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A Project Report on

ROLLING DISPLAY USING 89C51

Submitted by

Rahul S Thombre Poonam B Wagh Addala Shashank V Rao

In fulfilment for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering ( Electronics and Tele-communication ) North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon (M.S).

Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication Government College of Engineering ,Jalgaon. (2010-2011)

CERTIFICATE
This to certify that, the dissertation ROLLING DISPLAY USING 89C51 submitted by

Jayashree N. Sonar Neha P. Patil Rupali D. Rane

Is a bonafide work completed under my supervision and guidance in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics and Telecommunication) Degree of North Maharashtra university, Jalgaon.

Place: Jalgaon Date:

Mrs. Y.D.Kapse (Project Guide) Electronics and Telecommunication

Mr. G. K. Andurkar (Head of Department) Electronics and Telecommunication

Dr.D.S.Chaudhari Principal

SYNOPSIS
Gas leakage in any area such as domestic, industrial etc. creates hazardous problems .The gas leakage can form a gas clouds and any kind of spark generated in this cloud will make explosion .This explosion can cause much of damages to the industry .Suppose the industry is located in the city or area having crowded population then it is important to inform people about gas leakage.so that the people will take care that no spark are generated in that area. To avoid the above stated problem we have develop the project. This is the gas leakage detection in remote areas .Where the presence of human beings is rare such as a factory or any gas pipelines.The gas leakage can be detected by smell of gas,but for detection of gas in industrial areas a gas sensor is used .This is an inexpensive permanently installed system capable of detecting even the minutest of leaks in gas pipelines.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Gas leakage in area such as domestic industrial and etc. creates hazardous problems .The gas leakage can form a gas clouds and any kind of spark generated in this clouds will make explosion. This explosion can cause much of damages to the industry .Suppose the industry is located in the city or area having crowded population then it is important to inform about gas leakage. So that the people will take care that no spark are generated in that area .

1.2

SOLUTION

To avoid the above stated problem we have developed project .This is the gas leakage detection in remote area ,where the presence of human being is rare such as factory or any gas pipelines. The gas leakage can be detected by smell of gas. But for detection of gas in industrial areas a sensor is used. This is an inexpensive, permanently installed system capable of detecting even a minutest of leaks in gas pipelines.

HISTORY
In order to detect gas leaks with trasitional methods,The gas itself must either be in close proximity to the detector or within a pre-defined area.Outdoor environmental condition such as changing wind direction and quick dispersion of potential gas cloud, which can be found e.g,. on an offshore platform can result in undetected gas leaks, leading to extremely dangerous situations.

METHODS USED TO FIND AND IDENTIFY POINTS OF GAS LEAKS IN A GAS PIPEING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OR AT A GAS APPLIANCE 1.
2.

Gas odors observed during gas piping inspection Soap solution bubble tests for gas leaks : a solution of soapy water is

the most common method used to test for gas leaks .

3.

Soap solution is applied at every piping joints or connection and the

technician watches the soaped connection to see if soap bubbles are formed. Experts warn that this method requires some experience and care. e.g. a large gas leak may blow away the solution without forming a soap bubble, or bubbles may be forming a location which is physically hard to see.
4.

Soap solution is applied along gas piping to lengths of piping to test for mechanical damage if no leaks are found at threaded or flared

pinholes

connectors but when gas leaks are evident on the system.

5.

Gas leaks at gas valves: We very often find very small gas leaks at the

seamed sides of some gas valves such as those commonly found on gas -fired domestic water heaters. These leaks can be so miniscule that they do not show

during a bubble test, and they are often present even on new valves. This may be a source of some disagreement between a home inspector, building owner and gas service technician.

LITERATURE SURVEY:
In order to detect gas leaks with traditional methods, the gas itself must either be in close proximity to the detector or within a pre-defined area. Outdoor environmental condition such as changing wind directions and quick dispersion of a potential gas clouds .Which can be found e.g. on a offshore platform, can result in undetected gas leaks, leading to extremely dangerous situations.

Causes of Leakages:
There are many causes which contributes to the leakage problems in pipeline system. a) Corrosion:

Corrosion is not only contributing to the leakage problem it also affect quality of gas being transmitted. Corrosion can occur inside or outside a pipe and causes a pipe to become weaker in supporting the outer force exerted on it. Corrosion which happens outside the pipe is mainly due to the environmental effect, while gas quality and corrosion protection layer are the factors affecting corrosion happening inside the pipe. b) Material Defect:

Material of the pipeline used may not comply with the standard requirement. This means that it may not be able to sustain the designed gas pressure and designed traffic load so it stands a high potential to get burst and causes leakages problem. c) Faulty Installations:

Every pipe needs to be installed properly so that they can take up gas pressure and traffic load designed. Poor workmanship on the pipes installation will greatly reduce the capability of pipes to take up load exerted on it and eventually causes leakage problem. d) Excessive gas pressure:

Excessive gas resulting pipes with small thickness to be easily burst and causes leakage problem .
e)

Old & poorly constructed pipelines this is due to long term usage of

pipelines which is no longer sufficient in providing its service to gas supply. The project relates to a method and system for detecting leaks from gas pipelines or tankers .Gas pipeline leak detection can be sensed by smell (if an odourous additive is present),detection by smell requires the presence of a person. It is therefore an object of present invention to provide an inexpensive, permanently installed system, capable of detecting even the minutest of leaks in gas pipelines .A further object is to provide a method for detecting leaks from holes in pressurized gas pipelines an indicating the vicinity of such leak..

