APPLICATION OF RS AND GIS

IN
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

M.B.RAJIV GANDHI(04B21)
J.SAHAYA VETRI SELVAN(04B22)
K.SHENBAGAVALLI(04B23)
N.SIRAJUDEEN(04B24)
B.SOWMIYA(04B25)
 INTRODUCTION
The environment, is a term that comprises all
living and non-living things that occur
naturally on Earth.

Assessment is the process of documenting,

usually in measurable terms
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Environmental assessment is a process to predict the
environmental effects of proposed initiatives before
they are carried out.
An environmental assessment:
 identifies possible environmental effects

 proposes measures to mitigate adverse effects

 predicts whether there will be significant adverse

environmental effects, even after the mitigation is
implemented
 NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
There are two main purposes of environmental
assessment:
minimize or avoid adverse environmental
effects before they occur

incorporate environmental factors into

decision making
 WHEN IT IS DONE??
Should be conducted
as early as possible in the planning and
proposal stages of a project

for the analysis to be valuable to

decision makers and to incorporate the
mitigative measures into the proposed plans.
 BENEFITS
increased protection of human health

the sustainable use of natural resources

reduced project costs and delays

minimized risks of environmental disasters

 APPLICATIONS
 Wild Land Analysis

 Emergency Services like Fire Prevention

 Hazard Mitigation and Future planning

 Air pollution & control

 Disaster Management

 Forest Fires Management

 CONTD…
Managing Natural Resources

Waste Water Management

Oil Spills and its remedial actions

Sea Water - Fresh water interface Studies

Coal Mine Fires

STEPS INVOLVED
 CASE STUDY:
GIS model to assess Chennai
city’s environmental
performance, using green-cover
as the parameter
Chennai city is the capital of Tamil
Nadu, located in the Southeastern
India.

The average population growth of

the city is 25% per decade that
recurrently reduces the green-
covered area.

Exceptionally, during the post economic

liberalization period, i.e. between the
years 1997-2001, the city lost up to 99% of
its green covered areas at some parts.
Subsequently, the Chennai city started to
experience wide range of environmental
issues, like urban heat island, pollution and
ground water depletion, etc.

Though other factors are also reason for

that, the receding green-covers mainly lowers
the urban system's self rejuvenation capacity.

The diminishing green-covers simplified

many aspects of the natural process, thus
ultimately affected the Chennai city's
environmental performance.
Through this model, the correlation between
the Chennai city's green-cover change and its
environmental performance change is appraised.

To appraise this sensitive association between

the green-cover and city's environmental
performance, a GIS model has been developed
by adapting the Chennai city as the case study
area.

The model is evolved, using the three sets of

the green-cover services, namely the air quality
amelioration, the hydrological process regulation
and the micro-climatic amelioration.
The output confirms the positive
relationship between per capita green cover
modification and the Chennai city's
environmental performance change.

The result also shows that the Chennai

city's environmental performance is
reduced drastically across the city between
the years 1997- 2001, at some parts to the
degree of 38% is reduced.
 CASE STUDY
GIS and Natural
Disaster
Management
Disasters can be categorized in two forms,
either natural or man-made.

Natural disasters are natural processes or

phenomena occurring in the biosphere that may
constitute a damaging event.

They can be classified as earthquakes,

volcanic activity, mass movement (landslides,
rock falls, avalanches), floods and mudflows,
storms (hailstorms, blizzard, rain, wind, tropical
cyclones, storm surges), drought,
desertification, heat waves, sand or dust storms,
fire.
Man-made disasters are man-induced
phenomena that may constitute a damaging
event. They can be classified terrorism, war,
and engineering faults.

The Economic and Human Cost of

Disasters:

 In the past 20 years, natural disasters

have killed over 3 million people, and
inflicted injury, disease, homelessness and
misery on over 1 billion people in addition to
causing billions of dollars of material
damage.
In 2004, it was estimated that the
annual global economic costs related
to disaster events average US$629
billion per year, five times that of 20
years ago. In 2003 there were about
700 natural disasters.

