CHAPTER-1 OBJECTIVE

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT A circuited switch, which operates with sound of clapping hands or something similar; i.e. the switch comes to 'on' position when clapped once or twice, and to 'off' position when again clapped once or twice (depends on circuit design)

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CHAPTER-2 IC- 555 TIMER

2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The 8-pin 555 timer must be one of the most useful ICs ever made and it is used in many projects. With just a few external components it can be used to build many circuits, not all of them involve timing. A popular version is the NE555 and this is suitable in most cases where a '555 timer' is specified. Low power versions of the 555 are made, such as the ICM7555, but these should only be used when specified (to increase battery life) because their maximum output current of about 20mA (with a 9V supply) is too low for many standard 555 circuits. The ICM7555 has the same pin arrangement as a standard 555. The circuit symbol for a 555 is a box with the pins arranged to suit the circuit diagram: for example 555 pin 8 at the top for the +Vs supply, 555 pin 3 output on the right. Usually just the pin numbers are used and they are not labeled with their function. The 555 can be used with a supply voltage (Vs) in the range 4.5 to 15V (18V absolute maximum).Standard 555 ICs create a significant 'glitch' on the supply when their output changes state. This is rarely a problem in simple circuits with no other ICs, but in more complex circuits a capacitor (eg. 100F) should be connected across the +Vs and 0V supply near the 555.

Figure 2.1:- IC-555 Timer

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2.2 INPUTS OF 555

Trigger input: when < 1/3 Vs ('active low') this makes the output high (+Vs). It monitors the discharging of the timing capacitor in an astable circuit. It has a high input impedance > 2M . Threshold input: when > 2/3 Vs ('active high') this makes the output low (0V). It monitors the charging of the timing capacitor in astable and monostable circuits. It has a high input impedance > 10M providing the trigger input is > 1/3 Vs, otherwise the trigger input will override the threshold input and hold the output high (+Vs). Reset input: when less than about 0.7V ('active low') this makes the output low (0V), overriding other inputs. When not required it should be connected to +Vs. It has an input impedance of about 10k . Control input: this can be used to adjust the threshold voltage which is set internally to be
2

/3 Vs. Usually this function is not required and the control input is connected to 0V with a

0.01F capacitor to eliminate electrical noise. It can be left unconnected if noise is not a problem.

Figure 2.2 Internal circuit of 555

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2.3 MODES OF 555

Monostable

Fig 2.3 Schematic of a 555 in monostable mode The relationships of the trigger signal, the voltage on C and the pulse width in monostable mode. In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a one-shot pulse generator. The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a signal at the trigger input that falls below a third of the voltage supply. The width of the output pulse is determined by the time constant of an RC network, which consists of a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R). The output pulse ends when the voltage on the capacitor equals 2/3 of the supply voltage. The output pulse width can be lengthened or shortened to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of R and C. The output pulse width of time t, which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3 of the supply voltage, is given by

where t is in seconds, R is in ohms and C is in farads. See RC circuit for an explanation of this effect. While using the timer IC as a monostable the main disadvantage is that the time span between the two triggering pulses must be greater than the RC time constant.

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Bistable
In bistable mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop. The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via Pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply grounded. Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state). Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No capacitors are required in a bistable configuration. Pin 5 (control) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 uF); pin 7 (discharge) is left floating.

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CHAPTER 3 CD 4017 IC

3.1 CD 4017 IC

4017 IC is a common useful digital IC. [ From input pin (14 nodes)]. This is called divided by10 counter because it produces one tenth of square wave frequency provided from input pin(pin 14) to output pin (on pin 12).Counter circuit is a digital circuit. Generally, counter is the circuit that counts the number of the square wave entered to the circuit. In CD 4017 IC means the symbol of the company that produces the IC. There are IC, with other letters, this IC is called 4017 IC is the form of 14 pin DIP which includes 16 pins. Block diagram of IC pin and the application of IC are shown in Figure (a) and (b) respectively. The function of each pin is shown in the following.

Figure 3.1 :- Pin Out Diagram of CD 4017 IC

3.2 INPUT PINS

CLK-clock input (pin 14) Pin 14 is input which is connected with the square wave. If 10V is supplied to IC, the frequency of the input square wave must be below 5MHz. Similarly, the supplied voltage is 5V, the frequency of the input square wave must be below 2.5 MHz.