Future Development:
1. 2. 3. As future point of view we can visualize system. We can pinpoint the exact location of gas leakage . Also by using BPA laser technology we can prevent environment from

Greenhouse gas.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM OPERATION

Figure shows basic Block Diagram of Gas and smoke detection and SMS alert system. In this project there are following blocks .

1) Gas sensor 2) Smoke sensor 3) Micro controller 4) Display 5) Buzzer 6) Crystal and oscillator circuit 7) Regulated power supply

1. Gas Sensor

Gas Sensor Specification:Parameter Value Unit Target Gas iso-butane, Propane, LPG Detection Range 100 to 10000 ppm (part per millions) Calibrated Gas 1000ppm iso-butane Sensitivity Rin air / Rin typical gas5 Sensing Resistance 40 to 400K in air Ohms Response Time 10s Seconds Resume Time 30s Seconds Heating Resistance 313 Ohms Heating Current 180mA mA Heater Voltage 5V0.2V Volts Heating Consumption 900mW mW Circuit Voltage 15V Volts The gas leakage is out put is zero to one, which is detected by directly to microcontroller 89C52.

2.Smoke sensor
When smoke is raises near ceiling and ventilation of the room. To detect the smoke, we use smoke detection sensor. When smoke passes through infrared trins-receiver sensor conductivity between them. Ir receiver is detected change pulse (zero to one). This pulse is sensed by micro controller unit directly.

3. Micro controller
This is the heart of our project so we select micro controller IC 89C52, due to its number of advantages over other micro controller and microprocessor such as inbuilt 4K electrical erasable programmable memory, 128 byte of RAM, four external and three internal interrupts source, inbuilt two 16 bit timer and it is full software and hardware compatible with industrial stander MCS51 family. The software for this project is stored in its EEPROM and sensor; output devices are connected to its input and output port. we select 89C52 because of following advantages. Computable with industrial most popular family MCS51 product 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogram able Downloadable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4K Bytes EEPROM Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles

4V to 6V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Nine Interrupt Sources

Programmable UART Serial Channel SPI Serial Interface Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Programmable Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer

4. Mobile decoder ( modem)

In our project we use mobile modem this mobile modem send SMS of daily meter reading to pre define mobile number

5.LCD display
A Liquid Crystal Display is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of colour or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector.It is prized by engineers because it uses very small amount of electric power, and is therefore suitable for use in battery-powered electronic devices. A very popular standard exist which allows us to communicate with the vast majority of LCDs regardless of their manufacturers. The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (in this case, the 8051 ) and communicates directly with the LCD. The 44780 standard requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for data bus.The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4 bit data bus. If a 4 bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the data bus). If an 8- bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus).

In our project to show power, we use 16x2 LCD alphanumeric display with backlight. The advantages of this are that we write 32 characters on it and due to backlight we can see it from long distance also. This display has 8 data line and three control line through which micro controller write character on it.

6. Buzzer Unit
+ 6V dc buzzer is used for audio indication of smoke or gas leakage of system. When gas leakage or smoke is detected, this unit produces sound to give audio indication to nearby peoples to aware them about system.

7.

Crystal & Reset Circuit

12MHz quartz ceramic crystal is connected between pin XTAL1, and XTAL2 of micro controller to produce machine cycle for fetch and execution of instruction. And at pin 9 RST pins we connect R.C n/w to provide reset pulse when power is turn on so that programmed execution start from memory location 0000H.

8. Power Supply
For our all IC we require 5 v d.c. Supply, which can be generated by step down transformer, full wave bridge rectifier, and filter condenser and voltage regulator IC 7805.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT OPERATION
Figure shows complete circuit Diagram of our project Gas and smoke detection and SMS alert system, in this project we can monitor leakage of Gas and detection of smoke for that purpose we use two type of sensor 1) Gas leakage 2) smoke detector.

