SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

( 1 ) Y-BUS FORMATION
% THE Y-BUS FORMATION
clear;
clc;
basemva=100;
nbus=5;
% lp
lq
r
x
ysh
tap
linedata =[ 1
2
0.02
0.06
0.03
1
1
3
0.08
0.24
0.025
1
2
3
0.06
0.18
0.02
1
2
4
0.06
0.18
0.02
1
2
5
0.04
0.12
0.015
1
3
4
0.01
0.03
0.01
1
4
5
0.08
0.24
0.025
1 ];
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
j=sqrt(-1);
i=sqrt(-1);
for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
r(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=linedata(k,4);
ysh(k)=linedata(k,5);
a(k)=linedata(k,6);
z(k)= r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k);
end
ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
yln =zeros(nbus,nbus);
% PI METHOD FOR OFF-NOMINAL ADMITTANCE OF TRANSFORMER
for k=1:nline
ylp(k)=[1/(a(k)^2)-1/a(k)]*y(k);
ylq(k)=[1-1/a(k)]*y(k);
y(k)=y(k)/a(k);
end
for k=1:nline
ybus(lp(k),lq(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k))-y(k);
ybus(lq(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k));
ybus(lp(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lp(k))+y(k)+ylp(k)+j*ysh(k);
ybus(lq(k),lq(k))=ybus(lq(k),lq(k))+y(k)+ylq(k)+j*ysh(k);
end
ybus

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

OUTPUT :-

Y-BUS =
6.2500 -18.695i

-5.000 + 15.000i

-1.250 + 3.750i

-5.0000 +15.000i

10.833-32.415i

-1.667 + 5.000i

-1.2500 + 3.750i

-1.667 + 5.000i

-1.667+ 5.000i

-2.500 + 7.500i

0
-1.6667 + 5.000i

12.9167 -38.695i -10.000 +30.000i

-10.000 +30.000i
0

0
-2.500 + 7.500i
0

12.9167 -38.695i -1.250 + 3.750i

-1.250 + 3.750i

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

3.750 -11.210i

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

( 2 ) GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
% THE Y-BUS FORMATION
clear;
clc;
basemva=100;
% n code
v
delta
Pg Qg Pd Qd Qmin
Qmax
busdata = [
1
0
1.04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1.04
0
100 0
50 0
20
100
3
2
1.00
0
0
0 100 -50 0
0
4
2
1.00
0
0
0 -30 10 0
0
0];
% lp
lq
r
x
ysh
tap
linedata =[ 1
2
0.05
0.15
0.0
1
1
3
0.1
0.3
0.0
1
2
3
0.15
0.45
0.0
1
2
4
0.1
0.3
0.0
1
3
4
0.05
0.15
0.0
1];
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
j=sqrt(-1);
i=sqrt(-1);
for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
r(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=linedata(k,4);
ysh(k)=linedata(k,5);
a(k)=linedata(k,6);
nbus=length(busdata(:,2));
z(k)= r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k);
end
ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
yln =zeros(nbus,nbus);
% PI METHOD FOR OFF-NOMINAL ADMITTANCE OF TRANSFORMER
for k=1:nline
ylp(k)=[1/(a(k)^2)-1/a(k)]*y(k);
ylq(k)=[1-1/a(k)]*y(k);
y(k)=y(k)/a(k);
end
for k=1:nline
ybus(lp(k),lq(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k))-y(k);
ybus(lq(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k));
ybus(lp(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lp(k))+y(k)+ylp(k)+j*ysh(k);
ybus(lq(k),lq(k))=ybus(lq(k),lq(k))+y(k)+ylq(k)+j*ysh(k);
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

