Agenda

 Introduction to Telecom Network

 Introduction to Digital SPC Switch

Introduction to Telecom Network
Definition

Telecommunications means to change

information into electric signals for
remote transmission and switching
Composition of Telecom Network

 Logical Composition

 Physical Composition
Basics of Telecommunications

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Logical Composition

Logically Speaking
A Telecom Network is composed of

Nodes, Links, Ends & Signaling

End:
It is a Terminal or Service provision point.
Telephone, Fax machine, computer…
Node:
Switching System
Link:
Transmission System
Signaling:
It is the language for communication between
various parts of telecom network
Physical Composition

Physically speaking
A telecom network is composed of

 Switching Network
 Transmission Bearer Network
 Supporting Network
 Terminal Equipment
 Switching Network:
Comprises of multiple types of switches
International office, Local terminal office switch,
Remote subscriber unit and PABX
 Transmission Bearer Network:
Comprises of Trunk links, Local transmission
links and access networks.
 Supporting Network:
Comprises four types of networks
 Digital Synchronization Network

 Signaling Network

 Centralized Intelligent Network

 Telecom Management Network

 Basic Structure of Telecom Local Network
To toll end office To toll end
office End office

Branch office Tandem

PABX
End office
Branch PABX
office
PABX

Single Tandem Office Network Multiple-Tandem Office Network.

Types of Offices

 End office
 Branch office
 Tandem office
 Toll end office
 Toll tandem office
 Domestic toll
 International toll
Telecom Network Topologies

Overall Meshed Star Tree

Network Network Network

Compound Chain Loop Bus

Network Network Network Network
Overall Meshed Network

 Good reliability
 Usage of the links is low
 The network is not economic
 This type of network is only
used when there are extremely
high requirements for reliability
Star Network

It is the basis of the ordinarily used

telephone network structure. One
switching center is configured, which
enables the calls among
subscribers. The reliability of star
network is lower than the overall
meshed network, but the star
network is much more economic
than the overall meshed network.
Compound Network

It is developed on the basis of

the star network. In the densely
populated areas, different
switching centers are
established to form different star
networks, which will be overall
or partially inter-connected to
form the compound network.
Tree Networks:
At present widely used in CATV distribution
networks and private network (e.g. military
networks).
Loop & Bus Networks:
Mostly used in computer communication
networks.
Chain Networks:
Normally used in private networks or micro-
wave trunk public communication networks.
Development of Telecom Network

 Digitalization
 Integration
 Intelligentization
 Broadband
 Personalization
Introduction to Digital SPC Switch
Outline

 The Development History of the Switch

 Digitalization of Analog Signals and PCM
(Pulse Code Modulation)
 The Constitution of the Digital SPC
Switch
 The Development History of the Switch

Basic Type Modes of Switches

Manual Telephone Magneto switch, Common Battery Telephone
Switch switch
Step-by-step Electromechanical
Automatic
telephone switch Crossbar Electromechanical,
Quasi-electric
SPC Analog (PAM), Digital
(PCM)
 Advantages of SPC Switch

 Highly flexible, Easy to maintain and

Easy to extend the capacity.
 Equipment volume is much smaller and
call connection speed is much faster.
 Good voice quality, good secrecy
 ISDN and IN
 Digitalization of Analog Signals & PCM

Generally, Digital signal must be discrete in time and

amplitude. Analog signal,contrarily,is continuous in
amplitude.

Analog signal

Digital signal
Advantages of Digital Communications

 High-level Multiplexing.
 High Resistance to disturbance, Suitable
for remote transmission.
 Easiness for ciphering and high
ciphering level
 Conversion between SNR and frequency
band.
 Easiness for the interconnection with
computer and the provision of ISDN.
 High integration of equipment that
features small size, light weight, low
power consumption and long equipment
life
Digitalization of Analog Signals & PCM

 Digitalization of Analog Signals

 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 PCM( Pulse Code Modulation)
Primary Group Format
The conversion of analog signals to binary
digital signals comprises of three main
processes

Sampling Quantization Coding

 TX or Switch
Line Coder Line Decoder
MUX DMUX
Coder Decoder
Quantizer Filter
Sampler
Filter
 Sampling

Sampling: Discretion of Time

Sampling is to converts the
Analog Signals with Continuous Time & Amplitude
into
Analog Signals with Discrete Time & Continuous
Amplitude.
These signals are called PAM signals.
 Analog
signal with
continuous
amplitude
τ
Sampling pulse
with same
T amplitude

PAM
 Nyquist Theorem

The sampling period Ts can not be longer than the

reciprocal of twice the highest frequency of the signal
to be sampled.

