Introduction To Power System Analysis
Introduction To Power System Analysis
Introduction To Power System Analysis
= =
u
k
M
V
S
I 84 . 41
138 3
10
3
l - l
B
3
B
B
2
2
2
=
= =
u
k
M
V
S
I
67 . 83
69 3
10
3
l - l
B
3
B
B
3
3
3
=
= =
u
k
M
V
S
I
~
5 MVA
13.2 132 Y kV
10 MVA
138 Y - 69 kV
O + = 100 10
line
j Z
g
I
p.u. 1 . 0
1
=
l
X p.u. 08 . 0
2
=
l
X
kV V
g
2 . 13 =
O = 300
load
Z
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Chennai 600119, EEE Dept, 2010-11
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Step 4: All in Per Unit Quantities
+
-
new
B
old
B
old
p.u. new
p.u.
Z
Z Z
Z =
( ) ( )
183 . 0
04 . 19
5 2 . 13 1 . 0
2
. p.u , 1
=
O
=
M k
X
l
p.u. 08 . 0
2
=
l
X
( ) 10 1 10 25 . 5
1904
100 10
3
B
line
p.u. line,
2
j
j
Z
Z
Z + =
O +
= =
Z = = = 0 913 . 0
8 . 13
2 . 13
1
B
g
p.u. g,
kV
kV
V
V
V
63 . 0
476
300
3
B
load
p.u. load,
=
O
O
= =
Z
Z
Z
5/5/2012 St.Joseph's College of Engineering,
Chennai 600119, EEE Dept, 2010-11
18
Step 5: One Phase Diagram &
Solve
+
-
183 . 0
. p.u , 1
=
l
X
08 . 0
2
=
l
X ( ) 10 1 10 25 . 5
3
p.u. line,
j Z + =
Z = 0 913 . 0
p.u. g,
V
63 . 0
p.u. load,
= Z
Z =
Z
Z
= = 4 . 26 35 . 1
4 . 26 709 . 0
0 96 . 0
p.u. total,
p.u. g,
p.u. load,
Z
V
I
Z = = = 4 . 26 35 . 1
p.u. load, p.u. line, - t p.u. g,
I I I
Z = = 4 . 26 8505 . 0
p.u. load, p.u. load, p.u. load,
Z I V
148 . 1
*
p.u. load, p.u. load, p.u. load,
= = I V S
5/5/2012 St.Joseph's College of Engineering,
Chennai 600119, EEE Dept, 2010-11
19
Step 6: Convert back to actual
quantities
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
~
5 MVA
13.2 132 Y kV
10 MVA
138 Y - 69 kV
O + = 100 10
line
j Z
g
I
p.u. 1 . 0
1
=
l
X p.u. 08 . 0
2
=
l
X
kV V
g
2 . 13 =
O = 300
load
Z
1
B p.u. g, g
I I I =
2
B p.u. line, - t line - t
I I I =
3
B p.u. load, load
I I I =
3
B p.u. load, load
V V V =
B p.u. load, load
S S S =
Z = = = 4 . 26 35 . 1
p.u. load, p.u. line, - t p.u. g,
I I I
Z = 4 . 26 8505 . 0
p.u. load,
V
148 . 1
p.u. load,
= S
5/5/2012 St.Joseph's College of Engineering,
Chennai 600119, EEE Dept, 2010-11
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Advantage of per unit calculation
Simplify calculation by eliminating
transformers.
Helps to spot data errors
p.u. is more uniform compare to actual
impedance value of different sizes of
equipment.
Helps to detect abnormality in the system
Operator at control center can spot over/under
voltage/current rating easily.
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Simplified Power System
Modeling
Balanced three phase systems can be analyzed
using per phase analysis
A per unit normalization is simplify the
analysis of systems with different voltage levels.
