The Outside Diameter As Their Nominal Diameter

August 21, 2000
Rev: 2(05-05-03)
The following are some guidelines and experienced hints for the design and utilization of process vessels.
This information is never taught nor discussed in University courses or academic circles. It has been
historically expected that graduate engineers will learn this information using their own efforts.
Art Montemayor
Vessel Design Tips
1) Always try to design around existing or available standard materials such as:
a. Standard pipe caps. These are usually available off-the-shelf in carbon steel, as well as stainless,
in sizes up to 42" and in various pipe schedule thicknesses.
b. Standard seamless pipe. This is basic material that can be readily found available today. Always
make this your first priority in selecting the vessel shell because of the convenience of eliminating
any plate rolling, longitudinal weld seam, and reducing the possibility of stress relief. This
option should be rejected only if required alloy, wall thickness, or diameter is not available.
2) Own a copy of Eugene Megyesy's "Pressure Vessel Handbook" as published by Pressure Vessel
Handbook Publishing Inc.; P.O. Box 35365; Tulsa, OK 74153. This is probably the most useful and
practical engineering book ever published in the USA. It clearly belongs on every process plant
engineer's desk. Study it thoroughly and your project problems will start to fade away.
3) Ellipsoidal 2:1 heads have, by definition, 50% of the volumetric capacity of a hemispherical head with the
same internal diameter.
Ellipsoidal heads are designed and fabricated on the basis of using the inside diameter as their nominal
diameter.
These type of heads are used in preference to ASME Flanged and Dished heads for pressures in the
range of 100 psig and for most vessels designed for pressures over 200 psig. Their inside depth of dish
(IDD) is defined as half of the minor axis and is equal to 1/4 of the inside diameter of the head.
4) ASME F&D (also called Torispherical) heads are designed and fabricated in the USA on the basis of using
the outside diameter as their nominal diameter.
Flanged and dished heads are inherently shallower (smaller IDD) than comparable ellipsoidal heads.
These heads (like the ellipsoidal) are formed from a flat plate into a dished shape consisting of two radii:
the "crown" radius or radius of the dish and the inside-corner radius, sometimes referred to as the
"knuckle" radius. Because of the relative shallow dish curvature, ASME F&D heads are subject to
higher localized stresses at the knuckle radius as compared to the ellipsoidal type. The pressure rating
of these heads is increased by forming the head so that the knuckle radius is made at least equal to 3
times the plate thickness. For code construction, the radius should in no case be less than 6% of the
inside diameter.
ASME F&D heads are used for pressure vessels in the general range of from 15 to about 200 psig .
Although these heads may be used for higher pressures, for pressures in excess of 200 psig it may be
more economical to use an ellipsoidal type.
5) The straight flange that forms part of each vessel head is part of the cylindrical vessel portion and should
be accounted for as such in calculating the vessel volume. These flanges vary in length depending on the
head thickness. A typical head flange length is about 1.5" to 2".
6) Try to stay away from the immediate area of the knuckle radius with respect to locating nozzles or doing
other welding, cutting or grinding. The need to locate a nozzle, insulation ring, clips or other item
near the knuckle radius should be consulted with a mechanical or fabrication engineer.
7) Be aware of the fact that the outside diameter of the cylindrical section may be bigger than that of the
head if a flush fit is required between the two inside diameters. This occurs because the required head
thickness for a given design pressure is usually less than for the corresponding cylindrical section.
This is especially true in the case of Hemispherical heads.
Page 1 of 75
Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

WorkSheet: Notes & Experience
August 21, 2000

Rev: 2(05-05-03)
8) Hemispherical heads are the strongest of the formed heads for a given thickness. A sphere is the
strongest known vessel shape. However, the main trade-off here is that all spheres have to be fabricated
as welded spherical segments. This requires more manual intensive work and results in a higher cost.
Art Montemayor
Vessel Design Tips
9) Always be cognizant of the need for vessel entry into a vessel as well as vessel internal parts such as
trays, baffles, agitators, dip pipes, downcomers, separator vanes, demister pads, etc. Sometimes these
items directly affect not only the height of a vessel, but also the diameter. A chemical engineer should
take these factors into consideration even though they normally are not considered while doing process
calculations and simulations. Often, if not in the majority of cases, these factors and items are the
controlling parameters that practically establish the diameter and height of the fabricated vessel regardless
of what the simulation program output states.
10) As you consider the physical dimensions of a process vessel, always keep in mind that you must have,
as a minimum, certain required nozzles built into the vessel - besides those required for basic process
operations. Many times some of these nozzles are not identified early in a project and their introduction
later requires costly change orders or, worse, vessel field modifications after the vessel is installed. Some
of these nozzles are: manways, inspection ports, drains, cleaning (spraying) ports, auxiliary level
instrument nozzle, liquid temperature probe, sample(s) probe, top head vents, critical high and low level
probes, etc. Process Chemical Engineers are the best qualified to identify this need and specify the
location and size. Never expect to lift a vessel by its nozzles. Lifting lugs are required for this, and a
qualified structural or mechanical engineer should be commissioned to design this critical need.
11) Do not forget to allow for insulation support rings. You must allow sufficient nozzle length so that any
required vessel insulation can be applied in the field without obstructing nozzle flanges and bolts.
It is always advisable for the process Chemical Engineer to participate in the specification of the ultimate
insulation requirements and type since he/she are the most informed people of the temperature ranges
and insulation types compatible with the vessel material, temperature, and service. Again, if this is not
considered initially and is found to be required later, project timing and costs will suffer due to field vessel
modifications that could involve an ASME "R" stamp procedure.
12) This Workbook was originally compiled to organize and utilize the techniques, formulas, basic data,
and other information that I saved and used over the course of approximately 40 years of experience
in Chemical Engineering. Users will probably find it useful for carrying out day-to-day process plant
projects such as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Calculating the maximum volume capacity of a vessel;

Calculating the partial volumes of a vessel at different levels ("Strapping" a vessel);
Calculating the required vessel size for a given partial volume;
Calculating the surface area of a vessel for primer, painting and insulation purposes;
Calculating the location of critical liquid levels on a vessel for alarms and shutdown;
Calculating the weight of a process vessel for cost estimates or foundation work;
Calculating the "Line Pack", or volume content, of a piping system with fittings.
There are probably more uses or applications for this Workbook, but the above should suffice to
indicate the utilitarian value of this information to a Process or Project Engineer - especially in an
operating process plant in the field. Most of the basic information contained here was kept by me for
years in notes, 3-ring binders, between pages of text books, in formal calculations, etc. Thanks to God
for giving me the good common sense to save and document this information and for giving us the digital
computer and a spreadsheet to organize and distribute it for use and exploitation by others. I hope this
helps others - especially young, striving, and determined engineers who earnestly want to do a successful
and safe project.
Arthur Montemayor
Page 2 of 75

WorkSheet: Notes & Experience
Art Montemayor
May 15, 1998

Rev:1(01/22/00)
Partially-Filled Horizontal Vessels
VOLUMES IN PARTIALLY FILLED HORIZONTAL VESSELS

Steps:
(1) Enter the required information in the YELLOW cells;
(2) The calculated results appear in RED numbers.
Name:
Item No:
Case:
Tank Inside Dia. in =

Cylindrical Length, in =
Liquid Height, in
=
L/D
=
H/D
=
General Purpose Tank

Vessel Volume
2:1
Flat Heads
Unit
T-C-15
Partial Vol
48.00
108,573
in3
137,526
62.83
470.0
ft3
79.59
595.4
gal
60
48.00
Hemi Heads
Unit
F & D Heads
1.3
1.0000
in3
166,479
Cylindrical radius =
Chord Length
=
r
CL
24.00
0.0
Segment Area
Aseg
1,810
120,489
ft
gal
96.34
720.7
Ellip.
Heads
in.
in.
in2
3
69.73
521.6
U. S. Gallons
Cylindrical Volume =
Vcyl
108,573
in
470.0
F & Dished Volume =
VFD
11,915
in3
51.6
Ellipsoidal Volume =
Spherical Volume =
Vell
Vsph
28,953
125.3
57,906
in3
in3
Page 3 of 75
250.7

WorkSheet: Partial-Filled HorizontalVessel
Art Montemayor
Horizontal Storage Tank

November 11, 1999
CALIBRATION DATA FOR HORIZONTAL
TANK WITH FORMED HEADS Rev: 1(03/12/00)
Volume Calibration
Steps:
(1) Enter the required information in the YELLOW cells;
(2) The calculated results appear in RED numbers.
Tank Inside Diameter (ID)

Tank length, tan/tan
inches
feet
Tank HeadType
1) Std. dish (non-pressure)
2) Torispherical (ASME F&D)
3) Ellipsoidal (2:1)
4) Ellipsoidal (non-std)
5) Hemispherical
Pressure
< 15 psig
< 200 psig
> 200 psig
Varies
To Suit
Head type selected:

Inside depth of head (IDD): inches
Head thickness: inches
Number of calibration increments:
Calibration curve for
90.0
90.000
7.167
=
=
7.5000 ft
86 inches
Note: Place an "x" in only one of the

5 head options available. If more than
one option contains an "x", the
program will use the first one it finds.
2:1 Ellipsoidal
Head Volume =
55.22
20 NOT REQUIRED FOR THIS HEAD TYPE
0.375 NOT REQUIRED FOR THIS HEAD TYPE
90.000 (max 200)
cu.ft.
in. dia tank,
heads
7.167
Page 4 of 75
ft tan/tan,
2:1 Ellipsoidal

WorkSheet: Horizontal Tank Strapping
Art Montemayor

Volume Calibration
Liquid Depth
Liquid Volume Content
Ft3
Inches Centimeters
US Gals
Liters
1
2.54
0.67
5.0
19
2
5.08
1.93
14.5
55
3
7.62
3.60
27.0
102
4
10.16
5.60
42.0
159
5
12.70
7.90
59.3
224
6
15.24
10.47
78.5
297
7
17.78
13.28
99.6
377
8
20.32
16.32
122.4
463
9
22.86
19.57
146.8
555
10
25.40
23.02
172.6
653
11
27.94
26.65
199.9
756
12
30.48
30.46
228.5
864
13
33.02
34.44
258.3
976
14
35.56
38.58
289.3
1,094
15
38.10
42.87
321.5
1,215
16
40.64
47.30
354.7
1,341
17
43.18
51.87
389.0
1,470
18
45.72
56.57
424.2
1,604
19
48.26
61.39
460.4
1,740
20
50.80
66.33
497.5
1,880
21
53.34
71.38
535.3
2,024
22
55.88
76.54
574.0
2,170
23
58.42
81.80
613.5
2,319
24
60.96
87.15
653.6
2,471
25
63.50
92.60
694.5
2,625
26
66.04
98.13
736.0
2,782
27
68.58
103.74
778.1
2,941
28
71.12
109.43
820.7
3,102
29
73.66
115.19
863.9
3,266
30
76.20
121.02
907.6
3,431
31
78.74
126.91
951.8
3,598
32
81.28
132.86
996.4
3,766
33
83.82
138.86
1,041.4
3,937
34
86.36
144.91
1,086.8
4,108
35
88.90
151.01
1,132.5
4,281
36
91.44
157.14
1,178.6
4,455
37
93.98
163.32
1,224.9
4,630
38
96.52
169.52
1,271.4
4,806
39
99.06
175.76
1,318.2
4,983
40
101.60
182.01
1,365.1
5,160
41
104.14
188.29
1,412.2
5,338
42
106.68
194.59
1,459.4
5,517
43
109.22
200.90
1,506.7
5,695
44
111.76
207.21
1,554.1
5,874
45
114.30
213.53
1,601.5
6,054
46
116.84
219.85
1,648.9
6,233
47
119.38
226.16
1,696.2
6,412
48
121.92
232.47
1,743.5
6,591
49
124.46
238.77
1,790.8
6,769
50
127.00
245.05
1,837.8
6,947
51
129.54
251.30
1,884.8
7,124
52
132.08
257.54
1,931.5
7,301
Page 5 of 75
November 11, 1999

