Modal Verbs For Past Probability

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Modal verbs for past probability

Must / can't / couldn't have - to express probability in the past Structure: modal + have + past participle must have been, can't have gone, etc. We use must have to express that we feel sure that something was true. We use can't have / couldn't have to say that we believe something was impossible. They must have left early. He must have already gone. He can't have escaped through this window. It is too small. She can't have said that. She couldn't have said that.

May / might / could have - to express probability in the past Structure: modal + have + past participle may have been, could have gone, might have lost, etc. We use may / could / might have to say that it was possible that something happened in the past (but we are not 100% sure). He may have missed the bus. The road might have been blocked.

He may not have left yet. The negatives are may not have and might The assistant might not have received his not have. message.

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