Qsh
0
0
0

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

% Load flow solution by Gauss-seidel Method

nbus=length(busdata(:,1));
for n=1:nbus
bus(n)=busdata(n,1);
kb(n)=busdata(n,2);
vm(n)=busdata(n,3);
delta(n)=busdata(n,4);
Pg(n)=busdata(n,5);
Qg(n)=busdata(n,6);
Pd(n)=busdata(n,7);
Qd(n)=busdata(n,8);
Qmin(n)=busdata(n,9);
Qmax(n)=busdata(n,10);
Qsh(n)=busdata(n,11);
delta(n)=pi/180*delta(n);
e(n)=vm(n)*cos(delta(n))+j*vm(n)*sin(delta(n));
P(n)=(Pg(n)-Pd(n))/basemva;
Q(n)=(Qg(n)-Qd(n))/basemva;
S(n)=P(n)+j*Q(n);
dv(n)=0;
end
maxerror=0.1;
iter=0;
for n=1:nbus
vc(n)=0+0*j;
vnew(n)=0+0*j;
end
while (maxerror>0.00001 & iter<15)
for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbus
yv(n)=0+0*j;
end
if kb(m)==0
% Slackbus
vc(m)=vm(m);
e(m)=vc(m) ;
end
if kb(m)==2
%Load bus
for k=1:nbus
if k~=m
yv(m)=yv(m)+ybus(m,k)*e(k);
end
end
vc(m)=(conj(S(m))/conj(e(m))-yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
error(m)=abs(vc(m)-e(m));
e(m)=e(m)+1.4*(vc(m)-e(m));
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

if kb(m)==1
%Generator bus
for k=1:nbus
if k~=m
yv(m)=yv(m)+ybus(m,k)*e(k);
end
end
cos(m)=real(e(m))/abs(e(m));
sin(m)=imag(e(m))/abs(e(m));
e(m)=vm(m)*cos(m)+j*vm(m)*sin(m);
Qnew(m)=-imag(conj(e(m))*(yv(m) ybus(m,m)*e(m)))*100;
if(Qnew(m))<Qmin(m)
Q(m)=Qmin(m)/basemva;
S(m)=P(m)+j*Q(m);
e(m)=1.0+0*j;
vc(m)=((conj(S(m))/conj(e(m)))-yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
e(m)=e(m)+1.4*(vc(m)-e(m));
elseif Qnew(m) >Qmax(m)
Q(m)=Qmax(m)/basemva;
S(m)=P(m)+j*Q(m);
e(m)=1+0*j;
vc(m)=((conj(S(m))/conj(e(m)))-yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
e(m)=e(m)+1.4*(vc(m)-e(m));
else
Q(m)=Qnew(m)/basemva;
S(m)=P(m)+j*Q(m);
vc(m)=((conj(S(m))/conj(e(m)))-yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
cos(m)=real(vc(m))/(abs(vc(m)));
sin(m)=imag(vc(m))/(abs(vc(m)));
vnew(m)=vm(m)*cos(m)+j*vm(m)*sin(m);
e(m)=vnew(m);
end
end
end
maxerror=max(error);
iter=iter+1;
iter
e
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

% CALCULATION OF LINE POWER FLOWS

ysh=zeros(nbus,nbus);
yln=zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=1:nline
yln(lp(k),lq(k))=yln(lp(k),lq(k))+y(k);
yln(lq(k),lp(k))=yln(lp(k),lq(k));
ysh(lp(k),lq(k))=ysh(lp(k),lq(k))+j*ysh(k);
ysh(lq(k),lp(k))=ysh(lp(k),lq(k));
end
for i=1:nbus
for k=1:nbus
sln(i,k)=0+0*i;
end
end
for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbus
sln(m,n)=((e(m)*(conj(e(m))-conj(e(n)))*conj(yln,n)))
+(e(m)*conj(e(m))*conj(ysh(m,n))))*basemva;
end
end
sln

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

OUTPUT :(a) P.V.BUS WITHOUT VIOLATION OF Q-LIMITS :( i ) BUS VOLTAGES :ITER.