To provide an introduction to power flow
analysis we need models for the different
system devices:
Transformers and Transmission lines, generators
and loads
Transformers and transmission lines are
modeled as a series impedances
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Load Models
Ultimate goal is to supply loads with electricity at constant
frequency and voltage
Electrical characteristics of individual loads matter, but
usually they can only be estimated
actual loads are constantly changing, consisting of a
large number of individual devices
only limited network observability of load
characteristics
Aggregate models are typically used for analysis
Two common models
constant power: S
i
= P
i
+ jQ
i
constant impedance: S
i
= |V|
2
/ Z
i
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Chennai 600119, EEE Dept, 2010-11
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Generator Models
Engineering models depend upon application
Generators are usually synchronous machines
For generators we will use two different models:
a steady-state model, treating the generator as a
constant power source operating at a fixed voltage;
this model will be used for power flow and economic
analysis
This model works fairly well for type 3 and type 4
wind turbines
Other models include treating as constant real power
with a fixed power factor.
5/5/2012 St.Joseph's College of Engineering,
Chennai 600119, EEE Dept, 2010-11
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Per Unit Calculations
A key problem in analyzing power systems is the large
number of transformers.
It would be very difficult to continually have to refer
impedances to the different sides of the transformers
This problem is avoided by a normalization of all
variables.
This normalization is known as per unit analysis.
actual quantity
quantity in per unit
base value of quantity
=
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Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 1|
1. Pick a 1| VA base for the entire system, S
B
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage
level, V
B
. Voltage bases are related by
transformer turns ratios. Voltages are line to
neutral.
3. Calculate the impedance base, Z
B
= (V
B
)
2
/S
B
4. Calculate the current base, I
B
= V
B
/Z
B
5. Convert actual values to per unit
Note: Per Unit conversionon affects magnitudes, not
the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have
units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts)
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Per Unit Solution Procedure
1. Convert to per unit (p.u.) (many problems are
already in per unit)
2. Solve
3. Convert back to actual as necessary
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Per Unit Example
Solve for the current, load voltage and load power
in the circuit shown below using per unit analysis
with an S
B
of 100 MVA, and voltage bases of
8 kV, 80 kV and 16 kV.
Original Circuit
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Per Unit Example, contd
2
2
2
8
0.64
100
80
64
100
16
2.56
100
Left
B
Middle
B
Right
B
kV
Z
MVA
kV
Z
MVA
kV
Z
MVA
= = O
= = O
= = O
Same circuit, with
values expressed
in per unit.
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Chennai 600119, EEE Dept, 2010-11
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Per Unit Example, contd
L
2
*
1.0 0
0.22 30.8 p.u. (not amps)
3.91 2.327
V 1.0 0 0.22 30.8
p.u.
0.189 p.u.
1.0 0 0.22 30.8 30.8 p.u.
L
L L L
G
I
j
V
S V I
Z
S
Z
= = Z
+
= Z Z 2.327Z90
= 0.859Z 30.8
= = =
= Z Z = 0.22Z
5/5/2012 St.Joseph's College of Engineering,
Chennai 600119, EEE Dept, 2010-11
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Per Unit Example, contd
To convert back to actual values just multiply the
per unit values by their per unit base
L
Actual
Actual
L
Actual
G
Middle
B
Actual
Middle
0.859 30.8 16 kV 13.7 30.8 kV
0.189 0 100 MVA 18.9 0 MVA
0.22 30.8 100 MVA 22.0 30.8 MVA
100 MVA
I 1250 Amps
80 kV
I 0.22 30.8 Amps 275 30.8
V
S
S
= Z = Z
= Z = Z
= Z = Z
= =
= Z 1250 = Z A
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Chennai 600119, EEE Dept, 2010-11
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Three Phase Per Unit
1. Pick a 3| VA base for the entire system,
2. Pick a voltage base for each different
voltage level, V
B
. Voltages are line to line.
3. Calculate the impedance base
Procedure is very similar to 1| except we use a 3|
VA base, and use line to line voltage bases
3
B
S
|
2 2 2
, , ,
3 1 1
( 3 )
3
B LL B LN B LN
B
B B B
V V V
Z
S S S
| | |
= = =
Exactly the same impedance bases as with single phase!
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Chennai 600119, EEE Dept, 2010-11
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Three Phase Per Unit, cont'd
4. Calculate the current base, I
B
5. Convert actual values to per unit
3 1 1
3 1
B B
, , ,
3
I I
3 3 3
B B B
B LL B LN B LN
S S S
V V V
| | |
| |
= = = =
Exactly the same current bases as with single phase!