Combustible Gas SensorUsed in gas leakage detecting equipments for detecting of LPG, iso-butane, propane, LNG combustible gases. The sensor does not get trigger with the noise of alcohol, cooking fumes and cigarette smoke. The gas leakage is out put is zero to one, which is detected by Microcontroller IC89C52 at pin P1.1. Secondly we detect smoke, actually smoke sensor is very costly, then we use self developed smoke sensor using a-stable multi-vibrator and out of that is feed infrared transceiver cover in box. For Smoke detection, we use infrared transmitter and receiver model. This infrared sensor is operated at 36 KHz frequency. We use IC 555 as oscillator in A-stable Multi-vibrator mode. At pin 3, i.e. output pin of this IC, we connect infrared diode and by using variable resistance VR1 we can adjust 36 kHz frequency of IC 555. Infrared diode emits infrared signal beam of 36 kHz frequency, which is invisible to human eye. This beam falls on I.R. receiver. The

receiver has three pins, +Vcc, GND & output. In normal condition i.e. when there is beam, output of this sensor is zero i.e. logically low and when no beam falls on sensor its output becomes +5V i.e. logically high. The output of sensor is connected to ADC. This infrared transmitter and receiver are connected in front of each other in closed box, so that in normal condition when there is no smoke, I.R. beam falls on receiver and its output is logically low. When smoke occurs smoke enters in the box through hole and gets collected in it. When density of smoke increases, it cuts off the beam of I.R. and output of sensor changes from logically low to high. This change of state is directly connected to pin no P1.2 of microcontroller IC 89C52. micro controller can read this status of signal and shown which system is detected and shown on display 16x2 LCD,. This display has 8 data line D0 to D7 three control line R/W, EN, RS and two supply line VCC and ground 1 contrast control line and two line for backlight supply interfacing of display. At the same time which system (gas leakage or smoke detect send message at remote location we use SMS technology. The GSM network offers a wireless system, which extends your reach to anywhere in the world. There are several means to tap onto this SMS as a communication medium. One way is to use a direct data call to connect a point-to-point data link from one place to another. Or, to log into the WorldWide-Web via. GPRS. A simple method is also via Short Message System (SMS). a system wants to exchange or send data or information from one point to another. We will describe here of how to use an AT command on mobile decoders to be as a GSM communication information node. This will be the cheapest means to create your own DIY remote messaging system. Connect the mobile decoder to your micro controller via the Data Cable. You can connect it through the RS232 TTL converter, IC MAX 232 Which can convert signal from micro controller to mobile decoder to its proper operating voltage +,- 12 volt D.C. Select the baud rate of serial Communication to be 9600 bps (actually, the module will accept all the baud rate setting, any selection will work). The other parameters are: Data

Bits (8), Parity (None), With that, you are all set to test out the AT command with the mobile decoder.

The following are some simple AT commands: Call Control AT ATA ATD ATH Attention Answer Command Dial Command Hang Up Call

Send "AT" on serial port. The GSM mobile decoders will respond with an "OK". This is the simplest command to tell the mobile decoder to go on attention. It doesn't do anything. However, this is also a means to test if the decoder responds on the baud rate and all the serial settings. The following are some simple AT commands to do SMS. SMS Commands AT+CMGR AT+CMGS Read Send Message Message

This mobile decoders circuit connects to the serial port of micro controller through MAX 232 IC. Its function is to provide an input and an output port capable of being remotely controlled using another mobile.

Buzzer is used for audio indication for gas leakage and smoke detect, for that purpose at microcontroller pin P1.7 is use, we use for driving buzzer driver circuit is use which is detail of design folder control takes place by means of sending SMS (Short text Messages Service). When the micro controller receives a predefined of sensor(gas leakage or smoke detect) text message, like "gas is leakage" or "smoke is detected", is send In this way we can receive massage at remote station through SMS. Capacitor Cr & R3 in fig are connected to RST pin of micro controller to provide reset pulse when power is turn ON, so that program execution starts from starting memory location 0000H. Quartz ceramic crystal is connected to pin 18 & pin 19 for generation of machine cycle req. to execute an instruction of microcontroller.

DESIGNING

Power supply design :

Power supply is the first and the most important part of our project. For our project we require +5V regulated power supply with maximum current rating 500mA Following basic building blocks are required to generate regulated power supply.

Three
Mains 230 V

Regulated O/P Voltage

Stepdown

Rectifi er

Filter

Terminal

Step Down Transformer

Step down transformer is the first part of regulated power supply. To step down the mains 230V A.C. we require step down transformer. Following are the main characteristic of electronic transformer.

1) Power transformers are usually designed to operate from source of low impedance at a single freq. 2) It is required to strength. 3) Transformer ratings are expressed in voltamp. The volt-amp of each secondary winding or windings are added for the total secondary VA. To this are added the load losses. 4) Temperature rise of a transformer is decided on two well-known factors i.e. losses on transformer and heat dissipating or cooling facility provided unit. construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectric

Rectifier Unit
Rectifier unit is a ckt. which converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. Generally semiconducting diode is used as rectifying element due to its property of conducting current in one direction only. Generally there are two types of rectifier. 1) Half wave rectifier 2) Full wave rectifier. In half wave rectifier only half cycle of mains A.C. is rectified so its efficiency is very poor. So we use full wave bridge type rectifier, in which four diodes are used. In each half cycle, two diodes conduct at a time and we get maximum efficiency at o/p. Following are the main advantages and disadvantages of a full-wave bridge type rectifier ckt. Advantages: 1) The need of center tapped transformer is eliminated. 2) The o/p is twice that of center tap circuit for the same secondary voltage. 3) The PIV rating of diode is half of the center tap circuit.