Rev: 1(03/12/00)

Art Montemayor
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

134.62 Calibration
263.74
Volume
137.16
269.92
139.70
276.06
142.24
282.15
144.78
288.20
147.32
294.20
149.86
300.15
152.40
306.04
154.94
311.87
157.48
317.63
160.02
323.32
162.56
328.93
165.10
334.46
167.64
339.91
170.18
345.26
172.72
350.52
175.26
355.68
177.80
360.73
180.34
365.67
182.88
370.49
185.42
375.19
187.96
379.76
190.50
384.19
193.04
388.48
195.58
392.62
198.12
396.60
200.66
400.41
203.20
404.04
205.74
407.49
208.28
410.74
210.82
413.78
213.36
416.59
215.90
419.16
218.44
421.46
220.98
423.46
223.52
425.13
226.06
426.39
228.60
427.06
Page 6 of 75
1,978.1
2,024.4
2,070.4
2,116.1
2,161.5
2,206.5
2,251.1
2,295.3
2,339.0
2,382.2
2,424.9
2,467.0
2,508.5
2,549.3
2,589.5
2,628.9
2,667.6
2,705.5
2,742.5
2,778.7
2,814.0
2,848.2
2,881.5
2,913.6
2,944.6
2,974.5
3,003.1
3,030.3
3,056.2
3,080.5
3,103.3
3,124.4
3,143.7
3,160.9
3,176.0
3,188.5
3,197.9
3,203.0
7,477
7,652
7,826
7,999
8,171
8,341
8,509
8,676
8,841
9,005
9,166
9,325
9,482
9,636
9,788
9,937
10,084
10,227
10,367
10,504
10,637
10,766
10,892
11,013
11,131
11,244
11,352
11,455
11,552
11,644
11,731
11,810
11,883
11,948
12,005
12,052
12,088
12,107
November 11, 1999

Rev: 1(03/12/00)

Art Montemayor

Volume Calibration
Page 7 of 75
November 11, 1999

Rev: 1(03/12/00)

Horizontal Cylindrical Tank

Partial Volume Determination
Art Montemayor
May 5, 2001
Rev: 0
b
D
D/2
D/2
H1
Horizontal Cylindrical Tank with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads

Total tank volume = (Total volume in two heads) + (Total volume in cylindrical section)
3
2
= ( 1/6 p K1 D ) + ( 1/4 p D L )
K1 = 2b/D
Ze = H1/D
Zc = H1/D
3
2
Partial tank volume = ( 1/6 p K1 D ) ([f(Ze)]) + ( 1/4 p D L ) ([fZc)])
f(Zc) = Horizontal cylinder coefficient (from Doolittle tables)

or,
a -sin(a) cos (a)

f (Zc) =
f(Ze) = Ellipsoidal coefficient (from Doolittle tables)

2
or,
2H1
H
f (Ze ) = - 1 - 3 +
D
D
Where,
H1
a = 2 Atan
2 H D - H 2
1
1

2
a is in radians
For Ellipsoidal 2:1 heads,

b = (1/4) D
K1 = 1/2
Page 8 of 75

WorkSheet: Partial Horizontal
Horizontal Cylindrical Tank

Art Montemayor
May 5, 2001
Rev: 0
Oct 31, 1999

www.about.com
The volume V of a liquid in a horizontal cylindrical tank is:
V = LD2 (2Z-sin(2Z)) /8
Where,
Z = arccos(1-2h/D)
h = height of liquid in the horizontal cylindrical tank
D = diameter of the tank
L = length of the tank
Note that the result of the arccos-function has to be taken in radians.
Bernhard Spang
Page 9 of 75

WorkSheet: Partial Horizontal
Vertical Cylindrical Tank

Art Montemayor
May 05, 2001

Rev: 0
D
b
H2
H3
H3
H1
H1
Vertical Cylindrical Tank with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads

Total tank volume = (Total volume in two heads) + (Total volume in cylindrical section)
3
2
= ( 1/6 p K1 D ) + ( 1/4 p D L )
3
2
Partial tank volume = ( 1/6 p K1 D ) ([f(Ze)]) + ( 1/4 p D H3)
K1 = 2b/D
Ze = (H1 + H2)/K1D
f(Ze) = Ellipsoidal coefficient (from Doolittle tables)
or,
H + H2
f (Ze) = - 1
2b
H + H2
- 3 + 1

b
Page 10 of 75

WorkSheet: Partial Vertical
Art Montemayor
f(Zc)
0.000000
0.018692
0.052044
0.094061
0.142378
0.195501
0.252315
0.311918
0.373530
0.436445
0.500000
0.563555
0.626470
0.688082
0.747685
0.804499
0.857622
0.905939
0.947956
0.981308
1.000000
Data Source:
NGPSA Engineering Data Book
9th Edition; 1972; p. 13-7
Coefficients for Partial Volumes of Horizontal Cylinders

1.200000
1.000000
y = -1.144x3 + 1.716x2 + 0.4365x - 0.0043

R2 = 1
0.800000
0.600000
f(Zc)
Zc
0.000000
0.050000
0.100000
0.150000
0.200000
0.250000
0.300000
0.350000
0.400000
0.450000
0.500000
0.550000
0.600000
0.650000
0.700000
0.750000
0.800000
0.850000
0.900000
0.950000
1.000000
May 15, 1998

Rev: 0
Regression of Doolittle Partial Volume Coefficient
0.400000
0.200000
0.000000
0.000000
0.200000
0.400000
0.600000
0.800000
1.000000
1.200000
-0.200000
H/D = Zc
Page 11 of 75

WorkSheet: Partial Cylind. Vol.
Art Montemayor
May 15, 1998

Rev: 0
1.200000
Page 12 of 75

WorkSheet: Partial Cylind. Vol.
H/D
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
Vol. Fraction
0.0012
0.0047
0.0104
0.0182
0.0280
0.0397
0.0533
0.0686
0.0855
0.1040
0.1239
0.1451
0.1676
0.1913
0.2160
0.2420
0.2680
0.2950
0.3230
0.3520
0.3810
0.4100
0.4400
0.4700
0.5000
0.5300
0.5600
0.5900
0.6190
0.6480
0.6770
0.7050
0.7320
0.7580
0.7840
0.8087
0.8324
0.8549
0.8761
0.8960
0.9145
0.9314
0.9467
0.9603
0.9720
0.9818
0.9896
0.9953
0.9988
1.0000
Doolittle Equation for Parially-Filled Vessel Heads
May 27, 1998

Rev: 0
Volume Fraction of Horizontal Vessel Heads

y = -2.0026x3 + 3.004x2 - 0.0016x + 0.0001
R2 = 1
1.20
1.00
0.80
Volumetric Fraction
Art Montemayor
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.50
1.00
Liquid Depth/Head ID, (H/D)
Reference: Chemical Engineers' Handbook; Perry & Chilton; 5th Edition; P.6-87
Page 13 of 75
WorkSheet:
Partial
Vol.
To obtain the total volumetric capacity of a process vessel, the volumetric capacity of the vessel
headsHds
must
be calculated
separately and added to the vessel's cylindrical volume.
May 27, 1998

Rev: 0
To obtain the total volumetric capacity of a process vessel, the volumetric capacity of the vessel heads must be calculated
separately and added to the vessel's cylindrical volume.
Art Montemayor
The five types of formed vessel heads most frequently used are:
1. Hemispherical
2. 2:1 Ellipsoidal
3. ASME F&D (Torispherical)
4. Standard Dished (a misnomer, since there are no existing standards for dished heads)
5. Conical
The Standard Dished head is not suited for pressure vessels and, consequently, does not comply with the A.S.M.E.
Pressure Vessel Code. It is restricted to pressures less than 15 psig. The ASME F&D head is usually restricted to
pressure vessels designed for less than 200 psig. Above this design pressure the 2:1 Ellipsoidal head is usually employed,
with the Hemipherical head reserved for those applications that require the maximum in pressure resistance and
mechanical integrity.
To obtain the partially-filled liquid contents' volume of a horizontal tank requires the determination of the partial volume of
the two vessel heads as well as the cylindrical partial volume. The contents of a partially-filled vessel are arrived at by
adding the partial contents of the Cylindrical portion and both heads:
Partial Volume = (Total Cylinder volume)(Zc) + (Total Heads' volume)(Ze)
where,
Zc = Cylindrical partial volume coefficient

Ze = Heads' partial volume coefficient
The cylindrical partial volume can be expressed by the following explicit analytical expressions:
V1 = {r2cos-1[(r-h/r]-(r-h)(2rh-h2)0.5}L .........(Kowal,G.; Chem. Eng; pp. 130-132; 6/11/73)
V2 = 0.00433 L{pd2/8-[(0.5d-h)(dh-h2)0.5 + 0.25d2arcSine(0.25d-0.5h)]}
..........(Caplan, F.; Hydrocarbon Processing; July 1968)
3) V3 = L r2[(a/57.30) - sinacosa]
..........(Chem. Engrs. Handbook; Perry/Chilton; 5th ed.; p.6-86)
where, V1 = in3
V2 = gal
V3 = in3
r = vessel's inside radius, in.
h = depth of liquid content in the horizontal head, in.
L = total straight, cylindrical, horizontal length, in.
a = 1/2 of the total angle subtended by the chord forming the liquid level, degrees
1)
2)
The partial volumes of horizontal-oriented heads (except for Hemi-heads) are not defined in a mathematically exact
formula but can be expressed by the following analytical expressions:
(From Caplan, F.; Hydrocarbon Processing; July 1968)
VDH = 0.0009328 h2 (1.5d - h) .......................Volume of a dished-only head, in US gallons
VEll = 0.00226 h2 (1.5d - h)
.......................Volume of 2:1 Ellipsoidal head, in US gallons
VHH = 2 VEll
.......................Volume of Hemispherical head, in US gallons
where, h = depth of liquid content in the horizontal head, in.
d = inside diameter of the horizontal head, in.
The calculation of the partially-filled cylindrical portion of a horizontal vessel is straight-forward and can be done using the
analytical expressions noted above. The equation given by Caplan (V2) should be very accurate since it is directly derived
from an exact mathematical model presented in C.R.C.
Standard
Mathematical
Tables;
12th Ed.(1959);
p. 399.
Page
14 of 75
Electronic
FileName:
76469885.xls.ms_office
WorkSheet: Hds Partial Vol.
The partial volume of heads is open to inaccuracies and while the analytical equations are suitable for estimating, the
May 27, 1998

Rev: 0
The partial volume of heads is open to inaccuracies and while the analytical equations are suitable for estimating, the
method usually used is the Ze method for determining the liquid fraction of the entire head. For this purpose, the Doolittle
[Ind. Eng. Chem. 21, p. 322-323 (1928)] equation is used:
Art Montemayor
Vpartial = 0.00093 h2 (3r - h)

where,
Vpartial = partial volume, gallons

h = depth of liquid in both heads, in.
r = inside radius of the horizontal heads, in.
(Note that this is the same equation offered by Caplan, above, for a dished-only head. His equation for an ellipsoidal head,
although of the same form, is 142% in excess of the basic Doolittle relationship.)
Doolittle made some simplifying assumptions which affect the accuracy of the volume given by his equation, but the
equation is satisfactory for determining the volume as a fraction of the entire head. This fraction, calculated by Doolittle's
formula, is given in the Table listed above and regressed in the accompanying Chart. The Table or the resulting 3rd order
polynomial equation,
Ze = -2 (h/d)3 + 3 (h/d)2 - 0.0016 (h/d) + 0.0001
can be used to arrive at a partial volume of standard dished, torispherical (ASME F&D), ellipsoidal, and hemispherical
heads with an error of less than 2% of the entire head's volume.
Conical heads' volumes are defined by the exact mathematical expression for a truncated cone:
Vc = p h (D2 + dD + d2) / 12
where,
Vc = total conical volume, cu. ft.

