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Sin and Cos As Complex Functions: Recall The Identities For and in Terms of

The document discusses complex functions and operations involving sin, cos, and logarithms. It shows: 1) Expressions for sin and cos in terms of complex exponentials. 2) How to solve equations involving complex sin and cos by equating real and imaginary parts. 3) That the complex logarithm is a multi-valued function that can be written in terms of the modulus, argument and multiples of 2π. 4) How to calculate complex powers using logarithms and exponentials. 5) The curious result that j raised to the power of j equals a real number.

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53 views4 pages

Sin and Cos As Complex Functions: Recall The Identities For and in Terms of

The document discusses complex functions and operations involving sin, cos, and logarithms. It shows: 1) Expressions for sin and cos in terms of complex exponentials. 2) How to solve equations involving complex sin and cos by equating real and imaginary parts. 3) That the complex logarithm is a multi-valued function that can be written in terms of the modulus, argument and multiples of 2π. 4) How to calculate complex powers using logarithms and exponentials. 5) The curious result that j raised to the power of j equals a real number.

Uploaded by

leokvn
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sin and cos as complex functions

Recall the identities for sin and cos in terms of e: ej + ej cos = 2 ej ej sin = 2j

We can nd sin and cos of pure imaginaries by writing = j e + e = cosh cos(j) = 2 e e 1 sin(j) = = sinh = j sinh 2j j Now cos z and sin z come from addition formulae cos z = cos(x + jy) = cos x cos(jy) sin x sin(jy) = cos x cosh y j sin x sinh y sin z = sin(x + jy) = sin x cos(jy) + cos x sin(jy) = sin x cosh y + j cos x sinh y

MMpl (EMAT10004) 2009-10

2.27

Complex Numbers

Solving equations with sin and cos


Example: cos(z) = 2 Write z = x + jy We know that cos z = cos x cosh y j sin x sinh y ; hence cos x cosh y j sin x sinh y = 2 And so, equating real and imaginary parts cos x cosh y = 2, sin x sinh y = 0

Second equation gives either sin x = 0 or sinh y = 0 x = n cos(n) cosh y = 2 (1)n cosh y = 2 y = cosh1 2 (for n even) y = 0 cos x = 2 And hence, for all n Z z = x + jy = 2n + j cosh1 2
(a contradiction)

MMpl (EMAT10004) 2009-10

2.28

Complex Numbers

Complex logarithm
Final example is nding w = log z Write z in polar form: r = |z|, = Arg(z), n Z, w in Cartesian form z = r ej(+2n) , By the denition of log w = log z z = ew r ej(+2n) = ex+jy = ex ejy w = x + jy

So we can equate moduli and arguments to get r = ex x = log r, y = + 2n

And thus log is another multifunction log z = log|z| + j (Arg(z) + 2n)

MMpl (EMAT10004) 2009-10

2.29

Complex Numbers

Complex powers, and a curiosity


Using log and e we can calculate one complex number raised to the power of another z1 z2 = ez2 log z1 For example, nd j j j j = ej log j First nd log j : log j = log(|j|) + j (Arg(j) + 2n) = log 1 + j So now we have that + 2n = j + 2n 2 2

+ 2n 2 A real number! (or rather, an innite number of real numbers. . . ) j j = ej log j = exp

MMpl (EMAT10004) 2009-10

2.30

Complex Numbers

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