Disadvantages:

1) It requires four diodes. 2) As during each half cycle of A.C. input, two diodes are conducting therefore voltage drop in internal resistance of rectifying unit will be twice as compared to center tap circuit.

Filter Circuit
Generally a rectifier is required to produce pure D.C. supply for using at various places in the electronic circuit. However, the o/p of rectifier has pulsating character i.e. if such a D.C. is applied to electronic circuit it will produce a hum i.e. it will contain A.C. and D.C. components. The A.C. components are undesirable and must be kept away from the load. To do so a filter circuit is used which removes (or filters out) the A.C. components reaching the load. Obviously a filter circuit is installed between rectifier and voltage regulator. In our project we use capacitor filter because of its low cost, small size and little weight and good characteristic. Capacitors are connected in parallel to the rectifier o/p because it passes A.C. but does not pass D.C. at all.

Three terminal voltage regulator

A voltage regulator is a ckt. that supplies constant voltage regardless of change in load current. IC voltage regulators are versatile and relatively cheaper. The 7800 series consists of three terminal positive voltage regulator. These ICs are designed as fixed voltage regulator and with adequate heat sink, can deliver o/p current in excess of 1A. These devices do not require external component. This IC also has internal thermal overload protection and internal short circuit and current limiting protection. For our project we use 7805 voltage regulator IC.

Design of Step down Transformer

The following information must be available to the designer before he commences for the design of transformer.

1) Power Output. 2) Operating Voltage. 3) Frequency Range. 4) Efficiency and Regulation.

Size of core Size of core is one of the first considerations in regard of weight and volume of transformer. This depends on type of core and winding configuration used. Generally following formula is used to find area or size of core.

P1

Ai

----------0.87

Ai P1

= Area of cross - section in Sq. cm. and = Primary voltage.

In transformer

P1 = P2

For our project we required +5V regulated output. So transformer secondary rating is 12V, 500mA. So secondary power wattage is, P2 -3 = 12 x 500 x 10 w. = 6w.

6 So Ai = 0.87

= 2.62 Generally 10% of area should be added to core to accommodate all turns for low Iron losses and compact size. So Ai = 2.88.

Turns per volt Turns per volt of transformer are given by relation

10,000 Turns / Volt = ----------------------4.44 f Bm Ai

Here, f is the frequency in Hz Bm is flux density in Wb/m2 Ai is net area of cross section.

Following table gives the value of turns per volt for 50 Hz frequency.

Flux density Wb/m2 Turns per volt

1.14 40/Ai

1.01 45/Ai

0.91 50/Ai

0.83 55/Ai

0.76 60/Ai

Generally lower the flux density better be quality of transformer. For project for 50 Hz the turns per Volt for 0.91 Wb/m2 from above table. Turns per Volt = 50 / Ai

50 2.88

17

Thus for Primary winding & for Secondary winding

= 220 x 17 = 3800. = 12 x 17 = 204.

Wire size As stated above size depends upon the current to be carried out by the winding, which depends upon current density of 3.1 A/mm2. For less copper losses 1.6 A/mm2 or 2.4 A/mm2 may be used. Generally even size guage of wire are used. Rectifier Design R.M.S. Secondary voltage at secondary of transformer is 12V.

So maximum voltage Vm across Secondary is

= Rms. Voltage x 2 = 12 x 2 = 16.97

D.C. O/p Voltage at rectifier O/p is

2 Vm Vdc = --------- 2 x 16.97

= -----------------------

= 10.80 V

PIV rating of each diode is PIV = 2 Vm. = 2 x 16.97 = 34 V

& maximum forward current which flow from each diode is 500mA. So from above parameter we select diode IN 4007 from diode selection manual.

Design of Filter Capacitor Formula for calculating filter capacitor is,

1 C = ---------------------43 r f RL.

= ripple present at o/p of rectifier. (Which is maximum 0.1 for full wave rectifier.)

F RL

= frequency of mains A.C. = I/p impedance of voltage regulator IC.

1 C = -----------------------------43 x 0.1 x 50 x 28

= 1030 f

z 1000 f.

And voltage rating of filter capacitor is double of Vdc i.e. rectifier o/p which is 20V. So we choose 1000 f / 25V filter capacitor.

IC 7805 (Voltage Regulator IC.)

