ECE 130

EXPERIMENT 1:
THE FOURIER TRANSFORM

2010

MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

PRELAB 1.1
1.

2.
-As she use the linspace command in
generating time
Sequence same plot is obtained.
- The value of the last element for the
time sequence is 7.0711V

PRELAB 1.2
1.) number of data points(DS) = time period / sampling time.

a.)Using the command

plot (Y) the commands
b.)Using
plot ( abs ( Y ) )

To define the x- and y-axis in order

to see the plot in detail:

Using command:
plot ( abs ( fftshift ( Y ) ) )

Using commands:
>> L = length ( Y ) ;
>> x = 100 * ( ( 0 : L-1 ) / L - .5 ) ;
>> plot ( x, fftshift ( abs ( Y ) ) )

Instead of using fftshift, we must define the xaxis

in the following way:
>> f = 100 * ( ( 0 : L/2-1 ) / L ) ;
>> Y = fft ( y, 512 ) ;
>> plot ( f, abs ( Y ( 1 : L/2 ) ))

Using commands
plot ( f, 20 * log10 ( abs ( Y ( 1 : L/2 ) ) ) )

2) Generate the following signal and plot its frequency spectrum.

Determine the appropriate sampling rate and find the significant signal frequency of the
waveform from the FFT.
y(t) = 1.5sin(2p*50*t) + 5cos(2p*100*t) + 3sin(2p*200*t) ,
0 t 0.1 sec
Using the matlab codes below:
t=0:.00001:.1;
y = 1.5.*sin(2*pi*50*t) + 5.*cos(2*pi*100*t) + 3.*sin(2*pi*200*t);
Y = fft (y, 512);
plot (Y);%refer figure1_2(2_1)
plot ( abs ( Y ) );%refer figure 1_2(2_2)
%plot the
%magnitude of the FFT by using MatLab's abs function:
axis ( [ 0 20 0 1300 ] )%%refer figure 1_2(2_3)
%To define the x- and y-axis in order
%to see the plot in detail:
%Plot the magnitude using the fftshift function to move the dc component to
the center of the
%display:
plot ( abs ( fftshift ( Y ) ) )%%refer figure 1_2(2_4)
%Create a separate vector that
%contains frequencies (in units of KHz) for the x-axis as follows:
L = length ( Y ) ;
x = 100 * ( ( 0 : L-1 ) / L - .5 ) ;
%instead of using fftshift, you must define the x-axis
%in the following way:
plot ( x, fftshift ( abs ( Y ) ) )%refer figure 1_2(2_5)
f = 100 * ( ( 0 : L/2-1 ) / L ) ;
Y = fft ( y, 512 ) ;
plot ( f, abs ( Y ( 1 : L/2 ) ))%refer figure 1_2(2_6)
plot ( f, 20 * log10 ( abs ( Y ( 1 : L/2 ) ) ) )%refer figure 1_2(2_7)
%To see the
%magnified data of magnitude:

Figures:
figure1_2(2_1)

figure1_2(2_12)

figure1_2(2_3)

figure1_2(2_4)

figure1_2(2_5)

figure1_2(2_6)

figure1_2(2_7)

Prelab 1.3: The Frequency Spectrum of an Impulse

Unit impulse signal: x = [1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0] corresponds to mathematical definition:
1) Using the Matlab built-in function fft to see DFTs, plot the magnitude of a DFT.
The steps below illustrate how to plot the magnitude. Start by creating a vector x with N = 8
points. You do not need to take the frequency range for the x-axis into consideration when
you plot the FFT of the impulse for this procedure.
x = [1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
plot ( x )%referto figure1_3(1_1)
X = fft ( x )
X = fftshift ( X )
%Use the Matlab function stem to display discrete data. If you just use the command plot,
then
%the impulse looks like triangular pulse.
plot ( abs ( X ) )%refer to figure1_3(1_2)
stem ( abs ( X ) )%refer to figure1_3(1_3)
%2) You can use the Matlab function ifft to reconstruct the time domain signal.
%The usage of ifft is similar to that of fft:
X = fft ( x )
xi = ifft ( X )
stem ( real ( xi ) )%refer to figure1_3(2_1)
%3)Repeat steps 1) and 2) for input signals which are
%a) all ones: x = [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] ;
%b) shifted impulse: x = [ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ] ;
%c) three point boxcar: x = [ 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ] ;
%d) symmetric boxcar: x = [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 ] ;
x = [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
plot ( x )%refer to figure1_3(3_1)
X = fft ( x )
X = fftshift ( X )
plot ( abs ( X ) )%refer to figure1_3(3_2)
stem ( abs ( X ) )%refer to figure1_3(3_3)
X = fft ( x )
xi = ifft ( X )
stem ( real ( xi ))%refer to figure1_3(3_4)
subplot ( 211 )
stem ( x )
subplot ( 212 )
stem (abs ( X ) )%refer to figure1_3(3_5)

FIGURES
figure1_3(1_1)

figure1_3(1_2)

figure1_3(2_1)
figure1_3(1_3)

figure1_3(3_1)

figure1_3(3_2)

figure1_3(3_3)

figure1_3(3_4)

figure1_3(3_5)