h = height of the cone, ft
d = diameter of the small end, ft
D = diameter of the large end, ft
When a tank volume cannot be calculated, or when greater precision is required, calibration may be necessary. This is
done by draining (or filling) the tank and measuring the volume of liquid. The measurement may be made by weighing, by
a calibrated fluid meter (i.e., Micro Motion Coriolis flowmeter), or by repeatedly filling small measuring tanks which have
been calibrated by weight. From the known fluid density at the measured temperature, the equivalent volume can be
quickly converted from the measured fluid mass.
Horizontal vessel
diameter (D)
Page 15 of 75

WorkSheet:minor
Hds Partial
axis Vol.
(D)
Art Montemayor
Horizontal vessel
diameter (D)
(major axis)
May 27, 1998

Rev: 0
minor axis
(D)
Horizontal Vessel Heads' orientation
Vertical Vessel Heads' orientation
The Doolittle relationship can be applied to Horizontal and Vertical-oriented Ellipsoidal (and F&D) vessel heads. However,
it is important to note that the H/D ratio that sets the fractional Coefficient, Ze, is measured differently in both
cases. Refer to the above illustrations of Ellipsoids oriented horizontally and vertically.
For Horizontal Vessel Heads:

In this case, note that the H/D ratio represents the Liquid depth divided by the Major Axis (internal diameter) of the
Ellipsoidal heads.
For Vertical Vessel Heads:

The H/D ratio corresponding to this orientation is the Liquid depth divided by the Minor Axis, not the Major Axis (internal
diameter) of the Ellipsoidal heads. This means that the Inside Depth of Dish (IDD) must be known. The IDD is the depth of
the head at its center and includes the inside corner radius but not the straight flange or nominal thickness of the head.
Characteristic IDD's for various types of heads are:
Standard dished head:
ASME F&D head:
Ellipsoidal, 2:1 head:
Hemispherical head:
OD / 7 (Note: This is only approximate, since no standards exist for dished heads)
OD / 6
ID / 4
ID / 2
An analytical equation for the partial volume of vertical oriented, "standard" dished heads at various depths is:
V = 0.01363 H2 L - 0.004545 H3 ......................(Chemical Processing Nomographs;Dale S. Davis;
Chemical Publishing Co.;1969; p. 276)
where,
V = liquid volume in the dish, gallons (excluding flanged section)

H = liquid depth in the dish, inches
L = radius of the dish, inches (usually equal to the tank ID, minus 6 inches)
Page 16 of 75

WorkSheet: Hds Partial Vol.
Art
Ze Montemayor
f(Ze)
0.000 0.000000
0.050 0.007250
0.100 0.028000
0.150 0.060750
0.200 0.104000
0.250 0.156250
0.300 0.216000
0.350 0.281750
0.400 0.352000
0.450 0.425250
0.500 0.500000
0.550 0.574750
0.600 0.648000
0.650 0.718250
0.700 0.784000
0.750 0.843750
0.800 0.896000
0.850 0.939250
0.900 0.972000
0.950 0.992750
1.000 1.000000
NGPSA Engineering Data Book

9th Edition; 1972; p. 13-9
NOTE: These capacity coefficients
apply for the volume of 2 ellipsoidal or
hemispherical heads..not the
volume for 1 head!!
Coefficients for Partial Volumes in Ellipsoids & Spheres

1.200000
y = -2x3 + 3x2 + 1.156504905E-15x - 1.11143497E-16

R2 = 1
1.000000
0.800000
f(Ze)
Data Source:
May 15, 1998

Rev: 1(02/25/01)
0.600000
0.400000
0.200000
0.000000
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
H/D = Ze
Page 17 of 75

WorkSheet: Partial Ellip. Vol.
Art Montemayor
Internal Diameter
Inches
Ft
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
114
120
126
132
138
144
150
156
162
168
174
1.0000
1.1667
1.3333
1.5000
1.6667
1.8333
2.0000
2.1667
2.3333
2.5000
2.6667
2.8333
3.0000
3.1667
3.3333
3.5000
4.0000
4.5000
5.0000
5.5000
6.0000
6.5000
7.0000
7.5000
8.0000
8.5000
9.0000
9.5000
10.0000
10.5000
11.0000
11.5000
12.0000
12.5000
13.0000
13.5000
14.0000
14.5000
August 04, 1998

Rev:1(08/21/00)
Pressure Vessel Heads

Volume of one head, Ft3
Internal Surface Area of one head, Ft2
Hemisphere Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Standard F&D Hemisphere Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Standard F&D
0.26
0.42
0.62
0.88
1.21
1.61
2.09
2.66
3.33
4.09
4.96
5.95
7.07
8.31
9.70
11.22
16.76
23.86
32.72
43.56
56.55
71.90
89.80
110.45
134.04
160.78
190.85
224.46
261.80
303.07
348.45
398.16
452.39
511.33
575.17
644.12
718.38
798.13
0.13
0.21
0.31
0.44
0.61
0.81
1.05
1.33
1.66
2.05
2.48
2.98
3.53
4.16
4.85
5.61
8.38
11.93
16.36
21.78
28.27
35.95
44.90
55.22
67.02
80.39
95.43
112.23
130.90
151.53
174.23
199.08
226.19
255.66
287.59
322.06
359.19
399.06
0.08
0.13
0.20
0.28
0.39
0.51
0.67
0.85
1.06
1.30
1.58
1.90
2.25
2.65
3.09
3.58
5.34
7.61
10.44
13.89
18.04
22.93
28.64
35.23
42.75
51.28
60.87
71.59
83.50
96.66
111.14
126.99
144.29
163.09
183.45
205.44
229.12
254.56
0.05
0.09
0.13
0.18
0.25
0.33
0.43
0.55
0.68
0.84
1.02
1.22
1.45
1.70
1.99
2.30
3.43
4.88
6.70
8.92
11.58
14.72
18.38
22.61
27.44
32.92
39.07
45.96
53.60
62.05
71.34
81.52
92.62
104.69
117.76
131.88
147.08
163.41
1.57
2.14
2.79
3.53
4.36
5.28
6.28
7.37
8.55
9.82
11.17
12.61
14.14
15.75
17.45
19.24
25.13
31.81
39.27
47.52
56.55
66.37
76.97
88.36
100.53
113.49
127.23
141.76
157.08
173.18
190.07
207.74
226.19
245.44
265.46
286.28
307.88
330.26
Page 18 of 75
1.00
1.36
1.78
2.25
2.78
3.36
4.00
4.70
5.45
6.26
7.12
8.04
9.01
10.04
11.12
12.26
16.02
20.27
25.03
30.28
36.04
42.30
49.05
56.31
64.07
72.33
81.09
90.35
100.11
110.37
121.13
132.40
144.16
156.42
169.19
182.45
196.22
210.48
0.93
0.79
1.26
1.07
1.65
1.40
2.09
1.77
2.58
2.18
3.12
2.64
3.71
3.14
4.36
3.69
5.06
4.28
5.80
4.91
6.60
5.59
7.45
6.31
8.36
7.07
9.31
7.88
10.32
8.73
11.38
9.62
14.86
12.57
18.80
15.90
23.22
19.64
28.09
23.76
33.43
28.27
39.23
33.18
45.50
38.48
52.23
44.18
59.43
50.27
67.09
56.75
75.22
63.62
83.81
70.88
92.86
78.54
102.38
86.59
112.36
95.03
122.81
103.87
133.72
113.10
145.09
122.72
156.93
132.73
169.24
143.14
182.01
153.94
195.24
165.13
WorkSheet: Hds Vol & Surf Area
Art Montemayor
180
186
192
198
204
210
216
222
228
234
240
15.0000
15.5000
16.0000
16.5000
17.0000
17.5000
18.0000
18.5000
19.0000
19.5000
20.0000
August 04, 1998

Rev:1(08/21/00)
Pressure Vessel Heads

883.57
974.91
1,072.33
1,176.04
1,286.22
1,403.08
1,526.81
1,657.62
1,795.68
1,941.21
2,094.40
441.79
487.45
536.17
588.02
643.11
701.54
763.41
828.81
897.84
970.60
1,047.20
281.81
310.94
342.02
375.09
410.24
447.51
486.97
528.69
572.73
619.14
668.00
180.90
199.60
219.55
240.78
263.34
287.26
312.60
339.38
367.64
397.44
428.80
353.43
377.38
402.12
427.65
453.96
481.06
508.94
537.61
567.06
597.30
628.32
225.25
240.52
256.28
272.55
289.32
306.59
324.36
342.63
361.40
380.67
400.44
208.94
223.10
237.72
252.81
268.37
284.38
300.87
317.81
335.22
353.10
371.44
176.72
188.69
201.06
213.83
226.98
240.53
254.47
268.80
283.53
298.65
314.16
Note: The Volume and Surface Area attributable to a head's straight flange is not included in this data.
The Internal Diameter is used in calculating the Surface Area; therefore, the resultant Area is slightly less than the
actual external surface area.
References and Sources:
(1)
Pressure Vessel Handbook; Eugene F. Megyesy; 8th Edition; Pressure Vessel Handbook
Publishing, Inc.
(2)
Process Vessel Design; L.E. Brownell & E.H. Young; John Wiley & Sons; N.Y.; 1959
(3)
A. Montemayor personal files
Page 19 of 75

WorkSheet: Hds Vol & Surf Area
Art Montemayor
September 12, 1997

Rev 0
Mfr's Hds' Vol
Diameter
Head Volume in Cubic Feet
Head Volume in U.S. Gallons
ft
Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Hemispherical Dished Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Hemispherical
1.00
0.131
0.082
0.262
0.053
0.980
0.613
1.960
1.50
0.442
0.277
0.884
0.182
3.306
2.072
6.613
2.00
1.047
0.656
2.095
0.430
7.832
4.907
15.672
2.50
2.045
1.370
4.091
0.842
15.298
10.248
30.603
3.00
3.535
2.216
7.069
1.454
26.444
16.577
52.880
3.50
5.613
3.692
11.225
2.310
41.988
27.618
83.969
4.00
8.378
5.255
16.756
3.448
62.672
39.310
125.344
4.50
11.928
7.767
23.857
4.909
89.228
58.101
178.463
5.00
16.364
10.264
32.725
6.733
122.411
76.780
244.800
5.50
21.779
13.803
43.557
8.963
162.918
103.254
325.829
6.00
28.276
18.072
56.548 11.636
211.519
135.188
423.008
6.50
35.951
22.351
71.896 14.794
268.932
167.197
537.819
7.00
44.902
29.081
89.797 18.477
335.890
217.541
671.728
7.50
55.226
34.903
110.447 22.727
413.119
261.093
826.201
8.00
67.025
43.239
134.041 27.582
501.382
323.450
1,002.696
8.50
80.394
50.764
160.778 33.083
601.389
379.741
1,202.703
9.00
95.432
59.098
190.852 39.271
713.881
442.084
1,427.672
9.50
112.237
70.821
224.460 46.188
839.591
529.778
1,679.078
10.00
130.908
81.172
261.799 53.871
979.260
607.209
1,958.393
Dished
0.396
1.361
3.217
6.299
10.877
17.280
25.793
36.722
50.366
67.048
87.043
110.667
138.218
170.010
206.328
247.478
293.768
345.510
402.983
Data source:
Trinity Industries, Inc.
Head Division
Catalog No. 7962M; Page 15
Page 20 of 75

WorkSheet: Mfr's Hds' Vol
210
216
222
228
234
240
5248.21
5711.03
6200.29
6716.73
7261.07
7834.06
Ellipsoidal Curve Fit