12 3

Specifications : Available o/p D.C. Voltage Line Regulation Load Regulation = + 5V. = 0.03 = 0.5

Vin maximum = 35 V Ripple Rejection = 66-80 (db)

Design of I.R. Transmitter

In infrared transmission section IC 555 is wired as an As table multivibrator with a center freq. Of an about 36 KHz. O/p of 555 is in square wave infrared LED is connected to its o/p pin 3. The oscillator frequency. Can be shifted slightly using variable resistance VR1. For calculation of resistance, capacitor & o/p freq. Of As table multivibrator using 555 the capacitor connected between pin 2.6 & GND is periodically charge and discharge between 2 VCC/3 and VCC/3 respectively. During charging period 0 < t < TC the voltage across capacitor will given by

Vx = 2VCC/3 [ 1 exp { - t / RA + RB} C1] + VCC /3

At time t = TC capacitor voltage Vx reaches to threshold level of 2 VCC/3 so that 2/3 VCC = 2VCC/3 [ 1 exp { - TC /(RA + RB)C1} ] = VCC/3 solving charging time TC gives TC = (RA + RB ) C1 Ln 2 = 0.693 (RA + RB) C1 During discharge period 0 < t < TD we have that Vx = 2VCC /3 exp (-t1/ RBC1) At time t1 = TD the voltage across the capacitor reaches the trigger level of VCC/3 50 we have that Vx ( t = TD) VCC/3 = 2VCC/3 exp ( -TD/ RBC1) From this we obtain TD = RBC1 ln2 = 0.693 RBC1 where, TD & TC are charge & discharge Time so that total time T is T = TD + TC T = 0.693 (RA + 2RB) C1 So final equation for o/p freq. Is F0 = 1/T

= 1/ 0.693 (RA + 2RB) C1 F0 = 1.44 (RA + 2RB) C1 From this formula, We know that req. freq. Of 36 KHz We assume C1 = 0.001 uf So 36 K Hz = 1.44 ( RA + 2RB ) 0.001uf (RA + 2RB = 1.44 36 x 103 x 0.001 x 10 -6 = 1.44 x 10-05 ( RA + 2RB ) = 40 k ohm

if we again assume RA = 4.7 k ohm 50 2RB = 35.3 K ohm so we select RB = 10 k ohm variable + 10 k ohm fix Resistance i.e. RB = 20 k ohm 2 RB = 40 k ohm, = 35.3 K ohm by charging RB variable 10 k ohm pot we adjust o/p freq. From 33 KHz to 38 KHz . which is sufficient.

The receiver uses an infrared sensor module which is commonly used in color television for sensing the I. R. Signals from transmitter section.

Design for Buzzer Circuit

Specification of buzzer is

Sound o/p > 95d at 12v d.c. Oscillator frequency= 4 kHz Current consumption<20mA Operating temperature range = -20 deg. To +50 deg. Centigrade Operating voltage range = 3v to 15 v dc

From specification of buzzer current consumption of buzzer coil is 20mA

So IC max =20 mA Again we select transistor BC 547 for buzzer driver because its ic max is 80 mA and it is low cost, easily available in market. For common emitter configuration of transistor its current equation is IB = Ic/ = 110 for BC 547 transistor = 20 mA / 110 = 0.18mA Applying kickoffs voltage low to loop of base of transistor Vcc1 = IB RB + VBE Vcc1=+5v dc RB = 5 - 0.7 / IB RB = 4.3 / 0.18mA RB = 23K Selection for current limiting resistance for LED VBE=0.7v for silicon transistor

As o/p of micro controller is equal to supply voltage i.e +5v dc

If we directly connected LED to micro controller then very high current flowing through it because internal resistance of led is very small about 5 to 8 ohm so it is possibility to damage LED so we place current limiting resistance R in series with diode the value of this resistance is calculated From ohms low V = where I= If safe forward current flowing through LED which normal intensity glow and this value near about 8 to 10 mA 5 = R x 8mA R = 625 So we select near about value 680 . RI

PCB DESIGNING

Only two types of PCB boards are most popular Single sided Boards Double Sided Boards 1. Single Sided Boards: Single Sided Boards are mostly used in entertainment electronics where the manufacturing cost is to be kept minimum and there is no space limitation and size limitation. In Single Sided Boards, component side doesnt have any track. Also, on Single Sided Boards should be wherever a particular circuit can be accommodated on such boards, the number of jumper wires on such boards are more, but the designer should take care that the jumpers should be minimum. 2. Double Sided Boards: The Double Sided Boards are made with tracked on both sides; component Seder is also having tracks. This is done to avoid jumpers and accommodation of many components. These boards may be with plated through holes or without plated through holes. If plated through holes are not there, the pad son both sides of the PCB are to be connected by a connecting link. These are called as feed through type boards.