E1

E2

E3

E4

1.0400

1.0395 + 0.0335i

1.0444 - 0.1251i

1.0599 - 0.0545i

1.0400

1.1067 - 0.0030i

1.0733 - 0.1206i

1.0965 - 0.0483i

1.0400

1.1281 + 0.0005i

1.0960 - 0.1134i

1.1126 - 0.0438i

1.0400

1.1400 + 0.0040i

1.1033 - 0.1095i

1.1183 - 0.0409i

1.0400

1.1440 + 0.0061i

1.1062 - 0.1075i

1.1205 - 0.0395i

1.0400

1.1456 + 0.0072i

1.1073 - 0.1066i

1.1214 - 0.0388i

1.0400

1.1462 + 0.0077i

1.1078 - 0.1062i

1.1218 - 0.0385i

1.0400

1.1465 + 0.0079i

1.1080 - 0.1060i

1.1219 - 0.0383i

1.0400

1.1466 + 0.0080i

1.1081 - 0.1060i

1.1220 - 0.0383i

10

1.0400

1.1466 + 0.0080i

1.1081 - 0.1059i

1.1220 - 0.0383i

11

1.0400

1.1466 + 0.0081i

1.1081 - 0.1059i

1.1220 - 0.0383i

12

1.0400

1.1467 + 0.0081i

1.1082 - 0.1059i

1.1220 - 0.0383i

( i i ) LINE POWER FLOWS :sln =

0

27.2172 +64.8737i

-25.9601 +32.2794i

-29.5052 -71.7377i

-29.0835 - 0.3204i

24.3737 -37.0387i

28.1185 - 2.5748i

18.4622 + 2.4761i

-48.4641 + 7.5230i

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

0
-18.7376 - 3.3020i
47.5099 -10.3857i
0

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

(b) P.V.BUS WITH VIOLATION OF Q-LIMITS :( i ) BUS VOLTAGES :ITER.

E1

E2

E3

E4

1.0400

1.0783 + 0.0477i

1.0543 - 0.1215i

1.0872 - 0.0444i

1.0400

1.1254 - 0.0002i

1.0955 - 0.1125i

1.1145 - 0.0445i

1.0400

1.1463 + 0.0021i

1.1066 - 0.1109i

1.1236 - 0.0429i

1.0400

1.1526 + 0.0031i

1.1110 - 0.1089i

1.1269 - 0.0416i

1.0400

1.1550 + 0.0041i

1.1126 - 0.1079i

1.1282 - 0.0408i

1.0400

1.1559 + 0.0047i

1.1132 - 0.1075i

1.1287 - 0.0405i

1.0400

1.1562 + 0.0049i

1.1135 - 0.1072i

1.1289 - 0.0403i

1.0400

1.1564 + 0.0050i

1.1136 - 0.1072i

1.1289 - 0.0402i

1.0400

1.1564 + 0.0051i

1.1137 - 0.1071i

1.1290 - 0.0402i

10

1.0400

1.1564 + 0.0051i

1.1137 - 0.1071i

1.1290 - 0.0402i

11

1.0400

1.1565 + 0.0051i

1.1137 - 0.1071i

1.1290 - 0.0402i

( i i ) LINE POWER FLOWS :sln =

0
-30.1315 - 79.7561i
24.0605 - 39.1935i
0

27.4140 +71.6035i
0

-25.7502 + 34.1245i
-29.2448 - 1.3727i

0
-18.8788 - 4.3724i

28.2834 - 1.5113i

47.6586 - 9.2942i

18.5980 + 3.5300i

-48.6003 + 6.4688i

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

( 3 ) F.D.L.F. METHOD
clear;
clc;
basemva=100;
% n code v del pg qg pd qd qmin qmax qsh
busdata=[1 0 1.06 0
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
2 2 1.0 0 40 30 20 10 0
0
0
3 2 1.0 0 0 0 45 15 0
0
0
4 2 1.0 0 0 0 40 5 0
0
0
5 2 1.0 0 0 0 60 10 0 0
0 ];
% lp lq r
x
ysh
tap
linedata=[1 2 0.02 0.06 0.030
1
1 3 0.08 0.24 0.025
1
2 3 0.06 0.18 0.020
1
2 4 0.06 0.18 0.020
1
2 5 0.04 0.12 0.015
1
3 4 0.01 0.03 0.01
1
4 5 0.08 0.24 0.025
1 ];
%Ybus formulation by inspection method
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
r(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=linedata(k,4);
ysh(k)=linedata(k,5);
a(k)=linedata(k,6);
nbus=length(busdata(:,2));
z(k)=r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k);
end
ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
% PI METHOD FOR OFF-NOMINAL ADMITTANCE OF TRANSFORMER
for k=1:nline
ylp(k)=(1/a(k)^2-1/a(k))*y(k);
ylq(k)=(1.0-1/a(k))*y(k);
y(k)=y(k)/a(k);
end
for k=1:nline
ybus(lp(k),lq(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k))-y(k);
ybus(lq(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k));
ybus(lp(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lp(k))+y(k)+ylp(k)+j*ysh(k);
ybus(lq(k),lq(k))=ybus(lq(k),lq(k))+y(k)+ylq(k)+j*ysh(k);
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

