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2 - Fourier Series Properties

The document discusses Fourier series expansion. It presents three equivalent forms of Fourier series: trigonometric form, complex exponential form, and trigonometric form with amplitude and phase. It shows the relationships between the coefficients in these different forms. The key properties of Fourier series are also summarized, including hermitian symmetry and how time shifting and differentiation affect the Fourier coefficients.

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Spencer Chambers
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107 views37 pages

2 - Fourier Series Properties

The document discusses Fourier series expansion. It presents three equivalent forms of Fourier series: trigonometric form, complex exponential form, and trigonometric form with amplitude and phase. It shows the relationships between the coefficients in these different forms. The key properties of Fourier series are also summarized, including hermitian symmetry and how time shifting and differentiation affect the Fourier coefficients.

Uploaded by

Spencer Chambers
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier Series Expansion

Fourier Series Expansion


T = 2/0 0 = fundamental frequency (rad/sec)

x t =

k =

ck e

jk t
0

Fourier Series (Complex Exponential Form)


These are 3 different forms for the same expression.

x t =a0 [ a k cos k0 t b k sin k0 t ]


k =1

Fourier Series (Trigonometric Form)

x t = A0 A k cos k0 t k
k =1

Fourier Series (Trigonometric Form)

x t =a0 [ a k cos k0 t b k sin k0 t ] =


k =1

k =

ck e

jk t
0

How to find ck and c-k from ak and bk?


1 jk t 1 jk t 1 jk t 1 jk t a k cos( k0 t )+b k sin( k0 t )=a k [ e + e ]+b k [ e e ] 2 2 2j 2j
0 0 0 0

a k b k jk t a k b k jk t =[ + ]e +[ ]e 2 2j 2 2j
0 0

ck 1 c k = (a k j b k ) 2 1 ck = (a k + j b k ) 2

ck

a k =c k +ck b k = j (c k ck )

k =1

x t = A0 A k cos k0 t k = c k e k =

jk t
0

Similarly by expanding out the kth term above using Euler's Formula you can see that
Ak j ck = e 2

Ak =2c k
k

Ak j ck = e 2

k =c k

Three (Equivalent) Forms of FS and Their Relationships


Trig Form: Sine-Cosine

a 0 =c 0 a k =c k ck , k =1,2,3, c 0=a0 b k = j c k ck , k =1,2,3,

x t =a 0 [ a k cos k 0 t b k sin k 0 t ]
k =1

ck = A0 =a 0 Ak = a 2 b 2 k k k =tan 1 a 0 = A0 a k =A k cos k b k =A k sin k

1 a jbk 2 k 1 a jbk 2 k c 0= A 0

k =1, 2, 3, k =1, 2, 3,

c k =

Exponential Form
x t =
k =


b k ak

cke

jk t
0

j 1 c k = Ak e k 2 j 1 c k = Ak e k 2

k =1, 2, 3, k =1, 2, 3, Ak =2c k A0=c 0 k =1, 2, 3, k =1, 2, 3,

Trig Form: Amplitude & Phase

k = c k

x t = A0 A k cos k 0 t k
k =1

Complex Exponential Form

x t =

k =

ck e

jk t
0

jk t 1 t T 0 c k = t x t e dt T
0 0

Fourier Series Trigonometric Form


f t =a0n=1 [a n cos n 0 t b n sin n 0 t ] 1 a 0= T f t dt T 2 a n= T f t cosn 0 t dt n0 T 2 b n= T f t sin n 0 t dt n0 T
We can derive these results in the same way as the complex exponential case using orthogonal functions!

f(t) = 1 for t = [-T/2, T/2]

Fourier Series Properties

Fourier Series Properties


if x (t )=a 0 +k =1 [ a k cos (k0 t )+b k sin (k0 t ) ] is real, then both a k and b k are real. And since ak j bk ck= 2 a k + j bk ck = 2
* k

then

c k =c

Hermitian Symmetry

i.e.,

c k=ck

c k =ck

Fourier Series
T = 2/0 0 = fundamental frequency (rad/sec)

x t =

k =

0 0

ck e

jk t
0

jk t 1 t T 0 c k = t x t e dt T

This is true for a very wide class of periodic signals! (see Dirichlet Conditions.)

Time shifting a periodic signal creates a new periodic signal! How are the Fourier series coefficients of the two signals related?

Fourier Series Properties

Time Shifting

f t c n jn t f tt 0 c n e

0 0

Time Differentiation

f t c n df t jn 0c n dt

Example

Find the Fourier series coefficients, dn, of h(t).

1 T /2 jn t d n= T /2 ht e dt T
0

1 T /4 T jn t d n= T /4 t e dt T 4
0

We have to integrate this by parts! Instead, we can use the differentiation theorem!

Example

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