PTH Printed Circuit Boards: The Double Sided PCBs can be made with or without Plated Through Holes. This means that the holes are made conductive. The two pads are connected by the conducting material which avoids the need of feed through holes is expensive. Therefore, PTH boards are only chosen where circuit complexity and design do not leave any other choice. The size of PCB reduces drastically, as the components can be mounted from both the sides. Once this board is developed properly and proper workmanship is there, no faults and failures are there. The problems of dry soldering, rewetting and birding are completely eliminated by means of PTH boards. The cost of Soluble Dised PCB without plated through holes is considerably low. In layout design, the care is taken that

the component side have to be kept minimum in number of solder joints because the replacing of such components is fairly difficult. A typical strategy is therefore to realize the conductor as much as possible on the non- component side i.e. trackside. These boards may be without or with masking i.e. green masking, yellow masking, blue masking or red masking. Masking is done in order to avoid the shorting of tracks and components, it also makes soldering easy, even amateur mechanic or an inexperienced person can also do soldering on masked PCB. The problem of signal interference due to close placement of tracks can be avoided by masking he PCB. General Rules For Designing Of PCB: 1) wires. 2) 3) 4) etc. 5) 6) 7) Standard PCB size should be decided in the beginning only. Preferably, layout ands artwork should be in 1:2 scales. Sequential stages after PCB size is decided. a) Component placement b) Track routing i.e. lay-out c) 8) 9) Artwork making with ink or ready-made tapes and pads. While routing the tracks, carrying AC mains voltage, consider the safety rules In analog ands digital systems together, care should be taken that analog and The designer should have the complete idea of the circuit regarding the function Keep each and every component you need, while starting the designing. Use of templates is essential if you are a new designer, if the design is manual i.e. and signal flows through. After selection of electronic circuit, make a block diagram of various circuits to know various inter-connections required, which will help in reducing the number of

hand made and not with software such as Orcas, Auto CAD, pads, ideas, circuit maker,

ands regulations. digital grounds will not mix with each other affecting the stability ands fluctuations in the display.

10) 11)

In power systems i.e. high current, the track width and the track spacing should While placing the components on the PCB preferably the load on PCB, should be

be as maximum as possible. evenly distributed to avoid the problems at completion stage during wave- soldering i.e. warping of PCB etc. 12) 13) To avoid weakening of the Pub tool, the perforation length should be kept For manually shouldered components vent i.e. cut pads should be provided to Component Placement: 14) 15) Preferably, place the component in X-Y direction subjected to mechanical All Components should be flat mounted i.e. flat placed to avoid of leads and for construction. easy requirements. However in case of space limitation the components such as resistors, diodes, etc. may be mounted vertically which doesnt affect the performance. 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) In case of separate analog and digital ground; a capacitor should be connected in Orientation of multi-lead components (e.g. switches, ICs) should be such that axis Sufficient clearance is provided around component so that inversion or The design should such that minimum jumpers are allowed. It is preferable that, components like presets, coils, and trim pots, etc. which between the analog and digital ground. of component is perpendicular to the direction of solder wave. replacement ands repair is easy. minimum i.e. < 40 mm. avoid the blocking of holes during shouldering.

alignment or calibration are placed in such that, they are accessible after the assembly of the PCB on cabinet also. 21) If the components are not flush mounted, provide the sleeve for leads. PCB Tracks: 1.General tracks thickness should be 1.00 mm preferred. 2.For ground tracks thickness should be maximum.

3.In case of space limitation, track thickness of 0.5 mm can be used except for power tracks. Always, ground > 2 Supply > 2 Signal 4.Generally, track length as short as possible; subjected to component placement. 5.Use copper patches, wherever possible to add strength of PCB. 6.Provide minimum 0.8 mm gap may be 0.5 mm except power tracks. 7.High frequency or high current or high voltage tracks should be away from each other.

PCB LAYOUT

Gas PCB :-

Power supply PCB

Flow chart

PROGRAM
'THIS IS PROGRAM FOR PROJECT GSM BASE GAS SMOKE DETECTION SYSTEM

Buzzer Alias P1.1 Gas_sensor Alias P2.1 Smoke_sensor Alias P2.0

Reset Buzzer

Declare Sub Gas Declare Sub Smoke Declare Sub Send_sms_gas Declare Sub Send_sms_smoke

Cls Lcd "GSM Base Gas &"

Lowerline Lcd "Smoke Detection"

Wait 3 Cls

Do Lcd "Searching For" Lowerline Lcd " Gas & Smoke" If Gas_sensor = 0 Then Gas Elseif Smoke_sensor = 1 Then Smoke Loop

Sub Gas Cls Lcd " Gas is Detected" Set Buzzer

Wait 2 Lowerline Lcd "SMS is send" Send_sms_gas Wait 2 Send_sms_gas

End Sub

Sub Smoke Cls Lcd " Smoke is Detected" Set Buzzer Wait 2 Lowerline Lcd "SMS is send" Send_sms_smoke Wait 2 Send_sms_smoke End Sub

Sub Send_sms_gas Print "AT+CMGF=1" Print "AT+CMGS="9823264825" Waitms 100 Print "Gas is Detected" ; Chr(26) End Sub