2:1 Ellipsoidal Head Volume
September 12, 1997

Rev 0
9,000
8,000
7,000
y = 0.000566699x3.000000133
R2 = 1
6,000
Volume, gallons
I. Montemayor
D., inches Vol. Gallons
Art
12
0.98
18
3.31
24
7.83
30
15.30
36
26.44
42
41.99
48
62.67
54
89.23
60
122.41
66
162.92
72
211.52
78
268.93
84
335.89
90
413.12
96
501.38
102
601.39
108
713.88
114
839.59
120
979.26
126
1133.61
132
1303.39
138
1489.33
144
1692.16
150
1912.61
156
2151.43
162
2409.34
168
2687.08
174
2985.39
180
3304.99
186
3646.63
192
4011.04
198
4398.95
204
4811.09
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
0
50
100
150
Inside Diameter, inches
Ellipsoidal Head Inside Diameter =
120 inches
Volume of Single Ellipsodial Head =
979.26 Gallons =
200
250
300
3
130.907 Ft
Reference:
Head Division
Navasota, TX
Product & Services
Catalog # 7962M (1996)
Page 21 of 75

WorkSheet: Ellipsoidal Curve Fit
Art Montemayor
Start of Knuckle Radius
2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads
Inches
60.00
mm
1524
May 21, 2003

Rev: 1
Approximate area for nozzle attachment
Inside Depth
(= I.D./4)
18.75 Inches
476
mm
Knuckle Radius
Inches
12.95
mm
329
Tangent Line
24.55
Note:
Verify all dimension
with vendor drawings
624
Key In the Head I.D.
Inches
Dish Radius
67.84 Inches
1723
mm
mm
75
1905
Straight
Flange
(Varies)
2" Nom.
51mm
Inches
mm
2:1 Elliptical Head

NOTE:
Ellipsoidal 2:1 heads are fabricated and measured using the Internal Diameter (ID) of the head.
Note that this measurement convention is opposite to that of the ASME F&D head.
Any cylindrical shell fabricated to fit these heads must conform to or match the ID dimension.
Page 22 of 75
FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office
Worksheet: Ellipsoidal Heads
204
3,078.42
210
3,324.02
216
3,582.12
222
3,853.00
228
4,187.61
234
4,700.90
240
5,025.88
Reference:
Head Division
Navasota, TX
Product & Services
Catalog # 7962M (1996)
ASME F&D Curve Fit

ASME F&D HEAD VOLUME
September 12, 1997

Rev 0
6,000
5,000
y = 0.000292744x3.0378
R2 = 0.9996
4,000
Volume, gallons
I.Art
D.,Montemayor
inches Volume, gal.
12
0.61
18
2.07
24
4.91
30
10.25
36
16.58
42
27.62
48
39.31
54
58.10
60
76.78
66
103.25
72
135.19
78
167.20
84
217.54
90
261.09
96
323.45
102
379.74
108
442.08
114
529.78
120
607.21
126
714.90
132
809.04
138
934.15
144
1,015.27
150
1,227.02
156
1,361.28
162
1,504.82
168
1,712.89
174
1,879.89
180
2,057.21
186
2,312.53
192
2,515.83
198
2,730.51
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Inside Diameter, inches
ASME F&D Head Inside Diameter =
84 inches
Volume of Single ASME F&D Head =
205.29 Gallons =
27.443
Ft3
Page 23 of 75
Electronic File: 76469885.xls.ms_office

WorkSheet: ASME F&D Curve Fit
Art Montemayor
May21, 2003
Rev: 0
ASME Flanged and Dished Heads
Flanged and Dished Head (ASME)

Area for nozzle attachment
O.D. - (R2+T)x2
Wall Thickness "T"
Knuckle Radius
"R2"
Inside Depth
of Dish
"IDD"
Tangent Line
All Dimensions
are in Inches (mm)
Straight
Flange
(Varies)
2" Nom.
51mm
Dish Radius
"R1"
Outside Diameter (O.D.)
NOTE:
ASME F&D heads are fabricated and measured using the Outside Diameter (OD) of the head.
Note that this measurement convention is opposite to that of the Ellipsoidal head.
Any cylindrical shell fabricated to fit these heads must conform to or match the OD dimension.
Not all wall thicknesses are shown. Interpolate for approximate inside depth O.D. dish IDD
Inches (Flanged & Dished Head ASME Table)
Millimeters (Flanged & Dished Head ASME Table)
"T" (mm) "R1"(mm) "R2"(mm) IDD(mm)
O.D
"T"
"R1"
"R2"
IDD
ASME
O.D
0.38
24
1.63
4.50
10
610
41
114
0.50
24
1.63
4.44
26"
13
610
41
113
26"
0.63
24
1.88
4.50
660
16
610
48
114
0.75
24
2.25
4.69
19
610
57
119
0.38
26
1.75
4.81
10
660
44
122
0.50
26
1.75
4.75
28"
13
660
44
121
28"
0.63
26
1.88
4.75
711
16
660
48
121
0.75
26
2.25
4.94
19
660
57
125
0.38
30
1.88
4.88
10
762
48
124
0.50
30
1.88
4.81
30"
13
762
48
122
30"
0.63
30
1.88
4.81
762
16
762
48
122
0.75
30
2.25
5.00
19
762
57
127
0.38
30
2.00
5.56
10
762
51
141
0.50
30
2.00
5.50
32"
13
762
51
140
32"
0.63
30
2.00
5.38
813
16
762
51
137
0.75
30
2.25
5.50
19
762
57
140
0.38
34
2.13
5.56
10
864
54
141
0.50
34
2.13
5.50
34
13
864
54
140
34"
0.63
30
2.13
6.00
864
16
762
54
152
0.75
30
2.25
6.06
19
762
57
154
0.38
36
2.25
5.94
10
914
57
151
0.50
36
2.25
5.88
36"
13
914
57
149
36"
0.63
36
2.25
5.81
914
16
914
57
148
0.75
36
2.25
5.75
19
914
57
146
O.D
"T"
"R1"
"R2"
IDD
ASME
O.D
38"
40"
42"
48"
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
36
36
36
36
40
40
36
36
40
40
40
40
42
42
42
42
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.63
2.63
2.63
2.63
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
6.50
6.44
6.38
6.38
6.63
6.56
6.94
7.00
7.19
7.13
7.06
7.00
8.00
8.75
8.69
8.63
38"
965
40"
1016
42"
1067
42"
1219
Page 24 of 75
10
13
16
19
10
13
16
19
10
13
16
19
10
13
16
19
914
914
914
914
1016
1016
914
914
1016
1016
1016
1016
1067
1067
1067
1067
60
165
60
164
60
162
60
162
64
168
64
167
64
176
64
178
67
183
67
181
67
179
67
178
76
203
76
222
76
221
76
219
Worksheet: ASME F&D Heads
Art Montemayor
0.38
0.50
54"
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
60"
0.63
0.75
O.D
"T"
0.38
0.50
66"
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.63
72"
0.75
0.88
0.38
0.50
78"
0.75
1.00
0.38
0.63
84"
0.88
1.00
0.38
0.50
90"
0.75
1.00
0.38
0.50
96"
0.88
1.25
O.D
"T"
0.50
0.75
102"
1.00
1.13
0.50
0.75
108"
1.00
1.13
0.50
0.75
114"
1.00
1.25
0.50
0.88
120"
1.25
1.63
0.50
0.88
126"
1.25
1.38
0.75
0.88
132"
1.25
1.63
O.D
"T"
0.63
1.00
138"
1.38
1.75
0.63
1.00
144"
1.38
1.75
0.75
1.13
156"
1.50
1.88
54
48
48
48
60
60
54
54
"R1"
66
60
60
60
72
72
72
66
78
72
72
72
84
84
84
84
90
84
84
84
96
90
90
90
"R1"
96
96
96
90
102
102
102
96
108
108
108
108
114
114
108
108
120
120
120
114
126
120
120
120
"R1"
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
144
144
144
144
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.63
3.63
3.63
3.63
"R2"
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.38
4.38
4.38
4.38
4.75
4.75
4.75
4.75
5.13
5.13
5.13
5.13
5.50
5.50
5.50
5.50
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
"R2"
6.13
6.13
6.13
6.13
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.88
6.88
6.88
6.88
7.25
7.25
7.25
7.25
7.63
7.63
7.63
7.63
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
"R2"
8.38
8.38
8.38
8.38
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38

8.94
10
1372
83
227
9.75
54"
13
1219
83
248
9.75
1372
16
1219
83
248
9.63
19
1219
83
245
10.00
10
1524
92
254
9.88
60"
13
1524
92
251
10.69
1524
16
1372
92
272
10.63
19
1372
92
270
IDD
ASME
O.D
11.00
10.94
11.75
11.63
12.00
11.88
11.88
12.63
13.00
13.81
13.69
13.50
14.00
13.88
13.75
13.69
15.13
15.81
15.69
15.56
16.13
16.88
16.63
16.44
IDD
17.88
17.69
17.56
18.50
18.88
18.75
18.56
19.44
19.88
19.75
19.63
19.50
20.88
20.69
21.44
21.25
21.88
21.69
21.50
22.31
22.81
23.69
23.44
23.25
IDD
23.94
23.75
23.56
23.38
25.88
25.63
25.44
25.19
27.75
27.50
27.31
27.06
66"
1676
72"
1829
78"
1981
84"
2134
90"
2286
96"
2438
ASME
O.D
102"
2591
108"
2743
114"
2896
120"
3048
126"
3200
132"
3353
ASME
O.D
138"
3505
144"
3658
156"
3962
Page 25 of 75
May21, 2003
Rev: 0
10
1676
102
279
13
1524
102
278
16
1524
102
298
19
1524
102
295
10
1829
111
305
16
1829
111
302
19
1829
111
302
22
1676
111
321
10
1981
121
330
13
1829
121
351
19
1829
121
348
25
1829
121
343
10
2134
130
356
16
2134
130
353
22
2134
130
349
25
2134
130
348
10
2286
140
384
13
2134
140
402
19
2134
140
399
25
2134
140
395
10
2438
149
410
13
2286
149
429
22
2286
149
422
32
2286
149
418
13
2438
156
454
19
2438
156
449
25
2438
156
446
29
2286
156
470
13
2591
165
480
19
2591
165
476
25
2591
165
471
29
2438
165
494
13
2743
175
505
19
2743
175
502
25
2743
175
499
32
2743
175
495
13
2896
184
530
22
2896
184
526
32
2743
184
545
41
2743
184
540
13
3048
194
556
22
3048
194
551
32
3048
194
546
35
2896
194
567
19
3200
203
579
22
3048
203
602
32
3048
203
595
41
3048
203
591
16
25
35
44
16
25
35
44
19
29
38
48
3353
3353
3353
3353
3353
3353
3353
3353
3658
3658
3658
3658
213
608
213
603
213
598
213
594
222
657
222
651
222
646
222
640
238
705
238
699
238
694
238
687
Art Montemayor
0.75
1.13
168"
1.50
1.88
0.88
1.25
180"
1.63
2.00
0.88
1.25
192"
1.63
2.00
O.D
"T"
0.88
1.25
204"
1.63
2.00
1.00
1.38
210"
1.75
2.25
1.00
1.38
216"
1.75
2.00
1.00
1.38
228"
1.75
2.00
144
144
144
144
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
"R1"
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
180
180
180
180
10.13
10.13
10.13
10.13
10.88
10.88
10.88
10.88
11.63
11.63
11.63
11.63
"R2"
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.63
12.63
12.63
12.63
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.75
13.75
13.75
13.75