Ts = 1/fs < 1/2B

The voice frequency band is 300 - 3400HZ
so the actual sampling frequency fs is taken as 8000Hz
Ts=1/8000Hz = 125μs
The value of τ is 3.9 μs,
so 125/3.9 = 32TS
 Quantization

Quantization—Discretion of Amplitude
The process of quantization is to round up the
amplitude values of analog sampling signals.

The round up processing might cause certain

errors, which is the so-called “Quantization
Error”.
Quantized Output

5.3 10.2 7.6 2.1 5.0 8.1 13.6 14.2 7.5

5 10 8 2 5 8 14 14 8
Quantization is normally of two types:

 Uniform Quantization

 Non-Uniform Quantization
Non-Uniform Quantization

Non-Uniform quantization is adopted in the

quantization process of voice sampling .
This will ensure similar SNR for big and
small signals.
Realizing Non-Uniform Quantization

Convert signal S (t) via a compressor with

non-linear features. This will expand small
signals and compress big signals to get the
compressed signals. These signals are then
quantized via an even Quantizer.
 The Concept of Companding

A/D Compress A/D

Y(t) ed digital Y(t)
bit flow
Compressor Even Even
Expander
PCM PCM
coder decoder

A compressor with non-linear feature ,ordinary

compression features are A-law(A=87.6)
Coding

Multi-system digital signals are processed

with binary coding to be converted into
binary digital signals.
A-law polygon method coding is adopted
 A- Law 13 Polygon Method
13-Polygon line &
A– law compression
method
1
7/8
6/8
5/8
4/8
3/8
2/8
1/8
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
64 32 16 8 4 2
1
128
 Binary code with 8 bits format

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8

D1 : Polarity code
D2D3D4: Field code
D5D6D7D8:Intra-field code
Field code adopt the non-even Quantization &
the intra-filed code adopt the even
quantization.
 D1 : Polarity Code

 The Positive polarity is represented by bit

“1”

 The Negative polarity is represented by bit

“0”.
 D2D3D4: Field code
13-polygon line
and A -law
compression
111 method
110
101
100
011
010
001
000

16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048

The dynamic range of the input

signal 2048mV--- + 2048mV
D5D6D7D8: Intra-field Code
 Seg1 Seg 2 Seg 3 Seg 4 Seg 5 Seg 6 Seg 7 Seg 8

0000 0-1 16-17 32-34 64- 68 128-136 256-272 512-544 1024-1088

0001 1-2 17-18 34-36 68-72 136-144 272-288 544-576 1088-1152

0010 2-3 18-19 36-38 72-76 144-152 288-304 546-608 1152-1216

0011 3-4 19-20 38-40 76-80 152-160 304-320 608-640 1216-1280

0100 4-5 20-21 40-42 80-84 160-168 320-336 640-672 1280-1344

0101 5-6 21-22 42-44 84-88 168-176 336-352 672-704 1344-1408

0110 6-7 22-23 44-46 88-92 176-184 352-368 704-736 1408-1472

0111 7-8 23-24 46-48 92-96 184-190 368-384 736-768 1472-1536

1000 8-9 24-25 48-50 96-100 192-200 384-400 768-800 1536-1600

1001 9-10 25-26 50-52 100-104 200-208 400-416 800-832 1600-1664

1010 10-11 26-27 52-54 104-108 208-216 416-432 832864 1664-1728

1011 11-12 27-28 54-56 108-112 216-224 432-448 864-896 1728-1792

1100 12-13 28-29 56-58 112-116 224-232 448-464 896-928 1792-1856

1101 13-14 29-30 58-60 116-120 232-240 464-480 928-960 1856-1920

1110 14-15 30-31 60-62 120-124 240-248 480-496 960-992 1920-1984

1111 15-16 31-32 62-64 124-128 248-256 496-512 992-1024 1984-2048

Example

Input signals have a dynamic range from

-2048mv to +2048mv

+135mv : 1 100 0000

-1250mv: 0 111 0011

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

The process by which many voice signals

are arranged in different “Time Slots”
according to certain rules and transmit along
a single bearer.
A A

