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Refer 2

Quantization is the process of mapping infinite amplitude values between a signal's minimum and maximum limits onto a finite set of known values. This is achieved by dividing the distance between the limits into zones, with each zone assigned a binary code. More zones allow for smaller quantization errors but require more bits per sample. Quantization introduces an error as the coded signal approximates the actual amplitude, but this error decreases with more zones.

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24 views13 pages

Refer 2

Quantization is the process of mapping infinite amplitude values between a signal's minimum and maximum limits onto a finite set of known values. This is achieved by dividing the distance between the limits into zones, with each zone assigned a binary code. More zones allow for smaller quantization errors but require more bits per sample. Quantization introduces an error as the coded signal approximates the actual amplitude, but this error decreases with more zones.

Uploaded by

Krishna Ananthi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Transmission

Learning Objectives
On completion of this lesson you will be able to: Know what are PCM codes understand the process of quantization

PCM code

Quantization
Sampling results in a series of pulses of varying amplitude values ranging between two limits: a min and a max. The amplitude values are infinite between the two limits. We need to map the infinite amplitude values onto a finite set of known values. This is achieved by dividing the distance between min and max into L zones, each of height . = (max - min)/L

Quantization Levels
The midpoint of each zone is assigned a value from 0 to L-1 (resulting in L values) Each sample falling in a zone is then approximated to the value of the midpoint.

Quantization Zones
Assume we have a voltage signal with amplitutes Vmin=-3V and Vmax=+3V. We want to use L=8 quantization levels. The 8 zones are: -3.5 to -2.5,-2.5 to 1.5, -1.5 to -1.0, -1.0 to 0.55, -0.5 to 0, 0 to +0.5, +0.5 to +1.0, +1.0 to +1.5, +15 to +2.5, 2.5 to 3.5

Each zone is then assigned a binary code. The number of bits required to encode the zones, or the number of bits per sample as it is commonly referred to, is obtained as follows: nb = log2 L The 8 zone (or level) codes are therefore: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and 111

Quantization

Quantization Error
When a signal is quantized, we introduce an error - the coded signal is an approximation of the actual amplitude value. The difference between actual and coded value (midpoint) is referred to as the quantization error. The more zones, the smaller which results in smaller errors. BUT, the more zones the more bits required to encode the samples - higher bit rate

Assessment
What is quantization Define resolution Comment on the magnitude of quantization noise for linear PCM codes

Summary
On completion of this lesson you have learned: what are PCM codes the process of quantization

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