31.81
19
3658
257
808
31.50
168"
29
3658
257
800
31.31
4267
38
3658
257
795
31.13
48
3658
257
791
31.44
22
4318
276
799
31.25
180
32
4318
276
794
31.00
4572
41
4318
276
787
30.81
51
4318
276
783
35.44
22
4318
295
900
35.19
192"
32
4318
295
894
34.94
4877
41
4318
295
887
34.75
51
4318
295
883
IDD
ASME
O.D
39.56
39.38
39.19
38.94
41.81
41.63
41.31
41.00
44.25
44.00
43.69
43.50
46.56
46.31
46.06
45.69
204"
5182
210"
5334
216"
5486
228"
5791
Page 26 of 75
22
32
41
51
25
35
44
57
25
35
44
51
25
35
44
51
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4572
4572
4572
4572
311
311
311
311
321
321
321
321
330
330
330
330
349
349
349
349
May21, 2003
Rev: 0
1005
1000
995
989
1062
1057
1049
1041
1124
1118
1110
1105
1183
1176
1170
1161
Art Montemayor
Reference:
Head Division
Navasota, TX
Product & Services
Catalog # 7962M (1996)
HEMISPHERICAL HEAD VOLUME

300
y = 0.2619x2.9997
R2 = 1
250
200
Volume, CuFt
Internal
Hemispherical
Diameter, ft Volume, cu. Ft.
1.00
0.262
1.50
0.884
2.00
2.095
2.50
4.091
3.00
7.069
3.50
11.225
4.00
16.756
4.50
23.857
5.00
32.725
5.50
43.557
6.00
56.548
6.50
71.896
7.00
89.797
7.50
110.447
8.00
134.041
8.50
160.778
9.00
190.852
9.50
224.46
10.00
261.799
September 12, 1997

Rev 0
Hemispherical Curve Fit
150
100
50
0
0.00
Hemispherical Head Inside Diameter =

Volume of Single Hemispherical Head =
2.00
4.00
6.00
Inside Diameter, Ft
8.00
10.00
12.00
120.000 inches
3
261.900 Ft
1,959.1 Gallons
Page 27 of 75

WorkSheet: Hemispherical Curve Fit
Art Montemayor
Hemispherical Curve Fit
September 12, 1997

Rev 0
12.00
Page 28 of 75

WorkSheet: Hemispherical Curve Fit
Art Montemayor
Reference:
Head Division
Navasota, TX
Product & Services
Catalog # 7962M (1996)
DISHED HEAD VOLUME

60.000
50.000
y = 0.0536x3.0033
R2 = 1
40.000
Volume, CuFt
Dished
Internal
Diameter, ft Volume, Ft3
1.00
0.053
1.50
0.182
2.00
0.430
2.50
0.842
3.00
1.454
3.50
2.310
4.00
3.448
4.50
4.909
5.00
6.733
5.50
8.963
6.00
11.636
6.50
14.794
7.00
18.477
7.50
22.727
8.00
27.582
8.50
33.083
9.00
39.271
9.50
46.188
10.00
53.871
September 12, 1997

Rev 0
Dished Curve Fit
30.000
20.000
10.000
0.000
0.00
Dished Head Inside Diameter =

Volume of Single Dished Head =
2.00
4.00
6.00
Inside Diameter, Ft
8.00
10.00
12.00
120.000 inches
3
53.60 Ft
401.0 Gallons
Page 29 of 75

WorkSheet: Dished Curve Fit
Art Montemayor
May 21, 2003

Rev: 0
Flanged and Dished Heads
Flanged and Dished Head

Area for nozzle attachment
O.D. - (R2+T)x2
Wall Thickness "T"
Knuckle Radius
"R2"
Inside Depth
of Dish
"IDD"
Tangent Line
All Dimensions
are in Inches (mm)
Straight
Flange
(Varies)
2" Nom.
51mm
Dish Radius
"R1"
Outside Diameter (O.D.)
NOTE:
F & D heads are fabricated and measured using the Outside Diameter (OD) of the head.
Any cylindrical shell fabricated to fit these heads must conform to or match the OD dimension.
Not all wall thicknesses are shown. Interpolate for approximate inside depth O.D. dish IDD
Inches (Flanged & Dished Head Table)
Millimeters (Flanged & Dished Head Table)
O.D
"T"
"R1"
"R2"
IDD
O.D
26"
28"
30"
32"
34"
36"
O.D
38"
40"
42"
48"
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
"T"
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
0.63
0.75
0.38
24
24
24
24
26
26
26
26
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
34
34
33
30
36
36
36
36
"R1"
36
36
36
36
40
40
36
36
42
42
42
40
48
48
48
48
54
1.13
1.50
1.88
2.25
4.50
4.63
4.75
4.94
4.50
4.63
4.81
5.00
5.00
5.19
5.31
5.50
5.00
5.19
5.44
6.06
5.25
5.44
5.63
5.75
"R2"
1.13
1.50
1.88
2.25
1.13
1.50
1.88
2.25
1.13
1.50
1.88
2.25
1.13
1.50
1.88
2.25
1.13
4.25
4.38
4.50
4.69
4.50
4.63
4.75
4.94
4.50
4.63
4.81
5.00
5.00
5.19
5.31
5.50
5.00
5.19
5.44
6.06
5.25
5.44
5.63
5.75
IDD
5.81
6.00
6.13
6.31
5.81
5.94
6.69
6.88
6.06
6.25
6.38
6.81
6.88
7.00
7.19
7.38
7.69
26"
660
28"
711
30"
762
32"
813
34
864
36"
914
O.D
38"
965
40"
1016
42"
1067
42"
1219
Page 30 of 75
10
610
29
108
13
610
38
111
16
610
48
114
19
610
57
119
10
660
114
114
13
660
118
118
16
660
121
121
19
660
125
125
10
762
114
114
13
762
118
118
16
762
122
122
19
762
127
127
10
762
127
127
13
762
132
132
16
762
135
135
19
762
140
140
10
864
127
127
13
864
132
132
16
838
138
138
19
762
154
154
10
914
133
133
13
914
138
138
16
914
143
143
19
914
146
146
10
13
16
19
10
13
16
19
10
13
16
19
10
13
16
19
10
914
914
914
914
1016
1016
914
914
1067
1067
1067
1016
1219
1219
1219
1219
1372
29
38
48
57
29
38
48
57
29
38
48
57
29
38
48
57
29
148
152
156
160
148
151
170
175
154
159
162
173
175
178
183
187
195
Worksheet: Dished Heads
Art Montemayor
0.50
54"
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.50
60"
0.63
0.75
O.D
"T"
0.38
0.50
66"
0.63
0.75
0.38
0.63
72"
0.88
1.13
0.38
0.63
78"
0.88
1.13
0.38
0.63
84"
0.88
1.13
0.38
0.63
90"
0.88
1.13
0.50
0.75
96"
1.00
1.25
O.D
"T"
0.50
0.75
102"
1.00
1.25
0.50
0.75
108"
1.00
1.25
0.50
0.75
114"
1.00
1.25
0.50
0.88
120"
1.25
1.63
0.50
0.88
126"
1.25
1.63
0.63
0.88
132"
1.13
1.50
O.D
"T"
0.63
0.88
138"
1.13
1.50
0.63
0.88
144"
1.13
1.50
0.75
1.13
156"
1.50
1.88
0.75
54
54
54
60
60
60
60
"R1"
66
66
66
66
72
72
72
72
78
78
78
78
84
84
84
84
90
84
84
84
96
96
96
96
"R1"
102
96
96
96
108
108
102
102
114
114
108
108
120
120
120
120
126
120
120
120
132
132
132
132
"R1"
132
132
132
132
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
170
1.50
1.88
2.25
1.13
1.50
1.88
2.25
"R2"
1.13
1.50
1.88
2.25
1.13
1.88
2.63
3.38
1.13
1.88
2.63
3.38
1.13
1.88
2.63
3.38
1.13
1.88
2.63
3.38
1.50
2.25
3.00
3.75
"R2"
1.50
2.25
3.00
3.75
1.50
2.25
3.00
3.75
1.50
2.25
3.00
3.75
1.50
2.63
3.75
4.88
1.50
2.63
3.75
4.88
1.88
2.63
3.38
4.50
"R2"
1.88
2.63
3.38
4.50
1.88
2.63
3.38
4.50
2.25
3.38
4.50
5.63
2.25
7.81
8.00
8.19
8.50
8.63
8.81
8.94
IDD
9.31
9.44
9.63
9.75
10.06
10.38
10.69
11.00
10.88
11.19
11.50
11.81
11.69
11.88
12.31
12.63
12.50
13.75
14.00
14.31
13.44
13.75
14.06
14.38
IDD
14.25
15.50
15.75
16.06
15.06
15.38
16.56
16.81
15.88
16.19
17.38
17.63
16.69
17.13
17.59
18.06
17.50
18.81
19.25
19.69
18.44
18.75
19.00
19.50
IDD
20.13
20.44
20.69
21.13
20.00
20.31
20.63
21.13
23.69
24.13
24.50
24.94
23.13

54"
13
1372
38
198
1372
16
1372
48
203
19
1372
57
208
10
1524
29
216
60"
13
1524
38
219
1524
16
1524
48
224
19
1524
57
227
O.D
66"
1676
72"
1829
78"
1981
84"
2134
90"
2286
96"
2438
O.D
102"
2591
108"
2743
114"
2896
120"
3048
126"
3200
132"
3353
O.D
138"
3505
144"
3658
156"
3962
Page 31 of 75
May 21, 2003

Rev: 0
10
1676
29
236
13
1676
38
240
16
1676
48
245
19
1676
57
248
10
1829
29
256
16
1829
48
264
22
1829
67
272
29
1829
86
279
10
1981
29
276
16
1981
48
284
22
1981
67
292
29
1981
86
300
10
2134
29
297
16
2134
48
302
22
2134
67
313
29
2134
86
321
10
2286
29
318
16
2134
48
349
22
2134
67
356
29
2134
86
363
13
2438
38
341
19
2438
57
349
25
2438
76
357
32
2438
95
365
13
2591
38
362
19
2438
57
394
25
2438
76
400
32
2438
95
408
13
2743
38
383
19
2743
57
391
25
2591
76
421
32
2591
95
427
13
2896
38
403
19
2896
57
411
25
2743
76
441
32
2743
95
448
13
3048
38
424
22
3048
67
435
32
3048
95
447
41
3048
124
459
13
3200
38
445
22
3048
67
478
32
3048
95
489
41
3048
124
500
16
3353
48
468
22
3353
67
476
29
3353
86
483
38
3353
114
495
16
22
29
38
16
22
29
38
19
29
38
48
19
3353
3353
3353
3353
3658
3658
3658
3658
3658
3658
3658
3658
4318
48
511
67
519
86
526
114
537
48
508
67
516
86
524
114
537
57
602
86
613
114
622
143
633
57
588
Art Montemayor
1.13
168"
1.50
1.88
0.88
1.25
180"
1.63
2.00
0.88
1.25
192"
1.63
2.00
O.D
"T"
0.88
1.25
204"
1.63
2.00
0.88
1.25
216"
1.63
2.00
0.88
1.25
228"
1.63
2.00
0.88
1.25
240"
1.63
2.00
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
"R1"
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
3.38
4.50
5.63
2.63
3.75
4.88
6.00
2.63
3.75
4.88
6.00
"R2"
2.63
3.75
4.88
6.00
2.63
3.75
4.88
6.00
2.63
3.75
4.88
6.00
2.63
3.75
4.88
6.00
23.56
24.06
24.19
26.69
27.13
27.56
28.00
30.50
30.88
31.25
31.63
IDD
34.63
35.00
35.31
35.63
39.06
39.50
39.75
40.00
41.25
41.50
41.75
42.00
46.25
46.44
46.63
46.81

168"
29
4318
86
598
4267
38
4318
114
611
48
4318
143
614
22
4318
67
678
180
32
4318
95
689
4572
41
4318
124
700
51
4318
152
711
22
4318
67
775
192"
32
4318
95
784
4877
41
4318
124
794
51
4318
152
803
O.D
204"
5182
216"
5486
228"
5791
240"
6096
Page 32 of 75
22
32
41
51
22
32
41
51
22
32
41
51
22
32
41
51
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4318
4572
4572
4572
4572
4572
4572
4572
4572
67
95
124
152
67
95
124
152
67
95
124
152
67
95
124
152
May 21, 2003

Rev: 0
880
889
897
905
992
1003
1010
1016
1048
1054
1060
1067
1175
1180
1184
1189
Art Montemayor
May 27, 1998

Rev:1(06/06/01)
Cylindrical Vessel Volume Relationship
Cylindrical Volumes of Vessels --- expressed as Gallons of Liquid Content per inch length of
Cylinder.
Source: Chemical Engineers' Handbook; Perry & Chilton; 5th Edition; p. 6-86
Diam., in.
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
Gal./in. Diam., in.