Pre-Lab 1.4
ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 100) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) + 0.2 * randn (1, length (t)) ;
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave with AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 100) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) + 0.2 * randn (1, length (t)) ;
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave with AWGN')
Y = fft (yt, 512);
plot (Y)
plot (abs (Y))
axis ([ 0 20 0 1300 ])
plot (abs ( fftshift (Y)))
L = length (Y);
x = 100 * ((0:L-1)/L-.5);
plot (x, fftshift (abs(Y)))
f = 100 * ((0 : L/2-1)/L);
Y = fft (yt,512);
plot (f, abs (Y (1:L/2)))
plot (f, 20 * log10(abs(Y(1:L/2))))

Pre-Lab 1.4 2
ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 100) ;

fo = 1000;
duty = 20;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t , duty)+ 0.2 * randn (1, length (t))
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave with AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 100) ;
fo = 1000;
duty = 20;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t, duty ) + 0.2 * randn (1, length (t)) ;
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave with AWGN')
Y = fft (yt, 512);
plot (Y)
plot (abs (Y))
axis ([ 0 20 0 1300 ])
plot (abs ( fftshift (Y)))
L = length (Y);
x = 100 * ((0:L-1)/L-.5);
plot (x, fftshift (abs(Y)))
f = 100 * ((0 : L/2-1)/L);
Y = fft (yt,512);
plot (f, abs (Y (1:L/2)))
plot (f, 20 * log10(abs(Y(1:L/2))))

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 100) ;
fo = 1000;
duty = 35;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t , duty)+ 0.2 * randn (1, length (t))
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave with AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 100) ;
fo = 1000;
duty = 35;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t, duty ) + 0.2 * randn (1, length (t)) ;
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave with AWGN')
Y = fft (yt, 512);
plot (Y)
plot (abs (Y))
axis ([ 0 20 0 1300 ])
plot (abs ( fftshift (Y)))
L = length (Y);
x = 100 * ((0:L-1)/L-.5);
plot (x, fftshift (abs(Y)))
f = 100 * ((0 : L/2-1)/L);
Y = fft (yt,512);
plot (f, abs (Y (1:L/2)))
plot (f, 20 * log10(abs(Y(1:L/2))))

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 100) ;
fo = 1000;
duty = 75;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t , duty)+ 0.2 * randn (1, length (t))
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave with AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 100) ;
fo = 1000;
duty = 75;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t, duty ) + 0.2 * randn (1, length (t)) ;
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave with AWGN')
Y = fft (yt, 512);
plot (Y)
plot (abs (Y))
axis ([ 0 20 0 1300 ])
plot (abs ( fftshift (Y)))
L = length (Y);
x = 100 * ((0:L-1)/L-.5);
plot (x, fftshift (abs(Y)))
f = 100 * ((0 : L/2-1)/L);
Y = fft (yt,512);
plot (f, abs (Y (1:L/2)))
plot (f, 20 * log10(abs(Y(1:L/2))))

Pre-Lab 1.4 3
ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 512) ;
fo = 1000;
duty = 75;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t, duty ) + 0.2 * randn (1, length (t)) ;
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave with AWGN')
Y = fft (yt, 512);
plot (Y)
plot (abs (Y))
axis ([ 0 20 0 1300 ])
plot (abs ( fftshift (Y)))
L = length (Y);
x = 100 * ((0:L-1)/L-.5);
plot (x, fftshift (abs(Y)))
f = 100 * ((0 : L/2-1)/L);
Y = fft (yt,512);
plot (f, abs (Y (1:L/2)))

plot (f, 20 * log10(abs(Y(1:L/2))))

xi = ifft (Y);
plot (t, real (xi))

Pre-Lab 1.4 4
ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 64) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 64) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')
Y = fft (yt, 512);
plot (Y)
plot (abs (Y))

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 32) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 32) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')
Y = fft (yt, 512);
plot (Y)
plot (abs (Y))

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 16) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 16) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')
Y = fft (yt, 512);
plot (Y)
plot (abs (Y))

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 8) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 8) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')
Y = fft (yt, 512);
plot (Y)
plot (abs (Y))

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 64) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')
Y = fft (yt);
xi = ifft (Y);
stem (t, real (xi))

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 32) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')
Y = fft (yt);
xi = ifft (Y);
stem (t, real (xi))

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 16) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')
Y = fft (yt);
xi = ifft (Y);
stem (t, real (xi))

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = linspace (0, 0.002, 8) ;
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * square ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
axis ([0 0.002 -6 6])
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Square Wave without AWGN')
Y = fft (yt);
xi = ifft (Y);
stem (t, real (xi))

Pre-Lab 1.4 5
ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = (0:0.000015625:0.002);%64-points for the first sequence
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * sin ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Sine Wave without AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = (0:0.00003125:0.002);%32-points for the first sequence
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * sin ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Sine Wave without AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = (0:0.0000625:0.002);%16-points for the first sequence
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * sin ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Sine Wave without AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = (0:0.000125:0.002);%8-points for the first sequence
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * sin ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Sine Wave without AWGN')

ts = 0.0000001;
fs = 1 / ts;
t = (0:0.00025:0.002);%4-points for the first sequence
fo = 1000;
yt = 5 * sin ( 2 * pi * fo * t ) ;
plot (t, yt)
xlabel ('time [sec]')
ylabel ('amplitude [volt]')
title ('1000 Hz Sine Wave without AWGN')