Sub Send_sms_smoke Print "AT+CMGF=1" Print "AT+CMGS="9823264825" Print "Smoke is Detected" ; Chr(26)

End Sub

GSM
Global system for mobile communication. A digital cellular phone technology based on TDMA that is the predominant system in Europe, but also used worldwide. Developed in the 1980s, GSM was first deployed in7 European countries in 1992. It operates in the 900 MHz & 1.8GHz bands in Europe & the 1.9 GHz in the US. Based on a circuit switched system that divides each 200kHz time slots. GSM defines the entire cellular system, not just the TDMA air interface. A fast growing communications technology, there were more than 250 million GSM users early in 2000. By mid-2004. The one billionth GSM customer was connected,. There are 5 different cell sizes in a GSM network- macro, mirco, pico, femto & umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment . Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Miro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are mainly used indoors. Femto cells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments & connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connections. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells & fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.

ADVANTAGES

1) Using any type of mobile we communicate with our project there is no requirement of specific company mobile. 2) There is no limit of range to communicate with project at remote location. 3) Operation is so easy and simple. 4) Project operated on 5v dc so less power consumption operated on battery also. 5) Using micro controller project is compact and portable. 6) It is aimed at human protection and hence vary economical.

APPLICATIONS
1) In hazardous area SMS alert system. 2) After modifying same project we use it at security system. 3) By changing smoke sensor with carbon sensor we use In government rest houses to maintain quality of air. 4) In Rural area .

LIMITATIONS

1) In our project we use poor quality sensor for demonstration. 2) The set point value is fix in program in case of change this value we can change 3) In our project we send SMS at only two mobile numbers. 4) We does not provide any type of battery back up to our system so in case of power fail it does not work. 5) In case of micro controller failure our project become Dade.

CONCLUSION

From this project we can conclude that this is permanently installed system capable of detecting minutest gas leakage and prevent hazardous problems. This project can be implemented at low cost and manpower is not required . From this system ,we can alert the people at service station , at nearby places and also at remote places through GSM technology.

TROUBLESHOOTING
1) After etching of P.C.B. make sure all P.C.B. track is connected to each other using continuity test. If any one track damage then connect wire to it.

2) Connect project to mains 230v ac supply and turn on power and see status of power on led of power supply if LED does not glow check mains quad, output of step down transformer, out put of bridge rectifier and voltage regulator Ic.

3) Give supply to mobile decoder and check its output on TXD and RXD pin of micro controller.

4) Give external volt to relay and check the o/p at relay contact by continuity.

5) Check Reset pulse at pin no 9 of micro controller ic 89c51 it must be high to low when power is applied to it.

6) Check crystal frequency at pin 19 of micro controller ic it must be 11.059MHz.

7) Check out put of display section.

GSM
Global system for mobile communication. A digital cellular phone technology based on TDMA that is the predominant system in Europe, but also used worldwide. Developed in the 1980s, GSM was first deployed in7 European countries in 1992. It operates in the 900 MHz & 1.8GHz bands in Europe & the 1.9 GHz in the US. Based on a circuit switched system that divides each 200kHz time slots. GSM defines the entire cellular system, not just the TDMA air interface. A fast growing communications technology, there were more than 250 million GSM users early in 2000. By mid-2004. The one billionth GSM customer was connected,. There are 5 different cell sizes in a GSM network- macro, mirco, pico, femto & umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment . Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Miro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are mainly used indoors. Femto cells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments & connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connections. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells & fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.

SIMCOM GSM/GPRS Modem

GSM GPRS modem for GSM 900 / GSM 1800 / GSM 1900 We are pleased to present the new fully featured SIMCOM GSM based Modem with most of the functions taken care on board .This PCB is thoroughly tested and qualified at Pulraj Electronics-Mumbai and ready to serve the customers.

This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play GSM 900 / GSM 1800 / GSM 1900 modem for direct and easy integration RS232, voltage range for the power supply and audio interface make this device perfect solution for system integrators and single user. Voice, Data/Fax, SMS,GPRS, integrated TCP/IP stack,RTC and other features like the GSM / GPRS.