0.765
28.0
0.817
28.5
0.870
29.0
0.926
29.5
0.983
30
Gal./in. Diam., in.

2.666
52
2.762
53
2.859
54
2.959
55
3.060
56
Gal./in. Diam., in.

9.194
96
9.551
98
9.914
100
10.285
102
10.662
104
Gal./in.
31.334
32.653
34.000
35.373
36.774
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
1.041
1.102
1.164
1.227
1.293
31
32
33
34
35
3.267
3.482
3.703
3.930
4.165
57
58
59
60
62
11.047
11.438
11.835
12.240
13.070
106
108
110
112
114
38.202
39.657
41.140
42.649
44.186
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
1.360
1.429
1.499
1.572
1.646
36
37
38
39
40
4.406
4.655
4.910
5.171
5.440
64
66
68
70
72
13.926
14.810
15.722
16.660
17.626
116
118
120
122
124
45.750
47.341
48.960
50.605
52.278
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
1.721
1.799
1.878
1.958
2.041
41
42
43
44
45
5.715
5.998
6.287
6.582
6.885
74
76
78
80
82
18.618
19.638
20.685
21.760
22.861
126
128
130
132
134
53.978
55.705
57.460
59.241
61.050
25.0
25.5
26.0
2.125
2.211
2.298
46
47
48
7.194
7.511
7.834
84
86
88
23.990
25.146
26.329
136
138
140
62.886
64.749
66.640
26.5
27.0
27.5
2.388
2.479
2.571
49
50
51
8.163
8.500
8.843
90
92
94
27.540
28.777
30.042
142
144
146
148
68.557
70.502
72.474
74.473
Page 33 of 75

WorkSheet: Cylindrical Tank Volume
June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
VOLUMETRIC CAPACITY FOR BUTT-WELDED FITTINGS

All volumes expressed in cubic inches
Reference: Piping Engineering; Tube Turns Division of Chemetron Corp.; Nov. 1971; p.47
Nominal
90o Elbows
Pipe Size,
Long Radius
Short Radius
in.
Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
30
34
36
42
48
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.8
2.0
1.7
4.4
3.7
7.2
6.2
15.8
13.9
52.2
46.7
119.8
108.3
408.1
368.3
942.3
860.3
1,856.9
1,758.2
3,195.9
3,064.2
4,545.9
4,376.1
6,882.2
6,658.4
9,906.5
9,621.7
13,707.5 13,353.8
18,365.2 17,935.8
23,995.6 23,482.4
30,644.8 30,041.0
47,449.7 46,642.1
69,490.1 68,449.0
82,695.4 81,526.6
132,116.7 130,520.2
198,322.0 196,203.0
1.4
2.9
4.8
10.5
34.8
79.9
272.1
628.3
1,238.0
2,130.7
3,030.7
4,301.4
6,054.0
9,366.8
4.2
9.2
31.1
72.0
245.4
572.7
1,172.2
2,042.8
2,917.4
4,161.5
5,879.9
9,125.1
14,664.0
14,350.3
31,648.8
31,110.5
55,130.3
88,077.8
54,351.0
87,013.4
180o Returns
Long Radius
Short Radius
Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong
1.4
1.9
4.1
8.7
14.4
31.6
104.4
239.7
816.1
1,884.7
3,713.8
6,391.8
9,091.8
13,764.5
19,813.1
27,415.0
36,730.9
47,991.1
61,289.6
94,899.4
110,260.5
176,155.6
1.1
1.5
3.4
7.4
12.5
27.8
93.3
216.6
736.6
1,720.6
3,516.5
6,128.5
8,752.2
13,316.9
19,243.4
26,707.6
23,914.5
46,964.7
40,054.6
62,189.4
2.7
5.9
9.6
21.1
69.6
159.9
544.3
1,256.7
2,476.0
4,261.5
6,061.4
8,602.8
12,108.0
18,733.6
8.3
18.3
62.2
143.9
490.8
1,145.5
2,344.3
4,085.6
5,834.8
8,323.0
11,759.8
18,250.2
29,327.9
28,700.7
63,297.7
62,221.0
110,260.5 108,702.1
45o Elbows
Long Radius
Standard X-Strong
0.4
0.5
1.0
2.2
3.6
7.9
26.1
59.9
204.0
471.1
928.5
1,598.0
2,273.0
3,441.1
4,953.3
6,853.8
9,182.7
11,997.8
15,322.4
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.8
3.1
7.0
23.3
54.1
184.2
430.1
879.1
1,532.1
2,188.1
3,329.2
4,810.8
6,676.9
8,967.9
11,471.2
15,020.5
34,745.0
41,347.7
66,054.8
40,971.0
34,224.5
40,763.3
65,260.1
40,538.0
Tees
Full-size outlets
Standard X-Strong
0.8
0.6
1.6
1.3
3.5
2.9
7.5
6.5
12.4
10.8
22.2
19.7
65.2
58.7
135.8
123.6
413.2
367.1
881.1
811.2
1,675.4
1,594.9
2,816.9
2,712.3
3,809.3
3,681.0
5,804.3
5,634.3
8,396.5
8,179.2
11,701.3 11,429.4
14,348.0 14,049.2
20,647.2 20,249.7
23,912.3 23,493.2
35,985.0 35,442.5
52,836.7 52,135.9
62,945.1 62,157.5
94,207.0 93,209.0
145,443.0 144,092.0
Caps
Standard
0.3
0.6
1.1
1.8
2.5
3.9
11.1
24.2
77.3
148.5
295.6
517.0
684.6
967.6
1,432.6
2,026.4
2,784.1
3,451.0
4,014.3
5,163.1
7,010.8
10,936.3
13,480.0
90o Elbows:
Page 34 of 75

WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes
June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
V = P2D2A/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to face distance
A
180o Returns:
V = P2D2O/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to center distance
45o Elbows:
V = P2D2A/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to face distance
Full Size Outlet Tees:

V = (PD2/2) (C + M/2) - D3/3
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
C= Center to end of run
M = center to end of branch
Page 35 of 75

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Pipe Caps:
V = (PD2/4) (E - t - D/12)
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
E = length
t = wall thickness
Crosses:
V = (PD2/2) (C + M) - (2/3)D3
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
C= Center to end of run
M = center to end of branch
Concentric & eccentric reducers:
Page 36 of 75

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Page 37 of 75

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Caps
X-Strong
0.2
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.0
3.2
9.4
20.8
65.7
122.3
264.4
475.0
640.0
911.0
1,363.0
1,938.0
2,682.9
3,313.0
3,884.1
5,006.4
6,811.5
10,666.7
13,157.0
Crosses
Full-size outlets
Standard X-Strong
9.5
15.5
27.7
80.5
166.5
501.3
1,061.9
2,010.4
3,371.9
4,171.5
6,311.7
9,081.3
12,634.1
8.2
13.7
24.7
72.9
152.4
441.0
983.0
1,920.6
3,255.9
4,043.7
6,144.0
8,868.1
12,368.2
Stub Ends
Lap Joint
Standard X-Strong
0.9
1.6
3.5
6.0
8.1
20.1
44.4
76.4
231.1
400.2
788.5
1,131.0
1,654.6
2,191.8
2,804.5
3,492.5
0.7
1.3
2.9
5.1
7.1
17.8
39.6
69.0
208.5
365.3
746.6
1,084.3
1,592.8
2,120.6
2,723.8
3,402.4
Nominal Pipe Size,

Reducers
in.
Concentric & Eccentric
Large end Small end Standard
X-Strong
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
3
22,189.4
21,802.9
5,094.7
4,985.7
3/8
1/2
3/4
1/2
3/4
1
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/4
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
4
5
Page 38 of 75
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.7
4.0
4.6
5.3
6.5
7.6
8.5
10.0
11.4
1.3
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.4
3.9
4.5
5.6
6.6
7.4
8.8
10.0
20.2
21.9
25.5
29.5
37.3
41.8
46.6
54.4
62.1
11.9
123.7
134.8
147.1
175.3
17.9
19.4
22.7
26.3
33.4
37.5
41.8
48.9
55.9
100.6
111.3
121.5
132.8
158.7
Tees
with Reducing Outlet
Standard
X-Strong
2.7
2.8
3.0
5.8
6.0
6.3
9.4
9.6
9.9
10.8
16.7
16.9
17.6
18.4
50.9
51.8
52.9
55.1
58.6
108.0
110.4
113.9
119.7
125.9
334.1
340.0
346.3
354.1
375.7
2.3
2.4
2.6
5.1
5.4
5.7
8.3
8.6
9.1
9.9
15.2
15.6
16.5
17.4
45.5
46.4
47.3
49.5
52.6
97.7
99.9
103.2
108.6
114.5
301.8
307.4
313.7
321.2
361.8

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
3
3-1/2
4
5
6
4
5
6
8
5
6
8
10
6
8
10
12
6
8
10
12
14
8
10
12
14
16
8
10
12
14
16
18
10
12
14
16
Page 39 of 75
221.7
235.6
269.6
309.2
385.9
428.3
476.8
586.0
639.4
697.7
827.0
993.8
1,496
1,738
2,041
2,382
201.8
215.0
245.8
280.9
362.0
401.4
444.8
546.7
606.4
658.8
779.8
947.7
1,419
1,646
1,952
2,288
2,321
2,656
3,029
3,289
2,212
2,552
2,920
3,175
3,413
3,821
4,104
4,598
3,291
3,695
3,973
4,458
6,248
6,922
7,974
9,404
6,059
6,717
7,747
9,150
7,333
8,055
7,129
7,841
716.9
722.6
730.6
753.0
791.1
1,373.0
1,396.0
1,432.0
1,506.0
2,318.0
2,348.0
2,430.0
2,567.0
1,992
2,587
2,922
2,976
2,621
3,396
3,803
4,891
5,054
4,318
4,849
4,993
6,147
7,180
5,360
6,010
6,204
7,606
8,877
10,163
12,027
12,226
12,394
12,620
655.5
661.0
668.7
690.5
719.4
1,300.0
1,323.0
1,350.0
1,426.0
2,224.0
2,250.0
2,329.0
2,468.0
1,915
2,488
2,816
3,022
2,532
3,283
3,701
4,741
4,902
4,191
4,711
5,013
5,976
6,985
5,214
5,855
6,221
7,414
8,657
9,916
11,745
11,944
12,110
12,337

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
22
24
26
30
34
18
20
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
16
18
20
22
8,848
9,711
8,637
9,451
10,334
8,622
12,995
9,474 1,345,813,172
8,701
14,972
10,979
8,419
12,795
9,221
14,628
10,094
16,477
16,606
20,062
20,233
20,465
20,846
21,316
21,887
22,565
30,283
30,520
30,908
31,386
31,964
32,652
33,458
34,102
44,385
44,779
45,265
45,851
46,548
47,364
48,018
49,058
50,242
52,701
53,098
53,587
54,177
12,710
8,519
14,603
10,745
12,526
14,325
16,141
16,287
19,668
19,837
20,070
20,449
20,919
21,487
22,164
29,768
30,006
30,392
30,869
31,445
32,131
32,936
33,583
43,724
44,116
44,600
45,184
45,879
46,693
47,351
48,389
49,571
51,958
52,353
52,841
53,429
36
Page 40 of 75