B B

C C

D D

D C B A D C B A
 T T T

τ
T T T

τ
Demultiplexing

Signals multiplexed in the originating terminal

are transmitted to the receiving terminal via

channels and then separated into the original

individual signals. This process is called de-

multiplexing.
 PCM Primary Group Format

The PCM primary group system is the basic

system for digital multiplexing.
Its primary frame structure contains 32 time slots.
TS1-15 &TS17- 31are used for Voice Channels,
TS0 is normally used for Frame Synchronization.
TS16 is used as a Signaling Time Slot.
Each time slot has 8 bits.
Multi-Frame Structure

Each multi-frame is composed by

16 single frames
 MULTI-FRAME
16 Frames, 2ms, 4096 bits

0 1 2 14 15

FRAME
32 TS, 256 bits, 125µs,
0 1 15 16 17 30 31

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 A2 1 1 d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7

1 1 A1 1 1 1 1 1 a b c d a b c d

TS0 MULTIFRAME: MULTIFRAME SYNCRONIZATION

TS0: FRAME:FRAME SYNCRONIZATION
TS1—TS15 & TS17– TS31 :VOICE CHANNELS
TS 16: FRAME: SIGNALING INFORMATION
Features Of PCM30/32

Sampling Rate 8000Hz

Frame Period 125µs
Width per TS 3.9µs
Multi - Frame period 125µs*16=2ms
Bits/ Sample Value 8 bits
Bits/ Frame 32*8bits=256bits
Bits/ Multi-frame 256*16=4096bits
TS / Frame 32TS
TS / Multi-frame 32*16=512TS
Channel rate 64kb/s
Channel rate = 8k * 8 bits
= 64kbits/per sec
Single Frame Rate 2Mb/s

64Kb/s * 32 = 2048Kb/s ≈ 2Mb/s

The Constitution of SPC Switching System

The digital SPC switch has mainly two big parts

The Hardware and The Software
The Hardware

Four parts:

 Interface circuits
 Control system
 Digital switching network
 Public resource
 Interface Circuits

Analog subscriber
Subscriber side interface
Digital subscriber

Analog trunk
Trunk side interface
Digital trunk
 Analog Subscriber Interface (ASLC)

Battery test
feed
Hybrid or 2/4-
Over voltage wire
protection converter
supervisio
Ringing n
CODEC&Filter
control
 Digital Trunk Interface

The interface between the digital switch and the

PCM transmission equipment.
A-interface: 2.048 Mb/s PCM Primary Group
B-interface: 8.192 Mb/s PCM Secondary Group
Control System

Control mode
 The Centralized Control:
Have only a central processor to handle the
whole system
 Distributed Control:
Have several processors distributed in the
modules,and the basic functions are mainly
realized by the modules
 Working Mode

 Load sharing
 Active /standby mode
 Processor
Mainly perform call processing , connection
and operation, management and
maintenance
Digital Switching Network

Enables the switching of different Time slots

 T-switch
 S-switch
TS,ST,TST,TTT
 T- Switch

Different Slot switching in same HW

TS28 TS9 TS2 TS28 TS20 TS9 TS2

TS20

T
D C B A A B C D

IHW OHW
Switching Time Delay

26TS delay
(TS2)
AT
(TS2) (TS28) BR
AR
26TS delay
(TS28)
BT
T-switch mainly comprises two parts:

 SM(speech memory)

Store the voice data of various time slots

 CM(control memory)

Store the address of the voice data

 Sequential Writing, Control Reading
0 SM
SM

S/P 3 a P/S
IHW 1HW
b a a b
11 b
TS11 TS3 TS11 TS3
31
CLK
CM
0
1
2
11 3

3 11

31
From CPU
Control Writing, Sequential Reading
SM
0
SM

8 3 b 8
IHW S/P P/S OHW
b a a b
11 a
TS11 TS3 TS11 TS3
31
CM CLK
0
1
2
11 3

3 11

31
From CPU
Public Resources

 Signaling device
 DTMF Receivers
 Tone Generators
 Synchronization device
 Software

The Software of the SPC digital switch controls

the actions of the Hardware.
 Office data
Semi-permanent
Subscriber data
database
Data
Switch Dynamic data
software
System program
system
Program Application program

Supporting program
 THANK YOU

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