kjv Kkj kYx K cqvM, AwffveK`i zj Kvhg mKiY Ges AKvhKi eevcbv cwZK KvhKi bv Ki aygv AvBb cYqb, kvwi fq wKsev 20 UvKv Dcew h mdjZv AvR eySZ ciQ| (kwd Avng`, 2007) wkv eevi bMZ gvb evovbvi I wkvK RxebNwb I eenvwiK Kivi Rb wkK cwkY evcK wcieZb AvekK| wkK cwkYi Dk ne Ggb wkK Zix Kiv, hvi cqvRb Abyhvqx cKZ wkvi cwik wi Ki wkv_x`i kLvZ wbkePZ KZ cvib| (kwd Avng`, 2007) Pjgvb... g~j welqmg~n `yej w`K wkv cwZvb cwi`kb I gwbUwis `yejZv I `ybxwZ wkK cwkYi Afve I wkK`i Kvm duvwK `Iqvi ceYZv eZb-fvZv wbq wkK`i wekl Ki emiKvwi wkK`i Pig nZvkv evRU wkv LvZ eeivi NvUwZ cqvRbxq I mwVK wkv DcKiYi Afve AvKlYnxb wkLb-wkY cwiek mnvqK cyKi Afve SMC-Gi Avkvbyic KvhKi f~wgKv cvjb bv Kiv fvjv w`Kjv kYx wkLb KvhKix nQ

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GKRb DcRjv/_vbv wkv AwdmviK gvm cuvPwU c_wgK we`vjq cwi`kb KiZ nq| cwZwU DcRjv/_vbv wkv Awdm ek KqKRb mnKvix DcRjv/_vbv wkv Awdmvi (GBDBI/GwUBI) _vKb| G c`i msLv wbavwiZ nq we`vjqi msLvi Dci| mvavbYZ 15-20 we`vjq wbq GKwU Kvvi MVb Kiv nq| cwZwU Kvvii `vwqZ GKRb Ki GBDI/GwUBI _vKb| Kvvii `vwqZcv G me KgKZv Kjvvi AewZ cwZwU we`vjq gvm A Z Gevi w`bevcx cwi`kb I wkv Zeavb Ki _vK b|GKvb we`vjqi wkKi QywUi cqvRb nj G KgsKZvi gvag DcRjv/_vbv wkv Awdm cvVvZ nq| DcRjv/_vbv wkv AwdKvii `vwqZ I KZe 1) cv_wgK we`vjq cwi`kb I RbmshvM vcbi Dk ivw Aevbmn gvm 15 w`b gY _vKv|eQi cZKwU cv_wgK we`vjq Kgc `yevi cwi`kbi eev iL Zvi Kgm~wP cYqb Kiv| 2) we`vjqi wkK, Qv I m`i AZxZ I eZgvb Aev eYbv Ki cwZwU cv_wgK we`vjqi RbGKwU c_K bw_ msiY Kiv Ges cwZ `ygvm ci ci bw_ bevqb Kiv | 3) Rjv cv_wgK wkv AwdKvii Abygv`bg mnKvix wkv AwdmviK Mo 15 _K 20wU cv_wgK we`vjq wbw` Ki `qv Ges Zv`i KvR `ZviK Kiv| mnKvix DcRjv/ _vbv wkv Awdmvi 1) cv_wgK we`vjq cwi`kb I Zveavb Kiv Ges mvweK Aevi Dbqbi j gvbwRs KwgwUi m`me` I vbxq MYgvb ew`i mv_ hvMvhvM iv Kiv | 2) c~e cwiKbv Abyhvqx mswk GjvKvi cZKwU cv_wgK we`vjq gvm AZ `yevi cwi`kb Kiv Ges G Dk gvm AZ 8 ivZ we`vjq GjvKvq Aevb Ki vbxq RbMYi KvQ _K wkK`i KvRi YvY m^ AewnZ nIqv| 3) wbR GjvKvi c_wgK we`vjq, wkK I Qv-Qvx m^xq Z_vw` wbqwgZ msMn I msiY Kiv|

4) c`kbx cvV`vb Ges vbxqfve mve Kvvi Uwbs

AvqvRbi gvag wkK`i ckvMZ `Zv ew Kiv| KgKZvi

abev` mevBK

cv_wgK wkv eZgvb evsjv`k cuvP eQi gqv`x A_vr cg kYx ch cv_wgK wkv Pvjy iqQ| hw`I Avgv`i RvZxq wkvbxwZZ GB iK ewaZ Ki Ag kYx ch Kiv nqQ| cv_wgK wkvi gqv` cuvP eQi _K ew Ki AvU eQi A_vr Ag kYx ch mmviY Kiv ne| GwU evevqb `ywU iZc~Y welq njv AeKvVvgvMZ AvekKZv gUvbv Ges cqvRbxqmsLK Dchy wkKi eev Kiv| (RvZxq wkvbxwZ, 2010) ckvMZ `Zv (eZgvb-55wU) (eZgvb-03wU) APA Writing... Reference: 1. Avjx, gvt AvbQvi (1995). wkvbxwZ cwigv. XvKv : wgZv UWvm | 2. mvjgv AvLZvi, I Kvgibmv eMg (2000). cv_wgK wkvt evsjv`k. XvKv : BDwbK cm | 3. AvRnvi Avjx, I nvmb Aviv eMg ( 1993). cv_wgK wkv. XvKv : evsjv GKvWgx|

4. Avyj gvjK, gwiqg eMg, dLij Bmjvg, I kL kvnevR

wiqv` (2009). wkv wevb I evsjv`k wkv. XvKv : evsjv`k wekwe`vjq gyix Kwgkb. 5. kwd Avng` (mv`K) (2003). Auvavi wPi dzUzK Avjv. XvKv : MYmviZv Awfhvb|

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