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
36
42
48
24
26
28
30
32
34
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
Page 41 of 75
30,539
32,314
34,176
30,071
31,831
33,698
32,031
33,617
31,561
33,132
37,053
38,902
40,840
42,866
36,540
38,375
40,229
42,311
85,143
89,354
83,984
88,163
98,305
103,044
107,959
113,050
118,317
123,760
129,378
135,173
141,144
97,047
101,753
106,635
111,693
116,927
122,337
127,923
133,685
139,622
54,878
55,700
56,359
57,404
58,594
59,940
76,746
77,172
77,639
78,899
79,574
80,636
81,462
82,341
83,276
125,186
125,667
126,693
127,344
128,044
129,561
130,462
131,419
133,521
134,710
135,960
138,742
140,256
54,128
54,947
55,610
56,653
57,842
59,185
75,825
76,253
76,723
77,972
78,650
79,710
80,540
81,425
82,365
123,874
124,358
125,377
126,031
126,736
128,245
129,151
130,113
132,207
133,402
134,660
137,432
138,954

Profiles of Torispherical Dished Heads

The volume calculator assumes the head profile to be a perfect ellipse, which is correct for a semiellipsoidal head but only approximate for a Torispherical profile. Torispherical heads can have different
profiles depending on the relationship between: - Knuckle radius, Spherical Radius and Diameter.
Two typical Torispherical profiles are shown below in Red, and the true ellipse for the same diameter and
head height is shown in Blue. Treating a Torisphere as an ellipse for volume calculation will generally
give a slight under estimate of the volume. The error will depend on the relationship between: - Knuckle
radius, Spherical Radius and Diameter used.
a semihave different
ameter.
me diameter and
ill generally
een: - Knuckle
Art Montemayor
July 20, 2003

Rev: 1
Volume of a Partially Filled Torispherical Bottom Head
VERTICAL TANK BOTTOM TORISPHERICAL HEAD VOLUME CALCULATION

Tank Internal Diameter(3)
Crown Radius
% Knuckle Radius
Knuckle Radius
D
Ri
2,134 mm =
2,134 mm =
6.55%
139.8 mm =
ri
b = D/2 - ri
a = b Ri / (Ri - ri)
2
2
c = ((Ri - ri) - b )
-1
Sin
(a
/
R
)
=
i
x = Ri Cos - c
z = Ri - c - x
h= x+z
=
=
5.50 inches
927.2 mm
992.2 mm
1,765.6 mm
ri
0.484 radians
27.7
123.7 mm =
4.87 inches
244.7 mm =
368.4 mm =
9.63 inches
14.51 inches
p / 6 * z (3a2 + z2)
Approx. Head Volume =
84.02 inches
84.02 inches
386.1
+
798.4 litres =
Volume of partially filled Torispherical head:

Liquid Height
Level in End dish:
"h" (mm)
"z"
0%
0
0
10%
37
37
20%
74
74
30%
111
111
40%
147
147
50%
184
184
60%
221
221
70%
258
245
80%
295
245
90%
332
245
100%
368.45
245
c
b
Ri
x
a
+ p / 3 * x ((D/2)2 + (D/2)a + a2)

approximate calculation for knuckle section
412.3
210.91 US gals
Sector Area
Volume (1)
"r"
0
0
395
9
556
36
678
80
779
142
867
221
946
316
992
386
992
386
992
386
992
386
"x"
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
50
87
124
Knuckle Area
Total Head Volume
Volume (2)
"r"
litres
%
992
0
0
0%
992
0
9
1%
992
0
36
5%
992
0
80
10%
992
0
142
18%
992
0
221
28%
992
0
316
40%
1,000
41
427
54%
1,022
160
546
68%
1,045
283
669
84%
1,067
412
798.4
100%
Notes:
(1)
Sector volume =
PI / 6 * "z" (3 * "r"2 + "z"2)
(2)
Knuckle volume =
PI / 3 * "x" ("r"2 + "r" * a + a2)
(3) Torispherical (also called ASME F&D) heads are designed and fabricated in the USA on the basis of using the
outside diameter as their nominal diameter.
Vertical Torispherical Tank Head Volume

100%
Volume of Fill
80%
y = -0.3762x3 + 1.4453x2 - 0.0664x

R = 0.9999
60%
40%
20%
0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Level of Fill
Page 44 of 75
WorkSheet: F & D Partial Volume
Art Montemayor
I.D.
k
f
kD
fD
a
a1
a2
D1
s
t
u(h)
September 30, 2004

Rev: 0
Vertical Tank Bottom Torispherical Head Volume
=
= Knuckle-Radius (kD)
= dish-radius parameter (fD)
=
5.04 inches
=
84 inches
84.0 inches
0.06 inches
1
Cos a = 0.883683
=
0.487 radians
Acos a = 1.062004
=
9.7706 inches
=
4.4538 inches
= 78.6383
= 5.565584
=
8.9075
8.9075
= 5.583195
Sin a = 0.468085
Asin a = 0.508792
Limits of the Equation

0.00
h =
V =
9.77
15.35379 in
3
58,420 in =
9.77
252.90 Gallons
h =
V =
14.22
15.35379 in
3
54,255 in =
Page 45 of 75
14.22
234.87 Gallons
h =
V =
Top
24
in
3
102,183 in =
442.35 Gallons
WorkSheet: Vertical F&D Head Volume
June 15, 2003

Art Montemayor
Determining Vessel Volumes
Rev: 0
The following article appeared in "Chemical Processing" magazine on Novermber 17, 2002; pp. 46-50:
Computing Fluid Tank Volumes

Updated equations allow engineers to calculate the fluid volumes of many tanks quickly and accurately
By Dan Jones, Ph.D., P.E.
Calculating fluid volume in a horizontal or vertical cylindrical tank or elliptical tank can be complicated, depending
on fluid height and the shape of the heads (ends) of a horizontal tank or the bottom of a vertical tank. Exact
equations now are available for several commonly encountered tank shapes. These equations allow rapid and
accurate fluid-volume calculations.
All volume equations give fluid volumes in cubic units from tank dimensions in consistent linear units. All
variables defining tank shapes required for tank volume calculations are defined in the Variables and Definitions
sidebar. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 graphically illustrate horizontal tank variables, and Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 graphically
illustrate vertical tank variables.
Exact fluid volumes in elliptical horizontal or vertical tanks can be determined by calculating the fluid volumes of
appropriate cylindrical horizontal or vertical tanks using the equations described above, and then by adjusting
those results using appropriate correction formulas.
Horizontal cylindrical tanks

Fluid volume as a function of fluid height can be calculated for a horizontal cylindrical tank with either conical,
ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical or torispherical heads where the fluid height, h, is measured from the tank bottom to
the fluid surface. A guppy head is a conical head with its apex level with the top of the cylindrical section of the
tank, as shown in Fig. 1. A torispherical head is an American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME-type)
head defined by a knuckle-radius parameter, k, and a dish-radius parameter, f, as shown in Fig. 2.
An ellipsoidal head must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution; only a hemi ellipsoid is valid - no segment
of an ellipsoid will work, as is true in the case of a spherical head that can be a spherical segment. For a
spherical head, |a| < R, where R is the radius of the cylindrical tank body. For concave conical, ellipsoidal,
guppy, spherical or torispherical heads, |a| < L/2.
Figure 1. Parameters for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks with Conical, Ellipsoidal, Guppy or Spherical Heads
1. Both heads of a tank must be identical. Above diagram is for definition of parameters only.
2. Cylindrical tube of diameter D (D > 0), radius R (R > 0) and length L (L > 0)
Page 46 of 75
WorkSheet: Reference Article
June 15, 2003

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
For
spherical
head
of
radius
r,
r > R and |a| < R
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
For convex head other than spherical, 0 < a < a , for concave head a < 0
L > 0 for a > 0, L > 2|a| for a < 0
Ellipsoidal head must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution
0 < h < D.
Both heads of a horizontal cylindrical tank must be identical for the equations to work; i.e., if one head is conical,
the other must be conical with the same dimensions. However, the equations can be combined to calculate the
fluid volume of a horizontal tank with heads of different shapes.
For instance, if a horizontal cylindrical tank has a conical head on one end and an ellipsoidal head on the other
end, calculate fluid volumes of two tanks, one with conical heads and the other with ellipsoidal heads, and
average the results to get the desired fluid volume. The heads of a horizontal tank can be flat (a = 0), convex
(a > 0) or concave (a < 0).
The following variables must be within the ranges stated:
|a| < R for spherical heads.

|a| < L/2 for concave ends.
0 < h < 2R for all tanks.
f > 0.5 for torispherical heads.
0 < k < 0.5 for torispherical heads.
D > 0.
L > 0.
Variables used in Volumetric Equations and their Definitions

a
This is the distance a horizontal tank's heads extend beyond (a>0) or into (a<0) its cylindrical
section or the depth the bottom extends below the cylindrical section of a vertical tank. For a
horizontal tank with flat heads or a vertical tank with a flat bottom, a = 0.
Af This is the cross-sectional area of the fluid in a horizontal tank's cylindrical section.
D
This is the diameter of the cylindrical section of a horizontal or vertical tank.
DH & DW These are the height and width, respectively, of the ellipse defining the cross section of the body
of a horizontal elliptical tank.
DA & DB These are the major and minor axes, respectively, of the ellipse defining the cross section of the
body of a vertical elliptical tank.
f
This is the dish-radius parameter for tanks with torispherical heads or bottoms; fD is the dish radius.
This is the height of fluid in a tank measured from the lowest part of the tank to the fluid surface.
This is the knuckle-radius parameter for tanks with torispherical heads or bottoms; kD is the
knuckle radius.
This is the length of the cylindrical section of a horizontal tank.
This is the radius of the cylindrical section of a horizontal of vertical tank.
This is the radius of a spherical head for a horizontal tank or a spherical bottom of a vertical tank.
Page 47 of 75
Art Montemayor
Vf This is the fluid volume, of fluid depth h, in a horizontal or vertical cylindrical tank.
June 15, 2003

Rev: 0
Horizontal tank equations

The following are the specific equations for fluid volumes in horizontal cylindrical tanks with conical, ellipsoidal,
guppy, spherical, and torispherical heads (use radian angular measure for all trigonometric functions and
D/2 = R > 0 for all equations).
In the Vf equation for torispherical heads, use + (-) for convex (concave) heads.
In the horizontal tank equations, Vf is the total volume of fluid in the tank in cubic units consistent with the linear
units of tank dimension parameters, and Af is the cross-sectional area of fluid in the cylindrical body of the tank
in square units consistent with the linear units used for R and h. The equation for Af is given by:
Horizontal cylindrical tank examples

Two examples can be used to check application of the equations.
Find the volumes of fluid, in gallons, in horizontal cylindrical tanks 108 inches [in.] in diameter with cylinder
lengths of 156 in., for conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical and standard ASME torispherical (f = 1, k = 0.06)
heads, each head extending beyond the ends of the cylinder 42 in. (except torispherical), for fluid depths in the
tanks of 36 in. (example 1) and 84 in. (example 2). Calculate five times for each fluid depth - for a conical,
ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical and torispherical head.
For example 1, the parameters are D = 108 in., L = 156 in., a = 42 in., h = 36 in., f = 1 and k = 0.06. The fluid
volumes are 2,041.19 gallon (gal) for conical heads, 2,380.96 gal for ellipsoidal heads, 1,931.72 gal for guppy
heads, 2,303.96 gal for spherical heads and 2,028.63 gal for torispherical heads.
For example 2, the parameters are D = 108 in., L = 156 in., a = 42 in., h = 84 in., f = 1 and k = 0.06. The fluid
volumes are 6,180.54 gal for conical heads, 7,103.45 gal for ellipsoidal heads, 5,954.11 gal for guppy heads,
6,935.16 gal for spherical heads, and 5,939.90 gal for torispherical heads.
For torispherical heads, a is not required input; it can be calculated from f, k and D. For these torispherical
head examples, the calculated value is a = 18.288 in.
Vertical cylindrical tanks