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En- clock Enable input (pin13) Pin 13 is grounded to alternate the high-state of the output pin (Qo - Q9) of 4017 IC regularly. If pin 13 is connected to positive supply, the counter will stop.
R- Reset input (pin 15) Pin 15 is grounded to alternate the high-state of the output pin (Qo - Q9). In practice, pin 15 is connected to the positive supply and time directly reconnected to the ground to reset it. VDD, VSS Supply pins (pin 16 and pin 18) In 16 is connected to the positive supply and illustrated with VDD as shown in figure pin 18 is the pin to be connected to the ground is described with VSS.

3.3OUTPUT PINS
Q0 Q9 The output pins are from Q0 to Q9. When the square wave is supplied to input pin 14, each pin from Q0 to Q9 changes to high state in its every positive going edge. Only one of the 10 output pins is in high-state and other 9 output pins are all low-sate.

CO- Carry Out CO is also output pin. But, the frequency of square wave from output pin is one tenth of the frequency supplied from pin 14.

CD 4017 IC Specification - Supplied voltage 3V 15V - Max: out current10 mA Max: - Power absorbed by each pin 100 mW.

4017 IC can work very well with supplied voltage 3V to 5V. Although the maximum supplied voltage is 15V, practically only 12V usually used.

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CHAPTER 4 TRANSISTOR BC 548/549

4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The BC548 is a general purpose silicon NPN BJT transistor found commonly in European electronic equipment; the part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many manufacturers to offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. The BC548 is commonly available in European Union and Commonwealth Countries and is often the first type of bipolar transistor young hobbyists encounter. The BC548 is often featured in circuit diagrams and designs published in Electronics Magazines such as "Silicon Chip" and "Elektor". As a representative of the large family of bipolar transistors the BC548 provides a "stepping off point" to the use of more esoteric, higher voltage, current or frequency devices for beginners.If the TO-92 package is held in front of one's face with the flat side facing toward you and the leads downward, (see picture) the order of the leads, from left to right is collector, base, emitter. 4.2 n-p-n TRANSISTOR The BC548/549 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose transistor in a small plastic packages. It is used in generalpurpose switching and amplification BC548/BC549 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN generalpurpose transistors.

The BC548/549 transistor is an NPN bipolar transistor, in which the letters "N" and "P" refer to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the transistor. Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN, because electron mobility is higher than hole mobility in semiconductors, allowing greater currents and faster operation. NPN transistors consist of a layer of P-doped semiconductor (the "base") between two N-doped layers. A small current entering the base in common-emitter mode is amplified in the collector output. In other terms, an NPN transistor is "on" when its base is pulled high relative to the emitter. The arrow in the
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NPN transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the conventional current flow when the device is in forward active mode. One mnemonic device for identifying the symbol for the NPN transistor is "not pointing in." An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode region. In typical operation, the emitter base junction is forward biased and the base collector junction is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is applied to the base emitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region. These electrons wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region of high concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p-type which would make holes the majority carrier in the base.

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Fig 4.1 Pin out of BC548/549 and its characteristics

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CHAPTER 5 CIRCUIT COMPONENT

5.1 Resistor (R)

A component is used for its resistance. In the past, most resistors were manufactured from carbon composition, a baked mixture of graphite and clay. These have been almost completely superseded by carbon or metal film resistor. Wire-wound resistors are used for comparatively low values of resistance where precise value is important, or for high dissipation. They are unsuitable for RF use because of their reactance.

5.2 Capacitor (C)

A passive circuit component is a capacitance. A capacitor is formed from a pair of conducting surfaces separated by a layer of insulator. A capacitor made from a pair of parallel conducting plates of area S separated by a distance d, with the gap between the plates filled by a dielectric of relative permittivity E, will have a capacitance C given by

where o is the permittivity of free space.