for n=1:nbus
bus(n)=busdata(n,1);
kb(n)=busdata(n,2);
vm(n)=busdata(n,3);
delta(n)=busdata(n,4);
pg(n)=busdata(n,5);
qg(n)=busdata(n,6);
pd(n)=busdata(n,7);
qd(n)=busdata(n,8);
qmin(n)=busdata(n,9);
qmax(n)=busdata(n,10);
qsh(n)=busdata(n,11);
delta(n)=pi/180*delta(n);
v(n)=vm(n)*cos(delta(n))+j*vm(n)*sin(delta(n));
p(n)=(pg(n)-pd(n))/basemva;
q(n)=(qg(n)-qd(n))/basemva;
s(n)=p(n)+j*q(n);
end
ym=abs(ybus);
t=angle(ybus);
ii=0;
for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)==1|kb(n)==2)
ii=ii+1;
jj=0;
for m=1:nbus
if(kb(m)==1|kb(m)==2)
jj=jj+1;
B1(ii,jj)=imag(ybus(n,m));
end
end
end
end
ii=0;
for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)==2)
ii=ii+1;
jj=0;
for m=1:nbus
if(kb(m)==2)
jj=jj+1;
B2(ii,jj)=imag(ybus(n,m));
end
end
end
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

B1inv=inv(B1);
B2inv=inv(B2);
maxerror=0.1;
iter=0;
while maxerror>0.00001&iter<15
iter=iter+1;
id=0;
iv=0;
for n=1:nbus
J11=0;
J33=0;
for m=1:nline
if(lp(m)==n|lq(m)==n)
if(lp(m)==n)
l=lq(m);
end
if(lq(m)==n)
l=lp(m);
end
J11=J11+vm(n)*vm(l)*ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)-delta(n)
+delta(l));
J33=J33+vm(n)*vm(l)*ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)-delta(n)
+delta(l));
end
end
pk=vm(n)^2*ym(n,n)*cos(t(n,n))+J33;
qk=-vm(n)^2*ym(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-J11;
if(kb(n)==0)
p(n)=pk;
q(n)=qk;
end
if(kb(n)==1)
q(n)=qk;
qgc=q(n)*basemva+qd(n)-qsh(n);
if qmax(n)~=0
if iter<=20
if iter>=10
if(qgc<qmin(n)|qgc>qmax(n))
if(qgc<qmin(n))
vm(n)=vm(n)+0.0005;
else
vm(n)=vm(n)-0.0005;
end
end
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

end
end
end
if(kb(n)~=0)
id=id+1;
dp(id)=p(n)-pk;
dpv(id)=(p(n)-pk)/vm(n);
iv=iv+1;
dq(iv)=q(n)-qk;
dqv(iv)=(q(n)-qk)/vm(n);
end
end
f=dpv';
dd=-B1inv*dpv';
dv=-B2inv*dqv';
id=0;
iv=0;
for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)~=0)
id=id+1;
delta(n)=delta(n)+dd(id);
iv=iv+1;
vm(n)=vm(n)+dv(iv);
end
end
maxerror=max(max(abs(dp)),max(abs(dq)));
iter
E=vm.*cos(delta)+j*vm.*sin(delta)
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