GSM modem characteristics

i. Triband GSM GPRS modem (EGSM 900/1800 / 1900 MHz )

ii. Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications iii. GPRS multi-slot class 10 iv. GPRS mobile station class B v. Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications vi. Fully compliant with GSM Phase 2/2+ specifications vii. Built-in TCP/IP Protocol viii. Built-in RTC in the module. ix. AT Command based

Specifications for Data

i. GPRS class 10: max 85.6 kbps (downlink) ii. PBCCH Support iii. Coding schemes CS 1,2,3,4 iv. CDS up to 14.4 kbps v. USSD vi. Non transparent mode vii. PPP - stack

Specifications for Fax

i. Group 3, Class 1

Specifications for SMS via GSM & GPRS

i. Point-to-point MO & MT ii. SMS cell broadcast iii. Text & PDU mode

Specifications for voice

i. Tricodec ii. Half rate (HR) iii. Full rate (FR)

iv. Enhanced Full rate ( EFR) v. Noise reduction

Power Supply:
Use AC DC Power Adaptor with following ratings i. Input AC Voltage: 230V ii. Output DC Voltage : 12V iii. Output DC Current : 2A iv. Polarity : Centre +ve & Outside ve

General characteristics
i. Input voltage: 9V-12V ii. Input current: 15mA in idle mode, 110mA in communication iii. Temperature range: Operating -20 to +55 degree Celsius; Storage -25 to +70 degree Celsius

Interfaces
i. RS-232 through D-TYPE 9 pin connector ii. Serial port baud rate 1200 to 115200 bps iii. RJ11 voice connector iv. Power supply through DC jacket v. SMA antenna connector vi. Toggle spring/Flap Opening type SIM holder vii. LED status of GSM / GPRS module

LIST OF COMPONENTS
SEMICONDUCTOR ICs
Table :IC Components

Sr No. 1. 2. 3. 4. IC1 IC2 IC3 IC4

Components

Value/Specification 89C52 MAX232 555 7805 85/35/8/12/-

Cost

Quantity 1 1 1 1

RESISTORS (All resistors of watt ,carbon film type)

1)Fixed resistances Table :Fixed resistances of different values

Sr No.

Component

Value/Specification(Ohm)

Cost

Quantity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

R1 R2 R3 RA RB R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11

22K 680 10K 4.7K 10K

Rs.25paisa Rs.25paisa Rs.25paisa Rs.25paisa Rs.25paisa

1 1 1 1 1

2) Variable Resistances: Table: Variable resistances of different values

Sr No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Component VR1 VR2 VR3 VR4 VR5 VR6

Value/Specification 10K 10K

Cost Rs.3/Rs.3/-

Quantity 1 1

CAPACITORS

Sr No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Component Cr Ca Cb C1 C2 C4 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C

Value/Specification 10uf/63v electrolytic 33pf disk type ceramic 33pf disk type ceramic 0.001 disk type ceramic 0.01 disk type ceramic 1000uf/25v electrolytic 10uf/63v electrolytic 10uf/63v electrolytic 10uf/63v electrolytic 10uf/63v electrolytic 10uf/63v electrolytic

Cost Rs.4/Rs.1/Rs. 1/Rs.1/Rs.1/Rs.8/Rs.4/Rs.4/Rs.4/Rs.4/Rs.4/-

Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

DIODES

Table:Diodes with different values

Sr No. 1 2

Component D1 D2

Value/Specification 1N4007(p-n junction) 1N4007(p-n junction)

Cost Rs.1/Rs.1/-

Quantity 1 1

3 4 5 6

D3 D4 Zener diode 1 Zener diode 2

1N4007(p-n junction) 1N4007(p-n junction)

Rs.1/Rs.1/-

1 1

TRANSISTORS Table of Transistors

Sr No. 1 2

Component T1 T2

Value/Specification BC547

Cost Rs.4/-

Quantity 1

CRYSTALS Table : Different crystal with their oscillating frequency.

Sr No. 1

Component X1

Value/Specification 11.0592MHz

Cost Rs.22/-

Quantity 1

SWITHES: 1.PUSH TO ON TYPE PCB MOUNTED :-Rs.12/-

BUZZER : QUARTZ CERAMIC BUZZER :-Rs.40/-

16*2 ALPHANUMERIC LCD DISPLAY:-Rs.750/-

GAS SENSOR:-Rs.550/-

SMOKE SENSOR

IR TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER PAIR:-Rs.125/-

TRANSFORMER 230V PRIMARY TO 0-15V-1Asec:-Rs.85/-

GSM MODEM:-Rs.5000/-

MISCELANIOUS:-Rs.1000/-

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Programming and customizing the 8051 micro controller Author---Myke Predko Publications---TATA McGraw-HILL 2) The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, Programming & Application Author---Kenneth J.Ayala Publication---Pen ram Inter national publication 3) Opto Electronic Ckt Manual Author---R.M. Marston Publication---B.P.B. publication 4) Microprocessor Data Hand book B.P.B. Publication 5) Towers International Transistor Selector B.P.B. Publication 6) A Monogram on Electronic circuit Design Principal Author---N.C.GOYAL-- R.K.KHETANPublication--- KHANNA publication 7) Linear Integrated circuit Author---Ramakant Gayakwad Publication--- PH hall publication

8)Elecktor-Electronics (magazine) European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI): http://www.etsi.org/ Ericsson developer zone: http://www.ericsson.com/mobilityworld/ http://www.lancos.com/ Unofficial AT-command compatibility table for various phones: http://gatling.ikk.sztaki.hu/~kissg/gsm/at+c.html

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