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5.3 Diode
Diode can be made of either two of semiconductor materials, silicon and germanium. Power diodes are usually constructed using silicon and germanium. Silicon diode can operate at higher current and at higher junction temperature, and they have greater reverse resistance. The structure of a semiconductor diode and it symbol are shown in Figure. The diode has two terminals, an anode, A terminal ( P junction ) and a cathode K terminal ( N junction ). When the anode voltage is more positive than the cathode, the diode is said to be forward biased and it conducts current readily with a relatively low voltage drop. When the cathode voltage is more positive than the anode, the diode is said to be reverse biased, and it blocks current flow. The arrow on the diode symbol shows the direction of convection current flow when the diode conducts.

Figure 5.1 :- Structure of a Diode

Figure 5.1 :- Symbol of a Diode

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5.4 Transistor
A multi electrode semiconductor device in which the current flowing between two specified electrons is controlled or modulated by the voltage applied at third (control) electrodes. The term transistor was originally derived from the phase transfer resistor, as the resistance of the output electrode was controlled by the input circuit. Transistors fall into two major classes: the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and the field-effect transistor (FET).We used bipolar junction transistor (BJT).Bipolar junction transistor consists of (a) pnp transistor and (b) npn transistor. (a) pnp transistor circuit symbol

In a pnp transistor, a thin layer of n-type semiconductor is sandwiched between two layers of p-type semiconductor. (b) npn transistor circuit symbol

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5.5 RELAY
Relays are one of the oldest, simplest, and yet, easiest and most useful devices. Before the advent of the mass produced transistor, computers were made from either relays or vacuum tubes, or both. A relay, quite simply, is a small machine consisting of an electromagnet (coil), a switch, and a spring. The spring holds the switch in one position, until a current is passed through the coil. The coil generates a magnetic field which moves the switch. It's that simple. You can use a very small amount of current to activate a relay, and the switch can often handle a lot of current. The relay we are going to look at is the Bosch 5 pin relay. Bosch is a German manufacturing conglomerate (who also happen to own Bosch Telekom and Blaupunkt), but they are not the only manufacturer of this relay. There are several other companies such as Siemens (stop laughing) and Potter & Brumfield. I don't know why they call it the Bosch type relay, but dammit, I don't give a shit either. The Bosch 5 pin relay is the most widely used and versatile relay, and it can handle up to 30 amps, which is more than suitable for most applications. Looking at the diagram to the right, we see the pinout of the relay. Note that each pin is numbered, 85, 86, 87, 87a, and 30. The 30 pin is set perpendicular to the other pins to let you know where each pin is at (although, most relays are labeled at the bottom). 85 and 86 are the coil pins. Normally, it doesn't matter which way you pass the current, because if you hook it up backwards, the coil will still activate the relay. However, relays sometimes have an odd tendency to turn themselves back on briefly. To counter this, a diode (a one way switch) is placed between 85 and 86. This is referred to as a tamping diode. A diode wall have a very high resistance in one direction, and a very low resistance in the opposite direction. When a tamping diode is used, it is important that you hook the coil up according to polarity. If a tamping diode is used, and you hook it up backwards, you will essentially be shorting a wire out, which sucks, because you can and will burn something up.
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30, 87, and 87a are the other three pins. 87 and 87a are the two contacts to which 30 will connect. If the coil is not activated, 30 will always be connected to 87a. Think of that pin as "87, always connected". When current is applied to the coil, 30 is connected to 87. 87 and 87a are never connected to each other. Here, polarity does not ever matter. You can connect 30 up to positive or negative, and that is what you will get out of 87 or 87a. Refer to the picture at left, and perhaps it will make the relay a tad simpler. As you can see, the coil is in no way connected to the switch part of the relay. This can allow you to completely isolate one circuit from another. You can even use a separate power supply to control the relay.

Fig 5.2 Diagram of relay

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CHAPTER-6 OPERATING PRINCIPLE

6.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 6.1 Circuit diagram of the project