OUTPUT :-

ITER

E0

E1

E2

E3

E4

1.0600

1.0691 - 0.0404i

1.0566 - 0.0920i

1.0575 - 0.0988i

1.0558 - 0.1166i

1.0600

1.0493 - 0.0591i

1.0191 - 0.0982i

1.0175 - 0.1043i

1.0089 - 0.1186i

1.0600

1.0427 - 0.0519i

1.0162 - 0.0881i

1.0150 - 0.0938i

1.0077 - 0.1072i

1.0600

1.0461 - 0.0502i

1.0208 - 0.0883i

1.0197 - 0.0942i

1.0129 - 0.1083i

1.0600

1.0466 - 0.0513i

1.0207 - 0.0894i

1.0195 - 0.0953i

1.0124 - 0.1093i

1.0600

1.0461 - 0.0514i

1.0202 - 0.0893i

1.0190 - 0.0951i

1.0119 - 0.1091i

1.0600

1.0461 - 0.0513i

1.0203 - 0.0892i

1.0191 - 0.0950i

1.0121 - 0.1090i

1.0600

1.0462 - 0.0513i

1.0203 - 0.0892i

1.0192 - 0.0951i

1.0121 - 0.1091i

1.0600

1.0462 - 0.0513i

1.0203 - 0.0892i

1.0191 - 0.0951i

1.0121 - 0.1091i

10

1.0600

1.0462 - 0.0513i

1.0203 - 0.0892i

1.0191 - 0.0951i

1.0121 - 0.1091i

11

1.0600

1.0462 - 0.0513i

1.0203 - 0.0892i

1.0191 - 0.0951i

1.0121 - 0.1091i

12

1.0600

1.0462 - 0.0513i

1.0203 - 0.0892i

1.0191 - 0.0951i

1.0121 - 0.1091i

13

1.0600

1.0462 - 0.0513i

1.0203 - 0.0892i

1.0191 - 0.0951i

1.0121 - 0.1091i

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

( 4 ) F.D.L.F. METHOD FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

clear;
clc;
rxratio=1.5;
%
n
v delta pd
qd
ysh
busdata=[ 1 1.05 0 0.000 0.000 0
2 1.00 0 0.278 0.069 0
3 1.00 0 0.442 0.084 0
4 1.00 0 0.195 0.066 0
5 1.00 0 0.149 0.05
0
6 1.00 0 0.26
0.016 0.5 ];
%
lp lq
z
linedata=[ 1
2
0.052
2
3
0.035
2
4
0.0645
4
5
0.0117
4
6
0.075 ];
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
nbus=length(busdata(:,1));
j=sqrt(-1);
for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
z(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=sqrt((z(k)^2)/(((rxratio)^2)+1));
r(k)=rxratio*x(k);
z(k)=r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k);
%branch admittance
end
%initiation of G MATRIX
G=zeros(nbus,nbus);
%finding off diagonal elements of G MATRIX
for k=1:nline
G(lp(k),lq(k))=G(lp(k),lq(k))-real(y(k));
G(lq(k),lp(k))=G(lp(k),lq(k));
end
%finding diagonal elements of G MATRIX
for n=1:nbus
for k=1:nline
if ((lp(k)==n)||(lq(k)==n))
G(n,n)=G(n,n)+real(y(k));
end
end
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

invG=inv(G(2:nbus,2:nbus));
%reading the bus data
for k=1:nbus
bus(k)=busdata(k,1);
vm(k)=busdata(k,2);
delta(k)=busdata(k,3);
pd(k)=busdata(k,4);
qd(k)=busdata(k,5);
delta=pi/180*delta;
end
maxerror=1;
iter=0;
while(maxerror>0.0001 & iter<30)
iter=iter+1;
%initialisation of isp,ical
for k=1:nbus-1
isp(k)=0;
ik(k)=0;
end
%calculation of specified e.c.i.
for k=1:nbus-1
isp(k)=[conj(pd(k+1)+j*qd(k+1))/vm(k+1)];
end
%calculation of ik
for n=2:nbus
for k=1:nline
if lp(k)==n||lq(k)==n
if lp(k)==n
ik(n-1)=ik(n-1)+y(k)*(vm(lp(k))-vm(lq(k)));
end
if lq(k)==n
ik(n-1)=ik(n-1)+y(k)*(vm(lq(k))-vm(lp(k)));
end
end
end
end
%calculation of ical including the effect of shunt capacitance
for n=2:nbus
ik(n-1)=ik(n-1)+(j*busdata(n,6)*vm(n));
end
%finding e.c.i.mismatcher
for n=1:nbus-1
id(n)=-isp(n)-ik(n);
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

