Data and Computer Communications
Chapter 2 Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based Applications
Ninth Edition by William Stallings
Data and Computer Communications, Ninth Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson Education - Prentice Hall, 2011
Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based Applications
To destroy communication completely, there must be no rules in common between transmitter and receiverneither of alphabet nor of syntax. On Human Communication, Colin Cherry
The Need For Protocol Architecture
1.) the source must activate communications path or inform network of destination 2.) the source must make sure that destination is prepared to receive data
To transfer data several tasks must be performed:
3.) the file transfer application on source must confirm file management program at destination is prepared to accept and store file
4.) a format translation function may need to be performed if the formats on systems are different
Functions of Protocol Architecture
breaks
logic into subtask modules which are implemented separately modules are arranged in a vertical stack
each layer in the stack performs a subset of functions relies on next lower layer for primitive functions changes in one layer should not require changes in other layers
Key Features of a Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules or conventions that allow peer layers to communicate. The key features of a protocol are:
Syntax
format of data blocks control information for coordination and error handling speed matching and sequencing
Semantics
Timing
A Simple Protocol
agents involved: applications computers networks
examples of applications include file transfer and electronic mail
these execute on computers that support multiple simultaneous applications
Communication Layers
communication
tasks are organized into three relatively independent layers: Network access layer
concerned with the exchange of data
Transport layer
provides reliable data transfer
Application layer
Contains logic to support applications
Network Access Layer
covers
the exchange of data between an end system and the network that it is attached to concerned with issues like :
destination address provision invoking specific services like priority access to & routing data across a network for two end systems attached to the same network
Transport Layer
concerned with providing reliable delivery of data essentially independent of the nature of the applications
common layer shared by all applications
Application Layer
contains the logic needed to support user applications
separate module is needed for each type of application
Protocol Architecture and Networks
Protocols in a Simplified Architecture
Addressing
Two levels of addressing are needed:
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
the
combination of data and control information is a protocol data unit (PDU) typically control information is contained in a PDU header
control information is used by the peer transport protocol at computer B
headers
may include:
source port, destination port, sequence number, and error-detection code
Network Access Protocol
after
receiving segment from transport layer, the network access protocol must request transmission over the network
the network access protocol creates a network access PDU (packet) with control information
header
includes:
source computer address destination computer address facilities requests
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
Result of protocol research and development conducted on ARPANET
Referred to as TCP/IP protocol suite
TCP/IP comprises a large collection of protocols that are Internet standards
TCP/IP Layers and Example Protocols
Physical Layer
covers
the physical interface between computer and network concerned with issues like:
characteristics of transmission medium nature of the signals data rates
Network Access Layer
covers
the exchange of data between an end system and the network that it is attached to concerned with issues like :
destination address provision invoking specific services like priority access to & routing data across a network for two end systems attached to the same network
Internet Layer
implements procedures needed to allow data to travel across multiple interconnected networks uses the Internet Protocol (IP) to provide routing function
implemented in end systems and routers
Host-to-Host (Transport) Layer
concerned with providing reliable delivery of data
common layer shared by all applications
most commonly used protocol is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Operation of TCP/IP
TCP/IP Address Requirements
Two levels of addressing are needed:
Operation of TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP is the transport layer protocol for most applications TCP provides a reliable connection for transfer of data between applications A TCP segment is the basic protocol unit TCP tracks segments between entities for duration of each connection
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
alternative
to TCP does not guarantee delivery, preservation of sequence, or protection against duplication adds port addressing capability to IP used with Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
UDP Header
IPv6
Provides
enhancements over existing IP Designed to accommodate higher speeds and the mix of graphic and video data Driving force was the need for more addresses due to growth of the Internet IPv6 includes 128-bit source and destination address fields
IPv6 Header
TCP/IP Protocols
Standardized Protocol Architectures
Layer Specific Standards
OSI Standardization
framework
for standardization was
motivator lower layers are concerned with greater levels of details each layer provides services to the next higher layer three key elements:
Protocol specification
Service definition
Addressing
Primitive Types
REQUEST A primitive issued by a service user to invoke some service and to pass the parameters needed to specify fully the requested service A primitive issued by a service provider either to: indicate that a procedure has been invoked by the peer service user on the connection and to provide the associated parameters, or notify the service user of a provider-initiated action A primitive issued by a service user to acknowledge or complete some procedure previously invoked by an indication to that user A primitive issued by a service provider to acknowledge or complete some procedure previously invoked by a request by the service user
INDICATION
RESPONSE
CONFIRM
Service Primitives and Parameters
define
services between adjacent layers using: to specify function performed to pass data and control information
Internet Applications
Applications that operate on top of TCP include:
SMTP FTP SSH
TCP
Multimedia Terminology
Multimedia Terminology
audio generally encompasses sounds that are produced by a human, telephony and related voice communications technology
image supports the communication of individual pictures, charts, or drawings video service carries sequences of pictures in time text is information that can be entered via a keyboard and is directly readable and printable
Multimedia Applications
Multimedia information systems
databases, information kiosks, hypertexts, electronic books, and multimedia expert systems
Multimedia communication systems
computer-supported collaborative work, videoconferencing, streaming media, and multimedia teleservices
Multimedia entertainment systems
3D computer games, multiplayer network games, infotainment, and interactive audiovisual productions
Multimedia business systems
immersive electronic commerce, marketing, multimedia presentations, video brochures, virtual shopping
Multimedia educational systems
electronic books, flexible teaching materials, simulation systems, automatic testing, distance learning
Domains of Multimedia Systems and Example Applications
Elastic and Inelastic Traffic
Multimedia Technologies
Summary
needs
and key elements for protocol architecture TCP/IP protocol architecture OSI Model & protocol architecture standardization traditional versus multimedia application needs