6.2 PCB LAYOUT

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6.2 CIRCUIT OPERATION

A clap switch free from false triggering to turn on/off any appliance, you just have to clap twice. The circuit changes its output state only when you clap twice within the set time period. Here, youve to clap within 3 seconds. The clap sound sensed by condenser microphone is amplified by transistor T1.The amplified signal provides negative pulse to pin 2 of IC1 and IC2, triggering both the ICs. IC1, commonly used as a timer, is wired here as a monostable multivibrator. Trigging of IC1 causes pin 3 to go high and it remains high for a certain time period depending on the selected values of R7 and C3. This ON time (T) of IC1 can be calculated using the following relationship: T=1.1R7.C3 seconds where R7 is in ohms and C3 in microfarads. On first clap, output pin 3 of IC1 goes high and remains in this standby position for the preset time. Also, LED1 glows for this period. The output of IC1 provides supply voltage to IC2 at its pins 8 and 4. Now IC2 is ready to receive the triggering signal. Resistor R10 and capacitor C7 connected to pin 4 of IC2 prevent false triggering when IC1 provides the supply voltage to IC2 at first clap. On second clap, a negative pulse triggers IC2 and its output pin 3 goes high for a time period depending on R9 and C5.This provides a positive pulse at clock pin 14 of decade counter IC 4017 (IC3). Decade counter IC3 is wired here as a bistable. Each pulse applied at clock pin 14 changes the output state at pin 2 (Q1) of IC3 because Q2 is connected to reset pin 15. The high output at pin 2 drives transistor T2 and also energises relay RL1. LED2 indicates activation of relay RL1 and on/off status of the appliance. A free-wheeling diode (D1) prevents damage of T2 when relay de-energises.

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CHAPTER-7 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

7.1 COMPARISON BETWEEN PRACTICAL RESULT AND SIMULATION

R1
3.3k

R3
2.2M

R5
3.3k

R6
10k

R7
270k

R10
10k

R9
100k

D3

D2

LED-GREEN1N4001

R13
8

C2
4

U1
Q DC 3 7

R12
1k

D1
8

470k

VCC

R2
4.7k

C1
0.01uf

10uF

VCC

U2
Q DC 3 7 14 13

U3
CLK E Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 CO 3 2 4 7 10 1 5 6 9 11 12

Q1
BC549 5 CV

LED-RED

R11
10k

Q2
BC548

5
GND

CV

TR

TH

6 2 555
GND

C7
TR TH 6 2.2uf 15volt 15

270k

R4

C4
0.01uf

C3
10uf 25volt

R8
1k

555

C6
0.01uf

MR

C5
1nF

4017 PACKAGE=DIL16

RL1
5V

L1
8V

B1
9V

Figure 6.1 : Simulation when battery Not Connect

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R1
3.3k

R3
2.2M

R5
3.3k

R6
10k

R7
270k

R10
10k

R9
100k

D3

D2

LED-GREEN1N4001

R13
8

C2
4

U1
Q DC 3 7

R12
1k

D1
8

470k

VCC

R2
4.7k

C1
0.01uf

10uF

VCC

U2
Q DC 3 7 14 13

U3
CLK E Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 CO 3 2 4 7 10 1 5 6 9 11 12

Q1
BC549 5 CV

LED-RED

R11
10k

Q2
BC548

CV

GND

TR

TH

6 2 555

C7
GND
TR TH 6 2.2uf 15volt 15

270k

R4

C4
0.01uf

C3
10uf 25volt

R8
1k

555

C6
0.01uf

MR

C5
1nF

4017 PACKAGE=DIL16

RL1
5V

L1
8V

B1
9V

Figure 6.2 : Simulation when battery Connect

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CHAPTER-8

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

8.1 ADVANTAGES:
Energy efficient. Low cost and reliable circuit. Complete elimination of manpower. High Accuracy

8.2 APPLICATIONS:
The major advantage of a clap switch is that you can turn something (e.g. a lamp) on and off from any location in the room (e.g. while lying in bed) simply by clapping your hands. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person. A clap switch is generally used for a light, television, radio, or similar electronic device that the person will want to turn on/off from bed. The major disadvantage is that it's generally cumbersome to have to clap one's hands to turn something on or off and it's generally seen as simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light switch.

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CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSION

Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable box. This circuit is very useful in field of electronic circuits. By using some modification it area of application can be extended in various fields. It can be used to raised alarm in security system with a noise ,and also used at the place where silence needed.

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REFERENCE

www.efy.com www.electronics.com www.google.com Wikipedia Unconventional Uses for IC Timers Jim Wyland and Eugene Hnatek, Electronic Design, June 7, 1973, pp. 88-90. DC-to-DC Converter Uses the IC Timer, Robert Soloman and Robert Broadway, EDN, September 5, 1973, pp. 87-91.

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