for i=1:nbus-1
delir(i,1)=real(id(i));
delii(i,1)=imag(id(i));
end
dele=invG*delir;
%change in bus voltage(real part)
delf=invG*delii;
%change in bus voltage(imag part)
%calculation of modified bus voltages
for i=1:nbus-1
e(i)=real(vm(i+1))+dele(i);
f(i)=imag(vm(i+1))+delf(i);
vm(i+1)=e(i)+j*f(i);
end
maxerror=max(max(abs(dele)),max(abs(delf)));
Em=abs(vm);
ang=angle(vm);
iter
Em
ang
end

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

OUTPUT :VOLTAGE MAGNITUDES :ITER

E0

E1

E2

E3

E4

E5

1.0500

0.9684

0.9496

0.9235

0.9214

0.9048

2.

1.0500

0.9907

0.9695

0.9597

0.9571

0.9672

3.

1.0500

1.0066

0.9945

0.9954

0.9939

1.0083

4.

1.0500

1.0038

0.9937

0.9925

0.9914

0.9986

5.

1.0500

0.9975

0.9833

0.9783

0.9766

0.9829

6.

1.0500

0.9965

0.9809

0.9755

0.9736

0.9819

7.

1.0500

0.9985

0.9846

0.9801

0.9784

0.9865

8.

1.0500

0.9995

0.9864

0.9824

0.9808

0.9882

9.

1.0500

0.9991

0.9853

0.9811

0.9795

0.9872

10.

1.0500

0.9985

0.9843

0.9800

0.9783

0.9863

11.

1.0500

0.9985

0.9846

0.9802

0.9785

0.9863

12.

1.0500

0.9988

0.9850

0.9807

0.9790

0.9867

13.

1.0500

0.9988

0.9850

0.9807

0.9790

0.9868

14.

1.0500

0.9987

0.9848

0.9805

0.9788

0.9867

15.

1.0500

0.9987

0.9848

0.9805

0.9788

0.9866

16.

1.0500

0.9987

0.9849

0.9806

0.9789

0.9866

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

PHASE ANGLES OF BUS VOLTAGES :ITER

-0.0483

-0.0455

-0.0816

-0.0810

-0.1318

-0.0715

-0.0829

-0.1368

-0.1381

-0.1965

-0.0557

-0.0638

-0.1063

-0.1072

-0.1525

-0.0519

-0.0590

-0.0991

-0.0999

-0.1421

-0.0519

-0.0573

-0.0975

-0.0980

-0.1441

-0.0555

-0.0637

-0.1060

-0.1068

-0.1530

-0.0567

-0.0659

-0.1088

-0.1099

-0.1548

-0.0622

-0.0757

-0.1225

-0.1241

-0.1685

-0.0549

-0.0625

-0.1046

-0.1054

-0.1512

10

-0.0551

-0.0630

-0.1052

-0.1060

-0.1515

11

-0.0554

-0.0637

-0.1059

-0.1069

-0.1521

12

-0.0555

-0.0636

-0.1059

-0.1068

-0.1522

13

-0.0553

-0.0633

-0.1056

-0.1064

-0.1520

14

-0.0553

-0.0633

-0.1055

-0.1064

-0.1519

15

-0.0553

-0.0634

-0.1056

-0.1065

-0.1519

16

-0.0554

-0.0634

-0.1057

-0.1066

-0.1520

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

( 5 ) TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS BY POINT BY POINT METHOD