The fluid volume in a vertical cylindrical tank with either a conical, ellipsoidal, spherical or torispherical bottom can
be calculated, where the fluid height, h, is measured from the center of the bottom of the tank to the surface of the
fluid in the tank. See Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 for tank configurations and dimension parameters, which also are defined
in the Variables and Definitions sidebar.
Figure 2. Parameters for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks with Torispherical Heads
Page 48 of 75
Art Montemayor
June 15, 2003

Rev: 0
A torispherical bottom is an ASME-type bottom defined by a knuckle-radius factor and a dish-radius factor, as
shown in Fig. 4. The knuckle radius then will be kD, and the dish radius will be fD. An ellipsoidal bottom must
be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution. For a spherical bottom, |a| < R, where a is the depth of the spherical
bottom and R is the radius of the cylindrical section of the tank.
The following parameter ranges must be observed:
a > 0 for all vertical tanks, a < R for a spherical bottom.
f > 0.5 for a torispherical bottom.
0 < k < 0.5 for a torispherical bottom.
D > 0.
Figure 3. Parameters for Vertical Cylindrical Tanks with Conical, Ellipsoidal or Spherical Bottoms
Vertical tank equations

The specific equations for fluid volumes in vertical cylindrical tanks with conical, ellipsoidal, spherical and
torispherical bottoms are provided in the Vertical Tank Equations sidebar (use radian angular measure for all
trigonometric functions, and D > 0 for all equations).
Figure 4. Parameters for Vertical Cylindrical Tanks with Torispherical Bottoms
Vertical cylindrical tank examples

Two examples can be used to check application of the equations for vertical cylindrical tanks; for each example,
calculate the fluid volumes for conical, ellipsoidal, spherical and torispherical bottoms.
For example 1, D = 132 in., a = 33 in., h = 24 in., f = 1, and k = 0.06. The fluid volumes are 250.67 gal for a
conical bottom, 783.36 gal for an ellipsoidal bottom, 583.60 gal for a spherical bottom and 904.07 gal for a
Page 49 of 75
Art Montemayor
torispherical bottom.
June 15, 2003

Rev: 0
For example 2, D = 132 in., a = 33 in., h = 60 in., f = 1, and k = 0.06. The fluid volumes are 2,251.18 gal for a
conical bottom, 2,902.83 gal for an ellipsoidal bottom, 2,658.46 gal for a spherical bottom and 3,036.76 gal for
a torispherical bottom.
For a torispherical bottom, parameter "a" is not required input, but can be calculated from the values of f, k,
and D. For these examples, the calculated value is a = 22.353 in.
Horizontal and vertical elliptical tanks

The cross-sections of tank bodies of horizontal and vertical tanks with elliptical bodies are ellipses. For this
article, a horizontal elliptical tank must be one of two possible configurations, shown in Fig. 5, where the major
and minor axes of the elliptical cross-sections are either vertical or horizontal.
The heads of horizontal elliptical tanks and the bottoms of vertical elliptical tanks may be any of those described
above for the corresponding cylindrical tanks, with the assumption that the heads and bottoms are "deformed"
proportionately to the deformation of the cylindrical body to form the elliptical body.
In certain cases such as those with torispherical heads and bottoms and spherical heads and bottoms, it is
necessary to distinguish which elliptical axis defines the head or bottom shape and which axis has been
proportionately stretched or compressed from the cylindrical tank shape to form the elliptical tank shape;
therefore, this distinction will be made for all cases for the sake of consistency, not necessity.
To calculate the fluid volume in a horizontal elliptical tank with the elliptical body oriented in one of the two
orientations shown in Fig. 5 - where the head parameters are defined in the vertical plane through the tank
centerline (plane goes through DH) - calculate the volume of a horizontal cylindrical tank with D = DH using the
equations for horizontal cylindrical tanks with the appropriately shaped heads. Multiply the volume found by
DW/DH to get the elliptical tank fluid volume.
Figure 5. Cross-sections of Horizontal Elliptical Tanks
To calculate the fluid volume in a horizontal elliptical tank with the elliptical body oriented in one of the two
orientations shown in Fig. 5 - where the head parameters are defined in the horizontal plane through the tank
centerline (plane goes through DW) - calculate the volume of a horizontal cylindrical tank with D = DW and a fluid
height h' = h(DW/DH) using the equations for horizontal cylindrical tanks with the appropriately shaped heads.
Multiply the volume found by DH/DW to get the desired elliptical tank fluid volume.
Examples for horizontal elliptical tanks

Find the fluid volumes (in gal.) of horizontal elliptical tanks with ellipsoidal, spherical and torispherical heads with
the following measurements: DH = 100 in., DW = 120 in., L = 156 in., a = 25 in. for ellipsoidal and spherical
heads, f = 0.8 and k = 0.1 for torispherical heads, fluid height h = 48 in., and head parameters of each tank
defined (1) in a horizontal plane through the tank centerline and (2) in a vertical plane through the tank centerline.
Page 50 of 75
June 15, 2003

Rev: 0
For example 1, calculate horizontal cylindrical tank volumes with D = 120 in., L = 156 in., a = 25 in. for ellipsoidal
and spherical heads, f = 0.8 and k = 0.1 for torispherical heads, and h = 57.6 in. (48 in. x 120/100), and multiply
the volume found by 100/120. For example 2, calculate horizontal cylindrical tank volumes with D = 100 in.,
L = 156 in., a = 25 in. for ellipsoidal and spherical heads, f = 0.8 and k = 0.1 for torispherical heads, and h = 48,
and multiply the volume found by 120/100. The results are summarized in the following table:
Art Montemayor
The values for "a" in the above torispherical head cases are 27.065 in. for example 1 and 22.554 in. for example 2.
For a vertical elliptical tank, define DA and DB to be the major and minor axes, respectively, of the ellipse
defining the cross-section of the tank body.
To calculate the fluid volume in a vertical elliptical tank, where the bottom parameters are defined in the plane
through both the tank centerline and through DA, use D = DA. Use the equations above for a vertical cylindrical
tank with the appropriately shaped bottom. Multiply the volume found by DB/DA to get the elliptical tank volume.
To calculate the fluid volume in a vertical elliptical tank, where the bottom parameters are defined in the plane
through both the tank centerline and through DB, use D = DB. Use the equations above for a vertical cylindrical
tank with the appropriately shaped bottom. Multiply the volume found by DA/DB to get the desired elliptical tank
volume.
Examples for vertical elliptical tanks

Find the fluid volumes (in gal.) of vertical elliptical tanks with conical, spherical and torispherical bottoms with the
following measurements: DA = 96 in., DB = 72 in., a = 34 in. for conical and spherical bottoms, f = 0.9 and
k = 0.2 for the torispherical bottom, fluid height h = 53 in. Head parameters of each tank defined (1) in a plane
through the tank centerline and DA and (2) in a plane through the tank centerline and DB. For example 1,
calculate vertical cylindrical tank volumes with D = 96 in., a = 34 in. (for conical and spherical bottoms), f = 0.9
and k = 0.2 (for the torispherical bottom), and h = 53 in., and multiply the volume found by 72/96. For example 2,
calculate vertical cylindrical tank volumes with D = 72 in., a = 34 in. (for conical and spherical bottoms), f = 0.9
and k = 0.2 (for the torispherical bottom), and h = 53 in., and multiply the volume found by 96/72. The results are
summarized in the following table:
Calculated values for "a" in the torispherical-bottom cases are 25.684 in. and 22.554 in. for examples 1 and 2,
respectively. CP
Page 51 of 75
Art Montemayor
June 15, 2003

Rev: 0
Horizontal Tank Equations

Conical Heads
2a R 2
(K ) for 0 h R
V f = A f L +
3
2a R 2 p
for h = R
V f = A f L +
3 2
2a R 2
V f = A f L +
3
(p - K ) for
R h 2R
1
2
K = cos -1 M + M 3 cosh -1
- 2 M 1 - M where,
M
M =
R-h
R
Ellipsoidal Heads
h
V f = A f L + p a h 2 1
3R
Guppy Heads (Eccentric Cone)

Page 52 of 75
Art Montemayor
June 15, 2003

Rev: 0
V f = Af L +
2 a R2
h 2a
cos -1 1 - +
2 R h - h 2 (2 h - 3 R )(h + R )
3
R
9
R
Spherical Heads
1. For the condition where:
p a
V f = Af L +
(3R
V f = Af L +
p a
3
h = R and a R
+ a2
h = D
(3R
+ a2
h=0
or
and
a R
)
a = 0, R, or - R
V f = A f L + p a h 2 1 3R
a
V f = Af L +
a
2 r 3
2
2
-1 R 2 - r w
2 w3
z
y 4 w y z
R
-1 R + r w
-1 w
tan -1 +
+ cos
- 2 + cos
cos
- 2 w r
R(w - r )
R(w + r ) r
R
3
z
3
r
V f = Af L +
h R, D; a 0, R, - R; and a 0.01 D
a
a
h R, D; a 0, R, - R; and a 0.01D
R 2
2
-1
2 r - x tan
w
R2 - x2
dx
A
z
f
r 2 - R2
For the above 5 spherical heads equations:
r=
a2 + R2
2a
where, a 0 ; and a = r - r 2 - R 2
+ or (- ) for convex or (concave)heads
w= R-h
y=
2 R h - h2
z=
r 2 - R2
Page 53 of 75
w= R-h
Art Montemayor
y=
2 R h - h2
z=
r 2 - R2
June 15, 2003

Rev: 0
Torispherical (ASME Flanged & Dished) Heads
Jones is a senior process chemist for Stockhausen Louisiana LLC, Garyville, La. Contact him at
[email protected].
Page 54 of 75
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The Outside Diameter As Their Nominal Diameter

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August 21, 2000

Vessel Design Tips

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

August 21, 2000

Vessel Design Tips

Calculating the maximum volume capacity of a vessel;

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

May 15, 1998

Partially-Filled Horizontal Vessels

VOLUMES IN PARTIALLY FILLED HORIZONTAL VESSELS

Tank Inside Dia. in =

General Purpose Tank

F & Dished Volume =

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Horizontal Storage Tank

Tank Inside Diameter (ID)

Head type selected:

Calibration curve for

Note: Place an "x" in only one of the

in. dia tank,

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Horizontal Storage Tank

November 11, 1999

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Horizontal Storage Tank

November 11, 1999

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Horizontal Storage Tank

November 11, 1999

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Horizontal Cylindrical Tank

Horizontal Cylindrical Tank with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads

f(Zc) = Horizontal cylinder coefficient (from Doolittle tables)

a -sin(a) cos (a)

f(Ze) = Ellipsoidal coefficient (from Doolittle tables)

For Ellipsoidal 2:1 heads,

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Horizontal Cylindrical Tank

Oct 31, 1999

The volume V of a liquid in a horizontal cylindrical tank is:

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Vertical Cylindrical Tank

May 05, 2001

Vertical Cylindrical Tank with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Coefficients for Partial Volumes of Horizontal Cylinders

y = -1.144x3 + 1.716x2 + 0.4365x - 0.0043

May 15, 1998

Regression of Doolittle Partial Volume Coefficient

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Regression of Doolittle Partial Volume Coefficient

May 15, 1998

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Doolittle Equation for Parially-Filled Vessel Heads

May 27, 1998

Volume Fraction of Horizontal Vessel Heads

Liquid Depth/Head ID, (H/D)

May 27, 1998

Doolittle Equation for Parially-Filled Vessel Heads