Below are a few statistics on the

human and economic losses
experienced from recent disaster
events.
 Event Deaths Homelessness Economic cost

Kobe Japan 1995 $126 billion to repair

5,100 300,000
earthquake basic infrastructure

Izmit Turkey 1999

18,000 300,000 $13 billion repair bill
earthquake

Bam Iran 2003

41,000 75,000
earthquake

Ash Wednesday Fire,

AUD $400 million
Victoria Australia Feb 76 2,400
property loss
1983
Ash Wednesday Fire,
AUD $400 million
Victoria Australia Feb 76 2,400
property loss
1983

October Fire Siege

24 3,700 cost of fire $12 billion
2004, California USA

Hurricane Andrew,
$26.5 billion in
Florida USA, Aug 26
damages
1992

Heat wave, France,

15,000
Aug 2003
Ice Storm, Canada, $5.4 billion in
28 600,000
Jan 1998 damages

Exxon Valdez oil spill $2.5 billion cleanup

1989 costs alone

World Trade Centre –

building collapse on 2,700
September 11, 2001
Mitigation
Once the types of hazards likely to
impact a given area have been accessed
and understood, the areas of most
vulnerability can be easily identified
from maps.
Master plans can be formulated to
address these areas of vulnerability.
For instance, in flood prone areas,
a review of municipal zoning could
be undertaken and
recommendations made to restrict
new buildings in the areas subject
to most flood inundation, instead
leaving these places as open
public areas; river bank levees
could be designed and
constructed, etc.
Mitigation measures are usually left to
the local, state or federal authorities.

Whilst many authorities in developed

nations are now being proactive in taking
measures to reduce the impact of
disasters, many developing nations are
waiting until after an extreme event has
occurred before addressing the issue.
In either case, GIS analysis is being used to
assist authorities to identify areas where mitigation
effort should be concentrated.

The first example shown below depicts areas at

risk to flood [red being high risk, yellow being
medium risk and green being low risk].
whilst the second example shows
areas at risk to landslide [areas
depicted in orange to red being
most at risk].

 Using such maps generated by

GIS, the authorities can then review
policies such as building codes for
these specific areas, rezoning
effected areas, and/or develop a
program of civil works to minimize
potential risks.
CONCLUTION:

Changing building codes so that building

structures are raised above flood peaks,
building water levees, building basement
structures to withstand earthquakes,
clearing zones around houses in fire risk
areas, are just some of the ways that
authorities and individuals are working
towards minimizing the impact of extreme
events when they occur.
GIS analysis can be used to identify the
zone boundaries having mapped what was
available. It can also be used to quickly
identify where deficiencies exist.

In addition to management zone maps,

maps need to be communicated to the
general public identifying the location of
support facilities.The guidelines will identify
who should receive warnings about
potential hazards, its severity, when, how
often, and by which means – newspapers,
TV, radio, or emergency personnel door
knocking.
GIS application for weather analysis
and forecasting
Various methods were developed and used by
meteorologists for weather forecasting. The
most important methods are the conventional
Synoptic, and Numerical Weather Prediction
(NWP) methods.

 Skill of these forecasts can be enhanced

through use of GIS by relating different
features of the atmosphere and their proper
visualization.
 Conventional synoptic method
 In this subjective method, conventional forecasting
tools like, trend, persistence, Climatology, and
analogue of weather systems, are popularly
employed.
 These methods makes use of some basic
assumptions for extrapolating the weather into the
future.
 The forecaster blends these extrapolations with his
own experience and the location specific weather
quirks
 The inadequate human understanding of the various
complex atmospheric processes leading to the
weather development itself is one of the major
problems associated with this method.
 NWP method:
 The NWP method makes use of numerical solutions
(high speed super computers are generally required
for this task) of complex system of mathematical
prognostic equations/models representing both the
physical and dynamical processes occurring in the
atmosphere.
 The model integrations into the future automatically
produce charts of important parameters such as
surface pressure, wind circulations, etc. The
forecaster interprets these charts for weather
forecasting at the locations of his interest
 Limitations of NWP weather forecasts :
 Inadequate representations of the initial conditions of the
atmosphere,
 Inadequate finite resolution of the model - presents
difficulty in the representation of orography, giving rise to
differences in station levels,
 Inadequate parameterizations of the boundary layer and
other physical processes, and
 Incorrect representation of ground conditions
 CONTD…
Keeping the above limitations of NWP based
medium range weather forecasts in view, this focuses
on improving forecast skill by making use of new
technological tools like Geographical Information
System (GIS) software for plotting, analyses and
visualization of observed meteorological parameters,
superior to the conventional techniques otherwise
followed for the purpose.
Materials and Methods for the Study
 The weather parameters viz. Wind Speed, Wind
Direction, temperature and Geopotential height at
vertical levels of the atmosphere at 850 hPa and 500
hPa at the T80 model grid points (approximately 150
km apart) over the globe.
 The 5-day weather forecasts for the same parameters
based of the above initial conditions (analysis) were
made use of as weather forecasts.
Weather analysis is the process of drawing isobars,
isohyets, isotachs, etc. and locating pressure systems,
fronts, etc. on a base map of an area on which the
weather observations from a wide area are plotted,
following meteorological conventions.
The locations of the synoptic weather observation
stations over the globe.
• Super imposition of the
wind flow pattern and
specific humidity (gm/kg) at
850 hPa level at 5.30 A.M.
IST on 17th Dec. 2000, over
the surface topography. The
red arrows show the wind
flow, and the green contour
lines with blue colored
numbers across show the
specific humidity
distribution. The
multicolored background is
the surface created out of
the ten minute interval
orography of the area.
• Super imposition of the
wind flow pattern and
specific humidity (gm/kg) at
850 hPa level at 5.30 A.M.
IST on 17th Dec. 2000, over
the surface topography. The
red arrows show the wind
flow, and the green contour
lines with blue colored
numbers across show the
specific humidity
distribution. The purple
colored contours with black
numbers across represent
the ten minute interval
orography of the area.
 FOREST
• CASE STUDY 1: Application of Satellite
Based Remote Sensing for Monitoring and
Mapping of India’s Forest and Tree Cover

• CASE STUDY 2:Application of Remote

Sensing and GIS for forest fire susceptibility
mapping using likelihood ratio model
 Application of Satellite Based Remote Sensing
for Monitoring and Mapping of India’s Forest and
Tree Cover
 The current National Forest Policy (1988) in India
aims at maintaining a minimum of 33 percent of
country’s geographical area under forest.
 FSI has been carrying out assessment of forest
cover in the country using satellite based remote
sensing data.
 FSI was using satellite data on 1:250,000 scale for
assessment of forest cover. In its latest
assessment, it used digital interpretation of satellite
data on 1:50,000 scale.
 STEPS INVOLVED
STEP 1: Acquisition of satellite data

The digital data of IRS-1C and 1D LISS III is

acquired from NRSA
India is covered in about 340 scenes, of IRS 1C and
1D.
One scene covers an area of about 20000 km2,
having an overlap of about 10% with adjoining
scenes.
While procuring the data, it should be cloud free
(with not more than 10% cloud cover)
STEP 2: Geometric Rectification of raw data

 After downloading the data into computer, rectification

is carried out in each image to provide Latitude and
Longitude information into raw satellite scene using
raster based geometric corrections.

 Rectification carried out in geographic projection is re-

projected in shape of polygonal projection and the scene
is geo-coded.
STEP 3: Mosaicing of rectified scenes

Different scenes, which are already rectified, may

have to be merged together to get one combined
FCC (False Colour Composite).
FCC of sheet is extracted from mosaiced scene in a
chosen area of interest. Image is displayed in three
bands 3, 2, 1.
Masking of non-forest areas is done separately to
extract forest areas
STEP 4: Classification of forest cover

Interactive method of display is used for

assigning threshold values for each class (open,
dense and scrub) on the basis of the ground
knowledge to highlight forest/vegetated areas.

Density class of forest cover and colour is

accordingly allocated.
• Raw images of IRS IC/D PAN and LISS III data
for the period between Oct.-Dec. 2002 are
acquired from National Remote Sensing Agency,
Hyderabad.
• Thereafter, the PAN image is geometrically
rectified with the help of Survey of India
toposheets on 1:50,000 Scale.
• The LISS III image is then co registered with the
rectified PAN images. PAN and LISS III images
are fused using appropriate algorithm
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 For the first time FSI has interpreted the satellite data
of the entire country digitally. Digital interpretation
has the advantage of overcoming subjectivity
prevalent in visual method.
 Due to absorption of digital image processing
technique, it has been possible for FSI to interpret the
data on 1:50,000 scale.
 This has resulted in providing more realistic
information on forest cover as areas having forest
cover down to 1 ha could be delineated while in
earlier assessments, forest cover down to 25 ha could
only be delineated.
 CONTD..
For the first time an independent and
systematic assessment of accuracy of
satellite data interpretation was made.
An error matrix was generated by
comparing classified forest cover with the
actual forest cover on the ground at 3,608
locations spread throughout the country.
High resolution PAN data was used as
proxy for ground verification.
The overall accuracy of forest cover
classification was found to be 95.9%.
 CONTD…
Though forest cover in areas as less as 1
ha in extent could be assessed using
satellite data, significant tree cover exists
in patches of less than 1 ha and in linear
shapes along roads, canals, etc. and
scattered trees that can not be assessed
using remote sensing.
 CASE STUD Y 2
Ap plica tion of Re mote Sensi ng an d
GIS fo r for est f ire
su scept ibili ty ma pping usin g
like lihoo d rat io mo del
 INTRODUCTION
 In the event of a prolonged spell without rain, and a
lowering of the water table in the peat swamp
forest, the organic layers becomes completely dry
and is very prone to fire.
 Geospatial technology, including Remote Sensing
and Geographic Information Systems (GIS),
provides the information and the tools necessary to
develop a forest fire susceptibility map in order to
identify, classify and map fire hazard area.
 Forest Fire locations were identified in the study
area from historical hotspots data from year 2000 to
2005 using AVHRR NOAA 12 and NOAA 16
satellite images.
 STUDY AREA
The study area is located approximately
between Upper Left (3º 23’ 53.6”E and
101º 3’ 36.3”N) and Lower Right (3º 45’
18.05”E and 101º 30’ 55.33”N).
The area located within the Kuala
Selangor District, northern part Selangor.
Sg Karang and Raja Muda Musa Forest Reserve, Selangor
Data using GIS and Remote
Sensing
 Data using Remote Sensing

 Recent advances in remote sensing, GIS and

computer technologies provided an opportunity
to assess and monitor the land cover changes.
 NOAA AVHRR satellite data with a spatial
resolution of 1.1 km at nadir was found to be
extremely useful for national-scale assessment
and monitoring of major land cover types.
 Historical forest fire data were collected from
satellite remote sensing NOAA AVHRR 12 and
NOAA 14 sensors for last 5 years.
 CONTD…
• The imagery from Landsat-7 ETM of path
157 and row 058 acquired on 21 September
2001 was used in this study.
• The spatial resolution for Landsat-7 ETM
was 30 meter x 30 meter.
• Fuel map were extracted from satellite
imagery.
 Data using GIS

GIS data consists of biophysical and

socio-economic variable is on 1: 25,000
scale.
Hotspots prone areas, fire occurrence
map, peat swamp map and soil maps
have been acquired and digitized.
Meteorological data such as temperature
and relative humidity and Fire Danger
Rating System (FDRS) map were
obtained
 CONTD…
 Image processing was carried out using ERDAS
Imagine 8.7 and PCI Geomatica 9.0.
 There were six factors that were considered in
calculating the probability, and the factors were
extracted from the constructed spatial database.
 The factors were transformed into a vector-type
spatial database using the GIS, and forest fire-
related factors were extracted using the
database.
 CONTD…
• A digital elevation model (DEM) was created first
from the topographic database.
• Contour and survey base points that had elevation
values from the 1:25,000-scale topographic maps
were extracted, and a DEM was constructed with a
resolution of 20 m.
• Using this DEM, the slope angle and slope aspect
were calculated.
• The soil map is obtained from a 1:100,000-scale soil
map. Landsat-7 ETM, 30 meter x 30 meter resolution
was used for extracting fuel map in the Sg Karang
and Raja Muda Forest Reserve, Selangor.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The large amount of data can be processed in
the GIS environment quickly and easily.
Moreover, it is hard to process the large
amount of data in the statistical package.
Recently, forest fire susceptibility mapping has
shown a great deal of importance for haze
detection and fire prevention in forest area.
Applications of GIS and Remote Sensing in the
Analysis of the Environment of Bay of Bengal
 The Bay of Bengal is a northern extended
arm of the Indian Ocean, situated in eastern
part between equator and 220N latitude and
800E and 1000E longitude.
 The present study aims at understanding the
seasonal variability of the environmental
parameters of BoB.
 The present study focus on the application
of Geographical Information System (GIS) and
remote sensing for the analysis of environment
parameters of Bay of Bengal.
 The remote sensing data, used in the study,
are (SST), (SSH) anomalies, Chlorophyll
Concentration and Sea Surface Wind.

 The monthly mean data on SST is from

Modis Aqua, chlorophyll pigment
concentrations is from SeaWiFS, and sea
surface winds from Quikscat.
 Monthly mean sea surface height
anomalies were obtained merged 7-day snap
shot from Topex/Posidon and ERS-1/2 series
of satellites.

 GIS facilitates the modeling and analysis of data
apart from generation of both 2-D and 3-D
maps.Preliminary analysis showed that SST and
chlorophyll pigment concentrations were correlated
with cold SSTs located with high chlorophyll
pigment concentrations.
 In the northern Bay the pigment concentration
was always high and appears to be related to the
influence of river discharge.
 High chlorophyll concentration was found near the
coastal areas of Bay of Bengal, so these areas may
become biologically highy productive.
Use of RS and GIS to estimate Air Quality Index
over Peninsular Malaysia

•This is the report resulted in a study in order

to compute API using satellite-based method

•Five locations of air pollution station were

selected where major pollutants have been
measured conventionally.
•Haze information was extracted from the
satellite data
Relationship between the satellite recorded
reflectance and the corresponding pollutant
measurement was determined using
regression analysis.

The result proven that satellite-based method

using space-borne remote sensing data was
capable of computing API spatially and
continuously
Haze (originating from open burning or forest fire)
usually contains large amount of particulate matter
(e.g., organic matter, graphitic carbon).

The pollution rate can be measured from ground

instruments such as air sampler, sun photometer and
optical particle counter, however these instruments is
impractical if measurement are to be made over
relatively large areas or for continuous monitoring.
 Study area
• On 22nd September 1997 Malaysian
government had declared that Kuching (capital
of Sarawak) was in the state of emergency
when the API exceeded 650 (hazardous level)
• Their concentration and spatial
distribution was quantified from NOAA-14
AVHRR satellite data
• Combination of
band 1, 2 and 4 are
used to visually
differentiate
between haze
(orange), low clouds
(yellow) and high
clouds (white).
NOAA-14 AVHRR
 methods

• Derivation of haze model,

• Regression analysis

• Accuracy Assessment.
Haze model
 Contd..

• This model can be described by:

σ-R=L–V
• where,
σ : reflectance recorded by satellite sensor,
R : reflectance from known object from earth
• surface
• L : skylight, and
V : lost radiation caused by scattering and
absorption
 Regression analysis

• Calibration pixels of NOAA-14 AVHRR data

were sampled within a radius of 2.5 km from
each of the air pollution stations. The
relationship between AQI and satellite-
recorded reflectance of band 1 AVHRR, were
analysed using linear regression.
 Accuracy Assessment

• In order to verify the

accuracy of the regression
model, RMSE (Root-mean-
squared Error) was
implemented to the AQI
values obtained by the
model.
 Results and discussion
• RS and GIS technology are useful in
providing haze early warnings, so that
necessary measures could be taken
effectively by both government authorised
party as well as public
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR DAM
CONSTRUCTION USING GIS/REMOTE SENSING

 The Environmental Impact Assessment, for the dam

construction on the Man river, Gujarat, India, was performed
using GIS and Remote Sensing software-Arc/Info.
 The study attempts to assess the present problems of the area
and to provide suggestive measures for the watershed
improvement of the Man River after the construction of the
dam. Various information layers were integrated through the
GIS software Arc/Info using overlay methods.
 Suitable site selection for different types of treatments, using
the criteria rules of Arc/Info has also been performed.
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 This study shall prepare a detailed environmental impact analysis of the

proposed dam and environmental management plan in the catchment and
the command areas of the Man River for clearance by the Ministry of
Environment.
 The increased irrigation potential due to the proposed dam shall have a
great impact on the socio-economic upliftment of the region.
 The construction of the dam is aimed at improving the land productivity in
the command area. Proper utilization of the irrigation water from the dam
is suggested to prevent increase in the land salinity in the command area.
 The study shall assess the status of erosion and land degradation in the
catchment area to prevent siltation and to suggest the future plan of
treatment.
 STUDY AREA
• The Man River originates in the Nasik district of Maharashtra, India and
flows through Valsad district of Gujarat, India and discharges directly into
the Arabian Sea.

• The area is located between 73o 15’ - 73o36’ E longitude and 20o 25’ -
20o 40’ N latitude, and covers parts of the Survey of India topographic
sheet numbers 73H/2,3,6,10.
• The catchment area is demarcated into sub-watersheds and consists of 55
villages covering an area of 261.0 sq.km. The command area covers an
area of 192.6 sq.km. consisting of 37 villages.
 METHODOLOGY
• The input data from all of the above diverse sources are translated into the
thematic maps by the methods of:
 interpretation
 Classification
 manipulation
 integration
 editing
 analysis
• During the last few decades GIS software has gained importance for
generating overlays and making site-specific decisions. Multi-spectral
remotely sensed satellite data plays a vital role in the generation of the
overlays.
• The integration of the satellite imagery and GIS has eased the data
integration and analysis of very large data sets.
 Physiography and drainage

• The catchment area of the proposed dam consists of flat

topped, highly dissected plateaus and dyke ridges running in a
west to east direction.
• The command area of the proposed dam is surrounded by
moderately dissected plateaus and piedmont slopes.
• The largest portion of the command area is the alluvial plain,
which has been formed by the river Man. The alluvial plain is
studded with number of residual hills with degraded forests.
• The river Man in the command area also flows in straight
channels, which shows that the river is structurally controlled
 Soil series
• The area, being of basaltic formation, falls under
the broad soil group of red loams and black
clayey soils. The transmission of water through
similar parent material seems to have influenced
the development of different physiographic
characteristics of the soils in the area.
 Land use/ Land cover
• Digital interpretation of IRS LISS-III FCC on 1:50,000scale
for two season dates is done in ERDAS for identification of
different land use land cover classes based on the image
characteristics.
• The multidate imagery are interpreted for the details of the
crop land in the two harvest seasons known as the kharif and
Rabi seasons.
• Based on ground truth verification the boundaries are finalized
which synchronizes well with the physiography, slope and soil
of the area.
 PREPARATION OF THE SECONDARY
OVERLAYS
• The secondary layers are derived from the
above datasets in Arc/Info by the various
overlay functions. Polygons below a
threshold limit eliminated to generate the
final layers based on which the decisions
can be made.
 Slope
• The slope map is derived by using the GRID and TIN
features of Arc/Info. The input data are the contours from
the Survey of India topographic sheets. After converting
from raster to vector layer it is processed for generating
the secondary overlays.
• In the catchment area, the plateau tops have slopes of 0-
3% and the steep hillsides are above 8%. The piedmonts
comprise of slopes mainly between 5 – 8%. In the river
bed and the valley fills, the slope remains below 5%.
• The command area, comprising mainly of the alluvial
plain and the flood plain, has a slope ranging between 0-
3%. In the surrounding dissected plateau and piedmont,
the slope varies between 3 – 8%.
 Hydrogeomorphology and
groundwater
• The hydrogeomorphological map is prepared by
overlaying geomorphology, lithostratigraphy,
structure and land use.
• The hydrogeomorphologic conditions for each
landform type are identified based on the above
layers. Groundwater prospects are assigned to
each unit.
• A total of five classes of groundwater prospect
areas have been identified in the catchment
area. The groundwater status in most of the area
varies between poor to moderate, especially in
the dissected plateaus and dyke ridges.
 Land-Irrigability
• In the command area, based on the texture,
structure, permeability, of the soil, soil-irrigability
classes are assigned and each type of soil
irrigability class is given a unique code. This soil-
irrigability layer is unionized with the slope layer
to derive the land-irrigability classes. Based on
the percent slope and soil irrigability classes,
four land-irrigability classes have been identified
.
 Land Capability
• Overlaying the slope, soil, land use and
environmental factors of each CEIU/CLDU, land
capability classes are generated.
• Each land capability class is identified by a unique
characteristic, having similar hazards of the soil to
various factors, which causes soil damage, decreases
soil fertility, and its potential for agriculture.
• In the command area the land-capability has been
assigned for the development of the area. In the
catchment area land capability has been assigned for
future treatment.
 CONCLUSION

• The entire study was carried out by using, Arc/info, ArcVIEW

and ERDAS. The intricate overlays, which are manually
impossible to generate, along with the detailed calculation
have been successfully performed.
• Due to the construction of the dam on the Man River, an area
of 17.55 sq.km is going under submergence. This area consists
of parts of five villages.
• The affected inhabitants can be suitably rehabilitated in the
non-submerged part of the villages.