clear;
clc;
t=0;
tf=0;
tfinal=0.5;
tc=0.125;
%(FOR FAULT CLEARED AT 2.5 CYCLES:tc=0.05,
6.25CYCLES:tc=0.125, SUSTAINED FAULT:tc=0.5to1.0)
tstep=0.05;
M=2.52/(180*50);
i=2;
delta=21.64*pi/180;
ddelta=0;
time(1)=0;
ang(1)=21.64;
pm=0.9;
pmaxbf=2.44;
pmaxdf=0.88;
pmaxaf=2.00;
while t<tfinal
if t==tf
paminus=0.9-pmaxbf*sin(delta);
paplus=0.9-pmaxdf*sin(delta);
paav=(paminus+paplus)/2;
pa=paav;
end
if(t==tc)
paminus=0.9-pmaxdf*sin(delta);
paplus=0.9-pmaxaf*sin(delta);
paav=(paminus+paplus)/2;
pa=paav;
end
if(t>tf&t<tc)
pa=pm-pmaxdf*sin(delta);
end
if(t>tc)
pa=pm-pmaxaf*sin(delta);
end
t
pa
ddelta=ddelta+(tstep*tstep*pa/M);
delta=(delta*180/pi+ddelta)*pi/180;
deltadeg=delta*180/pi;
t=t+tstep;

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

pause
time(i)=t;
ang(i)=deltadeg
i=i+1;
end
axis ([0 0.6 0 160])
plot(time,ang,'ko-')
grid

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

OUTPUT :-

Fig.1. SWING CURVE FOR FAULT CLEARED AT 2.5 CYCLES (tc=0.05sec)

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

Fig.2. SWING CURVE FOR FAULT CLEARED AT 6.25 CYCLES (tc=0.125sec)

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

Fig.3. SWING CURVE FOR SUSTAINED FAULT

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

Comparison of Accelerating Powers (Pa) (p.u.) at different Fault clearing times :S.No.

Time(t)
(sec)

Accelerating Power (Pa) (p.u.) for Fault cleared after2.5cycles

6.25cycles Sustained fault
(tc=0.05sec) (tc=0.125sec)

1.

0.00

0.2878

0.2878

0.2878

2.

0.05

0.3095

0.2878

0.5391

3.

0.10

-0.0862

0.4390

0.4390

4.

0.15

-0.2215

-0.4614

0.3010

5.

0.20

-0.2951

-0.6339

0.1629

6.

0.25

-0.2937

-0.6675

0.0615

7.

0.30

-0.2177

-0.5667

0.0204

8.

0.35

-0.0806

-0.3223

0.0480

9.

0.40

0.0857

0.0453

0.1465

10.

0.45

0.2338

0.4389

0.3229

11.

0.50

0.3160

0.7160

0.5964

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

Comparison of Torque Angles () (degrees) at different Fault clearing times :S.No.

Time (t)
(sec)

Torque Angle () (degrees) for Fault cleared after2.5cycles

6.25cycles Sustained fault
(tc=0.05sec)
(tc=0.125sec)

1.

0.00

24.2100

24.2100

24.2100

2.

0.05

29.5432

31.5936

31.5936

3.

0.10

34.1071

42.8966

42.8966

4.

0.15

36.6935

50.0804

56.8872

5.

0.20

36.6454

51.6045

72.3324

6.

0.25

33.9747

47.1688

88.3267

7.

0.30

29.3607

37.6732

104.5030

8.

0.35

24.0270

25.2998

121.1082

9.

0.40

19.4581

13.3307

139.0219

10.

0.45

16.9764

5.2801

159.8188

11.

0.50

17.3166

3.6218

185.9408

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

OUTPUT WAVE FORM :-

Fig . FREQUENCY DEVIATION IN TWO AREA SYSTEM WITH INTEGRAL CONTROL

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur

SIMULATION LAB

M.Tech E.P.S.

OUTPUT WAVE FORM :-

Fig . TIE-LINE POWER DEVIATION IN TWO AREA SYSTEM WITH INTEGRAL CONTROL

J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur