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Ch06 - Channel Coding Part 1

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Ch06 - Channel Coding Part 1

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6 CHANNEL CODING: PART 1 304 6.1 Waveform Coding and Structured Sequences, 305 6.1.1 Antipodal and Orthogonal Signals, 307 6.1.2. M-ary Signaling, 308 6.1.3 Waveform Coding, 309 6.1.4 Waveform-Coding System Example, 313 6.2. Types of Error Control, 315 6.2.1 Terminal Connectivity, 315 6.2.2 Automatic Repeat Request, 316 63 Structured Sequences, 317 6.3.1 Channel Models, 318 6.3.2 Code Rate and Redundancy, 320 6.3.3 Parity Check Codes, 321 6.3.4 Why Use Error-Correction Coding? 323 64 Linear Block Codes, 328 6.4.1 Vector Spaces, 329 6.4.2 Vector Subspaces, 329 6.4.3 A (6, 3) Linear Block Code Example, 330 6.4.4 Generator Matrix, 331 6.4.5 Systematic Linear Block Codes, 333 6.4.6 Parity-Check Matrix, 334 6.4.7 Syndrome Testing, 335 6.4.8 Error Correction, 336 6.4.9 Decoder Implementation, 340 6.5 Error-Detecting and Correcting Capability, 342 6.5.1 Weight and Distance of Binary Vectors, 342 6.5.2. Minimum Distance of a Linear Code, 343 6.5.3 Error Detection and Correction, 343 6.5.4 Visualization of a 6-Tuple Space, 347 6.5.5 Erasure Correction, 348 6.6 Usefulness of the Standard Array, 349 6.6.1 Estimating Code Capability, 349 6.6.2. An(n, k) Example, 351 6.6.3 Designing the (8,2) Code, 352 6.6.4 Error Detection versus Error Correction Trade-Offs, 352 6.6.5 The Standard Array Provides Insight, 356 6.7 Cyclic Codes, 356 6.7.1 Algebraic Structure of Cyclic Codes, 357 6.7.2. Binary Cyclic Code Properties, 358 6.7.3 Encoding in Systematic Form, 359 6.7.4 Circuit for Dividing Polynomials, 360 6.7.5. Systematic Encoding with an (n ~ k)-Stage Shift Register, 363 6.7.6 Error Detection with an (n— k)-Stage Shift Register, 365 6.8 Well-Known Block Codes, 366 68.1 Hamming Codes, 366 68.2 Extended Golay Code, 369 6.8.3 BCH Codes, 370 6.9 Conclusion, 374 CHAPTER 6 Channel Coding: Part 1 Information From other source sources Message Channel symbols symbols Chovnel puso | feananeer] PE A Fito rend mccuctof Procure] PU AL acoess ant ain A ian) Digital —_Digita) Channel baseband bandpass fmpufaer “2 wavelorm waveform [Channo! decode cuess J Channel symbols infor Sen [ZZ Optional information 0 other sink destinations: Essential 304 Channel coding refers to the class of signal transformations designed to improve communications performance by enabling the transmitted signals to better with- stand the effects of various channel impairments, such as noise, interference, and fading. These signal-processing techniques can be thought of as vehicles for accom- plishing desirable system trade-offs (¢.g., error-performance versus bandwidth, power versus bandwidth), Why do you suppose channel coding has become such a popular way to bring about these beneficial cffects? The use of large-scale inte- grated circuits (LST) and high-speed digital signal processing (DSP) techniques have made it possible to provide as much as 10 dB performance improvement through these methods, at much less cost than through the use of most other meth- ods such as higher power transmitters or larger antennas 6.1 WAVEFORM CODING Channel coding can be partitioned into two study areas, waveform (or signal design) coding, and structured sequences (or structured redundancy), as shown in Figure 6.1, Waveform coding deals with transforming waveforms into “better waveforms,” to make the detection process less subject to errors. Structured se- quences deals with transforming data sequences into “better sequences,” having structured redundancy (redundant bits). The redundant bits can then be used for the detection and correction of errors. The encoding procedure provides the coded signal (whether waveforms or structured sequences) with better distance properties 61 Waveform Coding 305

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